CHAPTER XX Chapter Title432
Why It Matters
Civil War and
Reconstruction1846ndash1896
Confederate soldierrsquoscap (upper left) andUnion soldierrsquos cap
(lower right)
General Patrick R Cleburneby Don Troiani
As you study Unit 6 you will learnhow social economic and political dif-
ferences between the North and Southgrew As compromises failed the
country plunged into civil war The fol-lowing resources offer more informa-
tion about this period in Americanhistory
Primary Sources LibrarySee pages 968ndash969 for primary source
readings to accompany Unit 6 Use the American History
Primary Source Document LibraryCD-ROM to find additional primary
sources about the Civil War andReconstruction
null
24920742
ldquoA house dividedagainst itself
cannot standrdquomdashAbraham Lincoln 1858
434
Road toCivil War
1820ndash1861Why It Matters
Slavery was a major cause of the worsening division between the North and South in theperiod before the Civil War The struggle between the North and South turned more hostile
and talk grew of separation and civil war
The Impact TodayldquoIf slavery is not wrong nothing is wrongrdquo Abraham Lincoln wrote in a letter to AG
Hodges in 1864 By studying this era of our history we can better understand the state ofracial relations today and develop ways for improving them
The American Journey Video The chapter 15 video ldquoSecrets of the Under-ground Railroadrdquo tells how enslaved African Americans escaped to freedom
CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
1845bull Texas becomes
a state
Taylor1849ndash1850
Fillmore1850ndash1853
Polk1845ndash1849
Tyler1841ndash1845
WH Harrison1841
1852bull Uncle Tomrsquos Cabin
published
1848bull Marx publishes
The CommunistManifesto
1845bull Many people begin
emigrating to escapepotato famine in Ireland
1840 1845 1850
1850bull Compromise of
1850 passed
null
39915077
435
1859bull Raid on
Harpers Ferry
1856bull Bessemer patents
steel process
1861bull Alexander II frees
serfs in Russia
1863bull French troops
occupy Mexico City
1857bull Dred Scott
decision
HISTORY
Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 15mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information
African Americans in 1850 About 425000 African Americans in theUnited States were free while 32 million lived in slavery
CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
Pierce1853ndash1857
Buchanan1857ndash1861
1854bull Kansas-Nebraska
Act passed
1860bull Lincoln elected president
1855 1860
Slavery ampthe West
Acts of1850 amp
1854
Dred Scottamp Lincoln
DouglasDebates
1860Election
The Road to Civil War
12
12
Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper in half from side toside leaving a inch tab along the side
Step 2 Turn the paper and fold it into fourths
Step 3 Unfold and cut up along the three foldlines
Step 4 Label your foldable as shown
Fold in halfthen fold inhalf again
Make fourtabs
Sequencing Events Study Foldable Make anduse this foldable to sequence some of the keyevents that led to the Civil War
Reading and Writing As you read write factsabout the events under each appropriate tab ofyour foldable How did these events lead to theCivil War
Leave inch tab
here
1861bull Civil War
begins
1820Missouri Compromiseis passed
1845Texas becomesa state
1848Free-Soil Party nominatesMartin Van Buren
1850Compromise of1850 diverts war
Main IdeaAs new states entered the Union thequestion of whether to admit them asfree states or slave states arose
Key Termssectionalism fugitive secedeabstain
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the table belowand describe how these compromisesanswered the question of admittingnew states
Read to Learnbull how the debate over slavery was
related to the admission of newstates
bull what the Compromise of 1850accomplished
Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy Con-troversy over slavery grew during theearly and mid-1800s
Slavery and the West
436 CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
Admission of new statesThe Missouri The CompromiseCompromise of 1850
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1820 1830 1840 1850
Poster warning African Americans
ldquoThe deed is done The chains of slavery are forged for [many] yet unbornHumble yourselves in the dust ye high-minded citizens of Connecticut Let your cheeksbe red as crimson On your representatives rests the stigma of this foul disgracerdquo Thesebiting fiery words were published in a Connecticut newspaper in 1820 They were inresponse to members of Congress who had helped pave the way for the admission ofMissouri as a slaveholding state
The Missouri CompromiseThe request by slaveholding Missouri to join the Union in 1819 caused an
angry debate that worried former president Thomas Jefferson and Secretary ofState John Quincy Adams Jefferson called the dispute ldquoa fire-bell in the nightrdquothat ldquoawakened and filled me with terrorrdquo Adams accurately predicted that thebitter debate was ldquoa mere preamblemdasha title-page to a great tragic volumerdquo
Many Missouri settlers had brought enslaved African Americans into the ter-ritory with them By 1819 the Missouri Territory included about 50000 whites
null
74605804
437
and 10000 slaves When Missouri applied toCongress for admission as a state its constitu-tion allowed slavery
In 1819 11 states permitted slavery and 11did not The Senatemdashwith two members fromeach statemdashwas therefore evenly balancedbetween slave and free states The admission ofa new state would upset that balance
In addition the North and the South withtheir different economic systems were compet-ing for new lands in the western territories Atthe same time a growing number of Northern-ers wanted to restrict or ban slavery Southern-ers even those who disliked slavery opposedthese antislavery efforts They resented theinterference by outsiders in Southernersrsquo affairsThese differences between the North and theSouth grew into sectionalismmdashan exaggeratedloyalty to a particular region of the country
Clayrsquos ProposalThe Senate suggested a way to resolve the cri-
sis by allowing Missourirsquos admittance as a slavestate while simultaneously admitting Maine as afree state Maine formerly part of Massachu-setts had also applied for admission to theUnion The Senate also sought to settle the issueof slavery in the territories for good It proposedprohibiting slavery in the remainder of theLouisiana Purchase north of 36ordm30rsquoN latitude
Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Ken-tucky skillfully maneuvered the Senate bill topassage in 1820 by dividing it into three propos-als The Missouri Compromise preserved thebalance between slave and freestates in the Senate and broughtabout a lull in the bitter debate inCongress over slavery
Explaining What issectionalism
New Western LandsFor the next 25 years Congress
managed to keep the slavery issue inthe background In the 1840s how-ever this heated debate moved back
into Congress Once again the cause of the dis-pute was the issue of slavery in new territoriesThe territories involved were Texas which hadwon its independence from Mexico in 1836 andNew Mexico and California which were stillpart of Mexico
Many Southerners hoped to see Texas whereslavery already existed join the Union As aresult the annexation of Texas became themain issue in the presidential election of 1844Democrat James Polk of Tennessee won theelection and pressed forward on acquiringTexas and Texas became a state in 1845 At thesame time support for taking over New Mex-ico and California also grew in the South Thefederal governmentrsquos actions on these lands ledto war with Mexico
Conflicting ViewsJust months after the Mexican War began
Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvaniaintroduced a proposal in Congress Called theWilmot Proviso it specified that slavery shouldbe prohibited in any lands that might beacquired from Mexico Southerners protestedfuriously They wanted to keep open the possi-bility of introducing slavery to California andNew Mexico
Senator John C Calhoun of South Carolinacountered with another proposal It stated thatneither Congress nor any territorial governmenthad the authority to ban slavery from a territoryor regulate it in any way
CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
Polk campaign banner
null
20762585
Neither Wilmotrsquos nor Calhounrsquos proposalpassed but both caused bitter debate By thetime of the 1848 presidential election the UnitedStates had gained the territories of Californiaand New Mexico from Mexico but had taken noaction on the issue of slavery in those areas
The Free-Soil PartyThe debate over slavery led to the formation
of a new political party In 1848 the Whigs choseZachary Taylor a Southerner and a hero of theMexican War as their presidential candidateThe Democrats selected Senator Lewis Cass ofMichigan Neither candidate took a stand onslavery in the territories
This failure to take a position angered votersMany antislavery Democrats and Whigs lefttheir parties and joined with members of theold Liberty Party to form the Free-Soil PartyThe new party proclaimed ldquoFree Soil FreeSpeech Free Labor and Free Menrdquo andendorsed the Wilmot Proviso The party nomi-nated former president Martin Van Buren asits presidential candidate
Whig candidate Zachary Taylor won the elec-tion by successfully appealing to both slave andfree states Taylor defeated Cass 163 to 127 in elec-toral votes Van Buren captured only 14 percent ofthe popular vote in the North but several candi-dates of the Free-Soil Party won seats in Congress
CaliforniaOnce in office President Taylor urged leaders
in the two territories of California and NewMexico to apply for statehood immediatelyOnce these lands had become states he rea-soned their citizens could decide whether toallow slavery New Mexico did not apply forstatehood but California did in 1850
Taylorrsquos plan ran into trouble when Califor-niarsquos statehood became tangled up with otherissues before Congress Antislavery forceswanted to abolish slavery in the District ofColumbia the nationrsquos capital Southernerswanted a strong national law requiring states to return fugitive or runaway slaves to theirmasters Another dispute involved the NewMexicondashTexas border
The greatest obstacle to Taylorrsquos plan wasconcern over the balance of power in the SenateIn 1849 the nation included 15 slave states and15 free states If California entered as a freestatemdashand New Mexico Oregon and Utah fol-lowed as free states which seemed likelymdashtheSouth would be hopelessly outvoted in the Sen-ate As tension grew some Southerners begantalking about having their states secede from orleave the United States
Explaining How was John C Calhounrsquos proposal different from the Wilmot Proviso
A New CompromiseIn January 1850 Henry Clay now a senator
presented a multi-part plan to settle all the issuesdividing Congress First California would beadmitted as a free state Second the New MexicoTerritory would have no restrictions on slaveryThird the New MexicondashTexas border disputewould be settled in favor of New Mexico Fourththe slave trade but not slavery itself would beabolished in the District of Columbia FinallyClay pushed for a stronger fugitive slave law
Clayrsquos proposal launched an emotional debatein Congress that raged for seven months Open-ing that debate were Clay and two other distin-guished senatorsmdashJohn C Calhoun of SouthCarolina and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
438 CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
ldquoI know noSouth noNorth no
East no Westto which
I owe any allegiancerdquo
mdashHenry Clay
null
21154462
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use each of these social
studies terms in a sentence that willhelp explain its meaning sectional-ism fugitive secede abstain
2 Reviewing Facts List the provisionsof the Missouri Compromise
Reviewing Themes3 Government and Democracy Why
was the Free-Soil Party created
Critical Thinking4 Analyzing Information What was
the Wilmot Proviso Why was it con-troversial
5 Comparing Re-create the tablebelow and describe what the Northand South each gained from theCompromise of 1850
Analyzing Visuals6 Examining Artifacts Look at the
campaign banner on page 437 Com-pare it to a modern political buttonor advertisement you have seen Inwhat ways are they similar In whatways are they different
CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War 439
Government Create a poster forthe Free-Soil Party presidential can-didate Include slogans or symbolsto gain popular support
Calhoun opposed Clayrsquos plan He believedthat the only way to save the Union was to pro-tect slavery If Congress admitted California as afree state Calhoun warned the Southern stateshad to leave the Union
Three days later Webster gave an eloquentspeech in support of Clayrsquos plan He argued thatantislavery forces lost little in agreeing to thecompromise
ldquoI would rather hear of natural blasts andmildews war pestilence and famine than tohear gentlemen talk of secessionrdquo
Webster reasoned that geography would pre-vent slavery from taking root in the new territo-ries since most of the land was not suited forplantations What was most important was topreserve the Union
The Compromise of 1850Clayrsquos plan could not pass as a complete pack-
age Too many members of Congress objected toone part of it or another President Taylor alsoopposed the plan and threatened to use forceagainst the South if states tried to secede
Then in July President Taylor suddenly diedThe new president Millard Fillmore supportedsome form of compromise At the same timeStephen A Douglas a young senator from Illi-nois took charge of efforts to resolve the crisisDouglas divided Clayrsquos plan into a series of
measures that Congress could vote on sepa-rately In this way members of Congress wouldnot have to support proposals they opposed
President Fillmore persuaded several Whigrepresentatives to abstainmdashnot to cast votesmdashonmeasures they opposed Congress finally passeda series of five separate bills in August and Sep-tember of 1850 Taken together these lawsknown as the Compromise of 1850 containedthe five main points of Clayrsquos original plan Fill-more called the compromise a ldquofinal settlementrdquoof the conflict between North and South Thepresident would soon be proved wrong
Explaining How did the Compro-mise of 1850 affect the New Mexico Territory
Like Zachary Taylor did most presidents make themilitary their profession Some presidents did makethe military their principal profession WashingtonWilliam Henry Harrison Grant and Eisenhower as wellas Taylor all made a career in the military Howevermore presidents came from the ranks of attorneys thanfrom any other profession More than half of all presi-dents including Jefferson and Lincoln made their livingin the practice of law
Before They Were Presidents
Compromise of 1850
Northern gains Southern gains
null
11713094
440 CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
Applying the SkillRecognizing Bias Look through the letters to theeditor in your local newspaper Write a short reportanalyzing one of the letters for evidence of bias
Glencoersquos Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM Level 1 providesinstruction and practice in key social stud-ies skills
Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking
Why Learn This SkillCats make better pets than dogs If you say this
then you are stating a bias A bias is a prejudice Itcan prevent you from looking at a situation in a rea-sonable or truthful way
Learning the SkillMost people have feelings and ideas that affect their
point of view This viewpoint or bias influences theway they interpret events For this reason an ideathat is stated as a fact may really be only an opinionRecognizing bias will help you judge the accuracy ofwhat you read There are several things you shouldlook for that will help you recognize bias Identifythe author of the statement and examine his or herviews and possible reasons for writing the materialLook for language that reflects an emotion or opin-ionmdashwords such as all never best worst mightor should Examine the writing for imbalancesmdashleaning only to one viewpoint and failing to provideequal coverage of other possible viewpoints
Practicing the SkillRead the excerpts on this page The first excerpt is from an 1858 newspaper editorial The secondis from a speech by Senator John C Calhoun ofSouth Carolina Then answer the four questionsthat follow
ldquoPopular sovereignty for the territories willnever work Under this system each territorywould decide whether or not to legalize slav-ery This method was tried in the territory ofKansas and all it produced was bloodshedand violencerdquo
mdashThe Republican Leader 1858
ldquo [T]he two great divisions of societyare not rich and poor but white and blackand all the former the poor as well as therich belong to the upper classes and arerespected and treated as suchrdquo
mdashSenator Calhoun
1 Is Senator Calhoun expressing a proslavery orantislavery bias
2 What statements indicate the racism in Calhounrsquosbias
3 What political partyrsquos view does the editorial represent
4 What biases or beliefs are expressed in the editorial
Recognizing Bias
null
16164586
441CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
1852Uncle Tomrsquos Cabinis published
1854Kansas-Nebraska Actis passed
1856Charles Sumnerattacked in Senate
On May 24 1854 the people of Boston erupted in outrage Federal officers hadseized Anthony Burns a runaway slave who lived in Boston to send him back to slav-ery Abolitionists tried to rescue Burns from the federal courthouse and city leadersattempted to buy his freedom All efforts failed Local militia units joined the marinesand cavalry in Boston to keep order Federal troops escorted Burns to a ship that wouldcarry him back to Virginia and slavery In a gesture of bitter protest Bostonians drapedbuildings in black and hung the American flag upside down
The Fugitive Slave ActThe Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required all citizens to help catch runaways
Anyone who aided a fugitive could be fined or imprisoned People in the Southbelieved the law would force Northerners to recognize the rights of SouthernersInstead enforcement of the law led to mounting anger in the North convincingmore people of the evils of slavery
After passage of the Fugitive Slave Act slaveholders stepped up their efforts tocatch runaway slaves They even tried to capture runaways who had lived in free-dom in the North for years Sometimes they seized African Americans who werenot escaped slaves and forced them into slavery
Main IdeaGrowing tensions led to differencesthat could not be solved by compro-mise
Key Termspopular sovereignty border ruffi-ans civil war
Reading StrategyAs you read the section re-create thetable below and describe how South-erners and Northerners reacted to theKansas-Nebraska Act
Read to Learnbull how the Fugitive Slave Act and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act furtherdivided the North and South
bull how popular sovereignty led to violence
Section ThemeContinuity and Change As theygrew farther apart Northerners andSoutherners sought compromise
A Nation Dividing
Anthony Burns
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1850
1850Fugitive Slave Actis passed
1853 1856
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Southern reaction Northern reaction
null
897038
442 CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
Writer Harriet BeecherStowe called the FugitiveSlave Act a ldquonightmareabominationrdquo Stowe thedaughter of a New Eng-land minister spent partof her childhood inCincinnati There on thebanks of the Ohio Rivershe saw enslaved peoplebeing loaded onto shipsto be taken to slave mar-kets As an adult and the
wife of a religion profes-sor she wrote manybooks and stories aboutsocial reform Her mostfamous work was a novelabout the evils of slaveryUncle Tomrsquos Cabin waspublished in 1852Packed with dramaticincidents and vivid char-acters the novel showsslavery as a cruel andbrutal system
Uncle Tomrsquos Cabinquickly became a sensa-tion selling over 300000copies in the first year ofpublication The book hadsuch an impact on publicfeelings about slaverythat when Abraham Lin-coln was introduced toStowe during the CivilWar he said so youldquowrote the book thatstarted this great warrdquo
Resistance to the LawIn spite of the penalties many Northerners
refused to cooperate with the lawrsquos enforce-ment The Underground Railroad a network offree African Americans and whites helped run-aways make their way to freedom Antislaverygroups tried to rescue African Americans whowere being pursued or to free those who werecaptured In Boston members of one suchgroup followed federal agents shouting ldquoSlavehuntersmdashthere go the slave huntersrdquo Peoplecontributed funds to buy the freedom ofAfrican Americans Northern juries refused toconvict those accused of breaking the FugitiveSlave Law
Explaining What was the purposeof the Underground Railroad
The KansasndashNebraska ActFranklin Pierce a New Hampshire Democrat
who supported the Fugitive Slave Act becamepresident in 1853 Pierce intended to enforce theFugitive Slave Act and his actions hardened theopposition
In 1854 the dispute over slavery erupted inCongress again The cause was a bill introducedby Stephen A Douglas the Illinois senator whohad forged the Compromise of 1850
Hoping to encourage settlement of the Westand open the way for a transcontinental rail-road Douglas proposed organizing the regionwest of Missouri and Iowa as the territories ofKansas and Nebraska Douglas was trying towork out a plan for the nation to expand thatboth the North and the South would acceptInstead his bill reopened the conflict about slav-ery in the territories
Because of their location Kansas andNebraska seemed likely to become free statesBoth lay north of 36deg30N latitude the line estab-lished in the Missouri Compromise as theboundary of slavery Douglas knew that South-erners would object to having Kansas andNebraska become free states because it wouldgive the North an advantage in the Senate As aresult Douglas proposed abandoning the Mis-souri Compromise and letting the settlers ineach territory vote on whether to allow slaveryHe called this popular sovereigntymdashallowingthe people to decide
null
12904216
WASHINGTONTERR
NEBRASKATERR
KANSASTERR
OREGONTERR
443
Passage of the ActMany Northerners protested strongly Douglasrsquos
plan to repeal the Missouri Compromise wouldallow slavery into areas that had been free formore than 30 years Opponents of the billdemanded that Congress vote down the bill
Southerners in Congress however providedsolid support for the bill They expected thatKansas would be settled in large part by slave-holders from Missouri who would vote to keepslavery legal With some support from NorthernDemocrats and the backing of President PierceCongress passed the KansasndashNebraska Act inMay 1854
Division GrowsNorthern Democrats in the House split almost
evenly on the vote revealing deep divisions inthe party Many Northerners became convincedthat compromise with the South was no longerpossible Sam Houston senator from Texas pre-dicted that the bill ldquowill convulse [upset] thecountry from Maine to the Rio Granderdquo
Describing Write a definition ofldquopopular sovereigntyrdquo in your own words
Conflict in KansasRight after passage of the KansasndashNebraska
Act proslavery and antislavery groups rushedsupporters into Kansas In the spring of 1855when elections took place in Kansas a proslav-ery legislature was elected
Although only about 1500 voters lived inKansas at the time more than 6000 people castballots in the elections Thousands of proslaverysupporters from Missouri had crossed the bor-der just to vote in the election These Missouri-ans traveled in armed groups and becameknown as border ruffians Soon after the elec-tion the new Kansas legislature passed lawssupporting slavery One law even restrictedpolitical office to proslavery candidates
The antislavery people refused to accept theselaws Instead they armed themselves held theirown elections and adopted a constitution thatbanned slavery By January 1856 rival govern-ments existed in Kansas one for and one againstslavery Each asked Congress for recognition Toconfuse matters further President Pierce and theSenate favored the proslavery government whilethe House backed the forces opposed to slavery
Slavery and Sectionalism
OREGONTERR
UTAHTERR
NEW MEXICOTERR
CALIF(1850)
UNORGANIZEDTERR
MINNESOTATERR
1 Region How did the KansasndashNebraska Act change theamount of territory open to slaveholding
2 Analyzing Information What territories were non-slaveholding in 1854
Free statesSlave statesTerritory closedto slaveholding
Territory opento slaveholding
Indian Territory
KansasndashNebraska Act 1854The Compromise of 1850
null
1362001
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use each of these terms
in a sentence that will help explain its meaning popular sovereignty border ruffians civil war
2 Reviewing Facts Describe howNorthern abolitionists reacted to theFugitive Slave Act
Reviewing Themes3 Continuity and Change How did
popular sovereignty lead to violencein Kansas
Critical Thinking4 Predicting Consequences Could the
violence in Kansas have been pre-vented if Congress had not abandonedthe Missouri Compromise Explain
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and list the stepsthat led to bloodshed in Kansas
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Study the maps
on page 443 From which territory orterritories were the Nebraska andKansas Territories formed Was theUtah territory closed to slaveholding
More violence followed as armed bandsroamed the territory Newspapers began referringto ldquoBleeding Kansasrdquo and ldquothe Civil War inKansasrdquo A civil war is a conflict between citizensof the same country Not until October of 1856 didJohn Geary the newly appointed territorial gover-nor stop the bloodshed in Kansas He suppressedguerrilla forces and used 1300 federal troops
Violence in CongressThe violence that erupted in Kansas spilled
over to the halls of Congress as well Abolitionistsenator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts deliv-ered a speech entitled ldquoThe Crime AgainstKansasrdquo Sumner lashed out against proslaveryforces in Kansas He also criticized proslaverysenators repeatedly attacking Andrew P Butlerof South Carolina
Two days after the speech Butlerrsquos distantcousin Representative Preston Brooks walkedinto the Senate chamber He hit Sumner againand again over the head and shoulders with acane Sumner fell to the floor unconscious andbleeding He suffered injuries so severe that hedid not return to the Senate for several yearsThe Brooks-Sumner incident and the fighting inldquoBleeding Kansasrdquo revealed the rising level ofhostility between North and South
Explaining What is a civil war
444 CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
Bloodshedin Kansas
Step
Step
Step
John Brown
Descriptive Writing In groups choosea scene from Uncle Tomrsquos Cabin toportray in a one-act play Write a shortscript using creative word choice andexpression and present the play tothe class
ldquoBleeding KansasrdquoWith proslavery and antislavery forces in
Kansas arming themselves the outbreak of vio-lence became inevitable In May 1856 800 slav-ery supporters attacked the town of Lawrencethe antislavery capital They sacked the townburned the hotel and the home of the governorand destroyed two newspaper offices Soonafter forces opposed to slavery retaliated
John Brown a fervent abolitionist believedGod had chosen him to end slavery When heheard of the attack on Lawrence Brown wentinto a rage He vowed to ldquostrike terror in thehearts of the proslavery peoplerdquo One nightBrown led four of his sons and two other menalong Pottawatomie Creek where they seizedand killed five supporters of slavery
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use each of these terms
in a sentence that will help explain its meaning popular sovereignty border ruffians civil war
2 Reviewing Facts Describe howNorthern abolitionists reacted to theFugitive Slave Act
Reviewing Themes3 Continuity and Change How did
popular sovereignty lead to violencein Kansas
Critical Thinking4 Predicting Consequences Could the
violence in Kansas have been pre-vented if Congress had not abandonedthe Missouri Compromise Explain
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and list the stepsthat led to bloodshed in Kansas
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Study the maps
on page 443 From which territory orterritories were the Nebraska andKansas Territories formed Was theUtah territory closed to slaveholding
More violence followed as armed bandsroamed the territory Newspapers began referringto ldquoBleeding Kansasrdquo and ldquothe Civil War inKansasrdquo A civil war is a conflict between citizensof the same country Not until October of 1856 didJohn Geary the newly appointed territorial gover-nor stop the bloodshed in Kansas He suppressedguerrilla forces and used 1300 federal troops
Violence in CongressThe violence that erupted in Kansas spilled
over to the halls of Congress as well Abolitionistsenator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts deliv-ered a speech entitled ldquoThe Crime AgainstKansasrdquo Sumner lashed out against proslaveryforces in Kansas He also criticized proslaverysenators repeatedly attacking Andrew P Butlerof South Carolina
Two days after the speech Butlerrsquos distantcousin Representative Preston Brooks walkedinto the Senate chamber He hit Sumner againand again over the head and shoulders with acane Sumner fell to the floor unconscious andbleeding He suffered injuries so severe that hedid not return to the Senate for several yearsThe Brooks-Sumner incident and the fighting inldquoBleeding Kansasrdquo revealed the rising level ofhostility between North and South
Explaining What is a civil war
444 CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
Bloodshedin Kansas
Step
Step
Step
John Brown
Descriptive Writing In groups choosea scene from Uncle Tomrsquos Cabin toportray in a one-act play Write a shortscript using creative word choice andexpression and present the play tothe class
ldquoBleeding KansasrdquoWith proslavery and antislavery forces in
Kansas arming themselves the outbreak of vio-lence became inevitable In May 1856 800 slav-ery supporters attacked the town of Lawrencethe antislavery capital They sacked the townburned the hotel and the home of the governorand destroyed two newspaper offices Soonafter forces opposed to slavery retaliated
John Brown a fervent abolitionist believedGod had chosen him to end slavery When heheard of the attack on Lawrence Brown wentinto a rage He vowed to ldquostrike terror in thehearts of the proslavery peoplerdquo One nightBrown led four of his sons and two other menalong Pottawatomie Creek where they seizedand killed five supporters of slavery
null
14408986
445
1856James Buchanan iselected president
1857Dred Scott decision statesthat all slaves are property
1859John Brown raidsHarpers Ferry Virginia
Main IdeaSocial economic and political differ-ences divided the North and South
Key Termsarsenal martyr
Reading StrategySequencing Information As youread the section re-create the dia-gram below and list major events foreach year
Read to Learnbull why the Republican Party was
formedbull how the Dred Scott decision the
Lincoln-Douglas debates and JohnBrownrsquos raid affected Americans
Section ThemeContinuity and Change The slaveryissues continued to drive the Northand South further apart
Challenges to Slavery
CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
Many people considered John Brown to be a radical murderer while others viewedhim as a fighter for the cause of freedom When he was executed in 1859 the Anglo-African Magazine wrote that as John Brown left the jail ldquoa black woman with a littlechild in her arms stood near his way He stopped for a moment in his coursestooped over and with the tenderness of one whose love is as broad as the brother-hood of man kissed the child affectionatelyrdquo
A New Political PartyEven before Brownrsquos raid other events had driven the North and South
further apart After the KansasndashNebraska Act the Democratic Party began todivide along sectional lines with Northern Democrats leaving the party Differ-ing views over the slavery issue destroyed the Whig Party
In 1854 antislavery Whigs and Democrats joined forces with Free-Soilers toform the Republican Party The new party was determined to rally ldquofor the estab-lishment of liberty and the overthrow of the Slave Powerrdquo
1854Republican Partyis formed
1846 1854 1856 1858
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1854 1856 1858 1860
Kansas Free-Soil poster
null
7209818
The Republicans challenged the proslaveryWhigs and Democrats choosing candidates torun in the state and congressional elections of1854 Their main message was that the govern-ment should ban slavery from new territories
The Republican Party quickly showed itsstrength in the North In the election the Repub-licans won control of the House of Representa-tives and of several state governments In theSouth the Republicans had almost no support
Northern Democrats suffered a beatingAlmost three-fourths of the Democratic candi-dates from free states lost in 1854 The party wasincreasingly becoming a Southern party
The Election of 1856Democrats and Republicans met again in the
presidential election of 1856 The Whig Partydisintegrating over the slavery issue did notoffer a candidate of its own
The Republicans chose John C Freacutemont ofCalifornia as their candidate for president Freacute-mont had gained fame as an explorer in the WestThe party platform called for free territories andits campaign slogan became ldquoFree soil freespeech and Freacutemontrdquo
The Democratic Party nominated JamesBuchanan of Pennsylvania an experienced diplo-mat and former member of Congress The partyendorsed the idea of popular sovereignty
The American Party or Know Nothings hadgrown quickly between 1853 and 1856 by attack-ing immigrants The Know Nothings nominatedformer president Millard Fillmore
The presidential vote divided along rigid sec-tional lines Buchanan won the election win-ning all of the Southern states except Marylandand received 174 electoral votes compared to 114for Freacutemont and 8 for Fillmore Freacutemont did notreceive a single electoral vote south of theMason-Dixon line but he carried 11 of the 16free states
Explaining What stand did the newRepublican party take on the issue of slavery
The Dred Scott DecisionPresident Buchanan took office on March 4
1857 Two days later the Supreme Courtannounced a decision about slavery and theterritories that shook the nation
Dred Scott was an enslaved African Ameri-can bought by an army doctor in Missouri aslave state In the 1830s the doctor moved hishousehold to Illinois a free state and then to theWisconsin Territory where slavery was bannedby the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Later the
family returned to Missouri wherethe doctor died In 1846 with the
help of antislavery lawyersScott sued for his freedom Heclaimed he should be freebecause he had once livedon free soil Eleven yearslater in the midst of grow-ing anger over the slavery
issue the case reached theSupreme Court
The case attracted enormousattention While the immediate
issue was Dred Scottrsquos status the
446 CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
Family members (left) honor the memory of Dred ScottScott (above) who lived in slavery had appealed to theSupreme Court in hopes of being granted his freedomHow did the Court rule
History
null
1764326
447
ldquoI believe thatthis governmentcannot endurepermanently
half slave andhalf freerdquo
mdashAbraham Lincoln
ldquoThis Union canexist forever
divided into freeand slave statesas our fathers
made itrdquomdashStephen Douglas
Court also had the opportunity to rule on thequestion of slavery in territories Many Ameri-cans hoped that the Court would resolve theissue for good
The Courtrsquos DecisionThe Courtrsquos decision electrified the nation
Chief Justice Roger B Taney (TAWbullnee) saidthat Dred Scott was still a slave As a slave Scottwas not a citizen and had no right to bring a law-suit Taney could have stopped there but hedecided to address the broader issues
Taney wrote that Scottrsquos residence on free soildid not make him free An enslaved person wasproperty and the Fifth Amendment prohibitsCongress from taking away property withoutldquodue process of lawrdquo
Finally Taney wrote that Congress had nopower to prohibit slavery in any territory TheMissouri Compromisemdashwhich had banned slav-ery north of 36deg30N latitudemdashwas unconstitu-tional For that matter so was popularsovereignty Not even the voters in a territorycould prohibit slavery because that wouldamount to taking away a personrsquos property Ineffect the decision meant that the Constitutionprotected slavery (See page 997 of the Appendix for a sum-
mary of the Dred Scott decision)
Reaction to the DecisionRather than settling the issue the Supreme
Courtrsquos decision divided the country even moreMany Southerners were elated The Court hadreaffirmed what many in the South had alwaysmaintained Nothing could legally prevent the
spread of slavery Northern Democrats werepleased that the Republicansrsquo main issuemdashrestricting the spread of slaverymdashhad beenruled unconstitutional
Republicans and other antislavery groupswere outraged calling the Dred Scott decision ldquoawicked and false judgmentrdquo and ldquothe greatestcrimerdquo ever committed in the nationrsquos courts
Lincoln and DouglasIn the congressional election of 1858 the Sen-
ate race in Illinois was the center of nationalattention The contest pitted the current senatorDemocrat Stephen A Douglas against Republi-can challenger Abraham Lincoln People con-sidered Douglas a likely candidate for presidentin 1860 Lincoln was nearly an unknown
Douglas a successful lawyer had joined theDemocratic Party and won election to the Housein 1842 and to the Senate in 1846 Short stockyand powerful Douglas was called ldquothe LittleGiantrdquo He disliked slavery but thought that thecontroversy over it would interfere with thenationrsquos growth He believed the issue could beresolved through popular sovereignty
Born in the poor backcountry of KentuckyAbraham Lincoln moved to Indiana as a childand later to Illinois Like Douglas Lincoln wasintelligent ambitious and a successful lawyerHe had little formal educationmdashbut excellentpolitical instincts Although Lincoln saw slaveryas morally wrong he admitted there was noeasy way to eliminate slavery where it alreadyexisted He was certain though that slaveryshould not be allowed to spread
CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
null
17382011
The LincolnndashDouglas DebatesNot as well known as Douglas Lincoln chal-
lenged the senator to a series of debates Dou-glas reluctantly agreed The two met seventimes in August September and October of 1858in cities and villages throughout Illinois Thou-sands came to these debates The main topic ofcourse was slavery
During the debate at Freeport Lincolnpressed Douglas about his views on popular sovereignty Could the people of a territorylegally exclude slavery before achieving state-hood Douglas replied that the people couldexclude slavery by refusing to pass laws pro-tecting slaveholdersrsquo rights Douglasrsquos responsewhich satisfied antislavery followers but losthim support in the South became known as theFreeport Doctrine
Douglas claimed that Lincoln wanted AfricanAmericans to be fully equal to whites Lincolndenied this Still Lincoln said ldquoin the right toeat the bread which his own hand earns [anAfrican American] is my equal and the equal of[Senator] Douglas and the equal of every livingmanrdquo The real issue Lincoln said is ldquobetweenthe men who think slavery a wrong and thosewho do not think it wrong The RepublicanParty thinks it wrongrdquo
Following the debates Douglas won a narrowvictory in the election Lincoln lost the electionbut gained a national reputation
The Raid on Harpers FerryAfter the 1858 elections Southerners began to
feel threatened by growing Republican powerIn late 1859 an act of violence greatly increasedtheir fears On October 16 the abolitionist JohnBrown led 18 men both whites and AfricanAmericans on a raid on Harpers Ferry VirginiaHis target was an arsenal a storage place forweapons and ammunition Brownmdashwho hadkilled five proslavery Kansans in 1856mdashhopedto start a rebellion against slaveholders by arm-ing enslaved African Americans His raid hadbeen financed by a group of abolitionists
Brown and his men were quickly defeated bylocal citizens and federal troops Brown wasconvicted of treason and murder and was sen-tenced to hang His execution caused an uproarin the North Some antislavery Northernersincluding Republican leaders denouncedBrownrsquos use of violence Others viewed Brownas a hero Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson calledBrown a martyrmdasha person who dies for a greatcause
John Brownrsquos death became a rallying pointfor abolitionists When Southerners learned ofBrownrsquos connection to abolitionists their fearsof a great Northern conspiracy against themseemed to be confirmed The nation was on thebrink of disaster
Explaining How did the Dred Scottdecision regulate the spread of slavery
448 CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use the terms arsenal
and martyr in a paragraph aboutJohn Brownrsquos raid on Harpers Ferry
2 Reviewing Facts Discuss the stagesin the development of the RepublicanParty
Reviewing Themes3 Continuity and Change How did
the Dred Scott decision reverse aprevious decision made by Congress
Critical Thinking4 Making Inferences Why did Lincoln
emerge as a leader after the Lincoln-Douglas debates
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe table shown here and describethe positions taken by Lincoln andDouglas in their debates
Analyzing Visuals6 Examining Artifacts Examine the
poster on page 445 What is theposter advertising Explain why someof the phrases are in larger type
Government Draw a political cartoon that illustrates Lincolnrsquosstatement ldquoA house divided againstitself cannot standrdquo
LincolnndashDouglas Debates
Lincolnrsquos position Douglasrsquos position
null
1824936
449
February 1861Southern states form the Confederate States of America
April 1861Confederate forces attack FortSumter the Civil War begins
Main IdeaIn 1860 Abraham Lincolnrsquos election aspresident of the United States was fol-lowed by Southern states leaving theUnion
Key Termssecession statesrsquo rights
Reading StrategySequencing Information As youread the section re-create the timeline below and list the major events ateach time
Read to Learnbull how the 1860 election led to the
breakup of the Unionbull why secession led to the Civil War
Section ThemeGeography and History The electionof 1860 clearly divided the nationalong sectional lines
Secession and War
CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
After John Brownrsquos raid on Harpers Ferry calls for secession grew South CarolinarsquosCharleston Mercury declared ldquoThe day of compromise is passed [T]here is no peacefor the South in the Unionrdquo The Nashville Union and American said ldquoThe South willhold the whole party of Republicans responsible for the bloodshed at Harpers FerryrdquoRepublicans refused to take the threat of secession seriously Secession is only a scaretactic they argued aimed at frightening voters from casting their ballot for AbrahamLincoln To many Southerners however the election of Lincoln would be a final signalthat their position in the Union was hopeless
The Election of 1860Would the Union break up That was the burning question in the months
before the presidential election of 1860 The issue of slavery was seriously dis-cussed and eventually caused a break in the Democratic Party As the electionapproached a northern wing of the Democratic Party nominated Stephen
Secessionist ribbon
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1860 1861 1862
Nov 1860Abraham Lincoln is elected president
Dec 1860South Carolinasecedes
Nov 1860
Dec 1860 March 1861
Feb 1861 April 1861
null
73404236
Abraham Lincolnrsquos Inaugural
Address March 4 1861
One section of our country
believes slavery is right and ought to
be extended while the other believes it
is wrong and ought not to be extended
This is the only substantial dispute
Physically speaking we can not separate We can not remove
our respective sections from each other nor build an impassable
wall between them A husband and wife may be divorced and go
out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other but the
different parts of our country can not do this
In your hands my dissatisfied fellow countrymen and not in
mine is the momentous issue of civil war
450 CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
Union or Secession President Abraham Lincoln and JeffersonDavis president of the Confederacy wereinaugurated just several weeks apart Theseexcerpts from their Inaugural Addresses willhelp you understand differing points of viewabout secession from the United States in 1861
Abraham Lincoln
1 According to Lincoln what was theonly substantial disagreementbetween the North and the South
2 What did Lincoln compare theUnited States to
3 Did Lincoln and Davis say anythingin their inaugural addresses thatwas similar
Learning From History
Jefferson Davisrsquos Inaugural Address February 18 1861As a necessity not a choice we have resorted to theremedy of separation and henceforth our energies mustbe directed to the conduct of our own affairs and the[continuation] of the Confederacy which we haveformed If a just perception of mutual interest shallpermit us peaceably to pursue our separate polit-ical career my most earnest desire will havebeen fulfilled But if this be denied to us [we will be forced] to appeal to arms
Jefferson Davis
Douglas for the presidency and sup-ported popular sovereignty South-ern Democratsmdashvowing to upholdslaverymdashnominated John C Breck-inridge of Kentucky and supportedthe Dred Scott decision Moderatesfrom both the North and South whohad formed the ConstitutionalUnion Party nominated John Bell ofTennessee This party took no posi-tion on slavery
Lincoln NominatedThe Republicans nominated Abra-
ham Lincoln Their platformdesigned to attract voters from manyquarters was that slavery should beleft undisturbed where it existed butthat it should be excluded from theterritories Many Southerners fearedhowever that a Republican victorywould encourage slave revolts
Lincoln ElectedWith the Democrats divided Lin-
coln won a clear majority of the elec-toral votesmdash180 out of 303 Hereceived only 40 percent of the pop-ular vote but this was more thanany other candidate Douglas wassecond with 30 percent of the vote
The vote was along purely sec-tional lines Lincolnrsquos name did noteven appear on the ballot in mostSouthern states but he won everyNorthern state Breckinridge sweptthe South and Bell took most borderstates Douglas won only the state ofMissouri and three of New Jerseyrsquosseven electoral votes
In effect the more populous Northhad outvoted the South The victoryfor Lincoln was a short-lived onehowever for the nation Lincoln wasto lead would soon disintegrate
Examining Whatcaused the split in the Democratic Party in 1860
null
10104035
451CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
The South SecedesLincoln and the Republicans had promised
not to disturb slavery where it already existedMany people in the South however did nottrust the party fearing that the Republicanadministration would not protect Southernrights On December 20 1860 the Southrsquos long-standing threat to leave the Union became areality when South Carolina held a special con-vention and voted to secede
Attempt at CompromiseEven after South Carolinarsquos action many
people still wished to preserve the Union Thequestion was how As other Southern statesdebated secessionmdashwithdrawal from theUnionmdashleaders in Washington DC workedfrantically to fashion a last-minute compromiseOn December 18 1860 Senator John Critten-den of Kentucky proposed a series of amend-ments to the Constitution Central to Critten-denrsquos plan was a provision to protect slaverysouth of 36deg30N latitudemdashthe line set by theMissouri Compromisemdashin all territories ldquonowheld or hereafter acquiredrdquo
Republicans considered this unacceptableThey had just won an election on the principlethat slavery would not be extended in any terri-tories ldquoNow we are toldrdquo Lincoln said
ldquothe government shall be broken up unlesswe surrender to those we have beatenrdquo
Leaders in the South also rejected the planldquoWe spit upon every plan to compromiserdquoexclaimed one Southern leader ldquoNo humanpower can save the Unionrdquo wrote another
The ConfederacyBy February 1861 Texas Louisiana Missis-
sippi Alabama Florida and Georgia had joinedSouth Carolina and also seceded Delegatesfrom these states and South Carolina met inMontgomery Alabama on February 4 to form anew nation and government Calling themselvesthe Confederate States of America they choseJefferson Davis a senator from Mississippi astheir president
Southerners justified secession with the the-ory of statesrsquo rights The states they argued hadvoluntarily chosen to enter the Union Theydefined the Constitution as a contract among theindependent states Now because the nationalgovernment had violated that contractmdashbyrefusing to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act and bydenying the Southern states equal rights in theterritoriesmdashthe states were justified in leavingthe Union
Reactions to SecessionMany Southerners welcomed secession In
Charleston South Carolina people rang churchbells fired cannons and celebrated in thestreets A newspaper in Atlanta Georgia saidthe South ldquowill never submitrdquo and woulddefend its liberties no matter what the cost
Other Southerners however were alarmed A South Carolinian wrote
ldquoMy heart has been rent [torn] by thedestruction of my countrymdashthe dismember-ment of that great and glorious Unionrdquo
Virginian Robert E Lee expressed concern aboutthe future ldquoI see only that a fearful calamity isupon usrdquo he wrote
In the North some abolitionists preferred toallow the Southern states to leave If the Unioncould be kept together only by compromisingon slavery they declared then let the Union bedestroyed Most Northerners however believedthat the Union must be preserved For Lincolnthe issue was ldquowhether in a free government theminority have the right to break up the govern-ment whenever they chooserdquo
Presidential ResponsesLincoln had won the election but he was not
yet president James Buchananrsquos term ran untilMarch 4 1861 In December 1860 Buchanan senta message to Congress saying that the Southernstates had no right to secede Then he added thathe had no power to stop them from doing so
As Lincoln prepared for his inauguration onMarch 4 1861 people in both the North and theSouth wondered what he would say and doThey wondered too what would happen in Vir-
null
23772186
secession would not be permitted vowing tohold federal property in the South and toenforce the laws of the United States At thesame time Lincoln pleaded with the people ofthe South for reconciliation
ldquoWe are not enemies but friends We must notbe enemies Though passion may have strained itmust not break our bonds of affectionrdquo
Explaining How did the secedingstates justify their right to leave the Union
452 CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War
N
S
EW
500 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection
500 miles0
Atlantic
Ocean
Pacific
Ocean
On February 4 1861delegates met in Alabamato form a new nation
South Carolina was thefirst state to secedefrom the Union
West Virginia secededfrom Virginia in 1861and was admitted tothe Union in 1863
40degN
30degN
90degW 70degW80degW
60degW
PAILL IND
MINN
CALIF
OREGON
WIS
IOWA
MOKY
ARK
KANSAS
COLORADOTERR
UTAHTERR
NEVADATERR
WASHINGTONTERR
DAKOTATERR
NEBRASKA TERR
NEW MEXICOTERR
LATEXAS
INDIANTERR TENN NC
SC
GA
FLA
ALAMISS
MICH NY
VTNH
ME
MASS
RI
NJ
DELMD
VA
OHIOWVA
CONN
After the attack on Fort Sumter four more Southern statesjoined the seven that had already seceded from the Union1 Region Which slave states remained in the Union after
the Fort Sumter attack2 Analyzing Information Which states did not secede
until after the Fort Sumter attack
ginia North Carolina Kentucky TennesseeMissouri and Arkansas These slave states hadchosen to remain in the Union but the decisionwas not final If the United States used forceagainst the Confederate States of America theremaining slave states also might secede In hisInaugural Address the new president mixedtoughness and words of peace He said that
Seceding States 1860ndash1861
Boundary between Unionand Confederacy
Union free stateUnion slave state
Union Territories
Slave state seceding beforeFort Sumter April 1861Slave state seceding afterFort Sumter April 1861
null
60395546
Fort SumterThe South soon tested President Lincolnrsquos vow
to hold federal property Confederate forces hadalready seized some United States forts withintheir states Although Lincoln did not want tostart a war by trying to take the forts back allow-ing the Confederates to keep them wouldamount to admitting their right to secede
On the day after his inauguration Lincolnreceived a dispatch from the commander of FortSumter a United States fort on an island guard-ing Charleston Harbor The message warnedthat the fort was low on supplies and that theConfederates demanded its surrender
The War BeginsLincoln responded by sending a message to
Governor Francis Pickens of South Carolina Heinformed Pickens that he was sending anunarmed expedition with supplies to FortSumter Lincoln promised that Union forceswould not ldquothrow in men arms or ammuni-tionrdquo unless they were fired upon The president thus left the decision to start shooting up to the Confederates
Confederate president Jefferson Davis and hisadvisers made a fateful choice They orderedtheir forces to attack Fort Sumter before theUnion supplies could arrive Confederate guns
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write a newspaper arti-
cle about the election of 1860 usingthe terms statesrsquo rights and seces-sion
2 Reviewing Facts Who served as thepresident of the Confederate Statesof America
Reviewing Themes3 Geography and History What role
did sectionalism play in Lincolnrsquoswinning the 1860 election
Critical Thinking4 Drawing Conclusions Do you think
either Northerners or Southernersbelieved that secession would notlead to war Explain
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below In the ovalsdescribe the events leading to the firing on Fort Sumter
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map
on page 452 How many states madeup the Confederacy Which stateseceded earliermdashMississippi orArkansas
CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War 453
Citizenship Make up a campaignslogan or song for Abraham Lin-coln Stephen A Douglas John CBreckinridge or John Bell in the1860 presidential election
Fort Sumter
opened fire on the fortearly on April 12 1861Union captain AbnerDoubleday witnessedthe attack from insidethe fort
ldquoShowers of balls and shells pouredinto the fort in oneincessant stream causing great flakes of masonryto fall in all directionsrdquo
High seas had prevented Union relief shipsfrom reaching the besieged fort The Union gar-rison held out for 33 hours before surrenderingon April 14 Thousands of shots were exchangedduring the siege but there was no loss of life oneither side The Confederates hoisted their flagover the fort and all the guns in the harborsounded a triumphant salute
News of the attack galvanized the NorthPresident Lincoln issued a call for 75000 troopsto fight to save the Union and volunteersquickly signed up Meanwhile Virginia NorthCarolina Tennessee and Arkansas voted to jointhe Confederacy The Civil War had begun
Explaining What action did Lincoln take after the attack on Fort Sumter
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 15mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on theperiod leading up to theCivil War
null
13379662
454
N O T E B O O K
What were peoplersquos lives like in the pastWhatmdashand whomdashwere people talking about What did they eat
What did they do for fun These two pages will give you some clues to
everyday life in the US as you step back in time with TIME Notebook
ProfileItrsquos 1853 and AMELIA STEWART is heading west to Oregon with herhusband and seven children in a covered wagon How hard can thefive-month trip be Here are two entries from her diary
MONDAY AUGUST 8 We have to make a drive of 22 miles withoutwater today Have our cans filled to drink Here we left unknowinglyour [daughter] Lucy behind not a soul had missed her until we hadgone some miles when we stopped a while to rest the cattle just thenanother train drove up behind us with Lucy She was terribly fright-ened and said she was sitting under the bank of the river when westarted busy watching some wagons cross and did not know that wewere ready hellipIt was a lesson for all of us
FRIDAY AUGUST 12 Lost one of our oxen We were traveling slowlyalong when he dropped dead in the yoke hellipI could hardly help shedding tears when we drove round this poor ox who had helped us along thus far and had given us his very last step
M I L E S T O N E SM I L E S T O N E SEVENTS OF THE T IME
CLOTHED Hundreds of miners in 1850 by LEVI STRAUSS Usingcanvas he originally intended to make into tents Levi madesturdy tough pants with lots ofpocketsmdashperfect clothing for therough work of mining Can youimagine anyone in the city everwearing them
MARCHED Just under 100camels in 1857 from San Antonioto Los Angeles led by hired Turkish Greek and Armeniancamel drivers It is hoped thedesert beasts will help the USArmy open the West
MAILED Thousands of letterscarried by PONY EXPRESS in1860 from Missouri to Californiain an extremely short timemdashonly10 days Riders switch to fresh horses every 10 or 15 miles andcontinue through the night blizzards and attacks by outlaws
BE
TTMA
NN
CO
RB
IS
INGREDIENTS 3 cups flour bull 3 tsp salt bull 1 cup water
Mix all ingredients and stir until it becomes too difficultKnead the dough add more flour until mixture is very dryRoll to 12-inch thickness and cut into 3 squares poke with a skewer [pin] to make several holes in each piece (for easybreaking) Bake 30 minutes in a hot oven until hard Store for up to 10 years
FRONTIER FOOD
Trail MixHard Tack for a Hard Trip
BR
OW
N B
RO
THE
RS
bullbull
bullbull
bullbull
bullbull
bull
null
13949185
SALE OF SLAVES AND STOCKThe Negroes and Stock listed below are a Prime Lot and belong to the ESTATE
OF THE LATE LUTHER McGOWAN and will be sold on Monday Sept 22nd
1852 at the Fair Grounds in Savannah Georgia at 100 PM The Negroes will
be taken to the grounds two days previous to the Sale so that they may be
inspected by prospective buyersOn account of the low prices listed below they will be sold for cash only and
must be taken into custody within two hours after saleNo Name Age Remarks
Price1 Lunesta 27 Prime Rice Planter
$1275002 Violet 16 Housework and Nursemaid
900003 Lizzie 30 Rice Unsound
300004 Minda 27 Cotton Prime Woman
1200005 Adam 28 Cotton Prime Young Man 1100006 Abel 41 Rice Hand Eyesight Poor
675007 Tanney 22 Prime Cotton Hand
950008 Flementina 39 Good Cook Stiff Knee
400009 Lanney 34 Prime Cotton Man
10000010 Sally 10 Handy in Kitchen
67500
455
L O O K I N G W E S T W A R D 1 8 5 0 ndash 1 8 6 0
N U M B E R S N U M B E R SUS AT THE T IME
$81249700Estimated value of gold mined in 1852
89 Days it takes theAmericanclipper shipthe FlyingCloud to gofrom Bostonaround Cape Horn toSan Francisco in 1851mdasha tripthat normally takes eight or nine months
12 Poems included in WaltWhitmanrsquos new collection calledLeaves of Grass (1855)
33 Number of states in 1859after Oregon enters the union
100 Seats in Congress wonby the Republicans in 1854 theyear the party was created
300000Copies of Harriet BeecherStowersquos novel Uncle Tomrsquos Cabin sold in 1852
WESTERN WORD PLAY
Word WatchCan you talk ldquoWesternrdquo Match the words below to their meaning
a gold rush favorite made of eggs baconand oysters
b inexperienced rsquo49er eastern type notused to wearing boots
c a lucky discovery of gold a source ofsudden wealth
d a style of hat worn by gold rush miners
e an individual who takes an independentstand from the name of a Texas cattleman who left his herd unbranded
f food provided by an investor to a goldprospector in exchange for a share ofwhatever gold the prospector finds
The Price of a LifeThis notice appeared in 1852
NO
RTH
WIN
D P
ICTU
RE
AR
CH
IVE
S
CH
ICA
GO
HIS
TOR
ICA
L SO
CIE
TYP
HO
TO R
ES
EA
RC
HE
RS
INC
1 maverick
2 Hangtown fry
3 grubstake
4 bonanza
5 palo alto
6 pard or rawwheel
answers1 e 2 a 3 f 4 c 5 d 6 b
BR
OW
N B
RO
THE
RS
null
6462748
Political parties change
456
Reviewing Key TermsWrite five true and five false statements using the termsbelow Use only one term in each statement Indicatewhich statements are true and which are false Below eachfalse statement explain why it is false1 sectionalism 6 fugitive2 secede 7 popular sovereignty3 border ruffians 8 civil war4 arsenal 9 martyr5 secession 10 statesrsquo rights
Reviewing Key Facts11 What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise12 List the five parts of the Compromise of 185013 What was Stephen Douglasrsquos solution to the slavery
issue in the Kansas and Nebraska territories14 How did Abraham Lincoln become a national figure
in politics15 What was the Dred Scott decision What did it mean
for those opposed to slavery16 Why were there four parties and candidates in the
presidential election of 1860 17 How did Lincoln plan to prevent secession
Critical Thinking18 Finding the Main Idea Why was the balance of free
and slave states in the Senate such an importantissue
19 Drawing Conclusions Why did Northerners protestDouglasrsquos plan to repeal the Missouri Compromise
20 Determining Cause and Effect Re-create the diagrambelow List three ways pro- or antislavery groupschanged the structure of political parties in the 1850s
21 Analyzing Themes Geography and History Howdid the Northrsquos larger population give it an edge overthe South in the 1860 election
1820bull Missouri Compromise
passed
1844bull Polk elected president
1845bull Texas becomes a state
1848bull Free-Soil Party nominates
Van Buren
1850bull Compromise of 1850 passed
1852bull Uncle Tomrsquos Cabin published
1854bull Kansas-Nebraska Act passed
bull Republican Party formed
1856bull Violence erupts in Kansas
bull Buchanan elected president
1857bull Dred Scott decision handed down
1858bull Lincoln-Douglas debates held
1859bull John Brown attacks Harpers Ferry
1860bull Lincoln is elected president
bull South Carolina becomes first state to secede
1861bull Confederate States of America formed
bull Fort Sumter attacked
Road to Civil War
Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 15mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War 457
Directions Use the map of the Compromise of 1850 on page 443 to choose the best answer to the following question
Which of the following statements is true
A The Compromise of 1850 allowed the OregonTerritory to be open to slaveholding
B The Compromise of 1850 did not make anyland on the Pacific Ocean open to slaveholding
C The Compromise of 1850 made every statetouching the southern border of the UnitedStates open to slaveholding
D The Compromise of 1850 gave the MinnesotaTerritory the authority to choose whether itwould allow slaveholding
Test-Taking TipRemember to use the information on the map to sup-port your answer Donrsquot rely only on your memory
Check each answer choice against the map Only one choice is correct
Standardized Test Practice
Geography and History ActivityThe election of 1860 divided the nation along sectional linesStudy the map below then answer the questions that follow
OREG
CALIF
TEXAS
MINN
IOWA
MO
ARK
LA
WIS
ILL
MISSALA GA
SC
NC
FLA
TENN
KY
IND
MICH
OHIO
VA
PA
NY
MAINENHVT
MASS
RICONN
NJDELMD
NON-VOTING
TERRITORIES
Candidate ElectoralVote
PopularVote
PoliticalParty
180
Southern Democrat
39 Constitutional Union
72
Republican1865593
848356
592906
Breckinridge
Lincoln
Bell
12 Northern Democrat1382713Douglas
Election of 1860
22 Location Which states supported Douglas23 Region In what region(s) was the Republican Party
strongest24 Region In what region did Breckinridge find support
Practicing Skills25 Recognizing Bias Find written material about a topic of
interest in your community Possible sources include edi-torials letters to the editor and pamphlets from politicalcandidates and interest groups Write a short report ana-lyzing the material for evidence of bias
Technology Activity26 Using the Internet Search the Internet for a list of politi-
cal parties in existence today Make a table that brieflysummarizes each partyrsquos current goals Then research tofind the date that the party was founded Include thisinformation on your table too Then compare your tableto the political parties discussed in Chapter 15
Citizenship Cooperative Activity27 Making Compromises With a partner think of a contro-
versial issue that is a source of disagreement today Takeopposite sides on the issue then work together to comeup with a list of three compromises that would make thesolution to this problem acceptable to both sides Sharethe issue and your compromises with the class
Alternative Assessment28 Portfolio Writing Activity Select two events discussed
in Chapter 15 that you think most fueled the conflictbetween the North and South Write a one-page essayusing complete sentences and standard grammar andpunctuation to explain how these events led to conflict
Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 15mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
CHAPTER 15 Road to Civil War 457
Directions Use the map of the Compromise of 1850 on page 443 to choose the best answer to the following question
Which of the following statements is true
A The Compromise of 1850 allowed the OregonTerritory to be open to slaveholding
B The Compromise of 1850 did not make anyland on the Pacific Ocean open to slaveholding
C The Compromise of 1850 made every statetouching the southern border of the UnitedStates open to slaveholding
D The Compromise of 1850 gave the MinnesotaTerritory the authority to choose whether itwould allow slaveholding
Test-Taking TipRemember to use the information on the map to sup-port your answer Donrsquot rely only on your memory
Check each answer choice against the map Only one choice is correct
Standardized Test Practice
Geography and History ActivityThe election of 1860 divided the nation along sectional linesStudy the map below then answer the questions that follow
OREG
CALIF
TEXAS
MINN
IOWA
MO
ARK
LA
WIS
ILL
MISSALA GA
SC
NC
FLA
TENN
KY
IND
MICH
OHIO
VA
PA
NY
MAINENHVT
MASS
RICONN
NJDELMD
NON-VOTING
TERRITORIES
Candidate ElectoralVote
PopularVote
PoliticalParty
180
Southern Democrat
39 Constitutional Union
72
Republican1865593
848356
592906
Breckinridge
Lincoln
Bell
12 Northern Democrat1382713Douglas
Election of 1860
22 Location Which states supported Douglas23 Region In what region(s) was the Republican Party
strongest24 Region In what region did Breckinridge find support
Practicing Skills25 Recognizing Bias Find written material about a topic of
interest in your community Possible sources include edi-torials letters to the editor and pamphlets from politicalcandidates and interest groups Write a short report ana-lyzing the material for evidence of bias
Technology Activity26 Using the Internet Search the Internet for a list of politi-
cal parties in existence today Make a table that brieflysummarizes each partyrsquos current goals Then research tofind the date that the party was founded Include thisinformation on your table too Then compare your tableto the political parties discussed in Chapter 15
Citizenship Cooperative Activity27 Making Compromises With a partner think of a contro-
versial issue that is a source of disagreement today Takeopposite sides on the issue then work together to comeup with a list of three compromises that would make thesolution to this problem acceptable to both sides Sharethe issue and your compromises with the class
Alternative Assessment28 Portfolio Writing Activity Select two events discussed
in Chapter 15 that you think most fueled the conflictbetween the North and South Write a one-page essayusing complete sentences and standard grammar andpunctuation to explain how these events led to conflict