Civil War and Reconstruction
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Transcript of Civil War and Reconstruction
Civil War and Reconstruction
1845-1877
Election 1844: James Polk (D) v. Henry Clay(W) Whigs: internal improvements, civilizing land Democrats: continue to expand, believed that
government should have very little interaction with internal improvements (should be left in private hands).
Remember: since colonial times- North was prone to more population/ cities/ community/ industry.
South: less populates, farms, plantations, no need for industry.
*Different voting patterns/ visions for America. Close election, Polk won.
Political & Judicial Activity Before the War
Pledged would only be in office for one term. Four goals:
◦ 1. Go back to placing government funds in the Treasury ◦ 2. cut tariffs ◦ 3. Oregon ◦ 4. California Proposes Annexation of TexasDemanded the entirety of Oregon County
(balance)54-40 or fight
Oregon Treaty (1846) a more reasonable American-Canadian border
Polk Presidency 1845-49
Focused on efforts to claim S.W territories from Mexico
Tries to buy territories- fails Mexico attacks (already annoyed) Polk uses attack as excuse Mexican-American War (1846)
◦ Does not have everyone’s support (North v. South)
◦ Slave Power ◦ Rejection of Wilmot Proviso Whig’s Split Free-
Soil Party (single issue)
Continued….
Mexican War Continues:◦ Texas easy deep into So. Mexico & West.◦ Mexico City ends war Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo (1848) Mexican Cession Increases the nation’s wealth (gold) also
increases sectional issues (slavery) Nation already divided on the slavery issue
AND there were states S of Missouri Compromise, West of the Mississippi were plantation crops were not allowed. ◦ Threatens Southerners popular sovereignty
Continued…
Sectional strife started immediately Gold rush brought in many settlers (very
populated) & wanted statehood (Free State) ◦ Opposed by South ◦ Threaten with secession
Immediate response: Stephen Douglas (D) & Henry Clay (W) work on Compromise of 1850◦ California free, stronger fugitive slave laws, Utah & New
Mexico – popular sovereignty, abolishes slave trade in D.C ◦ Popular Sovereignty creates problems: very vague- open
interpretation ◦ Fugitive slave acts also creates issues: North feels forced
to comply with slavery
Compromise of 1850
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)- Harriet Beecher Stowe
LITERATURE THAT CHANGES THE COURSE OF U.S HISTORY!!.... Again!
Propaganda that worked anti-slavery sentiments in the North grew.
Continued…Anti-Slavery in the North grows
After California- no admittance until 1858 Status of new territories continue to grow more
problematic Kansas-Nebraska Territory
◦ No government at the moment◦ Order must be imposed◦ Wanted land security (from Natives) ◦ Construction supervision
Stephen Douglas attempts to fix issue with the Kansas-Nebraska act (1854)◦ Popular sovereignty ◦ Repels Missouri Compromise◦ Who would this upset? Why?
Kansas-Nebraska ActBleeding Kansas
North’s Direct Response: Personal Liberty Laws ◦ Fugitive slaves would have the right to a trial by
jury ◦ Right to a lawyer
Ends the Free-Soil Party, Enter Republicans◦ Goes from “political” parties to “sectional” parties◦ Many joined Northern Democrats or joined Free-
Soilers (also defeated by Kansas-Nebraska Act) Republicans
◦ Not originally abolitionists but dedicated to keep slavery out of the territories
◦ Also campaigned a larger group of issues
Continued…
Other party formed: Know-Nothings◦ Met privately◦ Secretive ◦ Single issue party◦ Seemed biggest competitor for Democrats ◦ Quick growth ◦ Racist/ nativists
anti-German & Irish ◦ Party dies on the issues on slavery: N & S wings
disagreements
Continued…
Violence erupts at the Kansas-Nebraska territories ◦ Due to popular sovereignty both sides rush to the
territory with one specific goal. ◦ Border Ruffians two different constitutions Topeka
(anti-slavery) & Lecompton (pro) ◦ Doughface President Franklin Pierce accepts the
Lecompton Constitution Kansas slave territory demolished free-soil cities
◦ Bleeding Kansas: John Brown’s raid More Violence- in Congress
◦ Preston Brooks/ Sen. Andrew Butler beats Senator Charles Sumner
Pierce’s career destroyed James Buchanan (1856)
Continued…
Election of 1856◦ Buchanan wins South ◦ North: Buchanan and Fremont (R)
Tries to maintain status quo : 1. enforce fugitive slave law 2. Opposition to abolition in South & West.
Dred Scott v. Sandford ◦ Not considered citizen, therefore, can’t sue◦ Considered private poverty, unconstitutional for
government to get involved. ◦ Nullifies: N.W Ordinance, Missouri Compromise, Kansas-
Nebraska ◦ Major victory for Southerners/ turning point
Buchanan, Dread Scot & Election of 1860
Lincoln Douglas debates for Illinois Senate Seat. Douglas wishy-washy on his stance on popular
sovereignty Lincoln: House Divided Speech Douglas: Freeport Doctrine (defending popular
sovereignty) ◦ “Slavery could not exist where certain laws won’t protect it”.
Hmmm… what about the Dred Scott decision? Lincoln does not win this election but sure wins the
presidential election (1860) John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859)
◦ Hopes to spark a slave revolt, fails◦ Martyr for the cause
Continued…1858 Elections
Democrats: split North (Douglas) and South (John Breckinridge)
North: Lincoln & Douglas South: Democrat- Breckinridge & Constitutional Union
Party (John Bell). Lincoln didn’t even appear on the Southern ballot.
Lincoln wins without a single southern vote. Southerner’s immediate response: secession. South proposes Crittendon Compromise: Lincoln refuses
to compromise Dec. 1860 South Carolina secedes
◦ Eventually six states follow Confederate States of America. ◦ President: Jefferson Davis
1860 Presidential Election
Lincoln decides to wait until South makes first move. ◦ April 12, 1861 Fort Sumter ◦ Lincoln then declares war
Continued…
Although slavery was the issue that caused Civil War, War not purely about slavery initially. (not until emancipation) ◦ Border States (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland &
Delaware)◦ Took place on economical, social and political
“battlefields”
Civil War and Reconstruction1860-1877
Confederacy fighting for state’s rights◦ Irony behind it all: ◦ central government (Davis) took control of much of
the land’s economy. ◦ Martial law
Economic progress and downfall ◦ Poverty
Draft greater poverty Class conflict
◦ Exemptions for the rich ◦ Hmmm… Another Quartering Act?
Civil War & the Confederacy
Economic boost war goods produced in the North (manufacture)
Corruption (precursor to the Gilded Age) Inflation occurred (not as bad as the So.) Unions are formed (another precursor).
Some blacklisted violence Central Government’s power increases
◦ Implemented programs without approval ◦ Suspends habeas corpus drafts, P.O.Ws◦ Control of economy (Salmon P. Chase
greenbacks)
Civil war and the Union
Initially war was not fought on the basis of ended slavery.
Some sought gradual emancipation and colonizing free slaves in Africa
Progressive group in North: Radical Republicans- immediate emancipation ◦ Confiscation Acts: (1861) government has the right to
seize any slaves used for revolutionary reasons.(1862) liberate slaves owned by any supporter of the rebellion (Confederacy)
◦ Lincoln refused to enforce cautious towards emancipation.
Emancipation of the Slaves
Slaves indirectly supported the South. ◦ Influenced some main strategies used by North◦ Freed slaves = many positive effects for North.
Keeps outside countries out of the war New source of troops for the Union Lincoln would not make first move until Northern
victory Antietam Emancipation
Continued…
Changes focus of war NOW fought for slavery. (Kind of like the Declaration of Independence in the Revolutionary War)
Does not free ALL slaves only those held in the states of “rebellion”
Gives the South a chance to come back into the Union without actually ending slavery.
Even then, Lincoln’s goal was not to actually end slavery but to preserve the Union.
Until campaigning for re-election◦ Thirteenth Amendment Hampton Roads Conference
settlements with the South.
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln v. General George McClellan (North) Public opinion: against war
◦ South: less than 1% actually owned slaves ◦ North: War Democrats v. Copperheads ◦ NYC Draft Riots of 1863: nativism. Irish Immigrants
resented being drafted into war job competition. Lincoln wins re-election
◦ 1865 Union Victory assured Freedman’s Bureau April 1865: Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses
S. Grant at the Appomattox Court House
Election of 1864 and End of Civil War
3 million men fought in the war 500,000 killed another 500,000 wounded
Economy for North and South ruined ◦ Sherman’s March ◦ Southern resources gone ◦ Politically: expands the role of government,
permanently
Aftermath
5 days after Lee surrenders, Abe Lincoln killed by Booth
Andrew Johnson (V.P becomes President) Had to deal with the three major questions:
◦ What conditions would the Southern states be readmitted to the Union?
◦ What would be the status of blacks in postwar nation? ◦ What would be done with rebels?
Reconstruction 1865-77◦ Process begun even before War ended. ◦ Lincoln wanted to preserve the union (main goal)◦ Ten Percent Plan
Reconstruction and Andrew Johnson’s impeachment
Congress had another vision: ◦ Radical Republicans saw the South as “conquered
territory”◦ Harsh punishment ◦ Lincoln to lenient: Wade-Davis Bill
Confederates be ruled by military governor 50 % State convention would abolish slavery and repeal
ordinance if necessary Lincoln pocket-vetoes Assassinated following year
Continued
Strong supporter of Lincoln’s views War ends, congress in recess for 8 months
Johnson deals with first part of Reconstruction on his own. ◦ Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan:◦ Provisional government will run states until ready to
enter union ◦ Loyalty oath◦ Prohibited Slave owners/ Southern elite from re-entry◦ Did not require states to enfranchise blacks. ◦ Pardoned many Southern elite Congress reconvenes, not pleased with Johnson’s plan
Andrew Johnson
Radical Republicans Harsh punishment revenge?
Special Field Order No. 15; land taken from Confederates given to new freedmen
Johnson rescinded order; 40 acres and a mule
Much tensions between Congress and President
Radical Republicans Congressional Reconstruction 14th Amendment (citizenship) also a loop for Jim Crow laws.
Continued
14th Amendment: clarified status of the freed slaved and hoped it will force suffrage.
Johnson’s response: Swing Around the Circle tour campaigned against amendment
1866 Congress heavily weighed on the radical end of the spectrum ◦ Military Reconstruction Act (1867) Martial Law in
South, forced to allow blacks to vote (conventional delegates), ratify 14th Amendment
◦ Passed laws limiting President’s power ◦ Johnson impeached (tenure of office act) but acquitted
Continued
15th Amendment proposed (1869)- suffrage◦ Only passed because Southern States forced to
vote in favor of it. Unfortunately his administration was
heavily packed with scandals. No political experience but war hero Spoils system
Ulysses S. Grant
SOME success: ALL men could now vote, not just property owners
Many appointed government positions replaced with elected ones.
Stimulated industrial growth However, ultimately failed
◦ Plans to help rebuild south very costly ◦ More hostility towards reconstruction due to high taxes◦ Propaganda War: Scalawags (Southerners who cooperated)
& Carpetbaggers (Northerners who ran programs) ◦ Corruption (selling votes for $ and favors) ◦ North as well as the South (political machines & “bosses-
Reconstruction- Failure
Ku Klux Klan White League Attorney General Amos Akerman Southern officials failed to do anything to protect
blacks Reconstruction did nothing to redistribute South’s
wealth 1869 Government sends signals that would ease
restrictions Slaughter House Cases: United States v. Reese:
grandfather clauses Grant’s corruption taints everything
Reconstruction Fails (Continued)War of Intimidation
1872- Liberal Republicans hoped to end control of the South (angered by corruption)
Candidate: Horace Greeley. Gains congressionally & State elections
Grant moves farther away from radicalism Amnesty Acts of 1872 Panic of 1873 1876 Southern Democrats regained control:
Redeemers (reverse Republican Reconstruction)
Continued…
Most contested election. ◦ Fraud
Samuel J. Tilden went after “Boss” Tweed. Won the popular vote but not electoral vote
Congress creates bipartisan electoral commission Compromise of 1877
Rutherford B. Hayes wins Back to normal in the south
Election of 1876
Several “interpretations” of freedom Many became sharecroppers, searched for
family, freedman’s bureau (new jobs & housing, education) although eventually died down.
Found communities and formed bonds within black churches
Many moved away after reconstruction (Great Migration- after WWI)
Southern Blacks During and After Reconstruction
Pg. 168-169
Do the Ch. 9 Drill & Reflection