Culture and emotion

Hofstede’s approachPower distanceUncertainty avoidanceIndividualism-collectivismMasculinity-femininityBond: Based on Chinese data, added

Confucian work dynamism (or Long-term orientation)

Minkov: ingulgent-restraint

What about levels in different countries? (www.geert-hofstede.com)

United States

Malaysia India China France Ghana Hungary0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Power distanceIndividualismMasculinityUncertainty AvoidLong Term Orient

Schwartz world value surveyAt individual level (10 values):

Openness to change vs. traditionSelf-enhancements vs. self-transcendencehttp://changingminds.org/explanations/values/s

chwartz_inventory.htmAt nation level (7 values):

Autonomy-embeddednessHierarchy-egalitarianismMastery-harmonyhttp://www.imo-international.de/englisch/html/s

iebenwerte_en.html

Schwartz model

Other approachesSmith et al.

Loyalty to organization vs. utilitarianismConservation vs. egalitarianism

InglehartSelf-expression vs. survivalRational-legal vs. traditional authority

Tight vs. Loose cultures (Gelfand et al., 2011)How does this concept relate to the others?Is this a country-level variable? Why are certain countries high or low?What other effects might this have?

Culture vs. evolutionAre the approaches contradictory or

complementary?What are some limitations of this area of

research?

Cultural differences in Self-conceptSelf-consistency (self-monitoring)What does it mean to be multi-cultural?Self-enhancementApproach/avoidanceAgency and controlDesire to fit inHonor cultureRelationships

In vs out groupFriendship differences

Culture and cognitionCognition (Nisbett, Peng, Choi, &

Norenzayan, 2001)Analytic vs. holistic thinkingAttention to backgroundCategorizationReasoning stylesAttribution

Moderators of cognitive differencesSituational salienceDiagnosticity of behavior

Multilevel analyses (Miyamoto, 2013)Distal situational factors

Ancient Greek vs. Chinese cultures HistorySettlement/frontiersReligionSocial class

Proximal leve l situational factorsAnalytic vs. holistic:

Parenting practices Nonverbal communication Cultural products

Independent vs. interdependent Textbooks Magazine ads Social interactions

Individual level factorsPriming of cultureIndividual differences

Why isn’t there much difference at the individual level?

Distal/proximal interactionsPower’s effects on cognition Differences in power by culture and effects

on cognitionPersonal vs. social power

What are the longitudinal effects of these proximal factors?

Culture and emotionEmotion

Basic emotionsDisplay rulesIntensity of emotionsHappinessIn-group advantage in “emotional dialect”

EmotionsWhere do emotions come from and what is their

purpose? Appraisal theory

Relevance, congruence, responsibility, control, power

Interpret important event or object, give it meaning, get emotion

Critiques of appraisal theorySchachter’s two-factor theory of emotion

Misattribution of arousalMood congruence

Affect infusion model (Forgas)Low infusion: direct access and motivated

processingHigh infusion: heuristic and substantiveSimilarities to other dual process: HSM and ELM

How are emotions social?Contagion of emotion vs. norms (bottom up vs.

top down)Unconscious emotion (subliminal faces)Moral judgments: trustworthiness and dominance

Embodiment of emotionNiedenthal et al., 2007What are examples of embodied emotions?What are mirror neurons, and how do they

relate to embodied emotion? Why would embodiment of emotion have

evolved?

Disgust (Chapman & Anderson, 2013)What is disgust? Why do we feel disgust (what purpose does it

serve)? What makes us feel disgust?Do moral transgressions lead to feelings of

disgust?

Theories of moralityMoral domain theory (Turiel)

Moral, societal, psychologicalFive foundations theory (Haidt)

Care/harmFairness/cheatingLoyalty/betrayalAuthority/subversionSanctity/degradation(maybe liberty/oppression)http://www.moralfoundations.org/

Do we feel disgust at all moral transgressions, or just those related to purity violations?

What evidence do they provide?NeuroimagingSelf-report measuresBehavioral measuresImplicit measuresManipulations of disgust

Individual differencesDisgust Scale (Haidt et al., 1994)

http://www.yourmorals.org/disgust.phpThree Domain Disgust Scale (Tybur et al.,

2009)http://

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.186.6114&rep=rep1&type=pdf

What causes IDs in disgust?What are they correlated with? People with OCD

General disgust issuesHow is moral disgust different from physical

disgust? How is it different from anger? Why would we have moral disgust?Which of their models seems best supported?

(p. 320)How are they similar and different?

Next week Social cognitionSystem justificationFree will