Appendicular Skeleton

process A relatively large projection or prominent bump.

articulation The region where adjacent bones contact each other-a joint .

articular process A projection that contacts an adjacent bone.

eminence A relatively small projection or bump.

tuberosity A projection or bump with a roughened surface.

tubercle A projection or bump with a roughened surface, generally smaller than a

tuberosity.

trochanter One of two specific tuberosities located on the femur .

spine A relatively long, thin projection or bump.

suture Articulation between cranial bones.

malleolus One of two specific protuberances of bones in the ankle .

condyle A large, rounded articular process.

epicondyle A projection near to a condyle but not part of the joint.

line , ridge A long, thin projection, often with a rough surface.

crest A prominent ridge.

facet A small, smooth articular surface.

foramen An opening through a bone.

fossa A broad, shallow depressed area.

canal A long, tunnel-like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood

vessels.

meatus A short canal.

sinus A cavity within a cranial bone.

Bone Terminology

Pectoral Girdle

Attach upper limbs to axial

Weak but movable joint

Pectoral

girdle of a

human

1. Clavicle: articulates w/ sternum, scapula’s acromion

2. Scapula

Spine posterior

Acromion: spine process articulatg clavicle

Glenoid fossa (cavity): articulate w/humerus

Coracoid process: muscle attach

3 fossa: muscle attach

Free Upper Extremities

1. Humerus: articulates P w/

scapula; D w/ulna&radius

Proximal end: head

Greater/lesser tubercle:

muscle attachmt

Deltoid tuberosity: mid-bone for

deltoid

Capitulum: articulates w/radius

Trochlea: articulates w/ ulna

Olecranon/coronoid fossa: artclts

ulna processes

Epicondyles: forearm muscles

attach

2. Ulna: medial (little finger)

Olecranon process: point of elbow

Trochlear (semilunar) notch: fits w/humerus

Coronoid process: grips humerus

Head/styloid process: distal

3. Radius: lateral (thumb)

Head: articulates w/humerus

Radial tuberosity: attach for biceps

Styloid process

Radius

4. Carpals: eight bones (Super large trains pull tiny trains carefully home)

5. Metacarpals: palms; heads=knuckles; sesamoids

6. Phalanges: 3 bones-fingers; 2-thumb

Pelvic Girdle: Attach lower limbs to axial

1. Coxae (two): articulates P w/sacrum (ring of bones)

Ilium (S); Pubis (I, A); Ischium (I, P) form coxa

Pubic Symphysis: where coxals join

Acetabulum: hip socket-articulates femur

Iliac crest: superior margin

Obturator Foramen: hole in coxal (ischium)

Pelvimetry: measurement of inlet/outlet of

birth canal (affects natural/caesarian)

Fetopelvic disproportion is any clinically

significant mismatch between the size

or shape of the presenting part of the

fetus and the size or shape of the

maternal pelvis and soft tissue.

In the case of absolute disproportion, no

amount of fetal head re-shaping will

allow for unassisted vaginal delivery,

and it may not allow for a vaginal

delivery at all.

Clinical Pelvimetry

Free Lower Extremeties

1. Femur: thigh bone; longest, heaviest

Curves medially so knee near center of gravity

Curves more in female (broader pelvis)

Head: w/acetabulum

Fovea Capitis: BVs

Neck: fractures in elderly

Greater/lesser Trochanter:

muscle attachment

Lateral/Medial Condyles:

articulate w/tibia

2. Patella: kneecap

3. Tibia: medial shinbone; bears most of weight

Lateral/Medial Condyles: articulate femur

Tibial tuberosity: muscle attachment

Medial Malleolus: prominence; forms socket

articulating w/talus (ankle)

4. Fibula: lateral

Head: articulates tibia

Lateral Malleolus: prominence; forms socket

articulating w/talus (ankle)

5. Tarsals: seven bones (sole of foot)

Talus: ankle bone articulating w/tibia/fibula

Calcaneus: largest/strongest; heel

6. Metatarsals: five bones (1st is thicker)

7. Phalanges: same number as fingers

Arches of foot (2): tarsals/metatarsals form

Ligaments connect – not rigid (may fall)

Longitude & Traverse

Articulation: joint where 2 or more bones meet

1. Synarthrosis:

Nonmovable

Fibrous; no cavity

A. Sutures: skull

B. Syndesmoses: ligaments between bones

Skull

of a newborn

with fontanels SYNDESMOSES

2. Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable

Cartilage; no cavity (pubic symphysis)

3. Diarthrosis:

Freely movable

Synovial Joint

A. Features:

1) Articular cartilage: smooth

2) Cavity: w/synovial fluid (nourishes/lubricates)

3) Articular capsule: encloses cavity

4) Reinforcing ligaments: inner/outer strength

5) Bursae: fluid filled pads/areas that rub

B. Types:

1) Hinge: 1 axis; elbow

2) Ellipsoid: multiple axis; wrist

3) Saddle: 2 axis; metacarpals/thumb

4) Pivot: rotation; radius/ulna

5) Plane/gliding: slight; carpals/tarsals

6) Ball & Socket: multiple axis; coxa/femur

C. Movements:

1) Pronation (palm down)/supination (palm up)

2) Flexion (bend)/extension (straighten)

3) Abduction (away)/adduction (together)

4) Opposition (thumb to digits)/reposition