ratomaa fsiqologia unika-

luri

• gansazRvrebebi• fsiqologiis miznebi

fsiqologia Cvens cxovreba-

Si: ratomaa saWiro fsiqolo-

giis Seswavla

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis

ganviTareba

fsiqologiis istoriuli

safuZvlebi • Tanamedrovefsiqologiis mimdinareobebi

ras akeTeben fsiqologebi

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:

vifiqroT momavalze

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

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eerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasa-

marTlom 1954 wels brauni topekas

ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saq-

meSi ganaCeni gamoitana, romlis mixedviTac Sav-

kaniani da TeTrkaniani bavSvebis skolebis seg-

regacia ukanonod gamocxadda. uzenaesi sasa-

marTlos gadawyvetilebaze araviTari zemoq-

medeba ar mouxdenia fsiqologebis da sxva

socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebis Cve-

nebebs, romlebmac sasamarTlos kvlevis Sede-

gebi warudgines. Sedegebi naTlad metyvelebda

imaze, rom segregirebuli swavleba Savkanian

bavSvebze uaryofiTad moqmedebda. mogvyavs er-

T-erTi fsiqologis, kenet klarkis Cveneba, ro-

melmac Savkanian bavSvTa jgufi ikvlia (White-man, 1993, gv. 49-51):

testireba Tqveni moTxovnis mixedviT ga-

suli kviris xuTSabaTs da paraskevs Cava-

tare skot branCis dawyebiT skolaSi, Zi-

riTadad, pirvel klasSi. gamoviyene meTo-

di, romelzec adre gesaubreT _ yavisfe-

ri da TeTri Tojinebi, romlebic kanis

feris garda sxva mxriv absoluturad iden-

turia. moswavleebs furclebi vaCvene, rom-

lebzec es Tojinebi exata...

bavSvebs am Tojinebs vaCvenebdi da Sem-

degi TanmimdevrobiT vusvamdi am kiTxvebs:

„maCveneT, romeli Tojina mogwonT yvela-

ze metad? an romliT TamaSi gindaT yve-

laze metad?“, maCveneT „cudi“ Tojina“...

sul 6-9 wlis 16 bavSvi gamovkiTxe. maT-

gan aTma airCia TeTri Tojina. is yvelaze

metad moewonaT, Tanac maT es Tojina daa-

xasiaTes, rogorc „sasiamovno“. ar daga-

viwydeT, rom es ori Tojina absolutu-

rad identuria, kanis feris garda. 11-ma

bavSvma miiCnia, rom yavisferi Tojina cu-

dad gamoiyureba. es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba ad-

re miRebul rezultatebs, romelic 300-

ze met bavSvze Catarebulma gamokvlevam

gviCvena. Sedegebi ase avxseniT: Savkaniani

bavSvi ukve 6, 7 an 8 wlis asakSi eqceva

sakuTari jgufis Sesaxeb arsebuli nega-

tiuri stereotipebis tyveobaSi...

iZulebuli var davaskvna, rom klaren-

donis sagrafos es bavSvebi iseve, rogorc

nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelic aSka-

rad daqvemdebarebul statuss atarebs sa-

zogadoebaSi, pirovnuli ganviTarebis pro-

cesSi daziandnen. maTSi naTlad SeimCneva

arastabilurobis niSnebi da, vfiqrob, rom

yvela fsiqologi swored amgvarad axsni-

da miRebul Sedegebs.

xedavT, ratom hqonda am Cvenebas _ fsiqo-

logiuri kvlevis monaTxrobs _ didi gavle-

na uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze

da imaze, Tu rogor aRiqva mTeli qveynis mo-

saxleobam segregaciis fsiqologiuri Sedege-

bi?

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kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqolo-

giuri kvlevis potenciur gavlenaze rogorc

calkeuli adamianebis, aseve sazogadoebis cxov-

rebaze. es magaliTi am saxelmZRvanelos Ziri-

Tad miznebze miuTiTebs: wagiyvanoT mogzauro-

baSi, sadac adamianuri gamocdilebis sirTu-

leebs daxvewili kvleviT gamovavlenT, es ki

saSualebas mogvcems ukeT vakontroloT is

Zalebi, romlebic Cvens cxovrebas ayalibebs.

`fsiqologia da cxovreba~ tvinis da fsiqikis

Sinagani sivrcidan adamianis qcevis garegan gan-

zomilebamde migviyvans. SeviswavliT iseT pro-

cesebs, romlebic azris mqone struqturas

mianiWeben Tqvens gamocdilebas; magaliTad, iseT

sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: rogor aRviqvamT samya-

ros, rogor vswavlobT, vurTierTobT sxveb-

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Tan, vazrovnebT, vimaxsovrebT. SevecdebiT ga-

varkvioT adamianis cxovrebis iseTi gamovli-

nebebi, rogoricaa, Tu rogor da ratom naxulo-

ben sizmrebs adamianebi, rogor uyvardebaT er-

TmaneTi, ratom morcxvoben, ratom arian agresi-

ulebi, ratom avaddebian fsiqikurad. da bolos,

vaCvenebT, rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT fsiqo-

logiuri codna, raTa gavigoT da zogierT, ma-

galiTad, segregaciis, SemTxvevaSi SevcvaloT

kidec Cvens cxovrebaSi moqmedi kulturuli

Zalebi.

Cven, `fsiqologiis da cxovrebis~ avtorebs,

fsiqologiis kompetenturobis gvjera. pedago-

giuri da samecniero karieris manZilze fsiqo-

logia sul ufro da ufro momxibvleli gaxda

CvenTvis. bolo wlebSi fsiqikuri da qcevis

procesebis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi meqanizme-

bis Sesaxeb informaciis mozRvaveba moxda. Zve-

li Sexedulebebi axali ideebiT icvleba, mag-

ram adamianis bunebis mravali momajadoebeli

mxare jer kidev amoucnobi rCeba. imedi gvaqvs,

rom am mogzaurobis dasasrul Tqvenc saTu-

Tad moepyrobiT fsiqologiuri codnis saku-

Tar marags.

mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani wvdomis mec-

nieruli wyurvili iqneba. davsvamT kiTxvebs ada-

mianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, ro-

dis da im qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesa-

xeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar TavSi, sxva adami-

anebsa da cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT; avxsniT, ra-

tom fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqceviT ase; riTi

gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, ra qmnis Tqvens uni-

kalobas da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad sxve-

bis msgavsad? Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi memkvidre-

obam iTamaSa roli, Tu piradma gamocdilebam?

rogor Tanacxovrobs am rTul qmnilebaSi _

adamianur cxovelSi _ agresia da altruizmi,

siyvaruli da siZulvili, sigiJe da Semoqmede-

ba? am TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor da ratom gax-

da yvela es kiTxva mniSvnelovani fsiqologi-

is, rogorc disciplinis miznebisaTvis.

ratomaa fsiqologia

unikaluri?

fsiqologiis unikalobisa da erTianobis

dasafaseblad unda gaarkvioT, rogor esmiT

fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi

da areali. wignis damTavrebis Semdeg Tqven

unda iazrovnoT, rogorc fsiqologma, xolo

am TavSi pirvelad gaecnobiT seriozulad, Tu

ras unda niSnavdes es.

gansazRvrebebi

mravali fsiqologi eZebs pasuxs funda-

mentur kiTxvaze: rogoria adamianis buneba?

am kiTxvas fsiqologia imiT pasuxobs, rom

swavlobs rogorc individSi mimdinare pro-

cesebs, ise fizikur da socialur garemoSi

aRmocenebul Zalebs. am TvalsazrisiT, fsi-

qologias formalurad ganvmartavT, rogorc

individis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mec-

nierul Seswavlas. ganvixiloT am ganmarte-

bis mniSvnelovani nawilebi. mecnieruli, qce-

va, individi da fsiqikuri.

fsiqologiis mecnieruli aspeqti moiTx-

ovs, rom fsiqologiuri daskvnebi mecnieru-

li meTodis principebis mixedviT mopovebul

monacemebs efuZnebodes. mecnieruli meTodi

moicavs problemis analizisa da gadaWrisaT-

vis saWiro Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. es meTodi

daskvnebis gamosatanad obieqturad Segrove-

bul monacemebs iyenebs. mecnieruli meTodis

maxasiaTeblebs ufro dawvrilebiT me-2 TavSi

ganvixilavT, rodesac gavecnobiT, Tu rogor

atareben fsiqologebi kvlevas.

qceva is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac or-

ganizmi garemos ergeba. qceva moqmedebaa. fsi-

qologiis sagani, ZiriTadad, adamianis da cxo-

velis dakvirvebadi qcevaa. sicili, tirili,

sirbili, Sexeba qcevis is magaliTebia, rom-

lebsac SeiZleba daakvirde. fsiqologebi ik-

vleven, ras da rogor akeTebs individi moce-

mul garemoSi da ufro farTo socialur da

kulturul konteqstSi.

fsiqologiuri analizis sagani yvelaze

xSirad aris individi _ axalSobili, mozar-

di sportsmeni, kolejis studenti, romelic

studentur saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrebas

egueba; Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic karieras

icvlis, an qali, romelmac unda gadalaxos

alchaimeris daavadebiT Sepyrobili meuRlis

TandaTanobiTi ukusvliT gamowveuli stresi.

amave dros, kvlevis sagani SeiZleba iyos Sim-

panze, romelic komunikaciisaTvis saWiro sim-

ra

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boloebs swavlobs, labirinTSi mosiarule

TeTri virTxa, an safrTxis signalze moreagi-

re zRvis loqora. individi mis bunebriv gare-

moSi, an kvleviT laboratoriaSi, kontorli-

rebad pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT.

mravali mkvlevari fsiqologi aRiarebs, rom

adamianis moqmedebas fsiqikuri procesebis, anu

adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis axsnis gareSe ver

gavigebT. adamianuri aqtivobis didi nawili

Sinagania _ azrovneba, dagegmva, msjeloba, Se-

moqmedeba, ocneba. mravali fsiqologisaTvis

swored fsiqikuri procesebia fsiqologiuri

Ziebis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtebi. male ga-

igebT, rom fsiqologma mkvlevrebma daxvewi-

li teqnikebi gamoigones fsiqikuri movlene-

bis da procesebis Sesaswavlad, raTa es pira-

di gamocdileba sazogado gaxadon.

am sakiTxebis kombinacia fsiqologias uni-

kalur sferod aqcevs. maSin, rodesac fsiqo-

logebi ZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian

fokusirebuli, sociologebi swavloben ada-

mianTa qcevas jgufebSi an organizaciebSi, xo-

lo anTropologebi yuradRebas amaxvileben

qcevis ufro farTo konteqstze sxvadasxva kul-

turaSi. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi far-

Tod iyeneben sxva mecnierebebis miRwevebs. ro-

gorc erT-erTi socialuri mecniereba, fsiqo-

logia iyenebs ekonomikas, politologias, so-

ciologias da eTnologias. fsiqologebs bev-

ri saerTo interesi aqvT biologebTan, gansa-

kuTrebiT maTTan, vinc tvinis procesebs da

qcevis bioqimiur safuZvlebs swavlobs. fsi-

qologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor muSaobs ada-

mianis fsiqika, rac axlad warmoSobili kog-

nituri mecnierebebis _ kompiuteruli mecnie-

rebis, xelovnuri inteleqtis da gamoyenebiTi

maTematikis kvlevasa da TeoriasTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli. rogorc janmrTelobis mecniereba

_ medicinasTan, ganaTlebasTan, iurispruden-

ciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli fsi-

qologia _ cdilobs gaaumjobesos TiTeuli

individisa da koleqtivis cxovrebis done. fsi-

qologia inarCunebs kavSirebs filosofiasa

da sxva humanitarul mecnierebebTan, xelovne-

basTan, rogorebicaa literatura da drama-

turgia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove fsiqo-

logiis RirsSesaniSnavi (aRsaniSnavi) siRrme

da farTo Tvalsawieri siamovnebis wyaroa uk-

ve Camoyalibebuli specialistebisaTvis, stu-

dentebisaTvis, vinc pirvelad ecnoba fsiqo-

logias, is erTgvar sirTules warmoadgens.

fsiqologiis saganze kidev bevria saTqme-

li, magram, bevri Rirebuli informaciis waRe-

ba SegiZliaT am Sesavali Tavidan. fsiqolo-

giis sferos Seswavlis saukeTeso gzad fsi-

qologTa miznebis garkveva migvaCnia. modiT,

ganvixiloT es miznebi.

fsiqologiis miznebi

im fsiqologebis mizani, romlebic funda-

mentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris qcevis aR-

wera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontro-

leba. gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis warmomadgen-

lebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adami-

anis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba. es miznebi fsi-

qologiuri saqmianobis safuZvels Seadgens.

ra igulisxmeba TiToeul am mizanSi?

movlenis aRwera

fsiqologiis pirveli amocanaa zusti dak-

virveba qcevaze. Cveulebriv, fsiqologebi ase-

Ti dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul masalas mo-

nacemebs uwodeben. qceviTi monacemebi aris or-

ganizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, ro-

melSic es qceva xorcieldeba. monacemebis Seg-

rovebisas mkvlevrebma unda airCion analizis

saTanado done da SeimuSavon qcevis is sazo-

mebi, romlebic misi obeqturad Seswavlis ga-

rantias gvaZleven.

individis qcevis kvlevis mizniT analizis

sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba SeiZleba _ yve-

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fsiqologia (psychology) _ individebis qcevis da

fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli Seswavla.

mecnieruli meTodi (scientific method) _ im proce-

durebis wyeba, romlebic obieqturi informaci-

is Segrovebisa da interpretaciisaTvis gamoi-

yeneba, Tanac imgvarad, rom Secdoma minimumam-

dea dayvanili da ganzogadeba sandoa.

qceva (behavior) _ is moqmedebebi, romlis saSua-

lebiTac organizmi garemos ergeba.

qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis

qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, romlebSic es

qceva mimdinareobs, an icvleba.

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laze farTo, globaluri donidan yvelaze de-

talur, specifikur donemde.

fsiqologiuri aRweris gansxvavebuli do-

neebic sxvadasxva kiTxvas pasuxobs. fsiqolo-

giuri analizis yvelaze farTo doneze mkvlev-

rebi swavloben mTliani pirovnebis qcevas

rTul socialur da kulturul konteqstSi.

am doneze mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon

Zaladobis kros-kulturuli sxvaobebi, crur-

wmenebis mizezebi, fsiqikuri daavadebis Sede-

gebi. Semdeg doneze fsiqologebi qcevis uf-

ro natif erTeulebs swavloben, rogoricaa

SuqniSnis sinaTleze reaqciis siCqare, Tvale-

bis moZraoba kiTxvis dros, bavSvebis mier daS-

vebuli gramatikuli Secdomebi enis Seswav-

lisas. mkvlevrebs qcevis kidev ufro mcire

erTeulebis Seswavla SeuZliaT. isini cdilo-

ben Seiswavlon qcevis biologiuri safuZvle-

bi, anu daadginon tvinis is ubnebi, romlebic

pasuxismgebelni arian sxvadasxva tipis mogo-

nebis Senaxvaze; daswavlis dros warmoSobi-

li bioqimiuri cvlilebebi, smenaze an mxedve-

lobaze pasuxismgebeli sensoruli gzebi. ana-

lizis TiTueuli done gvaZlevs im arsebiT

informacias, romlis saSualebiTac dgeba ada-

mianis bunebis saboloo saerTo portreti, ri-

si miRwevis imedic aqvT fsiqologebs.

rac ar unda farTo an viwro iyos dakvir-

vebis fokusi, fsiqologebi cdiloben, rom

qceva obieqturad aRweron. im faqtebis Seg-

roveba, romlebic realurad arsebobs da ara

iseTebisa, rogorsac mkvlevari moelis, an

surs, rom iyos, upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa.

vinaidan yovel damkvirvebels dakvirvebis pro-

cesSi sakuTari, subieqturi Tvalsazrisi Se-

aqvs _ esenia mikerZoeba, crurwmena, molo-

dini _ aucilebelia, rom am Tvalsazrisma

ar daamaxinjos monacemebi. rogorc Semdeg

TavSi naxavT, fsiqologma mkvlevrebma mra-

valgvari meqanizmi Seqmnes obieqturobis Se-

sanarCuneblad.

movlenis axsna

maSin, rodesac aRwera TvalsaCino infor-

macias unda eyrdnobodes, axsna aRqmulis

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miRma unda ixedebodes. qceviT da fsiqikur

procesebSi kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena fsi-

qologiis mravali dargis mTavari mizania.

fsiqologebs surT aRmoaCinon, rogor muSa-

obs qceva. ratom iciniT moulodnel situaci-

ebSi? ra garemoebebi ubiZgebs adamians Caidi-

nos suicidi, an danaSauli?

fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs,

rom qcevaTa umetesobaze gavlenas faqtorTa

kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori indivi-

dis SigniT moqmedebs, rogoricaa genetikuri

mocemuloba, motivacia, inteleqtis done, an

TviTSefaseba. qcevebis am Sinagan determinan-

tebs organizmuli cvladebi ewodeba, radgan

isini organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informaci-

as. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dis-

poziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreT-

ve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bav-

Svi cdilobs asiamovnos maswavlebeli, raTa

prizi moigos, an transportis sacobSi moxved-

rili mZRoli agresiuli da mtruli xdeba. am

qcevebze did gavlenas pirovnebis gareT arse-

buli movlenebi axdens. qcevaze garegan zegav-

lenas garemos anu situaciuri cvladebi ewo-

deba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT,

isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben ax-

snis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs

surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis

mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi gansakuTrebiT

midrekilia riskisaken (dispoziciuri axsna), an

zogierTi individi ganicdis TanatolTa zewo-

las (situaciuri axsna) _ an, rom orive auci-

lebelia (kombinirebuli axsna).

xSirad fsiqologis mizania qcevis farTo

diapazoni safuZvlad mdebare erTi mizeziT ax-

snas. warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tqveni

maswavlebeli ambobs, rom kargi niSnis misaRe-

bad aucilebelia gakveTilze diskusiaSi aqti-

uri monawileobis miReba. Tqveni megobari yo-

velTvis kargad swavlobs, magram gakveTilze

ar aqtiurobs, xels ar iwevs da ar gamoTqvams

Tavis azrebs da Sexedulebebs. maswavlebeli

sayvedurobs, rom saTanadod motivirebuli araa

da miiCnevs, rom igi gonieri ar aris. igive

adamiani dadis wveulebaze, magram arasodes

iwvevs vinmes sacekvaod, Riad ar icavs sakuTar

azrs, Tuki vinme sakiTxSi masze nakleb Caxedu-

li ekamaTeba, iSviaTad erTveba saubarSi suf-

rasTan. ra diagnozs dasvamdiT? safuZvlad mde-

bare romeli mizezia am tipis qcevebze pasu-

xismgebeli? mravali sxva morcxvi adamianiviT,

Tqveni megobaric ver axerxebs ise moiqces, ro-

gorc saWiroa (Cheek, 1989, Zimbardo, 1990). aq Seg-viZlia morcxvobis cneba gamoviyenoT da Tqve-

ni megobris qcevaTa mTeli diapazoni amiTi av-

xsnaT.

amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapo-

veblad mkvlevrebi xSirad sxvadasxva tipis mo-

nacemebis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process

suraTi 1.1

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organizmuli cvladebi (organizamic variables) _organizmis qcevis Sinagani determinanti.

dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _

organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani de-

terminanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.

garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) – gare-

gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.

situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) – gare-

gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.

7

axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli deteqtivi Ser-

lok holmsi nawyvet-nawyveti monacemebis sa-

fuZvelze akeTebda gamWriax daskvnebs. amis

msgavsad, yovelma mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos

warmosaxva da SemoqmedebiTad Serwyas is, rac

icis, da is, rac jer ar icis. kargad ganswav-

lul fsiqologs SeuZlia monacemebi adamia-

nis gamocdilebis sakuTari wvdomisa da sxva

mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili faqtebis safuZ-

velze axsnas. fsiqologiuri kvlevis umete-

soba cdilobs gansazRvros, mravali SesaZlo

variantidan romeli xsnis yvelaze zustad mo-

cemul qcevas.

winaswarmetyveleba

fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs,

rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli kavSiri ra-

Rac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. xSirad qcevis

romelime formis safuZvlad mdebare mizeze-

bis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars

zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. ma-

galiTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari

morcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswar-

metyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobs Tavs,

Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. ro-

desac romelime qcevis an kavSiris asaxsne-

lad sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mi-

xedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT

zusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba. Tqven

megobars warmatebiT rom daemyarebina ucnob-

Tan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala.

zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnie-

ruli winaswarmetyvelebac obieqturi da naT-

lad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos ise, rom Se-

saZlebeli iyos misi Semowmeba da uaryofa,

Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli

winaswarmetyveleba imis gagebas emyareba, Tu

rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan mov-

lenebi da varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akav-

Sirebs am movlenebs garkveul winapirobebTan.

mizez-Sedegobrivi winaswarmetyveleba azustebs

im pirobebs, romelSic qceva Seicvleba. maga-

liTad, garkveuli asakis Semdeg bavSvebsa da

maimunebSi ucnobi piris Tandaswreba SfoTvis

niSnebs iwvevs. dakvirvebul qcevaSi gamowveu-

li cvlilebebi ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos

situaciis SigniT variaciebze, magaliTad, uc-

nobobis xarisxi. ucnobi imave asakis rom yofi-

liyo, ramdenic bavSvi da maimunia, nakleb SfoT-

vas miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvele-

bis gaumjobesebis mizniT mkvlevari sistema-

turad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT bavSvis

reaqciaze gavlenas akvirdeba.

kontroli

mravali fsiqologisaTvis kontroli cen-

traluri, yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizania. kon-

troli niSnavs, rom qceva an moxdeba, an ar

moxdeba _ daviwyoT, SevinarCunoT, SevaCeroT

da zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT mis formaze, Zli-

erebaze an gamovlenis sixSireze. qcevis mi-

zez-Sedegobrivi axsna damajerebelia, Tu is

qcevis gakontrolebis saSualebas qmnis.

qcevis gakontrolebis unari mniSvnelova-

nia, radgan is fsiqologebs saSualebas aZ-

levs adamianebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobese-

baSi daexmaros. am wignSi periodulad Sexvde-

biT fsiqologebis mier gamogonil sxvadasxva

tipis Carevas im mizniT, rom daexmaron adami-

anebs TavianTi cxovrebis problemuri aspeqte-

bis gakontorlebaSi. me-16 Tavi, magaliTad, fsi-r

at

om

aa

fsi

qo

lo

gi

a u

ni

ka

lu

ri

?

8

qikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobas exeba. wig-

nSi agreTve aRwerilia, rogor SeuZliaT ada-

mianebs aRmofxvran arajansaRi qcevebi, ro-

goricaa magaliTad, sigaretis moweva; wamo-

iwyon jansaRi qcevebi, rogoricaa regularu-

li varjiSi (Tavi 13). Tqven SeityobT aRzrdis

ra stili exmareba mSoblebs SvilebTan myari

kavSiris SenarCunebaSi (Tavi 11). ris gamo ar

surs ucxo adamians daexmaros sxvas ubeduri

SemTxvevis dros da rogor SeiZleba am xe-

lisSemSleli faqtorebis gadalaxva (Tavi 18).

aq moyvanilia mxolod ramdenime magaliTi im

uricxvi situaciidan, romelSic fsiqologe-

bi TavianT codnas iyeneben, raTa gaaumjobe-

son da gaakontrolon adamianebis cxovreba.

am TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologebi sakmaod op-

timistebi arian. mraval maTgans sjera, rom

praqtikulad nebismieri arasasurveli qceva

SeiZleba Seicvalos saTanado CareviT. `fsi-

qologia da cxovreba~ iziarebs am optimizms.

interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRvniSnoT,

rom gageba da ara kontroli warmoadgens mra-

vali aziuri da afrikuli qveynis fsiqolo-

gebis saboloo mizans (Nobles 1980, Triandis

1990). kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom kontrolze

yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavlur fsiqolo-

giaSi im kulturuli mikerZoebis amsaxvelia,

romelic industrializaciis, evropelTa ko-

lonializmis da aSS-Si arsebuli dampyrob-

luri mentalitetis Sedegia. dasavluri fsi-

qologiis kontrolze fokusireba, agreTve,

mamakacur midgomad iTvleba. is aseTi domi-

nanturi ar iqneboda, qalebs rom eTamaSaT

wamyvani roli fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi (Bor-

nstein, Quina, 1989; Riger, 1992).

Sejameba

am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT `fsiqolo-

giis da cxovrebis~ zogierT qveTavs, romle-

bic specialurad SevadgineT, raTa ufro efeq-

Ta

vi

1 /

fsi

qo

lo

gi

is m

ec

ni

er

eb

a C

ve

ns c

xo

vr

eb

aS

i

am Sesavali Tavis kiTxvi-

sas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra

saWiroa fsiqologia? Cveni pa-

suxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod pir-

dapiria: gvjera, rom fsiqolo-

giur kvlevas dauyovneblivi da

mniSvnelovani gamoyeneba aqvs

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. `fsi-

qologiis da cxovrebis~ erT-

erTi umTavresi mizania fsiqo-

logiuri gamocdilebis pirov-

nuli da sazogadoebrivi mniS-

vneloba gaaSuqos.

yovel semestrSi vxvdebiT

studentebs, romlebic fsiqo-

logiis disciplinis Sesaval

kurss eswrebian da garkveuli

kiTxvebi uCndebaT. xandaxan es

kiTxvebi maTi sakuTari gamoc-

dilebiTaa gamowveuli („ro-

ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

gor unda moviqce, Tu vfiq-

rob, rom deda fsiqikurad da-

avadebuli myavs?“ „es sagani

maswavlis, rogor unda mivi-

Ro ukeTesi niSnebi?“); xanda-

xan es kiTxvebi presis saSua-

lebiT gavrcelebuli fsiqo-

logiuri informaciiTaa ga-

mowveuli („marTalia, rom rac

ufro didia bavSvi, miT ufro

konservatulia igi?“ „qalebi

yovelTvis ukeTesi mSoblebi

arian, vidre kacebi?“). CvenTvis

am kursis swavlebis sirTu-

le swored isaa, rom mecnie-

ruli kvlevis is Sedegebi war-

moavaCinoT, romlebic mniSvne-

lovania studentebisaTvis.

`fsiqologiisa da cxovre-

bis~ TiTqmis yvela Tavi da

qveTavi cdilobs swored am-

gvar kiTxvebs upasuxos. am ga-

mocemaSi specialuri CanarTe-

bi movaTavseT _ fsiqologia

Cvens cxovrebaSi. TiToeuli

aseTi CanarTi pasuxobs kiTx-

vas, romelic araerTxel

gvsmenia studentebisagan.

Cvens mizans warmoadgenda im

sakiTxebis mecnierulad ax-

sna, romlebic yvelaze metad

aRelvebT studentebs. imedi

gvaqvs dagveTanxmebiT, rom

fsiqologiis Seswavla gaam-

didrebs Tqvens cxovrebise-

ul gamocdilebas.

9

turad aiTvisoT teqsti. Sejamebis qveTavi Tan

sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil infor-

macias. amgvari Sejameba ganvlili masalis sak-

vanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi dagexmarebaT.

yovel Tavs boloSi darTuli aqvs seqcia, ro-

melsac sakvanZo sakiTxebi ewodeba. es qveTavi

teqstis wvdomis Sesamowmeblad unda gamoiye-

noT. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ar gesmiT Sejameba,

teqsts daubrundiT da Sesabamisi masala Ta-

vidan waikiTxeT, sanam ar darwmundebiT, rom

namdvilad gesmiT teqsti. amgvari qveTavebi tes-

tirebisaTvis mzadebaSi dagexmarebaT.

S e j a m e b a

fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods imisaTvis

iyeneben, rom individebis qcevisa da fsiqiku-

ri procesebis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTon. fsi-

qologebs ramdenime mizani aqvT: obieqturad

da saTanado doneze aRweron qceva, axsnan mi-

si aRmZvreli Zalebi, iwinaswarmetyvelon ro-

dis ganxorcieldeba qceva da gaakontrolon

is, raTa cxovrebis done gaaumjobeson.

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis

ganviTareba

XXI saukuneSi CvenTvis SedarebiT advilia

ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs fsiqologia da ra

aris fsiqologiuri kvlevis miznebi. Tumca,

fsiqologiis Seswavlis dawyebisas mniSvnelo-

vania gesmodeT is mravali Zala, romelmac

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis gaCena ganapiroba.

es istoriuli mimoxilva erT martiv princips

emyareba: mniSvneloba aqvs ideebs. fsiqologi-

is mecnierebis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze

gacxarebuli kamaTi mimdinareobda fsiqolo-

giis sagnisa da kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb.

Cveni istoriuli mimoxilva analizis or

doneze ganxorcieldeba. pirvel ganyofileba-

Si mimovixilavT istoriis im periods, roca

fsiqologias safuZveli Caeyara, xolo meore

ganyofilebaSi farTod aRvwerT amJamad arse-

bul Svid mimdinareobas. fokusirebis orive

donisaTvis SeecadeT warmoidginoT is inte-

leqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Te-

oriebi.

fsiqologiis istoriuli

safuZvlebi

„fsiqologias xangrZlivi warsuli, magram

mokle istoria aqvs“, werda eqsperimentuli

fsiqologiis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli her-

man ebinhausi (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908). mecnie-rebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ainteresebdaT

adamianis bunebis mravali saidumlo: rogor

aRiqvams adamiani realobas, rogoria cnobie-

rebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe, magram am-

gvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis SesaZleblo-

ba kvlevis saTanado iaraRis ararsebobis ga-

mo ar gaaCndaT. gavixsenoT Cvens welTaRricx-

vamde IV da V saukuneebSi berZeni filoso-

fosebis: sokrates, platonis da aristote-

les mier dasmuli fundamenturi SekiTxvebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiis garkveu-

li formebi induri iogas uZveles tradicia-

Sic arsebobda, dasavluri fsiqologiis sa-

fuZvlebi swored did berZen moazrovneTa di-

alogebSi unda veZeboT, sadac midioda msje-

loba imaze, Tu rogor muSaobs goneba, ra

aris Tavisufali neba, ra mimarTebaa calke-

ul moqalaqeebsa da maT saxelmwifos Soris.

XIX saukunis bolosTvis mkvlevrebma sxva mec-

nierebebidan, rogorebicaa fiziologia da fi-

zika, kvlevis laboratoriuli meTodebis fsi-

qologiaSi gadmotana daiwyes, raTa pasuxi

gaecaT filosofosebis mier dasmul am fun-

damentur kiTxvebze.

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi ga-

damwyveti roli vilhelm vundtma (WilhelmWundt) Seasrula, romelmac 1879 wels laip-

cigSi eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis pirveli

laboratoria daaarsa. marTalia, vundti ga-

naTlebiT fiziologi iyo, magram samecniero

karieris manZilze misma interesebma sxeulis

Seswvlidan fsiqikis Seswavlaze gadainacvla.

mas surda Seeswavla SegrZnebis da aRqmis

ZiriTadi procesebi da martivi fsiqikuri pro-

cesebis siCqare. im droisaTvis, rodesac vun-

dtma fsiqologiuri laboratoria daaarsa,

mas ukve ganxorcielebuli hqonda kvlevaTa

seria da gamoqveynebuli Tavisi `fiziologi-

ra

to

ma

a f

si

qo

lo

gi

a u

ni

ka

lu

ri

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10

uri fsiqologiis safuZvlebis~ pirveli ga-

mocema (sul 7 aseTi gamocema iyo) (Kendler,1987). laboratoriis gaxsnis Semdeg vundtma

fsiqologiis studentebis aRzrda daiwyo, mis-

ma mowafeTa didma raodenobam Semdeg TavianT

samSobloSi daaarsa msgavsi laboratoriebi.

raki fsiqologia damoukidebel discipli-

nad Camoyalibda, CrdiloeT amerikis mraval

universitetSi fsiqologiuri laboratoriebi

gaCnda: pirveli maTgani _ jons hopkinsis uni-

versitetSi, 1883 wels. am adreul laborato-

riebs vundtis gavlena etyoboda. magaliTad,

eduard titCeneri (Edward Titchener), vundtis mo-wafe, erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi iyo aSS-Si,

romelmac 1892 wels kornelis universitetis

laboratoria daaarsa. Tumca, daaxloebiT amave

dros, harvardis universitetis filosofiis

axalgazrda profesorma, romelic medicinas

swavlobda da literatura da religia ainte-

resebda, wminda amerikuli xedva SeimuSava. ui-

liam jemsma (William James), didi romanistis,henri jemsis Zmam, or tomad gamosca „fsiqo-

logiis safuZvlebi“ (1890-1950), romelic, mra-

vali eqspertis azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

fsiqologiuri naSromia. maleve, 1892 wels, h.

stenli holma amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-

cia daaarsa. 1900 wlisTvis CrdiloeT amerika-

Si 40-ze meti fsiqologiuri laboratoria fun-

qcionirebda (Hilgard, 1986).fsiqologiis gaCenisTanave daiwyo debatebi

misi kvlevis sagnisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb. am

debatebSi gamokveTili zogierTi sakiTxi je-

rac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava

struqturalizmsa da funqcionalizms Soris.

struqturalizmi: fsiqikis Sinaarsi

rodesac fsiqologia laboratoriuli mec-

niereba gaxda da eqsperimentuli kvlevebis Ca-

tareba daiwyo, naTlad gamoCnda misi potenci-

ali _ unikaluri wvlili Seetana codnis SeZe-

naSi. vundtis laboratoriaSi cdis pirebi mar-

tiv reaqciebs („ki“-s, an „ara“-s Tqma, Rilakze

TiTis daWera) iZleodnen sxvadasxva pirobaSi

aRqmul stimulebze. radganac monacemebi sis-

tematuri da obieqturi procedurebis saSua-

lebiT iyo Segrovili, sxvebsac SeeZloT am

eqsperimentebis gameoreba. vundtis fsiqolo-

giuri tradiciis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia aq-

centi mecnierul meTodze, zust gazomvebsa da

monacemTa statistikur analizze.

rodesac titCenerma vundtis fsiqologia aSS-

Si Caitana, igi amtkicebda, rom cnobierebis

sakvlevad swored amgvari mecnieruli meTode-

bi unda gamoeyenebinaT. cnobieri fsiqikuri cxov-

rebis elementebis Seswavlis miseuli meTodi

introspeqcia _ individis mier konkretuli sen-

soruli gancdiT gamowveuli azrebis da grZno-

bebis ganxilva iyo. titCeneri aqcents fsiqikis

Sinaarsis raobaze akeTebda da naklebad ainte-

resebda kiTxvebi „ratom“ da „rogor“. mis mid-

gomas struqturalizmi, anu swavleba fsiqikis

da qcevis struqturis Sesaxeb ewodeba.

struqturalizmi efuZneba varauds, rom ada-

mianis fsiqikuri gancda SeiZleba gavigoT, ro-

gorc ZiriTadi komponentebis kombinacia. am mid-

gomis mizani iyo fsiqikis struqtura SegrZne-

bis da fsiqikuri cxovrebis sxva gancdebis Se-

madgeneli elementebis analizis gziT ekvlia.

mravali fsiqologi struqturalizms sam fron-

tze daesxa Tavs: (1) is reduqcionistuli iyo,

radganac adamianis gancdis mTeli sirTule

martiv SegrZnebebamde daiyvana; (2) is elemen-

taruli iyo, radgan nawilebs anu elementebs

erT mTelSi aerTebda da uSualod am mTel

qcevas ar swavlobda; (3) is mentalisturi iyo,

radgan adamianis cnobieri gancdis mxolod

verbalur aRweras swavlobda da ar iTvalis-

winebda maT gamocdilebas, visac ar SeeZlo

Tavisi introspeqciis aRwera, maT Soris, cxo-

velebs, bavSvebs da fsiqikurad daavadebul

adamianebs.

Ta

vi

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is m

ec

ni

er

eb

a C

ve

ns c

xo

vr

eb

aS

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11

struqturalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

alternativa gelStalt fsiqologia iyo, rom-

lis fuZemdebeli germaneli fsiqologi maqs

verthaimeri (Max Wertheimer) gaxldaT. misi az-

riT, mraval movlenas fsiqika aRiqvams, ro-

gorc geStalts _ organizebul mTels da ara

martivi nawilebis erTianobas. rodesac, maga-

liTad, naxats aRviqvamT, is ufro metia, vidre

saRebavis calkeuli monasmebis erToblioba.

rogorc me-5 TavSi vnaxavT, geStalt fsiqolo-

gias kvlavac aqvs gavlena aRqmis Seswavlaze.

struqturalizmis kidev erTi sapirispi-

ro mimdinareobaa funqcionalizmi.

funqcionalizmi:

mizanmimarTuli fsiqika

uiliam jemsi titCeners eTanxmeboda, rom

fsiqologiis Seswavlis sagani cnobiereba un-

da iyos, magram misTvis cnobiereba ar daiyva-

neboda elementebze, Sinaarssa da struqtu-

rebze. cnobiereba aris nakadi, fsiqikis Tvi-

seba, romelic mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi imyo-

feba garemosTan. adamianis cnobiereba mis ga-

remosTan morgebas aadvilebs, amdenad, mniS-

vnelovania fsiqikuri procesebis moqmedebebi

da funqciebi da ara Sinaarsi.

funqcionalizmisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia

daswavlili Cvevebi, romlebic organizms ga-

remosTan morgebis da efeqturad funqcioni-

rebis saSualebas aZlevs. kvlevam pasuxi un-

da gasces kiTxvas: „ra aris nebismieri qcevi-

Ti aqtis funqcia an mizani?“ funqcionaliz-

mis skolis damaarsebeli iyo amerikeli fi-

losofosi jon diui. mis mier fsiqikuri pro-

cesebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis mcdelobam ga-

naTlebis sferoSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas

miaRwia. misma msjelobam impulsi misca prog-

resul ganaTlebas sakuTar laboratoriul

skolaSi da Semdgom mTel aSS-Si: „meqanikuri

daswavla uaryves da praqtikiT swavlaze gada-

vidnen im imediT, rom es inteleqtualur cno-

bismoyvareobas aRZravda da Sedegad masalis uke-

Tesi wvdoma miiReboda“ (Kendler, 1987, gv. 124).

miuxedavad imisa, jemss dakvirvebis sjero-

da, vundtis mier SemuSavebul daxvewil labo-

ratorul meTodebs is mcire mniSvnelobas ani-

Webda. jemsis fsiqologiaSi arsebobda adgili

emociebis, „me“-s, nebisyofis, Rirebulebebis, re-

ligiuri da mistikuri gancdebisTvisac ki. mi-

si „Tbilsisxliani“ fsiqologia aRiarebda, rom

TiToeuli individi unikaluria da ver daiyva-

neba formulebze an testis qulebze. jemsis-

Tvis fsiqologiis mizans axsna warmoadgenda

da ara _ eqsperimentuli kontroli (Arkin, 1990).

am mimdinareobebis memkvidreoba

miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struq-

turalizmis da funqcionalizmis praqtikosTa

aRmoCenebma is inteleqtualuri konteqsti Seq-

mnes, romelSic Tanamedrove fsiqologia ganvi-

Tarda. amJamad fsiqologebi swavloben qcevis

rogorc struqturas, ise funqcias, magaliTad,

ganvixiloT metyvelebis procesi. warmoidgineT,

rom megobris kinoSi dapatiJeba gsurT. amisaT-

vis Tqvens mier warmoTqmulma sityvebma sworad

unda Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia. amave dros

winadadebas unda hqondes swori struqtura: swo-

ri ar iqneba Tu ityviT: „ginda `varskvlavuri

omebi~ erTad CemTan am saRamos wamosvla?“ mety-

velebis procesis gagebis mizniT mecnierebi swav-

loben, Tu rogor axerxebs mosaubre erTmaneTs

moargos sityvis mniSvneloba (funqcia) da enis

gramatikuli struqtura (Bock 1990). (enis da mety-

velebis zogierT process me-9 TavSi aRvwerT).

am wignSi aqcents gavakeTebT rogorc struqtu-

raze, ise _ funqciaze, ganvixilavT rogorc kla-

sikur, ise Tanamedrove kvlevebs. fsiqologebi

mraval sxvadasxva meTods iyneben yvela indivi-

disaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi movlenebisa

da TiToeuli individis unikaluri aspeqtebis

Sesaswavlad.

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdi-

nareobebi

ganvixiloT Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Ziri-

Tad mimdinareobebi. TiToeuli maTgani: _ bio-

logiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioristuli,

Ta

na

me

dr

ov

e f

si

qo

lo

gi

is g

an

vi

Ta

re

ba

struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsi-

qikisa da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac fsiqikuri ga-

mocdileba gaigeba, rogorc martivi elemente-

bis an movlenebis kombinacia.

funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, ro-

melic fokusirdeba organizmis garemosTan ur-

TierTqmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis fun-

qciebze.

12

humanisturi, kognituri, ganviTarebis da fsi-

qo-kulturuli _ iZleva xedvis kuTxesa da

daSvebebs, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu

ras Seiswavlian fsiqologebi da rogor: ada-

mianebs Tavisufali neba gaaCniaT, Tu memkvid-

reobiT miRebul (biologiuri determinizmi),

an garemoTi ganpirobebul (garemos determi-

nizmi) scenars asruleben? organizmi aqtiuri

da SemoqmedebiTia, Tu meqanikuri da reaqtiu-

li? SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri da socialu-

ri fenomenebi fiziologiuri procesebiT aix-

snas? rTuli qceva mravali ufro mcire kompo-

nentis jamia, Tu mas axali da gansxvavebuli

Tvisebebi aqvs? fsiqologiis mimdinareoba gana-

pirobebs, ra eZebos, sad da ra meTodebiT. yove-

li momdevno Tavis wakiTxvisas miadevneT Tva-

li, Tu rogor gansazRvravs qcevis mizezebs da

Sedegebs TiToeuli aseTi mimdinareoba.

marTalia, fsiqologiis centralur sakiTx-

ebs TiToeuli es mimdinareoba gansxvavebulad

udgeba, mravali fsiqologi sesxulobs da er-

TmaneTs uTavsebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebis cne-

bebs. TiToeuli mimdinareoba saSualebas gvaZ-

levs ukeT gavigoT adamianis gamocdileba. ami-

tom, aq TiToeuli mimarTulebis wvlils gan-

vixilavT, xolo mTlianobaSi isini Tanamed-

rove fsiqologias asaxaven.

biologiuri mimdinareoba

biologiuri mimidnareobis warmomadgenlebi

qcevis mizezs genebis, tvinis, nervuli da en-

dokrinuli sistemebis funqcionirebaSi eZe-

ben. organizmis funqcionireba axsnilia mis

safuZvlad mdebare fizikuri struqturebis

da bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT. gancda

da qceva gaigeba, rogorc nervul ujredebs

Soris da SigniT qimiuri da eleqtruli aqti-

vobis Sedegi.

am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian,

rom fsiqologiuri da socialuri fenomenebi

SeiZleba bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT

aixsnas. yvelaze rTuli fenomenic ki SeiZle-

ba gagebul iqnes ufro mcire, ufro specifi-

kur erTeulebze dayvaniT. magaliTad, isini

Seecdebian axsnan, rogor kiTxulobT am wina-

dadebis Semadgenel sityvebs tvinis ujredeb-

Si mimdinare zusti fizikuri procesebis aR-

weris gziT. aq qceva misi fizikuri struqtu-

riT da memkvidreobiTi procesebiT ganisazR-

vreba. safuZvlad mdebare biologiuri struq-

turebis da procesebis SecvliT gamocdile-

bam SeiZleba qcevac Secvalos. mkvlevrebma

SeiZleba gkiTxon: „ra cvlilebebi xdeba Tqvens

tvinSi, roca kiTxvas swavlobT?“ fsiqobio-

logiuri mimarTulebis amocana qcevis anali-

zis yvelaze zust doneze gagebaa.

mravali aseTi mkvlevari universitetebsa

da samedicino laboratoriebSi muSaobs, sxvebi

ki _ klinikebSi. pirvelebi swavloben, SeiZ-

leba Tu ara gavaumjobesoT asakovani virTxe-

bis mexsiereba Canasaxovani virTxebis qsovi-

lebis gadanergviT, xolo meoreni _ avtosag-

zao SemTxvevis an daavadebis Sedegad gamow-

veuli mexsierebis dakargvas. am mkvlevrebis

gamaerTianebelia biologiuri Zalebisagan war-

moSobili qcevis aspeqtebis Seswavla.

fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba

fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis mixedviT qce-

vas marTavs, an mis motivs warmoadgens Zlie-

ri Sinagani Zalebi. adamianis qcevebi Tanda-

yolili instinqtebidan, biologiuri ltol-

vebidan, pirovnul moTxovnilebebsa da sazo-

gadoebis moTxovnebs Soris konfliqtis ga-

daWris mcdelobidan momdinareobs. depriva-

ciis mdgomareoba, fiziologiuri aRgzneba da

konfliqtebi qcevis ganxorcielebis energias

zustad iseve iZleva, rogorc naxSiri _ saw-

vavs orTqlis lokomotivisaTvis. am modelis

mixedviT, organizmi wyvets reagirebas, Tu mi-

si moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, misi

ltolvebi ki _ Semcirebuli. qcevis mTavari

mizani daZabulobis Semcirebaa.

motivaciis fsiqodinamikuri principebi yve-

laze srulad venelma eqimma zigmund froid-

ma (zigmund Freud) ganaviTara XIX saukunis bo-

Ta

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biologiuri perspeqtiva

aa

fsiqologiuri perspeqtiva

a

13

los da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. froidis ide-

ebi fsiqikurad daavadebul pacientebTan mu-

Saobis Sedegad warmoiSva, magram, misi azriT,

is principebi, romlebic man avadmyofebTan aR-

moaCina, vrceldeba rogorc normalur, jan-

saR, ise _ paTologiur qcevaze. froidis fsi-

qodinamikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqeT-

iqeT eqaCeba Sinagani da garegani Zalebi. fro-

idis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi, rom ada-

mianis buneba yovelTvis ar aris racionalu-

ri; rom qcevebi SeiZleba iseTi motivebiT iyos

gamowveuli, romlebic ar aris gacnobierebu-

li. froidis Semdeg es Teoria misma mimdev-

rebma sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganaviTares.

froidis mixedviT, pirovnebis Camoyalibebis

periodi adreuli bavSvobaa, neofroidianeleb-

ma gaafarToves misi Teoria da masSi socia-

luri zemoqmedeba da urTierTqmedeba CarTes,

romelic indvidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi

iCens Tavs.

froidis ideebs didi gavlena hqonda fsi-

qologiis mraval sferoze. misi wvlilis sxva-

dasxva aspeqts waawydebiT, rodesac gaecno-

biT bavSvis ganviTarebis, sizmris, daviwyebis,

aracnobieri motivaciis, pirovnebis da fsiqo-

analituri Terapiis sakiTxebs. amasTanave, gak-

virvebiT aRmoaCenT, rom misi ideebi arasodes

yofila sistematuri mecnieruli kvlevis Se-

degi. nacvlad amisa, es iyo gamorCeuli Semoq-

medebiTi gonebis nayofi, romelic Sepyrobi-

li iyo adamianis azrebis, grZnobebisa da moq-

medebebis Rrmad dafaruli saidumlos amoc-

nobis surviliT.

bihevioristuli mimdinareoba

am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi swavlo-

ben, Tu rogor akontrolebs konkretuli ti-

pis qcevas garemos konkretuli stimuli. upir-

veles yovlisa, bihevioristebi aanalizeben ga-

remos winapirobebs, im pirobebs, romlebic win

uswrebs qcevas da organizms imisaTvis amza-

debs, moaxdinos Tu ara reagireba. Semdeg isi-

ni ganixilaven qceviT reaqcias, romelic maTi

kvlevis mTavar obieqts warmoadgens. qceva un-

da gavigoT, viwinaswarmetyveloT da gavakon-

troloT. bolos, ikvleven reaqciis dakvirve-

bad Sedegebs. bihevioristis interesis sagania,

magaliTad, rogor cvlis sagzao jarimebi (Se-

degi) motocikletistis marTvis stils, aiZu-

lebs mas ufro frTxilad iaros, an saerTod

Tavi daanebos tarebas (qceviTi reaqcia).

monacemebs bihevioristebi kontrolirebadi

laboratoriuli eqsperimentebidan iReben. maT

SeiZleba eleqtronuli aparatura da kompiu-

terebi gamoiyenon stimulis warsadgenad da

reaqciis dasafiqsireblad. isini miiCneven, rom

Sesaswavli fenomeni zustad unda iyos ganmar-

tebuli da raodenobrivad gamoxatuli. xSirad

isini cxovelebs swavloben (umetes SemTxveva-

Ta

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bihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspec-

tive) _ am mimdinareobas ainteresebs dakvirveba-

di qceva, romelic obieqturad fiqsirdeba da

dakvirvebadi qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimu-

lebTan.

biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma,

romelic fsiqologiis Seswavlas mxolod ga-

zomvadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.

humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _

fsiqologiuri modeli, romelic aqcents indi-

vidis fenomenur samyaroze, racionaluri arCe-

vanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis

ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs.

14

Si mtredebs da virTxebs), radgan eqsperimen-

tis pirobebs aq ufro srulad gaakontrole-

ben, vidre adamianebis SemTxvevaSi. bihevioris-

tebi Tvlian, rom cxovelebze Seswavlili Zi-

riTadi procesebi igivenairad mimdinareobs sxva

saxeobebSic.

biheviorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba fsiqolo-

giis praqtikaSi. mis mier moTxovnili zusti

eqsperimentireba da cvladebis zedmiwevniTi

dadgena fsiqologiis sferoTa umetesobaSi ga-

iziares. bihevioristebis mier cxovelebze aR-

moCenili kanozomierebebi adamianis proble-

mebzec gamoiyenes. bihevioristulma principeb-

ma ganaTlebisadmi ufro humanur midgomamde

migviyvana (dasjis nacvlad dadebiTi ganmtki-

cebis gamoyeneba), Seiqmna qceviTi darReevebis

axali tipis Terapia da utopiuri sazogadoe-

bis modelis Seqmnis instruqciebi.

humanisturi mimdinareoba

humanisturi fsiqologia 1950-ian wlebSi gaC-

nda, rogorc fsiqodinamikuri da bihevioris-

tuli modelebis alternativa. humanisturi fsi-

qologiis mixedviT, adamianebis qcevas ar ga-

napirobebs arc Sinagani, instinqturi Zalebi,

rogorc amas froidianelebi miiCneven da arc

garegani Zalebi, rogorc bihevioristebs miaC-

ndaT. adamianebi aqtiuri qmnilebebi arian, Si-

naganad kargebi da arCevanis gakeTebis unari

aqvT. humanisturi mimdinareobis mixedviT, ada-

mianis ZiriTadi amocanaa swrafva sakuTari po-

tenciis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisken.

humanisti fsiqologebi swavloben qcevas,

magram ara laboratoriul pirobebSi da ara

mis Semadgenel elementebze an komponentebze

dayvaniT. isini adamianTa cxovrebis ganmavlo-

baSi gamovlenil cxovrebiseuli istoriebis

paternebs akvirdebian. biheviorisitebisgan

mkveTrad gansxvavebiT, humanisturi fsiqolo-

giis warmomadgenlebi individis mier gancdil

subieqtur samyaros swavloben da ara garega-

ni damkvirveblis da mkvlevris TvaliT dana-

xul obieqtur samyaros. amitom, isini fenome-

nologiuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebadac

iTvlebian, radgan movlenebze calkeuli moq-

medi subieqtis (actor) pirad Sexedulebas swav-

loben. garda amisa, humanisti fsiqologebi cdi-

loben mTliani pirovneba Seiswavlon da ho-

listur midgomas aRiareben. maTi azriT, nam-

dvili wvdoma niSnavs individis fsiqikis, sxe-

ulis da qcevis codnas socialuri da kultu-

ruli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

humanisturi midgoma afarToebs fsiqolo-

giis sferos da masSi literaturis, istoriis,

xelovnebis Seswavlidan miRebul gakveTilebs

rTavs. amgvarad, fsiqologia ufro savse dis-

ciplina xdeba. humanisturi fsiqologiis war-

momadgenlebi amboben, rom maTi midgoma aris

is safuari, romelic exmareba fsiqologias ada-

mianis bunebis cxovelur aspeqtebze da uaryo-

fiT Zalebze zemoT dadges. rogorc me-16 Tav-

Si vnaxavT, humanisturma mimdinareobam didi

gavlena iqonia fsiqoTerapiaSi axali midgome-

bis gaCenaze.

kognituri mimdinareoba

kognituri revolucia fsiqologiaSi gaCnda,

rogorc biheviorizmis SezRudulobis kidev erTi

gamowveva. kognituri mimdinareobis centrSi dgas

adamianis Semecneba da codnis SeZenis yvela

procesi: yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba da

gageba. kognituri mimarTulebis mixedviT ada-

mianebi moqmedeben, radgan isini azrovneben, xo-

lo azrovneben, radgan adamianebi arian.

kognitur modelSi qceva mxolod nawilob-

rivadaa ganpirobebuli garemos winmswrebi mov-

lenebiT da warsuli qcevebis SedegebiT, ro-

gorc es bihevioristebs miaCniaT. zogierTi yve-

laze mniSvnelovani qceva azrovnebis sruli-

ad axali da ara warsulSi gamoyenebuli gze-

bidan Cndeba. im alternativebis warmodgenis

unari, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba imis-

gan, rac aris, an iyo, saSualebas aZlevs adami-

ans momavlisken iswrafos da awmyo situacia

gadalaxos. individi realobaze reagirebs ara

ise, TiTqos is obieqturi samyaro iyos, aramed

ise, rogorc is misi fiqrebis da warmosaxvis

Sinagani samyaros subieqtur realobaSi aisa-

xeba. kognituri fsiqologebisaTvis azrebi qce-

vebis rogorc Sedegi, aseve mizezia. Tu viRa-

cas awyenineT da nanobT, es azria, romelic

qcevis Sedegad gagiCndaT, xolo sinanulis gan-

cdis Semdeg bodiSis moxda azris, rogorc

qcevis mizezis magaliTia.

kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi

iseT umaRles fsiqikur procesebs swavloben,

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15

rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba,

problemis gadaWra da gadawyvetilebis miReba

sxvadasxva doneze. maT SeiZleba ikvlion tvin-

Si sisxlis moZraobis sqema sxvadasxva tipis

kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis

mogonebebi adreuli bavSvobis SemTxvevaze, an

sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mexsierebis unaris

cvlilebebi. fsiqikur procesebze fokusirebis

gamo mravali mkvlevrisaTvis kognituri mimdi-

nareoba dRes fsiqologiaSi dominanturia.

evoluciuri mimdinareoba

evoluciuri mimdinareoba cdilobs Tanamed-

rove fsiqologia biologiuri mecnierebebis Zi-

riTad ideebs, Carlz darvinis bunebrivi SerCe-

vis gziT evoluciis Teorias daukavSiros. bu-

nebrivi SerCevis idea sakmaod martivia: gare-

mosTan ukeT Seguebuli organizmebi ukeTes STa-

momavlobas iZlevian (da gadascemen Tavis ge-

nebs), vidre cudad Seguebulebi. mravali Tao-

bis manZilze adaptaciis unari sul ufro da

ufro Zlierdeba da ixveweba. fsiqologiaSi evo-

luciuri mimdinareoba gulisxmobs, rom, ro-

gorc fsiqikuri, ise fizikuri unarebi milio-

nobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa

konkretul adaptaciur miznebs momsaxureboda.

mkvlevrebi im garemo pirobebs swavloben,

romlebSic adamianis tvini ganviTarda. adami-

anis ganviTarebis istoriis 99% pleistoce-

nis eraSi mcire jgufebad cxovrebas, nadiro-

basa da SemgroveblobaSi mimdinareobda (uxe-

Sad, ormilionwliani periodi, romelic 10 000

wlis win damTavrda). evoluciuri fsiqolo-

gia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul

gamocdilebas iyenebs, raTa is centraluri

adaptaciuri problemebi daadginos, romlebic

cocxali arsebebis winaSe dgas: mtaceblebisa

da parazitebis Tavidan acileba, sakvebis Seg-

roveba da gacvla, mewyvilis mopoveba da Se-

narCuneba, janmrTeli bavSvebis gazrda. adap-

taciuri problemebis dadgenis Semdeg evolu-

ciuri fsiqologia daskvnebs akeTebs im fsiqi-

kuri meqanizmebis an fsiqologiuri adaptaci-

is Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba am problemebis

gadasWrelad gaCeniliyo.

evoluciuri fsiqologia sxva mimarTule-

bebisagan, upirvels yovlisa, imiT gansxvavde-

ba, rom misi ZiriTadi amxsneli principi evo-

luciis ukiduresad xangrZlivi procesia. am

mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben ga-

igon qalisa da mamakacis mier aRebuli gan-

sxvavebuli sqesobrivi rolebi, rogorc evo-

luciis da ara Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gav-

lenis produqti. imis gamo, rom evoluciuri

fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs ar SeuZliaT

eqsperimentebis Catareba, radgan evoluciis

process ver Secvlian, maT araordinaruli gze-

bis Zieba uwevT, raTa Teoriis damamtkicebeli

sabuTebi moipovon.

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bakognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsi-

qologiis mimdinareoba, romelic aqcents ake-

Tebs adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis

procesebze, rogoricaa yuradReba, azrovneba, da-

maxsovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra, fan-

tazia da cnobiereba.

evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective)_ fsiqologiis midgoma, romelic xazs usvams

qceviT da adapturobis mniSvnelovnebas im vara-

udis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri unarebi mili-

onobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa

konkretul adaptur miznebs momsaxureboda.

kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aq-

cents qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis kros-kul-

turul sxvaobaze akeTebs.

16

kulturuli mimdinareoba

am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi qcevis mi-

zezebisa da Sedegebis kros-kulturul sxvao-

bebs swavloben. kulturuli mimdinareoba mniS-

vnelovani pasuxia im kritikaze, rom fsiqolo-

giuri kvleva xSirad zedmetad emyareba adamia-

nis bunebis gagebis dasavlur koncefcias da

ikvlevs mxolod TeTrkanian, saSualo klasis

amerikelebs (Gergen et al; 1996). kulturuli Zale-

bis saTanado gaTvaliswineba erTi da imave eris

SigniT jgufebis Sedarebasac gulisxmobs. ma-

galiTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon kve-

biTi aSlilobebi aSS-is TeTrkanian da Savkani-

an amerikel mozardebSi (ixileT me-12 Tavi). kul-

turuli Zalebi SeiZleba aseve Sefasdes sxva-

dasxva erSi, magaliTad, moraluri msjelobe-

bis Sedareba aSS-sa da indoeTSi (Tavi me-11).

kros-kulturuli fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs

ainteresebT, yvela adamians exeba arsebuli Te-

oriebi, Tu ufro viwro, specifikur populaci-

ebs.

kros-kulturuli mimdinareoba fsiqologi-

uri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sferoze vrcelde-

ba: zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura adamianis mier

samyaros aRqmaze? ganapirobebs Tu ara ena sam-

yaros aRqmas? rogor zemoqmedebs kultura bav-

Svis ganviTarebaze? rogor zemoqmedebs kultu-

ruli ganwyobebi moxucebulobis asakis gamoc-

dilebaze? ganapirobebs kultura sakuTari Ta-

vis aRqmas? zemoqmedebs kultura imaze, Tu ro-

gor gamoxatavs adamiani emociebs? ganapirobebs

Tu ara kultura imas, Tu ra qcevebs ganaxorci-

elebs individi? zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura

imaze, Tu ra zomiT ganicdian adamianebi fsiqi-

kur aSlilobebs?

amgvari kiTxvebis dasmiT kulturuli mimdi-

nareoba xSirad iseT daskvnebs gvaZlevs, rom-

lebic sxva mimarTulebis mier wamoyenebul Te-

zisebs ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, mkvlevarTa

azriT, froidis Teoriis mravali aspeqti ar

miesadageba venis kulturisagan Sors mdgom sa-

zogadoebebs. amgvari idea jer kidev anTropo-

logma bronislav malinovskim (Bronislav Malinow-

ski) gamoTqva 1927 wels da froidis mamaze cen-

trirebuli Teoria axali gvineis magaliTis sa-

fuZvelze gaakritika, sadac ojaxebi dedazea

centrirebuli. amrigad, kulturuli mimdinare-

oba miiCnevs, rom fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareo-

bis zogierTi debuleba arasworia. kulturis

sxvadasxvaoba da simdidre gaTvaliswinebuli

unda iyos, rodesac adamianis gamocdilebis Se-

saxeb daskvnebis ganzogadebas vaxdenT.

mimdinareobebis Sedareba:

agresiis magaliTi

Svidive mimdinareoba s\xvadasxva daSvebazea

agebuli da gansxvavebulad esmis qceva. cxril-

Si 1.1 Sejamebulia es mimdinareobebi.

magaliTisaTvis mokled ganvixiloT, rogor

axsnida TiToeuli es Teoria agresiis faqts;

imas, Tu ratom iqcevian adamianebi agresiulad.

yvela es midgoma iyo gamoyenebuli agresiisa

da Zaladobis bunebis gagebis mcdelobisas. Ti-

Toeuli mimarTulebisaTvis mogvyavs mkvlevre-

bis mier SesaZlod gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da

SesaZlod ganxorcielebuli eqsperimentebi.

biologiuri. ikvleven tvinis konkretuli

sistemebis rols agresiaSi. isini sxvadasxva re-

gions astimulireben da Semdeg amiT gamowve-

ul destruqciul moqmedebebs afiqsireben. ag-

reTve, swavloben, raime normidan gadaxra xom

ar aris seriuli mkvlelebis tvinSi, xom ar

aris dakavSirebuli qalis agresia menstrua-

lur ciklTan.

fsiqodinamikuri. aanalizeben agresias, ro-

gorc reaqcias frustraciaze, romelsac sia-

movnebis miRwevis procesSi Seqmnili dabrko-

lebebi iwvevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, usamar-

Tlo xelmZRvaneli. es mimdinareoba agresias

uyurebs, rogorc bavSvobaSi mSoblebis mimarT

gancdili mtrulobis gadatanas zrdasrul asak-

Si.

bihevioristuli. adgens warsulSi Cadeni-

li agresiuli qcevebis ganmtkicebis faqtebs,

vTqvaT, moswavlem klaselebs, an Tanatolebs

daartya da es zedmeti yuradRebis sagani gax-

da. es midgoma amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi mSoble-

bisagan agresiul mopyrobas swavloben da Sem-

deg Tavis Svilebsac aseve epyrobian.

humanisturi. ikvlevs im pirovnul Rirebu-

lebebs da socialur pirobebs, romlebic xels

uwyobs agresiul da TviTSemzRudav gamocdi-

lebas da ara harmoniul ganviTarebas.

kognituri. swavlobs mtrul azrebs da

fantaziebs, romelsac adamiani Zaladobis aq-

Ta

vi

1 /

fsi

qo

lo

gi

is m

ec

ni

er

eb

a C

ve

ns c

xo

vr

eb

aS

i

17

tis yurebisas ganicdis. ikvlevs filmebSi ar-

sebuli agresiis, maT Soris pornografiuli

Zaladobis gavlenas iaraRis xmarebisadmi, gau-

patiurebisadmi da omisadmi damokidebulebaze.

evoluciuri. ganixilavs, ra pirobebis ga-

mo gaxda agresia adapturi qceva adreuli ada-

mianebisaTvis. adgens fsiqologiur meqanizmebs,

romlebic pasuxismgebelia agresiuli qcevis se-

leqciur warmoSobaze.

kulturuli. ganixilavs, rogor avlenen

da xsnian agresias sxvadasxva kulturis war-

momadgenlebi. rogor zemoqmedeben kulturu-

li Zalebi agresiuli qcevis sxvadasxva tipis

gamovlenis albaTobaze.

ras akeTeben fsiqologebi

ukve sakmarisi iciT fsiqologiis Sesaxeb,

raTa is kiTxvebi CamoayaliboT, romlebic fsi-

qologiuri kv levis mTel diapazons moicavs.

kiTxvebis amgvari sia rom mogemzadebinaT, sxva-

dasxva dargis fsiqologis saeqsperto sferos

SeexebodiT. 1.2 cxrilSi amgvari kiTxvebis Cve-

neuli versiaa moyvanili Sesabamisi dargis fsi-

qologebis miTiTebiT. Tu dro gaqvT, Tqveni sa-

kuTari kiTxvebis sia CamowereT. gadaxazeT Ti-

Toeuli kiTxva, rogorc ki mis pasuxs amoi-

kiTxavT am wignSi.

Ta

na

me

dr

ov

e f

si

qo

lo

gi

is g

an

vi

Ta

re

ba

mimdinareoba rogor esmis qcevis kvlevis fokusi kvlevis ZiriTadi

adamianis buneba determinantebi Temebi

biologiuri pasiuri memkvidreoba, tvini da nervuli qcevis da fsiqikuri

meqanisturi bioqimiuri sistemis procesebis

procesebi procesebi bioqimiuri

safuZveli

fsiqodinamikuri instinqtiT memkvidreoba, aracnobieri qceva, rogorc

marTuli adreuli ltolvebi, aracnobieri

gamocdileba konfliqtebi motivebis garegani

gamoxatva

bihevioristuli reagirebs stimulze, garemo, konkretuli qceva da misi

SeiZleba misi Secvla stimulis Semcveli garegani reqciebi stimulebi, mizezebi

pirobebi da Sedegebi

humanisturi aqtiuri, potenciurad adamianis cxovrebis paternebi

usazRvro sakuTari gamocdileba da faseulobebi,

potencialis Tavisadmi potenciali miznebi

mqone mimarTuli

kognituri SemoqmedebiTad stimulis fsiqikuri qceviTi

aqtiuri, Semcveli procesebi, indikatorebis

reagirebs pirobebi, ena saSualebiT

stimulze fsiqikuri Seswavlili

procesebi fsiqikuri procesebi

evoluciuri plesitocenis eris adaptacia ganviTarebuli ganviTarebis

problemebis gadarCenis fisqologiuri adapturi funqciebis

gadaWraze mizniT adaptacia TvalsazrisiT

adaptirebuli ganxiluli

fsiqikuri meqanizmebi

kulturuli icvleba kulturis kulturuli damokidebulebebisa adamianis

zegavleniT normebi (attitudes) da gamocdilebis

qcevebis kros- universaluri da

kulturuli kulturulad

sqemebi specifikuri aspeqtebi

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba

cxrili 1.1

18

albaT ukve mixvdiT, rom msoflioSi Zalian

bevri fsiqologia. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom

maTi raodenoba 500 000-s aWarbebs, maTgan 62-dan

82 aTasamde fsiqologiuri kvlevis sferoSi moR-

vaweobs (ix. sur. 1.1). miuxedavad imisa, rom fsi-

qologebis raodenoba dasavleTis industriul

qveynebSi metia, mraval sxva qveyanaSic izrdeba

interesi fsiqologiis mimarT. fsiqologiuri mec-

nierebis saerTaSoriso kavSirSi 64 qveynis fsi-

qologia gaerTianebuli (Rozenzweig, 1999). ameri-kis fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bo-

los 155 000 wevri hyavda msoflios yvela kuTx-

idan (Fowler, 1999). kidev erTi saerTaSoriso or-ganizacia, amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoeba

(APS), 16 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs da fsiqo-

logiis ufro samecniero aspeqtebzea fokusi-

rebuli, vidre klinikur, mkurnalobis mxareze.

ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom fsiqo-

logiis kvlevac da praqtikac mamakacebis do-

minirebiT mimdinareobda, Tumca mcire raode-

nobiT qalma fsiqologebma arsebiTi wvlili

Seitanes am sferoSi (Russo and Denmark, 1987; Scar-

borough and Furomoto, 1987). 1894 wels margaret

uoSbornma (Margaret Washburn) kornelis uni-

versiteti daamTavra da qalebSi pirvelma mi-

iRo doqtoris xarisxi. man dawera cnobili

saxelmZRvanelo „cxovelis goneba“. 1895 wels

meri kalkinsma (Mary Calkins) warCinebiT daam-

Tavra harvardis universitetis doqtorantu-

ra, magram administracia mas ar aZlevda doq-

Ta

vi

1 /

fsi

qo

lo

gi

is m

ec

ni

er

eb

a C

ve

ns c

xo

vr

eb

aS

i

fsiqologiuri kvlevis mravalferovneba

kiTxva vin pasuxobs am kiTxvas

rogor unda gadaWran adamianebma ukeT klinikuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

TavianTi yoveldRiuri problemebi? fsiqiatri fsiqologi konsultanti

(counceling psychologist) Temis fsiqologi

(community psychologist)

rogor inaxeba mogonebebi tvinSi? bio-fsiqologi fsiqofarmakologi

rogor SegviZlia vaswavloT ZaRls eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis

brZanebebis Sesruleba? warmomadgeneli qcevis analitikosi

ratom ver vixseneb yovelTvis informacias, kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

romelic namdvilad vici? kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli

ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi pirovnebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

erTmaneTisagan? qcevis genetikosi

rogor muSaobs `TanatolTa zewola~ socialuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

ra ician Cvilebma samyaros Sesaxeb? ganviTarebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

ratom iwvevs CemSi depresias Cemi samuSao? Sromis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

adamianis faqtoris fsiqologi

rogor unda moepyras maswavlebeli ganaTlebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

`amrev~moswavles? skolis fsiqologi

ratom vxdebi cudad yoveli gamocdis win? janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

Seuracxadi iyo braldebuli sasamarTlo fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

danaSaulis Cadenis dros?

ratom miWirs sunTqva kalaTburTis sportis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

mniSvnelovani matCebis dros?

cxrili 1.2

19

toris xarisxs. miuxedavad amisa, kalkinsi

warmatebuli mkvlevari da amerikis fsiqologTa

asociaciis pirveli qali prezidenti gaxda. ana

froidma (Anna Freud) mniSvnelovani wvlili Se-

itana fsiqoanalizis praqtikaSi. wamyvani qali

mkvlevrebis Sromebs saxelmZRvaneloSi araer-

Txel SexvdebiT.

Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi qalebi da mama-

kacebi erToblivad iziareben Teoriis da praqti-

kis warmatebebs. rogorc 1.2 suraTzea naCvenebi,

doqtoris xarisxis umetesoba amJamad qalebs

aqvT (Pion et al; 1996) da es tendencia XXI saukune-

Si myarad narCundeba (Murray and Williams, 1999).

rac ufro meti wvlili Seaqvs fsiqologias

adamianis Seswavlis saqmeSi, miT meti da meti

adamiani _ qali da kaci, sazogadoebis yvela

segmentis warmomadgeneli misdevs am karieras.

Tqven gzas adgaxarT. imedi gvaqvs, rom `fsi-

qologia da cxovreba~ Rirs mogzaurobad, ro-

melic savsea moulodneli siamovnebebiT da

samaxsovro momentebiT. daviwyoT, an, rogorc

italielebi ityvian: „wavediT!“ (andiamo!)

Sejameba

adre fsiqologebs miaCndaT, rom fsiqolo-

giuri procesebi detreminizmis doqtriniTaa

marTuli _ fsiqikuri da fizikuri movlenebi

ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT. erT-er-

Ti adreuli midgoma, struqturalizmi, aqcents

fsiqikur Sinaarsebsa da qcevis struqturaze

akeTebda meore midgoma, funqcionalizi ki _

qcevis funqciaze.

Tanamedrove fsiqologia Svid ZiriTad mim-

dinareobas moicavs. biologiuri mimdinareoba

swavlobs mimarTebas qcevasa da tvinis meqa-

Ta

na

me

dr

ov

e f

si

qo

lo

gi

is g

an

vi

Ta

re

ba

suraTi 1.2suraTi 1.3

fsiqologTa samuSao garemo

naCvenebia sxvadasxva adgilas momuSave fsiqologTa

procenti amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis fsilogiis

doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mqone wevrTa Soris

Catrebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT

qalebisaTvis miniWebuli fsiqologiis

doqtoris xarisxi

gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi am mxriv qalebi

upiratesobas floben

20

Ta

vi

1 /

fsi

qo

lo

gi

is m

ec

ni

er

eb

a C

ve

ns c

xo

vr

eb

aS

i

nizmebs Soris; fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebi-

saTvis qceva cnobieri da aracnobieri motiva-

ciebiTaa gamowveuli; bihevioristuli mimarTu-

lebisaTvis qceva garegani stimuluri pirobebi-

Taa ganpirobebuli, humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-

vis aqcenti keTdeba individis piradi zrdis Si-

nagan unarze; kognituri mimarTulebisaTvis mTa-

varia is fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic qceviT

reaqciebze zemoqmedebs; evoluciuri mimarTu-

vifiqroT momavalze

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

`fsiqologiis da cxovre-

bis~ am gamocemas mokle ese-

ebi davamateT, romlebic fsi-

qologiaSi, rogorc mecnie-

rebaSi, momxdar clilebebs

aRwers XXI saukuneSi gadas-

vlasTan erTad. am TavSi mok-

led aRvwereT, Tu rogor Se-

icvala es disciplina gasu-

li 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi,

gansakuTrebiT, Teoriuli mim-

dinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mog-

vitans Semdegi 100 weli? aS-

karaa, rom fsiqologiis Si-

naarsi da praqtika momaval-

Si Seicvleba.

marTalia, zogierTi sa-

kiTxi, romelsac fsiqologe-

bi swavloben, droze ar aris

damokidebuli, magaliTad,

rogoria enis aTvisebis Zi-

riTadi procesebi, magram ar-

sebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, rom-

lebic konkretul dros mo-

aqvs. magaliTad, me-17 da me-18

TavebSi ganxiluli socialu-

ri fsiqologiis kvlevebis

umetesoba im mecnierebma wa-

moiwyes, vinc cdilobda gae-

go, ra Zalebma ganapiroba me-

ore msoflio omis saSinele-

bani. Cven ver viwinaswarmety-

velebT, romeli sazogadoeb-

rivi moZraoba Seipyrobs

msoflios XXI saukuneSi, mag-

ram danamdvilebiT SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom fsiqologebi da-

uyovnebliv reagirebas moax-

denen am sakiTxebze da maT

Seswavlas daiwyeben. fsiqo-

logiur kvlevaze, agreTve,

did gavlenas moaxdens is teq-

nologiuri siaxleeebi, rom-

lebic adamianebsa da kultu-

rebs Soris manZils amcirebs.

internetis gamo XXI sauku-

neSi didi mniSvneloba mieni-

Weba sxvadasxva kulturis

msgavsebisa da sxvaobis sa-

kiTxs.

teqnologiuri siaxleni

fsiqologiis kvlevis meTo-

debzec iqoniebs gavlenas,

radgan fsiqikuri procesebis

kvlevisas ukve XX saukunis

bolos farTod gamoiyenebo-

da kompiuterebi da tvinis Se-

saswavli sxva mowyobilobe-

bi, romlebzec vundts da mis

kolegebs warmodgenac ki ar

hqondaT. kidev ufro daxve-

wili teqnologiuri miRweve-

bis Sedegad mkvlevrebs sa-

Sualeba miecemaT zedmiwev-

niT zustad gaarkvion, ra mi-

marTebaa fsiqikur proceseb-

sa da tvinis aqtivobas So-

ris. aseve, genetikuri kvle-

vis teqnologiuri iaraRebis

ganviTarebam SesaZloa swra-

fad Secvalos is gzebi, rom-

lebiTac mkvlevrebi acal-

keveben bunebisa da aRzrdis

zegavlenas TiToeuli indi-

vidis cxovrebaSi.

am tipis sakiTxebs _ ino-

vaciebi fsiqologiis Sina-

arssa da praqtikaSi _ miv-

marTavT swored specialur

qveTavebSi _ fsiqologia

XXI saukuneSi.

veb-gverdebi:

www.apa.org _ amerikis fsi-

qologTa asociaciis gver-

di

www.psychologicalscience.org_ amerikis fsiqologTa sa-

zogadoebis gverdi

lebisaTvis qceva gadarCenisaTvis brZolisas

garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia, xolo, kultu-

ruli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva da misi inter-

pretacia kulturis konteqstSi ganixileba.

fsiqologebi kiTxvaTa did diapazons pa-

suxoben. fsiqologis profesia gasuli ram-

denime aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala, misi

Tvalsawieri ufro internacionaluri gaxda

da met qals moiTvlis.

21

Ta

na

me

dr

ov

e f

si

qo

lo

gi

is g

an

vi

Ta

re

ba

ratomaa fsiqologia

unikaluri

fsiqologia aris individe-

bis qcevis da fsiqikuri pro-

cesebis mecnieruli Seswav-

la.

fsiqologiis mizania qcevis

aRwera, axsna, winaswarmety-

veleba da gakontrolebis

xelSewyoba.

Tanamedrove fsiqologi-

is ganviTareba

vundtis da titCeneris Sro-

mebidan ganviTarda struq-

turalizmi, romelic aq-

cents elementaruli Seg-

rZnebebisagan agebuli fsi-

qikisa da qcevis struqtu-

raze akeTebs.

jemsisa da diuis mier ganvi-

Tarebuli funqcionalizmi

aqcents qcevis miRma arse-

bul mizanze akeTebs.

am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tana-

medrove fsiqologiis safuZ-

vlebi.

fsiqologiis Seswavlis Svi-

dive Tanamedrove midgoma

gansxvavebulad xedavs ada-

mianis bunebas, qcevis deter-

minantebs, kvlevis sferosa

da meTodebs.

biologiuri mimdinareoba

qcevasa da tvinis meqaniz-

mebs Soris mimarTebas swav-

lobs.

sakvanZo

sakiTxebi

fsiqodinamikuri mimarTule-

bisaTvis qceva instinqturi

ZalebiTa da Sinagani kon-

fliqtebiT, cnobieri da

aracnobieri motivebiTaa gan-

pirobebuli.

biheviorizisaTvis qceva gan-

pirobebulia garegani sti-

mulebiT.

humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-

vis mniSvnelovania raciona-

luri arCevanis gakeTebis

Tandayolili unari individ-

Si.

kognituri mimdinareoba xazs

usvams im fsiqikur proce-

sebs, romlebic qceviT re-

aqciebze

zemoqmedebs.

evoluciuri mimdinareoba

Tvlis, rom qceva gadarCe-

nis procesSi Seguebis Se-

degad ganviTarda.

kulturuli mimdinareoba

qcevas da mis interpretaci-

as kulturul konteqstSi

ganixilavs.

ras akeTeben fsiqo-

logebi

fsiqologebi sxvadasxva sfe-

roSi muSaoben da sxvadas-

xva specialobis gamocdile-

bas eyrdnobian. fsiqologi-

is profesiis warmomadge-

neli pasuxs scems TiTqmis

yvela kiTxvas, romelic re-

alur cxovrebiseul gamoc-

dilebas exeba.

XXI saukunis dasawyisisaT-

vis fsiqologis profesia

moculobiT ufro interna-

cionaluri da praqtikose-

bisa da mkvlevrebis Semad-

genlobiT ufro mravalfe-

rovani gaxda.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi yvela Tav-

Si muqi SriftiTaa gamoyo-

fili, rom advilad SeamCni-

oT, xolo yoveli Tavis bo-

los igive terminebi ganmeo-

rebiTaa mocemuli. garda ami-

sa, yvela ZiriTadi cneba wig-

nis bolos, leqsikonSi mo-

cemuli, anbanis mixedviT da

ganmartebulia.

biheviorizmi

bihevioristuli

mimdinareoba

biologiuri mimdinareoba

garemos cvladebi

dispoziciuri cvladebi

evoluciuri mimdinareoba

kognituri mimdinareoba

kulturuli mimdinareoba

mecnieruli meTodi

organizmuli cvladebi

situaciis cvladebi

struqturalizmi

funqcionalizmi

fsiqodinamikuri

mimdinareoba

fsiqologia

qceva

qcevis monacemebi

humanisturi mimdinareoba

22

fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

2 aRmoCenis etapi

dasabuTebis etapi:

obieqturobis dacvis

saSualebebi

• damkvirveblis

tendenciuroba da

operaciuli

gansazRvrebebi

• eqsperimentuli

meTodi:

alternatiuli axsna

da kontrolis

saWiroeba

• korelaciis meTodi

• qvezRurblovani

zemoqmedeba

fsiqologiuri gazomva

• sandooba davalidoba

• TviTangariSi

• qcevis dakvirveba dagazomva

kvlevis eTikuri

sakiTxebi

• informirebuli

Tanxmoba

• riskis/sargeblis

Sefaseba

• ganzrax motyueba• kvlevis Semdgomi

interviu

• cxovelTa kvleva:

mecniereba, eTika,

politika

rogor gamoviyenoT

sworad mecnieruli kvlevis

Sedegebi

fsiqologia XXI

saukuneSi: fsiqologiuri

kvleva da informaciis

afeTqeba

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

• ZiriTadi cnebebi

23

SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi

WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb, magram sxva tipis

kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT adamianis an

cxovelis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. am TavSi

visaubrebT imaze, Tu rogor pasuxoben fsiqo-

logebi kiTxvebs, romlebic TqvenTvisac sain-

teresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mec-

nierul meTodebs kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom

gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT

kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad

ablurduli monacemebidan azrovnebis, grZno-

bebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli das-

kvnebis gakeTeba.

am TavSi mowodebuli informaciis daufleba

Zalian sasargeblo iqneba TqvenTvis im

SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arasodes ganaxorcielebT

mecnierul kvlevas. Cveni mizania dagexmaroT

kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobesebaSi imiT, rom

gaswavloT, rogor unda dasvaT swori kiTxvebi

da SeafasoT fsiqologiuri movlenebis mize-

zebis, Sedegebis da korelatebis Sesaxeb miRe-

buli pasuxebi. masmediaSi gamudmebiT SexvdebiT

amgvar frazas: „kvleva aCvenebs, rom~... Tqveni

inteleqtualuri skepticizmis daxvewis gziT

dagexmarebiT kvlevis Sedegebi ufro brZnulad

moixmaroT. gaCvenebT, rogor gadaWraT kamaTi

„faqtebTan da ara polemikasTan~ (Miller, 1992).

aR

mo

Ce

ni

s e

ta

pi

avis avtobiografiaSi (namdvilad xumrobT, mis-

ter feinman) (1985) nobelis premiis laureatma

fizikosma riCard feinmanma (Richard Feynman)

WianWvelebis navigaciis unaris araformaluri

kvlevis programa aRwera (gv. 93-95):

prinstonis universitetis oTaxSi nalis

formis rafiani fanjara mqonda. erT mSvenier

dRes WianWvelebi gamoCndnen. davinteresdi,

rogor moZraoben WianWvelebi; rogor

xvdebian, saiT unda wavidnen? SeuZliaT

erTmaneTs uTxran, sad aris saWmeli, rogorc

amas futkrebi akeTeben? aqvT geometriis raime

SegrZneba?

axalbedasaviT viqceodi, dRes yvelam icis

pasuxi am kiTxvebze, magram maSin ar vicodi...

erT eqsperimentSi fanjris rafaze SuSis

bevri mikroskopuli slaidi davalage, rom-

lebzec WianWvelebi win da ukan dadiodnen

winaswar dayrili Saqris mosapoveblad. Sem-

deg, Zveli slaidi axliT Sevcvale da am-

gvarad SevZeli meCvenebina, rom WianWvelebs

geometriis araviTari SegrZneba ar aqvT _

isini ver xvdebodnen, sad iyo raime moTavs-

ebuli. Tu raRac erTi gziT midiodnen Saqri-

saken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT brun-

debodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas ar irCevdnen.

amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali

datoves SuSis slaidebze, rasac eqsperi-

mentebis mTeli seriebi mohyva imis Sesamow-

meblad, Tu ramden xans narCundeba es kvali,

SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla da a.S.

aRmovaCine, rom kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda.

rom ameyvana WianWvela, Semetrialebina da

missave kvalze damebrunebina, is araswor gzas

daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam

sxva WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.

feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperi-

mentebi saSualebas aZlevdnen mas WianWvelebis

qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba daekmayo-

filebina.

T

24

aRmoCenis etapi

fsiqologiuri kvlevis procesi SeiZleba or

Semadgenel nawilad davyoT, Tanac am Tanmimdev-

robiT: ideis Camoyalibeba (aRmoCena) da misi

Semowmeba (dasabuTeba). aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis

sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirve-

bas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas

movlenis axleburi xedvisken mivyavarT. saidan

uCndeba kiTxvebi mkvlevars? zogierTi maTgani

movlenaTa, adamianTa da cxovelTa uSualo

dakvirvebidan modis, zogierTi ukve tradiciad

qceul sakiTxebs swavlobs, romlebic fsiqo-

logiaSi did, gadauWrel problemebad iTvleba.

xSirad mkvlevrebi Zvel ideebs da maT kombi-

naciebs axleburad warmoadgenen. WeSmaritad

Semoqmedi moazrovnis sinji axali WeSmaritebis

aRmoCenaa, romelic mecnierebas da sazogadoebas

ukeTesi mimarTulebiT amoZravebs.

fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion,

rogor funqcionirebs tvini, fsiqika, qceva da

garemo da ra kavSiria maT Soris. Teoria aris

cnebebis organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas

an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis. fsiqologiuri

TeoriebisTvis saerTo isaa, rom isini determi-

nizmis poziciaze dganan. determinizmi gulis-

xmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri, fsiqikuri

da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli

mizeziT, anu mis Sedegs warmoadgens. es mizezebi

SeiZleba Tavad adamianSi, an garemoSi iyos. amave

dros, mkvlevrebi uSveben, rom qcevac da

fsiqikuri procesebic mimarTebaTa kanonzo-

mierebebs avlens da maTi aRmoCena kvlevis

saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. amitom fsiqolo-

giuri Teoria, Cveulebriv, amgvar kanonzomiere-

baTa mizezebs eZebs.

Teoriam ukve cnobili faqtebi unda axsnas

da, amave dros, axali ideebi da hipoTezebi

wamoayenos. hipoTeza aris mizezebsa da Sedegebs

Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Semowmebadi

debuleba. hipoTezebs xSirad „Tu-maSin~ winas-

warmetyvelebis formiT ayalibeben, konkretuli

pirobebidan gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRebis

mizniT. SegviZlia, magaliTad, viwinaswarmetyve-

loT, rom, Tu bavSvebi bevr Zaladobas uyureben

televiziiT, maSin isini ufro agresiulad moiq-

cevian TavianT TanatolebTan. kvlevam „Tu-maSin~

mimarTeba unda Seamowmos. Teoriebi ukiduresad

mniSvnelovania axali hipoTezebis Camoyali-

bebisaTvis. rodesac mecnieruli monacemebi ar

adasturebs hipoTezas, mkvlevarma unda gada-

sinjos Tavisi Teoria. amrigad, Teoriasa da

kvlevas Soris mudmivi urTierTqmedebaa.

aRmoCenis etapis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

nawilia kvlevisaTvis saWiro saTanado Rirebu-

lebebi da damokidebuleba. mecniereba moiTxovs

Ria _ kritikul da skeptikur _ damokidebulebas

nebismieri daskvnisadmi manam, sanam is ar aris

miRebuli damoukidebeli mkvlevrebis mier.

Riaoba or mizans emsaxureba. pirveli: WeSmari-

teba absoluturi ar aris, is damokidebulia

garkveul pirobebze da axali monacemebis gaCenis

SemTxvevaSi misi gadasinjva SesaZlebeli unda

iyos. meore: Ria orientaciis gamo mkvlevrebi

imisaTvis, rom Teoria damtkicebulad CaiTvalos,

man unda gaiaros mkacri Semowmeba, romlis Sedegi

unda daemTxves damoukidebel eqspertTa Sedegebs.

aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis

sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvir-

vebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad cod-

nas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.

Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba,

romelic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas

xsnis.

determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gu-

lisxmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri,

fsiqikuri da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkre-

tuli mizezebiT, romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.

hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba

mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze,

xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis

formiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Se-

degi mohyveba.

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seriozulad udgebian iseT fenomenebsac ki,

romlebisac Tavad ar sjeraT, rogoricaa,

magaliTad, eqstrasensoruli aRqma (Bem, Honorton,

1994).mecnieruli praqtika im monacemebs emyareba,

romlebic gakontrolebuli dakvirvebiTa da

frTxili gazomviTaa miRebuli. mecnierebis

samyaroSi, roca kargi monacemebi eqspertebis

azrs upirispirdeba, sakiTxi monacemebis sasar-

geblod wydeba. saidumloeba gaZevebulia kvle-

vis proceduridan, is Riaa SemowmebisaTvis, anu

sxva mkvlevrebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba

Seamowmon, gaakritikon, gaimeoron, an uaryon

monacemebi da meTodebi. monacemebis, Sedegebisa

da monacemebis Segrovebis meTodis aRwera maTgan

gakeTebuli daksvnebisagan calke dgas. samecni-

ero publikaciebSi kvlevis TiToeuli nawili

calke qveTavSia moyvanili da amiT mkiTxvels

saSualebas aZlevs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos

obieqturi monacemebi da maTi subieqturi

interpretacia. dabolos, kvleva unda gamo-

qveyndes, radgan kvlevis Sedegebi da monacemebi

ar unda daikargos, Tanac sxva mecnierebs unda

mieceT saSualeba, rom gaimeoron is.

Sejameba

aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic

mkvlevrebi dakvirvebas, informacias da codnas

iyeneben, raTa axali ideebi da Teoriebi Camoa-

yalibon. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben

gaarkvion tvins, fsiqikas, qcevasa da garemos

Soris arsebuli deterministuli mimarTeba.

dasabuTebis etapi:

obieqturobis dacvis

saSualebebi

umetes SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aRmoCenidan

Teoriebis Semowmebaze gadadian. dasabuTebis

etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis

Sesamowmeblad faqtebis mopovebaa saWiro. es

ki sakmaod rTulia. fsiqologebma iseTi mona-

cemebi unda Seagrovon, romlebic validuri

daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas miscemT. amisaT-

vis fsiqologebi iyeneben mokavSires: mecnierul

meTods. mecnieruli meTodi aris monacemTa Seg-

rovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis er-

Toblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea

dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia

miRebuli. fsiqologia mecnierebad imdenad

iTvleba, ramdenadac is mecnieruli meTodis

mier damkvidrebul wesebs misdevs.

radganac mecnieruli kvlevis monacmebis

Segrovebisa da maTi analizis fazebze subieq-

turoba minimumamde unda iqnes dayvanili, amitom

obieqturobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba specia-

luri damcavi saSualebebi. erT-erT maTgans

axsnac ki ar sWirdeba: mkvlevrebma srulad

unda daafiqsiron monacemTa Segrovebisa da

analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT, rom sxva

mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba SeeZlos.

amitom jer aRvwerT, ra safrTxe aqvs obieq-

turobas da Semdeg ganvixilavT masTan brZolis

gzebs.

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da

operaciuli gansazRvrebebi

erTi da igive movlenebze dakvirvebisas

adamianebi yovelTvis erTsa da imaves ar „xe-

daven~. am qveTavSi damkvirveblis tendeciuro-

bis problemas da misi gadaWris gzebs ganvixi-

lavT.

obieqturobis sirTule

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba pirovnuli

motivebisa da molodinebisagan gamomdinare

Secdomaa. xSirad adamianebs is esmiT da imas

xedaven, rasac moelian da ara imas, rac sinam-

dvileSi xdeba (ix. sur. 2.1). ganvixiloT damkvir-

veblis tendenciurobis saintereso magaliTi:

XX saukunis dasawyisSi erT-erTma wamyvanma

fsiqologma, hiugo miunsterbergma (Hugo Munster-

berg) mSvidobis Temaze warmoTqva sityva didiauditoriis winaSe, romelSic Jurnalistebic

Sediodnen. man Semdegnairad aRwera Tavisi si-

tyvis gaSuqeba mediaSi:

reportiorebi dauyovnebliv moTavsdnen

platformis garSemo. erT-erTma Jurnalistma

dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaoce-

buli misi sityviT, rom srul siCumeSi

moismina is. meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamos-

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vlas gamudmebiT wyvetda mquxare aplodis-

mentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas taSi

wuTebis ganmavlobaSi ar wydebodao; kidev

erTma dawera, rom Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas

gamudmebiT viRimebodio; sxvam ki aRniSna, rom

saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da er-

Tic ki ar gamiRimiao; erTma miuTiTa, rom

aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi, xolo

meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdio (1908, gv.

35-36).

saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdro-

indeli gazeTebi da Segvemowmebina, ra kavSirSi

iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur Sexedu-

lebebTan. SesaZloa, maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom

„dainaxes~ Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.

fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs

Soris sxvaoba iseTi radikaluri ar unda iyos,

rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram

es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva damkvirve-

belma SesaZloa gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoi-

tanos erTi da igive monacemebis safuZvelze.

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba filtria, romel-

Sic informaciis nawili mniSvnelovnad iTvle-

ba, xolo danarCenis ugulvebelyofa xdeba,

radgan irelevanturad da uazrodaa miCneuli.

mkvlevrebi xSirad akvirdebian movlenebs.

yovel damkvirvebels Tavisi gamocdileba

Semoaqvs dakvirvebaSi, iseve rogorc simpatiebi

romelime Teoriisadmi. axla xedavT, ratom aCens

problemas damkvirveblis tendenciuroba. ra

SeuZliaT gaakeTon mkvlevrebma am tendenciu-

robis minimumamde dasayvanad?

problemis gadaWris saSualeba

damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde

dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi standartizacias da

operaciul gansazRvrebebs iyeneben. standar-

tizacia niSnavs monacemTa Segrovebis yvela

fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvela-

dasabuTebis etapi (context of justification) _ kvlevis

is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis

faqtebia mosapovebeli.

mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa

Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis

erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea

dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia

miRebuli.

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (observer bias) _

realobis damaxinjeba, romelic damkvirveblis

pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan

momdinareobs.

suraTi 2.1

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba

Wiqa naxevrad carielia Tu naxevrad savse?

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saTvis saerTo procedurebis gamoyenebas. tes-

tis an eqsperimentis yvela faza standartuli

unda iyos, anu kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa

da imave pirobaSi unda imyofebodes. standarti-

zacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT

da pasuxebs winaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT

qulebs. Sedegebis Cawera (dafiqsireba) saSuale-

bas gvaZlevs SevadaroT isini sxva dros da

adgilas, sxva cdis pirebze da sxva mkvlevrebis

mier miRebul monacemebs. Tavad dakvirvebis

procedurac unda iyos standartuli. mecniereb-

ma unda SeZlon TavianTi Teoriebi iseT cnebebad

Targmnon, rom maT SeTanxmebuli mniSvneloba

hqondeT. cnebebis mniSvnelobis standartizaciis

strategias operacionalizacia ewodeba. opera-

ciuli gansazRvreba cnebas konkretuli

operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT gan-

martavs. eqsperimentis yvela cvlads unda

hqondes operaciuli gansazRvreba. cvladi aris

nebismieri faqtori, romelic raodenobrivad

an Tvisebrivad icvleba. stimulis piroba,

romlic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-

deblad icvleba eqsperimentul garemoSi, aris

damoukidebeli cvladi. nebismieri cvladi, rom-

lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli

cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia, aris damokidebuli

cvladi _ is damokidebulia stimulis pirobebis

cvlaze.

warmovidginoT, rom gvsurs adre moyvanili

hopoTezis Semowmeba: is bavSvebi, romlebic bevr

Zaladobas uyureben telviziiT, ufro agresi-

ulni iqnebian TavianT TanatolebTan. SegiZliaT

dagegmoT eqsperimenti, sadac agresiis siZlieris

manipulirebas moaxdendiT (damoukidebeli

cvladi) da Semdeg naxavT, ra zomiT avlens

bavSvi agresias (damokidebuli cvladi). Tqveni

eqsperimentisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom orive

cvladis _ sxvadasxva teleprogramaSi arsebuli

Zaladobis raodenoba da Tqveni eqsperimentis

monawileebis mier gamovlenili agresiis zoma

_ operacionalizacia moaxdinoT. ra procedu-

rebi unda gamoiyenoT, rom zustad gazomoT es

ori cvladi?

fsiqologebisaTvis xSirad problemaa zogi-

erTi rTuli cvladis operacionalizacia.

rogor moaxdendiT, vTqvaT, bavSvis mSobelTan

urTierTobis xarisxis operacionalizacias?

(pasuxs me-11 TavSi ixilavT). fsiqologebs, ag-

reTve, iseTi cvladebis operacionalizacia

uxdebaT, romelTa uSualod dakvirveba SeuZ-

lebelia. rogor moaxdenT TviTpativiscemis

operacionalizacias? (ix. Tavi 14). Tu Tqven fsi-

qologi mkvlevari xarT da cvladis operacio-

nalizacia moaxdineT, Tqveni kolegebi SeiZleba

ar dageTanxmon da CaTvalon, rom TviT-

pativiscemis Tqveneuli operacionalizacia ara-

sworia, magram Tu Tqveni operaciuli gansazRv-

reba zustia, maT ecodinebaT, rogor gaimeoron

da Seafason Tqveni Sroma.

eqsperimentuli meTodi:

alternatiuli axsna da

kontrolis saWiroeba

yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT iciT, rom ada-

mianebi erTi da igive Sedegis mraval mizezs

dagisaxeleben. fsiqologebi imave problemis

winaSe dganan, roca mizez-Sedegobriobis dad-

genaze aqvT pretenzia. mizez-Sedegobrivi oraz-

rovnebis gadasalaxad mkvlevrebi eqsperimentul

meTods iyeneben. isini damoukidebeli cvladis

manipulirebas axdenen, raTa naxon, ra zemoqm-

edeba eqneba amas damokidebul cvladze. am

meTodis mizania, dadgindes erTi cvladis mizez-

Sedegobrivi kavSiri meoresTan. am qveTavSi gan-

vixilavT alternatiuli axsnis problemas da

misi gadaWris gzebs.

standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, inter-viuSi an eqsperimentSi monawilisadmi mopyro-

bis an monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebu-

li procedura.

operaciuli gansazRvreba (operational definition)_ axdens cvladis an pirobis definicias kon-

kretuli operaciebis an procedurebis termi-

nebiT.

cvladi (variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic

raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba

damoukidebeli cvladi (independent variable) _

eqsperimentul garemoSi stimulis piroba, ro-

melic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-

deblad icvleba.

damokidebuli cvladi (dependent variable) _

eqsperimentul garemoSi nebismieri cvladi, rom-

lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli

cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia.

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obieqturobis sirTule

rodesac fsiqologebi hipoTezas amowmeben,

ukve winaswar aqvT garkveuli warmodgena imaze,

Tu ratom SeiZleba Secvalos damoukidebeli

cvladis cvlilebam damokidebuli cvladi ase

da ara sxvagvarad. magaliTad, SeiZleba iwinas-

warmetyveloT da eqsperimentulad aCvenoT, rom

televiziiT Zaladobis yureba agresiis maRal

dones iwvevs. magram saidan iciT, rom namdvilad

Zaladobis yurebaa agresiis mizezi? hipoTezis

yvelaze Zlieri SesaZlo mizezis dasadgenad

fsiqologebi yovelTvis unda eZebdnen alterna-

tiul axsnebs. SesaZlo Sedegis rac meti alter-

natiuli axsna arsebobs, miT naklebad viqnebiT

darwmunebuli Tavdapirvel varaudSi. Tu kvlevis

procesSi eqsperimentatoris mier specialurad

Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda

raRac sxva ereva da monacemebis interpretacias

arTulebs, mas damatebiTi cvladi ewodeba.

rodesac romelime qcevis efeqtis realur

mizezs damatebiTi cvladi Seereva, eqsperimenta-

toris mier monacemTa interpretacia sarisko

xdeba. warmovidginoT, magaliTad, rom televi-

ziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis scenebi ufro xmamaRla

da meti moZraobiT mimdinareobs, vidre sxva

tipis scenebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, „Zaladobas~

ereva am scenebis sxva, zedapiruli aspeqtebi.

mkvlevars aRar SeuZlia gaarkvios, romeli

faqtori ganapirobebs agresiul qcevas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli eqpserimen-

tuli meTodi potenciurad alternatiul ax-

snaTa unikalur wyebas iwvevs, SegviZlia gan-

vsazRvroT ori tipis damatebiTi cvladi, ro-

melic TiTqmis yvela eqsperimentSi gvxvdeba.

esenia molodinis efeqti da placebo efeqti.

molodinis efeqti Cndeba maSin, roca mkvlevari

Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis

eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _

kvlevis meTodi, romelic damoukidebeli cvla-

diT manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes

misi efeqti damokidebul cvladze.

damatebiTi cvladi (confounding variable) _ cvladi,

romelic monawilis qcevaze zemoqmedebs

eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili damouki-

debeli cvladis garda.

molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi,romelic maSin Cndeba, roca mkvlevari Zalaune-

burad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas

moelis maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias

iRebs.

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qcevas moelis maTgan, riTic sasurvel reaqcias

iRebs. am dros, gamomwvevi mizezi ara damoukide-

beli cvladi, aramed eqsperimentatoris molo-

dinia.

robert rozentalma (Robert Rothental) molodi-

nis tendenciurobis fenomeni Seiswavla da naxa,

rogor amaxinjebs is kvlevis Sedegebs (Rosental,1966).

saidan

viciT

virTxebi Tqvens molodins gaamarTleben

am saxelmZRvaneloSi fsiqologiuri

kvlevis Sedegebs gagiziarebT. Cveni das-

kvnebi xSirad swored mTels msoflioSi

Catarebuli amgvari kvlevebis Sedegebs

daeyrdnoba. am seqciis mizania gaecnoT

eqsperimentebs, romlebic pirdapir pa-

suxoben konkretul kiTxvebs. TiToeuli

saidan viciT saSualebas gvaZlevs davi-

naxoT kavSiri eqsperimentsa da mignebas

Soris. aq mokled ganvixlavT eqsperiments,

sadac Cans, rogor SeiZleba eqsperimen-

tatorma zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kvlevis

Sedegze. klasikur eqsperimentSi 12 stu-

dents misces virTxebis jgufebi, rom-

lebisTvisac labirinTSi gasvla unda es-

wavlebinaT. studentebis naxevars uTxres,

rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi kargad

gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba, xolo meore

naxevars, rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi

cudad gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba. sinam-

dvileSi, orive jgufisaTvis gadacemuli

virTxebi sruliad erTnairi iyo. Sedegebi

Seesabameboda studentebis molodins. karg

gamsvlelebad dasaxelebuli virTxebi

cud gamsvlelebad dasaxelebul virTxeb-

ze ukeT swavlobdnen (Rosenthal & Fode, 1963).

rogor fiqrobT, rogor Seatyobines studen-

tebma TavianTi molodinebi virTxebs? albaT

xvdebiT, rom saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa, roca

adamianebze vatarebT kvlevas da ara cxovelebze.

molodinis efeqti aRmoCenis Sinaarss amaxin-

jebs.

placebo efeqti maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperi-

mentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli manipula-

ciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas. es termini

medicinidan modis, im SemTxvevebis aRsaniSnavad,

rodesac pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba

qimiurad inertuli wamlis miRebis Semdeg mainc

umjobesdeboda. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis

gaumjobeseba xdeba rwmenis gamo, rom mkurnalo-

ba efeqturi iqneba. kvlevebiT aRmoCnda, rom

zogierTma arasamedicino efeqtis mqone mkurna-

lobam pacientTa 70%-Si gamoiwvia placebo efeq-

ti (Roberts et al., 1993).fsiqologiuri kvlevis situaciaSi placebo

efeqti Cndeba yovelTvis, roca qceviT reaqciaze

zemoqmedebas axdens pirovnebis molodini, Tu

ra gaakeTos, an ra igrZnos da ara realuri

gamomwvevi mizezi. gavixsenoT televiziiT

Zaladobis yurebisa da momatebuli agresiis

eqsperimenti. vTqvaT, aRmoCnda, rom im cdis

pirebmac maRali agresia aCvenes, visac ar

uyurebia amgvari gadacemebisaTvis. SeiZleba

vivarudoT, rom es adamianebi xvdebian, rom,

radgan agresiis gamosavlen situaciaSi moa-

Tavses, maTgan agresiis gamovlenas moelian

da amitom iqcevian ase. eqsperimentatorma

yovelTvis unda icodes, rom cdis pirebi

icvlian qcevas, roca ician, rom viRac ucxo

uyurebs, akvirdeba, amowmebs maT. magaliTad,

monawileebi gansakuTrebulad grZnoben Tavs,

roca kvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis SearCeven

da amitom gansxvavebulad iqcevian da ara

Cveulebrivad. amgvari efeqtic moqmedebs

kvlevis Sedegebze.

problemis gadaWris saSualeba

radgan adamianis da cxovelis qceva rTulia

da xSirad mravali gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs, kargi

kvlevis gegma yvela damatebiT cvlads iTva-

liswinebs da maT gauvnebelyofas cdilobs.

aseT strategias kontrolis procedurebi

ewodeba _ meTodebi, romlebiTac mkvlevari

placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba,

roca eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentu-

li manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas.

kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _

meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac eqsperimenta-

tori cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi

da piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damouki-

debeli cvladisa.

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cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da

piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukide-

beli cvladisa. instruqciebi, oTaxis tempera-

tura, davalebebi, eqsperimentatoris Cacmuloba,

gamoyofili dro, monacemTa Caweris xerxi da

situaciis sxva mravali detali eqsperimentis

yvela monawilisaTvis erTnairi unda iyos.

erTaderTi sxvaoba monawilis gamocdilebaSi

unda iyos damoukidebeli cvladis mier Semo-

tanili. vnaxoT, rogor cdiloben fsiqologebi

gadaWran molodinis da placebo efeqtiT

gamowveuli problemebi.

warmoidgineT, rom agresiis eqsperimenti

gaamdidreT da masSi kidev erTi jgufi CarTeT,

romelic komediur gadacemebs uyurebda.

frTxilad unda iyoT, rom, Tqveni molodine-

bidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebulad ar moepyraT

komediis da Zaladobis mayurebel monawileebs.

amdenad, sasurvelia, rom kvlevis asistentma,

romelmac unda Seafasos cdis pirTa agresia,

ar icodes, romel jgufs miekuTvneba cdis piri.

saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, tendenciurobis aR-

mofxvra SesaZlebelia maSin, roca arc asis-

tents da arc monawileebs ar ecodinebaT,

romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini. am teqnikas

ormagad brma kontroli ewodeba. mraval

eqsperimentSi monawileobis ufleba ar eZlevaT

maT, visTvisac cnobilia kvlevis hipoTeza.

placebo efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlev-

rebs kidev erTi sakontrolo piroba SeaqvT

eqsperimentSi, am dros Careva ar xdeba. amas

placebo kontrols vuwodebT. placebo kon-

troli kontrolis zogad kategoriaSi Sedis,

romelic Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs eqsperi-

mentators. gaixseneT gogonas istoria, ro-

melsac hkiTxes, uyvarda ufrosi da, Tu ara.

man ki upasuxa: „rasTan SedarebiT?~ es kiTxva

unda daisvas da pasuxic unda gqondeT, radgan

sxvagvarad ver gaigebT, ras niSnavs kvlevis

Sedegebi. davuSvaT, gaecaniT kvlevis Sedegebs,

romlis mixedviTac, „mowevis danebebis

msurvelTa 3/4-ze metma nikotinis salbuniT

miaRwia warmatebas~ (Andrews, 1990). ki magram,rasTan SedarebiT? sad aris sakontrolo

jgufi? am kvlevaSi sakontrolo jgufis

wevrebi nikotinis gareSe salbuns atarebdnen

da maTma 39%-ac Tavi daaneba mowevas! metic,

rac ufro didxans atarebdnen isini samedicino

TvalsazrisiT absoluturad usargeblo

salbuns, miT ufro meti albaTobiT anebebden

Tavs mowevas (Abelin et al., 1989). amrigad, nikotinissalbuni efeqturi saSualeba aRmoCnda, magram

misi zemoqmedebis naxevari placebo efeqtis

damsaxurebaa, radgan mwevlebs molodini

hqondaT, rom es salbuni maT uSvelidaT. sakon-

trolo pirobaSi miRebuli monacemebi mniSvne-

lovan safuZvels gvaZlevs, romelsac eq-

sperimentis efeqts vadarebT.

kvlevis zogierT sqemaSi, romelsac cdis

pirTa Soris sqemas uwodeben, cdis pirebs Sem-

TxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul (erTi an

meti eqsperimentuli CareviT) da sakontrolo

(eqsperimentuli Carevis gareSe) pirobebSi. cdis

pirebis SemTxveviTi ganawileba erT-erTi yvela-

ze efeqturi saSualebaa im damatebiTi cvla-

debis aRmosafxvrelad, romlebic cdis pirebs

Soris arsebuli individualuri gansxvavebebis

gamo iCens Tavs. swored amgvar sqemas vgulis-

xmobdiT agresiis eqsperimentSi. eqsperimentul

da sakontrolo pirobaSi cdis pirebis Sem-

TxveviTi ganawileba imis did Sanss gvaZlevs,

rom orive jgufSi msgavsi cdis pirebi mox-

vdebian, radgan SemTxveviTi ganawilebisas

TiToeul cdis pirs rogorc sakontrolo, aseve

eqsperimentul jgufSi moxvedris erTi da igive

albaToba aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gamova ise,

rom eqsperimentul jgufSi mxolod Zaladobis

scenebis moyvaruli cdis pirebi moxvdebian

da sakontroloSi _ Zaladobis scenebis moZule

cdis pirebi. SemTxveviTma ganawilebam orive

tipis adamiani unda moaxvedros TiToeul

jgufSi. Tu Sedegad jgufebis Sedegebs Soris

sxvaobas miviRebT, ufro darwmunebuli viqnebiT,

rom am sxvaobas Cveni Careva iwvevs da ara

cdis pirebs Soris gansxvaveba.

ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _eqsperimentuli teqnika, romelic saSualebas

gvaZlevs Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris

molodinis efeqti imiT, rom arc asistentma da

arc monawileebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi

moxvdnen isini.

placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimen-tuli pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar xdeba da im

SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis

saSiSroeba Cndeba.

cdis pirTa Soris sqema (between subjects design) _cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimen-

tul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.

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mkvlevrebi cdiloben SemTxveviT SerCevas

miuaxlovdnen, roca cdis pirebs kvlevaSi

monawileobis misaRebad iwveven. Cveulebriv,

fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi 20-dan 100-mde cdis

piri monawileobs. SerCevaze miRebul Sedegebs

ki mkvlevari im populaciaze azogadebs, saidanc

miiRo es SerCeva. davuSvaT, gsurT SeamowmoT

hipoTeza, rom 6 wlis bavSvebi ufro mets

ityuebian, vidre 4 wlisebi. kvlevaSi msoflios

am asakis bavSvTa mxolod mcire nawils Tu

CarTavT, margam ganzogadebis gasakeTeblad

darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom Tqvens mier

SerCeuli bavSvTa jgufebi nebismieri SemTxveviT

SerCeuli jgufis Sesabamisi iqneba. SerCeva

populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is imeorebs

populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa,

magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva. SerCevaSi

mxolod biWebi rom gyavdeT, ufleba ar geqnebaT,

rom gogonebze gaakeToT daskvna da a. S.

eqsperimentuli sqemis kidev erTi tipia cdis

pirebs SigniT sqema _ aq TiToeuli cdis piri

sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. magaliTad, SeiZleba

erTmaneTs SevadaroT cdis pirTa qceva Carevamde

da Carevis Semdeg. A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebijer xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg

eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg isev

ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas (A). ukan,

safuZvlis pirobaSi dabruneba mkvlevars

saSualebas aZlevs sabolood darwmundes, rom

cvlileba mxolod misi Carevis da ara romelime

damatebiTi cvladis, magaliTad, drois gasvlis,

Sedegia.

suraTi 2.3

anonimurobiT gamowveuli agresia

anonimurobis efeqti mniSvnelovania: erTi da igive

bavSvebi bevrad maRal agresias avlenen anonimur

pirobebSi, vidre manam da Semdeg araanonimur

pirobebSi.

SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic

eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis gadaarCies.

populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli er-

Toblioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul SerCevaze

dayrdnobiT, generalizacia keTdeba.

reprezentatuli SerCeva (representative sample) _SerCeva populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is

imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, ro-

gorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva.

cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (within subjects design) _kvlevis sqema, sadac TiToeuli cdis piri sa-

kuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperi-

mentul pirobaSi qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT

missave qcevas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.

A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZ-

vlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul Care-

vaSi (B), xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis

pirobas.

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saidan

viciT

bavSvebis agresiuli TamaSi A-B-AsqemaSi

amgvari sqema iyo gamoyenebuli kvlevaSi,

sadac fsiqologs Semdegi hipoTezis Se-

mowmeba surda: Tu bavSvebs ecodinebaT,

rom anonimurebi arian, isini ufro advi-

lad gamoavlenen agresiul qcevas. skolis

moswavleebi dapatiJes maskaradze, iseT

wveulebaze, sadac yvela specialur kos-

tiumSi gadacmuli modioda. bavSvebs mra-

valgvar TamaSs sTavazobdenen. rig maTgans

agresiuli qcevis gamowveva SeeZlo, rigs

_ araagresiulis. safuZvlis pirobaSi (A)

bavSvebi kostiumebis gareSe TamaSobdnen,

Carevis pirobaSi (B) kostiumebi Caicves

da Tavisi surviliT irCevdnen TamaSebs.

bolos, safuZvlis pirobaSi (A) dabru-nebisas, maT kostiumebi kvlav gaxades,

oRond TamaSis gagrZeleba SeeZloT.

rogorc 2.2 suraTze xedavT, Sedegebma

daadastura kvlevis hipoTeza. bavSvebi

bevrad ufro agresiulad iqceodnen, roca

anonimurebi iyvnen (B) (Fraser, 1974).

aqamde aRweril kvleviT meTodologiebSi

damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulireba da damo-

kidebul cvladze misi efeqtis gazomva xdeboda.

marTalia, eqsperimentuli meTodi saSualebas

aZlevs mkvlevrebs cvladebs Soris kauzaluri

kavSiris Sesaxeb daskvna gamoitanon, zogierT

situaciaSi am meTodis gamoyeneba arc ise sa-

survelia. upirveles yovlisa, qcevas xSirad

xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi swavloben, raTa

advilad gaakontrolon yovelgvari situaciuri

faqtori, samagierod, xSirad aseTi situacia

realurisagan sakmaod Sors dgas. kritikosebis

azriT, gakontrolebul eqsperimentul piro-

bebSi kvlevisas qcevis mTeli simdidre da

mravalferovneba ikargeba, radgan is mxolod

erTi, an mcire raodenobiT cvladis da reaqciis

gamartivebul kvlevas ewireba. meore, cdis

pirebma ician, rom eqsperimentSi monawileoben

da maT cdian da zomaven. isini cdiloben imgvari

reagireba moaxdnon, rogoric eqsperimentators

esiamovneba da, saerTod, maTi qceva gansxvave-

buli iqneba Cveulisagan, radgan ician, rom sxva

akvirdebaT. mesame, arsebobs mniSvnelovani

eTikuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gamoc eqsperimentis

Catareba SeuZlebeli xdeba. magaliTad, ver

vikvlevT, memkvidreobiT gadaecema Tu ara bavSvis

Cagvris tendencia, radgan daCagruli bavSvebis

eqsperimentuli jgufi da aradaCagrulebis

sakontrolo jgufi unda gvqondes. Semdeg

qveTavSi kvlevis iseT meTods ganvixilavT,

romelic xSirad awydeba amgvar problemebs.

korelaciis meTodi

kavSirSia inteleqti kreatulobasTan?

optimistebi ufro janmrTelebi arian Tu

pesimistebi? aris kavSiri bavSvobaSi Cagvris

gancdasa da Semdeg fsiqikuri daavadebis gaCenas

Soris? es kiTxvebi iseT cvladebs moicavs,

romlebiT manipulirebas fsiqologi ase mar-

tivad ver moaxerxebs, Tanac aq eTikuri mosaz-

rebebic erTveba. amitom, amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis

gasacemad iyeneben korelaciis meTods. fsiqo-

logebi korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, roca

surT gansazRvron, ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.

or cvlads Soris korelaciis ufro zustad

gansazRvrisaTvis fsiqologebi iyeneben statis-

tikur sazoms, romelsac korelaciis

koeficienti ewodeba (r). korelaciis koeficienti

icvleba +1-dan _1-mde, sadac +1 aris sruli

dadebiTi korelacia, _1 _ sruli uaryofiTi

korelacia, xolo 0 niSnavs, rom korelacia ar

arsebobs. dadebiTi korelaciis koeficienti

niSnavs, rom, Tu izrdeba erTi cvladis

maCveneblebi, izrdeba meore cvladis maCveneb-

lebic. uaryofiTi korelacia niSnavs, rom erTi

cvladis maCveneblebis zrdas meore cvladis

maCveneblebis Semcireba mohyveba (ix. sur. 2.3).

nulTan axlos myofi korelacia niSnavs, rom

ori sazomis qulebs Soris susti kavSiria, an

is saerTod ar aris. rac ufro uaxlovdeba

korelaciis koeficienti 1-s, miT ufro Zlieria

korelaciis meTodi (correlational method) _ gan-

sazRvravs, Tu ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSi-

rebuli ori cvladi.

korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)_ statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris kav-

Siris xarisxs aCvenebs.

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kavSiri or cvlads Soris. magaliTad, Tu

mkvlevari ikvlevs muSakis produqtulobasa da

stress Soris kavSirs, man unda gazomos, ra

zomis stress ganicdian adamianebi cxovrebis

ganmavlobaSi da rogor aisaxeba es maT mu-

Saobaze. operaciulad stresi SeiZleba ganvsa-

zRvroT, rogorc stresis kiTxvarze miRebuli

qula, xolo produqtuloba, rogorc produq-

ciis, saqonlis is raodenoba, romelsac adamiani

dReSi amzadebs. Semdeg mkvlevari am cvladebs

mraval adamianze gazomavs da maT Soris

korelaciis koeficients gamoTvlis. Zlieri

uaryofiTi korelacia imis maCvenebli iqneba,

rom stresis zrdas produqtulobis Semcireba

moyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu mkvlevarma icis

romelime adamianis stresis qula, mas SeuZlia

iwinaswarmetyvelos misi produqtuloba.

mkvlevarma SeiZleba kidev erTi nabiji

gadadgas da Tqvas, rom stresis Semcireba

produqtulobis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. amgvari

daskvna arasworia. Zlieri korelacia mxolod

imas miuTiTebs, rom monacemTa ori jgufi sis-

tematuradaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, magram

ar gveubneba, rom erTi cvladi iwvevs meores.

korelacia mizez-Sedegobrioba ar aris. kore-

laciam SeiZleba asaxos SesaZlo mizez-Sedegob-

rivi efeqtidan nebismieri, an arc erTi. magali-

Tad, stressa da produqtulobas Soris arse-

buli uaryofiTi korelacia SeiZleba niSnavdes,

rom (1) saxlSi gancdili stresis gamo adamianebi

uaresad muSaoben, (2) dabali produqutuloba

iwvevs stress adamianebSi, (3) garkveuli tipis

adamianebi ufro metad ganicdian stress da

uaresad muSaoben. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom

ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mesame cvladi iwvevs

danarCen ors. dabolos, davuSvaT, rom axali

teqnologiis gamo samsaxurSi bevrad meti xma-

uria, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro met stress

(radganac adamianebi ver axdenen koncentracias)

da ufro dabal produqtulobas iwvevs (radgan

TanamSromlebi erTmaneTTan ver urTierToben).

korelacia isev darCeba, magram mizez-Sedegob-

rioba ki _ aRar.

korelacia, SesaZloa mcdari iyos, radgan

mkvlevarma saTanado sakontrolo Sedarebebi

ar ganaxorciela. ganvixiloT savaraudo kavSiri

1965 wels niu iorkSi momxdar sinaTlis Caqro-

basa da cxra Tvis Semdeg Sobadobis maCveneblis

zrdas Soris. `niu iorkelebi Zalian romanti-

ulebi arian, es sanTlis arqonis gamo moxda~,

_ Tqva erT-erTma mamam. saxelmwifo moxelem ki

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi korelaciebi

es warmosaxviTi monacemebi dadebiT da uaryofiT

korelaciebs Soris sxvaobas aCvenebs. TiToeuli wer-

tili erT fexburTels asaxavs. (a) zogadad, rac ufromet burTs gaitans fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoi-

muSavebs. ese igi, am or cvlads Soris dadebiTi

korelaciaa. (b) uaryofiTi korelaciis magaliTi. rac

ufro nakleb jarimas daimsaxurebs fexburTeli, miT

met fuls gamoimuSavebs.

suraTi 2.4

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es faqti amgvarad axsna: „im saRamos seqsis

Canacvlebis yvela saSualeba _ Teatri, saloni,

Sexvedra, kartis TamaSi _ moispo da sxva raRa

darCenodaT?~ („niu iork Taimsi~, 8/11/1966). msgavsi

korelaciaa aRmoCenili, agreTve, qariSxlis da

sxva bunebrivi katastrofebis Semdeg. „miwis-

Zvram SeiZleba Sobadobis afeTqeba gamoiwvios~,

_ werda san francisko qronikli (Chen, 1990),

magram Tu ar davizarebT da am Sedegebs Soba-

dobis sezonur maCveneblebs SevadarebT,

aRmoCndeba, rom korelacia mizez-Sedegobriobad

SeniRbuli damTxveva aRmoCndeba. anu, sezonsa

da Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris namdvilad aris

korelacia da swored esaa katastrofasa da

Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris korelaciis sakon-

trolo piroba. naTelia, rom korelaciis

Sedegebs imave sifrTxliT unda movekidoT,

rogorc eqsperimentis meTodis gamoyenebisas

miRebul Sedegebs.

ar gvinda iseTi STabeWdileba dagrCeT, TiT-

qos korelaciis meTodi usargebloa. wignSi

xSirad SevxvdebiT korelaciur kvlevebs, rom-

lebmac mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi Semates fsi-

qologias. madaze mosayvanad kidev erT magaliTs

gTavazobT:

saidan

viciT

biWebis cudi yofaqcevis saTaveebi

garemos romeli faqtorebi xsnis, Tu

ratom avlenen zogierTi 5 wlis asakis

biWebi problemur qcevas, xolo sxvebi ara?

mkvlevarTa gundis azriT, amgvari sxvaobis

safuZvlebi, nawilobriv, da-Zmebs Soris

destruqciul konfliqtSi unda veZeboT

(Garcia et al., 2000). maTi azriT, da-ZmebTan

gancdili konfliqtis done ganamtkicebs

sxva situaciebSi gamovlenil agresiul

qcevas. am mizniT, mkvlevrebma videokameriT

gadaiRes 180 biWis da-ZmasTan TamaSi. es

TamaSebi da-Zmebs Soris konfliqtis

raodenobisa da intensiurobis mxriv

Seafases. korelaciurma analizma daadas-

tura varaudi, rom da-ZmasTan konfliqtis

maRali donis mqone biWebi ufro metad

avlendnen agresiul da destruqciul

qcevas.

xedavT, ratomaa saWiro korelaciuri kvlevis

gamoyeneba am SemTxvevaSi? jgufebSi SemTxve-

viTad ver gaanawilebT bavSvebs, romlebsac cota

an bevri konfliqti aqvT da-ZmasTan, unda

daicadoT da mxolod Semdeg dainaxavT, gamov-

lindeba Tu ara raime sxvaoba situaciebs Soris.

qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba

am qveTavis dasasruls gTavazobT imis

konkretul magaliTs, Tu rogor gamoiyenes

fsiqologiuri kvleva reklamis gamomSvebTa

saqmianobis Sesafaseblad, romlebsac didi

survili aqvT dagarwmunoT, rom maTi produqcia

saukeTesoa. albaT, SegxvedriaT qvezRurblovani

reklamebi, romlebic gpirdebian, rom amieridan

Tqveni cxovreba sruliad Seicvleba. erTi

reklama ukeTes seqsualur cxovrebas gpirdebaT,

meore _ dabali TviTSefasebis swraf gazrdas

gTavazobT, mesame _ wonis swraf da efeqtur

daklebas, rogor? Zalian martivad, gamudmebiT

unda usminoT kasetas, romelzec „qviSian napirze

okeanis talRebis nazi Sxapunis xmaa~ Cawerili.

qvezRurblovan zemoqmedebas xangrZlivi

istoria aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom es praqti-

kulad xriki iyo, 1957 wels Catarebulma gamokv-

levam didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia presis furcleb-

ze. qvezRurblovani reklamis „gamomgonebeli~

amtkicebda, rom kinofilmis msvlelobisas ekran-

ze gaelvebulma warweram „iyideT batibuti!~

58%-iT meti batibutis gayidva gamoiwvia (Rogers,1993). uol stritis JurnalSi ewera, rom niu

orleanis supermarketma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira

qurdoba sistemaSi Semdegi qvezRurblovani

teqstis ganTavsebiT: „Tu moviparav, cixeSi Cav-

jdebi~. ohaios StatSi, toledoSi Catarebulma

satelefono gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom gamoki-

Txuli 400 mozardis 75%-s sjera, rom qvezRur-

blovani reklama warmatebiT gamoiyeneba mar-

ketingis specialistebis mier. rac ufro metad

ganaTlebulni iyvnen respondentebi, miT ufro

metad sjerodaT maT qvezRurblovani reklamis.

axla ukve gaqvT sakmarisi codna, rom

upasuxoT kiTxvas: namdvilad zemoqmedebs qve-

zRurblovani kasetebi fsiqikur mdgomareobasa

da qcevaze? pasuxs Cven mier aRwerili eqsperi-

mentuli meTodis saSualebiT gavcemT (ix. sur.

2.5).

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suraTi 2.5

saidan

viciT

qvezRurblovani efeqtis Sefaseba

mkvlevarTa gundma gadawyvita mexsiere-

bis da TviTSefasebis gaumjobesebaze

qvezRurblovani teqstis mosmenis efeqti

Seefasebina. kvlevaSi 18-dan 60 wlamde 237

qali da mamakaci monawileobda. jer maT

mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba Seumowmes

saTanado testebis da kiTxvarebis meSve-

obiT da Semdeg SemTxveviTad gaanawiles

or jgufSi. erT jgufs moasmenines

mexsierebis kaseta, meores _ TviTSefasebis.

isini regularulad usmendnen kasetebs 5

kviris ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg laborato-

rias daubrundnen, rom xelmeored gae-

zomaT maTi mexsiereba (oTxi testiT) da

TviTSefaseba (sami skaliT). mkvlevrebma

ar icodnen (brma sqema), romeli cdis piri

romel pirobaSi moxvda (Greenwald et al., 1991).am gakontrolebuli eqsperimentis Se-

degebi miuTiTebs, rom arc TviTSefaseba

da arc mexsiereba sandod ar gaumjobe-

sebula, Tumca gaCnda erTi, Zalian Zlieri

efeqti: placebo efeqti _ cdis pirebi

moelodnen, rom maT daexmarebodnen.

mkvlevrebma gaiTvaliswines es efeqti da

kidev erTi damoukidebeli cvladi daama-

tes. orive jgufis cdis pirTa naxevars

mexsierebis kasetaze arasworad ewera

„TviTSefaseba~, xolo TviTSefasebis kase-

taze „mexsiereba~. cdis pirebs sjerodaT,

rom TviTSefaseba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu

Sesabamisi warweris mqone kasetas mous-

mendnen da mexsiereba gaumjobesdeboda,

Tu kasetebs eqnebodaT warwera „mexsiere-

ba~, Tumca sinamdvileSi, isini sxva kasetas

usmendnen!

es daxvewili eqsperimenti sakmod konkretuli

rCevis micemis saSualebas gvaZlevs: nu daxar-

javT fuls tyuilad, qvezRurblovani kasetebi

placebo efeqtis garda arafers gvTavazobs.

`fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ mniSvnelovani miza-

nia myar eqsperimentul meTodebze damyarebuli

amgvari konkretuli daskvnebi mogawodoT.

es eqsperimenti, agreTve, specifikur magaliTs

gaZlevT cvladebis im tipebis Sesaxeb, romleb-

sac fsiqologebi zomaven. am SemTxvevaSi saqme

gvqonda cdis pirebis rwmenasTan, rom maTi

mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba gaizrdeboda. Sem-

qvezRurblovani kasetebis efeqturobis Sesamowmebeli

kvlevis eqsperimentuli gegma

eqsperimentis am gamartivebul versiaSi SerCeva populaciidanaa gakeTebuli.

cdis pirebs jer winaswar uzomaven damoukidebel cvlads, Semdeg

SemTxveviTad anawileben jgufebSi, sadac isini usmenen mexsierebis, an

TviTSefasebis teqstis Semcvel qvezRurblovan kasetas. Semdeg maT kvlav

uzomaven saTanado Tvisebebs, raTa ipovon raime Sresazlo cvlileba

damokidebul cvladSi; mexierebasa da TviTSefasebaSi. kvlevam qve-

zRurblovani darwmunebis sando zemoqmedeba ver aRmoaCina.

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deg qveTavSi ufro zogadad ganvixilavT, Tu

rogor zomaven fsiqologebi gamocdilebis

sxvadasxva ganzomilebas da mniSvnelovan pro-

cesebs.

Sejameba

kvlevis procesis meore fazaa dasabuTeba.

amisaTvis fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods

iyeneben. damkvirveblis tendenciuroba daZ-

leulia, roca monacemTa Segrovebis procedu-

rebis standartizacia da cnebebis operaciuli

gansazRvra xdeba. eqsperimentuli meTodi

mkvlevrebs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris kvlevis

saSualebas aZlevs.

agreTve, mkvlevrebma unda gaacnobieron

alternatiuli axsnis arsebobis faqtic, ro-

goricaa molodinis da placebo efeqtebi. myari

daskvnebis misaRebad isini iseT procedurebs

iyeneben, rogoricaa: ormagad brma kontroli

da placebos kontroli. cdis pirTa Soris sqemis

dros jgufebSi cdis pirTa SemTxveviT

ganawileba kontrolis mniSvnelovani iaraRia

da sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebs

Soris msgavsebis garantias gvaZlevs. cdis pir-

Ta SigniT sqema moicavs A-B-A sqemas, sadac

monawileebi sakuTari Tavis kontrolad gamod-

gebian. mkvlevrebi korelaciis meTodebs iye-

neben, raTa gansazRvron, ra zomiT arian erT-

maneTTan dakavSirebuli cvladebi. korelaciis

mniSvnelovani SezRudva isaa, rom is ar gu-

lisxmobs mizez-Sedegobriobas. eqsperimentuli

meTodebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT realuri sam-

yaros zemoqmedebis SeswavlisaTvis, rogori-

caa, magaliTad, qvezRurblovani kasetebis

efeqti.

fsiqologiuri gazomva

radgan fsiqologiuri procesebi mravalfe-

rovani da rTulia, maTi gazomva siZneleebTanaa

dakavSirebuli. zogierTi qceva advilad dak-

virvebadia, xolo sxvebi, magaliTad, SfoTva

da sizmari _ ara. amdenad, mkvlevris erT-

erTi amocanaa uxilavi xiluli gaxados, Sina-

gani movlenebi da procesebi _ garegani, xolo

piradi gamocdileba _ sazogado. Tqven ukve

naxeT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania sakvlevi feno-

menis operaciuli gansazRvreba. es gansazR-

vrebebi im proceduras gvaZlevs, romliTac

xdeba sxvadasxva donis, zomis, intensiurobis

an raodenobis cvladisaTvis raodenobrivi

mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba. arsebobs gazomvis

mravali meTodi, yovel maTgans Tavisi upi-

ratesobani da nakli gaaCnia.

fsiqologiuri gazomvis ganxilvas gazomvis

sizustis or indikators Soris gansxvavebis

ganxilviT viwyebT, esenia sandooba da vali-

doba. Semdeg ganvixilavT monacemTa Segrovebis

sxvadasxva teqnikas. rogorc ar unda agro-

vebdes fsiqologi monacemebs, hipoTezis Se-

samowmeblad igi saTanado statistikur mona-

cemebs unda iyenebdes. statistikur damatebaSi

aRwerilia, Tu rogor aanalizeben fsiqologebi

monacemebs. statistikuri damateba am TavTan

erTad unda ganixiloT.

sandooba da validoba

fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da

validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba niSnavs

fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli

kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli qcevis monacemebis

Sesabamisobas da sarwmunoebas. sando Sedegi

sxva dros, msgavs pirobebSi Semowmebisas unda

gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumenti sandoa, misi

ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda

miviRoT. ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelmac

aCvena, rom qvezRurblovani kasetebi mxolod

placebo efeqts iZleva. am eqsperimentSi 237

cdis piri iyo. eqsperimentatoris pretenzia,

rom Sedegi sandoa, niSnavs, rom daaxloebiT

igive zomis jgufze eqsperimentis gameorebis

Semdeg msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT.

validoba niSnavs, rom kvleva an testireba

im fsiqologiur cvlads an Tvisebas zomavs,

romlis gazomvasac apirebda. magaliTad, bed-

nierebis validuri sazomi saSualebas unda

gvaZlevdes viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad bed-

nieri iqnebiT Tqven ama Tu im situaciaSi. va-

liduri eqsperimenti niSnavs, rom mkvlevars

ganzogadebis gakeTeba SeuZlia, anu Sedegebis

gavrcoba laboratoriidan realur samyaroze.

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rodesac kasetebis eqsperimentze dayrdnobiT

rCeva mogeciT, vicodiT, rom kvlevis Sedegebi

validuria. SesaZloa eqsperimenti da testi

sando iyos, magram ara _ validuri. magaliTad,

Tqveni bednierebis maCveneblad SegviZlia

Tqveni fexsacmlis zoma gamoviyenoT. es sazomi

sando iqneba (yovelTvis igive pasuxs miviRebT),

magram ara validuri. SeecadeT sandoobis da

validobis TvalsazrisiT SeafasoT is sazo-

mebi, romlebsac am wignSi SexvdebiT.

TviTangariSi

mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT imgvari

gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac uSualod ver

daakvirdebi. esenia Sinagani fsiqologiuri

mdgomareobebi _ grZnobebi, damokidebulebebi

(attitudes), Sexedulebebi. SesaZloa, es gamocdi-

leba garegani qcevac iyos, magram fsiqologi

mainc ver daakvirdes mas, magaliTad, seqsua-

luri aqtivoba an kriminaluri qceva. aseT

SemTxvevebSi kvlevebi TviTangariSs (self-report

measures) eyrdnoba. es aris mkvlevris mier

dasmul kiTxvebze miRebuli werilobiTi an

zepiri verbaluri pasuxebi. arsebobs amgvari

Sefasebebis raodenobrivi saxiT gadmocemis

sando xerxebi. ase rom, fsiqologebs SeuZliaT

sxvadasxva adamianis pasuxebi Seadaron

erTmaneTs.

TviTangariSi intervius dros an kiTxvarze

miRebul pasuxebs gulisxmobs. kiTxvari an

anketa kiTxvebis werilobiTi krebulia. ki-

Txvebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba iyos: faqtobrivi

(„Tqven amomrCeveli xarT?~); warsuli an awmyo

qcevis Sesaxeb (ramdens eweviT?); damokidebu-

lebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb („ramdenad

gakmayofilebT Tqveni samuSao?~). Ria kiTxvebi

saSualebas aZlevs respondents Tavisuflad,

sakuTari sityvebiT gasces pasuxi SekiTxvas.

arsebobs, agreTve, daxuruli kiTxvebi, sadac

pasuxis variantebi mocemulia, magaliTad, diax,

ara, ar vici.

interviu aris mkvlevarsa da individs Soris

dialogi detaluri informaciis miRebis mizniT.

mTlianad standartizebuli kiTxvarisagan

gansxvavebiT, interviu interaqtiulia. intervi-

uerma SeiZleba Secvalos kiTxvebi imisda

mixedviT, Tu ras pasuxobs respondenti. kargi

interviuerebi socialuri interaqciis pro-

cessac iTvaliswineben da amyareben raports

_ dadebiT socialur urTierTobas responden-

tTan, romelic ndobas da piradi informaciis

gaziarebis survils iwvevs.

mkvlevrebi sakuTari TviTangariSis mraval-

gvar sazoms iyeneben. maT umetesobas ver

gamoviyenebT patara bavSvebTan, wera-kiTxvis

ucodinar zrdasrulebTan, sxva enaze mola-

parakeebTan, gonebrivad CamorCenil adamianebTan

da cxovelebTan, xolo iq, sadac maTi gamoyeneba

SeiZleba, SesaZloa gaCndes sandoobis da

validobis problema. monawileebma SeiZleba

ver gaigon kiTxvebi an zustad ver gaixsenon

TavianTi warsuli gamocdileba. ufro metic,

sakuTari Tavis Sefasebaze, SesaZloa, imoqmedos

socialuri sasurvelobis efeqtma. rodesac

adamiani araswor pasuxs iZleva, raTa sakuTar

Tavze sasurveli (xandaxan arasasurveli) STa-

beWdileba Seqmnas, mas SeiZleba moeridos nam-

dvili grZnobebis gamoxatva. Tu respondentebma

ician intervius an kiTxvaris mizani, maT

sandooba (reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi

msgavs Sedegebs iZleva yoveli gamoyenebisas,

instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis

stabiluroba da Sesabamisoba

validoba (validity) _ testi zustad imas zomavs,ris gazomvasac apirebda.

TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis miersakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli

monacemebi.

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SeiZleba tyuili Tqvan, raTa miiRon samuSao,

gamovidnen saavadmyofodan an raime sxva mizans

miaRwion. intervius situacia, aseve, imis saSua-

lebas iZleva, rom tendenciurobam da mikerZoe-

bulobam gavlena moaxdinos interviueris mier

dasmul kiTxvebze da respondentis mier

gacemul pasuxebze.

qcevis dakvirveba da gazomva

fsiqologebs qcevaTa farTo speqtri ain-

teresebT. isini swavloben virTxis labirin-

TSi gavlas; bavSvs, romelic suraTs xatavs;

students, romelic leqss izepirebs, an muSas,

romelic raRac davalebas asrulebs. qcevis

sazomi garegan, dakvirvebad da dafiqsirebad

qcevebs da reaqciebs swavlobs.

qcevis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gzaa

dakvirveba. dakvirveba unda iyos dagegmili,

zusti da sistematuri. dakvirveba fokusirdeba

qcevis procesze an produqtze. magaliTad,

daswavlis eqsperimentSi mkvlevari akvirdeba

ramdenjer imeorebs cdis piri sityvebis Camo-

naTvals (procesi) da Semdeg ramden sityvas

aRadgens igi (produqti). uSualo dakvirve-

bisaTvis sakvlevi qceva advilad dasanaxi da

Casaweri unda iyos. magaliTad, emociebis

laboratoriul eqsperimentSi vakvirdebiT cdis

piris saxis gamometyvelebas, rodesac is

emociis gamomwvev stimuls xedavs.

uSualo dakvirvebas xSirad teqnikas axmaren.

magaliTad, Tanamedrove fsiqologebi xSirad

iyeneben kompiuterebs, raTa zustad gazomon

is dro, romelic kvlevis monawileebs sWir-

debaT, raTa sxvadasxva davaleba Seasrulon,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, winadadebis wakiTxva,

an problemis gadaWra. marTalia, zusti ga-

zomvis zogi forma kompiuteris gaCenamdec ar-

sebobda, kompiuterebi araCveulebrivi moqni-

lobis saSualebas iZleva zusti informaciis

Segrovebisa da analizisaTvis. mesame TavSi

uaxloes teqnologiebs aRvwerT, romlebic

saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs qcevis Rirs-

SesaniSnavi gazomva ganaxorcielon da naxon,

rogor muSaobs tvini.

bunebrivi dakvirvebis dros mkvlevari bu-

nebrivad gaCenil qcevas akvirdeba, magram ar

ereva masSi. magaliTad, mkvlevari SeiZleba

calmxrivi sarkidan akvirdebodes bavSvebis

TamaSs, romlebmac ar ician, rom maT uyureben.

adamianis qcevis zogierTi saxis Seswavla mxo-

lod bunebrivi dakvirvebiTaa SesaZlebeli,

radgan araeTikuri an arapraqtikuli iqneba

sxvagvarad moqceva. magaliTad, araeTikuri

iqneba bavSvi mkacri deprivaciis pirobebSi

movaTavsoT, raTa bavSvis Semdgom ganviTarebaze

misi zemoqmedeba SeviswavloT.

laboratoriaSi qcevis Seswavlisas mkvle-

vari ver dainaxavs, Tu ra xangrZlivi efeqti

aqvs adamianis bunebriv garemos misi qcevis

rTuli paternis formirebaze. bunebrivi dakvir-

vebis erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli magaliTia

jein gudalis (Jane Goodall) Sroma (1986-1990; Pater-

son and Goodall, 1993). gudali 30 wlis manZilze

swavlobda Simpanzeebis qcevas afrikaSi, tan-

ganikis tbaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom 10 weliwadSi

rom daemTavrebina Sroma, rogorc amas Tav-

dapirvelad apirebda, swor daskvnebs ver gaa-

keTebda:

Simpanzeebis da adamianebis qcevaSi mra-

val saerTos davinaxavdiT, magram dagv-

rCeboda STabeWdileba, rom Simpanzeebi

bevrad ufro mSvidobiani arsebebi arian,

vidre adamianebi. vinaidan kvleva pirveli

dekadis Semdegac gavagrZeleT, SevZeliT

qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qce-vebi da reaqciebi, romlebsac akvirdebian da

iweren, eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili

qceva.

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dagvefiqsirebina socialuri jgufis dayo-

fa da am or axal jgufs Soris warmoSobi-

li sastiki agresia. aRmoCnda, rom zogierT

SemTxvevaSi Simpanzeebma SeiZleba moklan

da SeWamon kidec Tavisi saxeobis warmomad-

genlebi. meore mxriv, Simpanzeebma ojaxis

wevrebisadmi ukiduresad xangrZlivi emoci-

uri kavSirebi gamoavlines _ kargad ganviTa-

rebuli kognituri unarebi da kulturuli

tradiciebis ganviTareba (Goodall, 1986, gv. 3-4).

kvlevis sawyis etapze bunebrivi dakvirveba

gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa. is mkvlevrebs

movlenis sazRvrebis dadgenaSi exmareba, an

warmodgenas uqmnis, romeli iqneba mniSvne-

lovani cvladi, an kavSiri. bunebrivi dakvir-

vebis monacemebi mkvlevars xSirad miniSnebebs

aZlevs konkretuli hipoTezis, an kvlevis gegmis

CamoyalibebisaTvis.

sanam fsiqologiuri gazomvis Temas davamTav-

rebT, xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom mravali

kvleviTi proeqti TviTangariSisa da qcevis

dakvirvebis meTodebis kombinacias iyenebs. maga-

liTad, mkvlevarma SeiZleba Seiswavlos, ras

ambobs adamiani momavali qcevis Sesaxeb da

realurad rogor iqceva (ixileT me-17 Tavi).

kidev erTi: zogierTi kvleva SemTxvevis Seswav-

las warmoadgens, anu erT individze tardeba.

calke aRebuli individis intensiurma analizma

xandaxan SeiZleba bevrad meti sayuradRebo

informacia mogvces, vidre didi raodenobiT

adamianebis kvlevam. magaliTad, me-3 TavSi

SeityobT, rom tvinis dazianebis mqone cal-

keuli pacientebis yuradRebiT Seswavlam tvinSi

enis funqciis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb Teoriebis

warmoSobas daudo safuZveli.

Cven aRvwereT mkvlevrebis mier gamoyenebuli

sxvadasxva tipis procedura da sazomi instru-

menti. Semdeg qveTavSi im eTikur standartebs

ganvixilavT, romlebic am meTodebis da pro-

cedurebis gamoyenebas marTavs.

kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi

qvezRurblovani Setyobinebis efeqturobis

Sesamowmebel kvlevaSi mkvlevrebma monawi-

leebi moatyues, radgan kasetebze araswori

warwerebi gaakeTes. maT es ganzrax Caidines,

rom enaxaT, xom ar iwvevs monawilis molodini,

rom daexmarebian, daijeros, rom Setyobineba

sasargebloa maSinac ki, roca mexsierebisa da

TviTSefasebis obieqturi sazomebi aCvenebda, rom

es ase ar iyo. motyueba arsodes aris kargi,

magram rogor Seafasebdnen mkvlevrebi am

SemTxvevaSi araswori rwmenis placebo efeqts?

rogor unda SevadaroT kvlevis SesaZlo

sargebeli im xarjTan, romelsac swevs kvlevis

monawile, Tu procedura riskiani, tkivilis, an

stresis momyenebeli da motyuebiTia? fsiqo-

logebi amgvar kiTxvebs gamudmebiT usvamen

sakuTar Tavs (Rosentall, 1994).

adamianebis da cxovelebis ZiriTadi ufle-

bebis pativiscema yvela mkvlevris aucilebeli

movaleobaa. am uflebebis dacvisaTvis arsebobs

specialuri komitetebi, romlebic kvlevis yvela

proeqts ixilavs da SesabamisobaSi mohyavs is

aSS-is janmrTelobis departamentis mier gamo-

qveynebul mkacr instruqciebTan. universitetebs,

kolejebs, saavadmyofoebs da kvleviT dawe-

sebulebebs reviziis sabWoebi hyavT, romlebic

amgvar proeqtebs ixilaven. amerikis fsiqologTa

asociaciam (1992) detaluri eTikuri standartebi

SeimuSava. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.

informirebuli Tanxmoba

adamianebze Catarebuli laboratoriuli

kvlevis dasawyisSi monawileebs aRuweren

proceduras, masTan dakavSirebul potenciur

risks da im Sedegebs, romlis miRebasac moe-

lian kvlevis dasasrul. monawileebs arwmu-

neben, rom maTgan miRebuli informacia daculi

da xelSeuxebeli iqneba gareSe pirTaTvis. maTi

monacemebi dafiqsirdeba da specialur ad-

gilze Seinaxeba; xelmisawvdomi iqneba mxolod

mkvlevrebisaTvis, xolo, Tu mkvlevars kvlevis

Sedegebis moxsenebis survili gauCndeba, mona-

wileTa Tanxmobis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebs.

monawileebs xels awerineben gancxadebaze,

sadac weria, rom kvlevis Sesaxeb sruli in-

formacia miawodes da isini Tanaxma arian mona-

wileobaze. garda amisa, monawileebs afrTxi-

leben, rom maT nebismier momentSi SeuZliaT

datovon kvleva da oficialuri pirebis sakon-

taqto monacemebs aZleven, Tu maT Civilis

survili gauCndebaT.

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riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba

fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba ar aris

dakavSirebuli raime riskTan, miT umetes, roca

mis monawileebs rutinuli davalebebi eZlevaT,

magram aris iseTi eqsperimentebi, romlebic

adamianis bunebis ufro pirad aspeqtebs swav-

lobs, rogoricaa emociuri reaqcia, me-s xati,

konformuloba, stresi an agresia, romlebmac

SeiZleba aaRelvos, an fsiqologiurad Seawuxos

adamiani. amitom amgvari kvlevisas riski mini-

mumamde unda iyos dayvanili. monawileebs unda

SevatyobinoT riskis Sesaxeb da winaswari zomebi

unda miviRoT, rom Zlier reaqciebs gavumklav-

deT. aseT riskian SemTxvevebSi sabWoebi yurad-

RebiT ixilaven, aucilebelia kvleva Tu ara,

SesaZlebelia Tu ara riskis gareSe misi Cata-

reba, ramdenad bevris momtania amgvari kvleva

mecnierebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.

ganzrax motyueba

zogierT kvlevaSi monawileebisaTvis sruli

informaciis miwodeba SeuZlebelia, radgan es

kvlevis Sedegebze imoqmedebs. magaliTad, roca

agresiaze televiziiT Zaladobis yurebis zemoq-

medebas swavlobT, ar unda uTxraT Tqveni mizani

kvlevis monawiles. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia,

rom monawilis motyueba arc erT SemTxvevaSi

ar aris gamarTlebuli (Korn, 1987). amerikis fsi-

qologTa asociaciis (1992) instruqciebi amis

Taobaze sakmaod naTelia: (1) kvlevas sakmarisi

mecnieruli da saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba

unda hqondes, rom motyueba gavamarTloT, (2)

mkvlevarma unda aCvenos, rom motyuebis gaereSe

mizans ver miaRwevs, (3) monawileebi arasodes

unda movatyuoT im sakiTxebSi, ris gamoc maT

SeiZleba saerTod uari Tqvan monawileobaze,

(4) kvlevis dasasrul monawileebs unda avuxsnaT,

ratom movatyueT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, amgvari

eqpserimentebi SesaZloa sabWom SezRudos, an

saerTod ar miiRos ( Steininger et al; 1984).

kvlevis Semdgomi interviu

fsiqologiur kvlevaSi monawileoba yovel-

Tvis mkvlevarsa da monawiles Soris informa-

ciis ormxriv gacvlas gulisxmobs. monawilis

reqciebidan da pasuxebidan mkvlevari raRac

axals igebs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac

swavlobs, xolo monawiles unda SevatyobinoT

kvlevis miznebi, hipoTeza, SesaZlo Sedegebi da

kvlevis mosalodneli sargeblianoba. eq-

sperimentis dasasrul yovel monawiles unda

CavutaroT kvlevis Semdgomi interviu, sadac

mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs

kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam

ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli,

an damorcxvebuli ar aris. Tu kvlevis romelime

etapze monawilis motyueba aucilebelia,

eqsperimentatori dawvrilebiT uxsnis mas, ratom

gaakeTa es. dabolos, monawileebs ufleba aqvT

gaauqmon TavianTi monacemebi, Tu miaCniaT, rom

maTi uflebebi dairRva.

cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba,

eTika, politika

SeiZleba Tu ara cxovelebis gamoyeneba

fsiqologiur da samedicino kvlevebSi? es

kiTxva xSirad Zalian polarizebul pasuxebs

iwvevda. erT mxares arian mkvlevrebi, romlebic

miuTiTeben, rom cxovelebze Catarebulma

kvlevebma umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi misces

mecnierebas (Domjan and Purdy, 1995; Petrinovich, 1998).

cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis miRwevebia

iseTi wamlebis gamogoneba da gamocda, romlebic

SfoTvas da fsiqikur daavadebebs mkurnaloben,

narkomaniis Sesaxeb mniSvenlovani codnis miReba

(Miller, 1985) da sxv. cxovelebze Catarebuli

kvlevebi Tavad cxovelebisaTvisac gamosadegia.

magaliTad, fsiqologiurma kvlevebma aCvena,

rogor unda SevamciroT zooparkSi, galiebSi

myofi cxovelebis stresi. cxovelTa daswavlisa

da socialuri organizaciis sferoSi gake-

Tebulma mignebebma maTi volierebis ukeTesi

dagegmareba da janmrTelobisaTvis ufro

sasikeTo garemo pirobebis Seqmna gamoiwvia (Nicoll

et al., 1988).miRwevaTa amgvari CamonaTvali ar aris

sakmarisi sabuTi cxovelTa uflebebis damcve-

kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _

mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs

kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sa-

nam ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli,

dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris.

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lebisaTvis. maTi azriT, adamianebs jer kidev

mcdarad miaCniaT, rom „homo sapiensis sxva qmni-

lebebisagan gamoyofa moralurad gamarTle-

bulia~ (Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 136; Shapiro, 1998).

am Secdomis gamosasworeblad gvTavazoben „la-

boratoriuli kvlevebidan minimalurad ma-

nipulaciur kvlevebze gadavideT, romlebic

bunebriv da naxevrad bunebriv garemoSi tardeba~

(Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 140). yoveli specialisti

gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda miudges cxo-

velebis kvlevas.

cxovelebis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebul sif-

rTxileze miuTiTebs, agreTve, gamokiTxvis Sede-

gebi, romelSic fsiqologiis fakultetis 1188

studenti da amerikis fisoqologTa asociaciis

3982 wevri monawileobda (Plous, 1996a, 1996b):

gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 80%-s miaCnia,

rom bunebriv garemoSi Catarebuli dak-

virveba dasaSvebia. ufro naklebi (30-dan

70%-mde) mxars uWers iseT kvlevebs, rom-

lebic galiaSi Casmul cxovelebze tardeba,

rac nawilobriv cxovelis tipzea damo-

kidebuli (magaliTad, virTxebi, mtredebi,

ZaRlebi, an primatebi). rogorc studentebma,

ise, leqtorebma uaryves tkivilis mimye-

nebli an sikvdilis gamowvevi kvlevebi

cxovelebze.

orive jgufis umravlesobam (daaxloebiT

60%-ma) mxari dauWira fsiqologiis saswav-

lo kursebSi cxovelebis gamoyenebas, magram

orive jgufSi mxolod erTma mesamedma

CaTvala, rom cxovelebTan laboratoriuli

muSaoba bakalavris xarisxis mosapovebel

aucilebel moTxovnad unda iyos miCneuli.

Tqven ras fiqrobT? rogor SeafasebdiT

cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevis sargebels da

xarjs?

Sejameba

fsiqologiurma gazomvam imgvari Sedegebi

unda mogvces, romlebic erTdroulad sandocaa

da validuric. sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis gazomva

kiTxvarebis da interviuebis saSualebiT xdeba.

fsiqologi iyenebs, agreTve, qcevis sazomebs,

rogoricaa uSualo dakvirveba da bunebrivi

dakvirveba. adamianis kvlevis mniSvnelovani

eTikuri sakiTxebia informirebuli Tanxmoba,

kvlevis riskis da mogebis Sefaseba, ganzrax

motyuebis gamoyeneba da kvlevis Semdgomi

intervius aucilebloba. mkvlevrebma frTxilad

unda ganixilon cxovelebze Catarebuli kvle-

vebis eTikuri Sedegebi.

rogor gamoviyenoT sworad

mecnieruli kvlevis

Sedegebi

am Tavis bolo qveTavSi ganvixilavT kri-

tikuli azrovnebis im unarebs, romlebic imi-

saTvis gWirdebaT, rom fsiqologiuri codna

brZnulad moixmaroT. es nebismieri pirovne-

bisaTvisaa aucilebeli Cvens dinamikur sazo-

gadoebaSi, im situaciaSi, romelic aRsavsea

WeSmaritebaze pretenziebiT, „saRi gonebis~

mcdari miTebiTa da konkretuli interesebis

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samsaxurSi Camdgari mikerZoebuli daskvnebiT.

kritikuli azrovneba niSnavs informaciis miRma

xedvas, imis siRrmeSi Wvretas, rac zedapirze

ar Cans, arsSi Cawvdomas, rom garegnulma mxarem

ar mogatyuoT.

fsiqologiuri codna fsiqologiurad dax-

vewili sazogadoebis moazrovne, mgrZnobiare

subieqtis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mudmivad

Tanmdevi aspeqtia. samwuxarod, fsiqologiuri

informaciis didi raodenoba ara mecnieruli

wignebidan, statiebidan da kvlevebidan, aramed

gazeTebis furclebidan, tele da radio gada-

cemebidan, popularuli fsiqologiis „bul-

varuli~ wignebidan modis. davubrundeT fsi-

qikis qvezRurblovani kontrolis ideas. mar-

Talia, is mogebaze orientirebuli marketingis

konsultantis jeims vikaris motyuebiTi pro-

pagandiT daiwyo (Rogers, 1993) da, rogorc vnaxeT,

laboratoriulma kvlevam uaryo, magram es idea

jer kidev muSaobs da adamianebi isev xarjaven

fuls amgvar kasetebSi!

fsiqologiis codna monacemebze dayrdnobiT

brZnuli daskvnebis gakeTebaSi dagexmarebaT.

yovelTvis unda ecadoT fsiqologiis Seswav-

lidan miRebuli formaluri codna im ara-

formalur fsiqologiur informacias miuyenoT,

romelic gars gartyiaT. dasviT kiTxvebi Tqveni

sakuTari, an sxva adamianebis qcevis Sesaxeb,

pasuxebi racionaluri fsiqologiuri Teorebis

safuZvleze eZebeT da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdom

faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeamowmeT es pasuxebi.

internetSi fsiqologii-

sadmi miZRvnil uamrav gverds

waawydebiT. magaliTad, Si-

zofrenia erT-erT misamarTze

83.760 gverdze iyo naxsenebi

(ix. Tavi 15). sxva misamarTze

imave Temaze 63.812 gverdi

vipoveT. ueWvelia, am wignis

gamosvlamde es raodenoba

kidev ufro gaizrdeba. es

monacemebi naTlad aCvenebs,

ratom uwodeben Tanamedrove-

obas informaciis afeTqebis

periods. yvela Cvenganisa-

Tvis namdvili gamowvevaa am

informaciis brZnuli mox-

mareba. rogor ganvsazRvroT,

internetSi ganTavsebul

romel informacias vendoT

da romels ara?

biblioTekaSi bevrad uf-

ro advilia informaciis

wyaros gansazRvra, radgan aq

ZiriTadad seriozuli

samecniero Jurnalebia mo-

Tavsebuli, romelTa ume-

tesoba amerikis fsiqologTa

asociaciis, an amerikis fsi-

qologiuri sazogadoebis

gamocemulia. rodesac kvleva

JurnalSi igzavneba, is Semow-

mebis rTul process gadis.

redaqcia mas 2-dan 5-mde

aRiarebul specialists ug-

zavnis, romlebic naSroms

detalurad ixilaven misi

Teoriuli safuZvlebis,

meTodologiis da Sedegebis

TvalsazrisiT. Tu eqspertebi

moiwoneben kvlevas, is qveyn-

deba. magaliTad, 1998 wels

amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-

ciis mier (1999) gamoqveynebul-

ma Jurnalebma mowodebuli

naSromebis 69% uaryves. ra

Tqma unda, es procesi srul-

yofili ar aris, zogierTi

Rirebuli Sroma usamarTlod

ukuigdeba, xolo zogi Seda-

rebiT susti rogorRac „gaZ-

vreba~, magram, zogadad, es

procesi garantias gvaZlevs,

rom JurnalTa umetesoba

maRal standartebs akmayofi-

lebs.

amitom, rodesac infor-

macias internetSi naxavT,

yovelTvis dainteresdiT,

saidan modis is, ra aris misi

wyaro. SegiZliaT internet-

Si seriozuli samecniero

Jurnalebis eleqtronuli

versiebi ixiloT. aseve, nebis-

mieri informacia unda Sei-

cavdes gamoyenebuli lite-

raturis CamonaTvals da

aqedanac mixvdebiT, ramdenad

seriozul wyarosTan gaqvT

saqme. `fsiqologia da cxov-

rebaSi~. moyvanili informa-

ciis sandoobaSi eWvi ar unda

SegeparoT, radgan yvelgnaa

miTiTebuli saTanado

samecniero wyaro, amitom,

internetSi muSaobisas imave

principiT imoqmedeT!

fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

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yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT ramdenime zogadi

wesi, romelic informaciis zRvaSi garkvevaSi

dagexmarebaT:

korelacia mizez-Sdegobrioba ar aris.

mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi ope-

raciulad unda iyos gansazRvruli ise,

rom yvelas erTnairad esmodes maTi

mniSvneloba.

sanam Teoriis, hipoTezis an Sexedulebis

damamtkicebel sabuTebs dauwyebT Zebnas,

ifiqreT, rogor SeiZleba misi uaryofa.

yovelTvis eZebeT SemoTavazebuli axsnis

alternatiuli variantebi, gansakuTrebiT

maSin, roca axsna avtors aZlevs xels.

gaxsovdeT, rom pirovnul tendenciurobas

SeuZlia daamaxinjos realobis aRqma.

eWvi SeitaneT kompleqsuri kiTxvebis mar-

tiv pasuxebSi, an rTuli problemebis da

movlenebis martiv mizezebsa da gadaWris

gzebSi.

eWvi SeitaneT raime mkurnalobis, Carevis,

an produqtis efeqturobaSi, aucileblad

SeadreT is ukve arsebul saSualebas.

Ria da, amave dros, skeptikuri iyaviT:

aRiareT, rom daskvnaTa umetesoba ar aris

naTeli da xelSesaxebi, axali damamtki-

cebeli sabuTebi eZebeT, mzad iyaviT

sakuTari azris SecvlisaTvis.

gvinda, amave Ria skeptikuri midgomiT ga-

nixiloT es wigni, ar gvinda, fsiqologiis

Seswavla TqvenTvis mxolod faqtebis aTviseba

iyos. imedi gvaqvs, rom monawileobas miiRebT

ideebis aRmoCenaSi, maT SemowmebaSi da es

siamovnebas moganiWebT.

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sakvanZo

sakiTxebi

aRmoCenis etapi

kvlevis aRmoCenis sta-

diaze dakvirvebas, Se-

xedulebas, informacias

da zogad codnas mov-

lenis axleburi xedvi-

saken mivyavarT. mkvlevari

Teorias da hipoTezas

ayalibebs.

dasabuTebis etapi:

obieqturobis dacvis

saSualebebi

es is fazaa, romelzec ide-

ebi mowmdeba da dastur-

deba, an uariyofa.

44

ideebis SemowmebisaTvis

mkvlevrebi mecnierul me-

Tods iyeneben. es aris

monacemebis imgvarad Seg-

roveba da interpretireba,

rom Secdomebi minimumamde

iqnes dayvanili.

mkvlevrebi ebrZvian dam-

kvirveblis tendenciuro-

bas procedurebis stan-

dartizaciis da operaci-

uli gansazRvrebebis ga-

moyenebis gziT.

kvlevis eqsperimentuli

meTodebi gansazRvravs,

arsebobs Tu ara cvladebs

Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi

mimarTeba.

mkvlevrebi alternatiul

axsnebs kontrolis sa-

Tanado procedurebis

gamoyenebiT gamoricxaven.

kvlevis korelaciuri me-

Todi gansazRvravs, ram-

denad aris ori cvladi

dakavSirebuli erTmaneT-

Tan. korelacia ar gulis-

xmobs mizez-Sedegob-

riobas.

fsiqologiuri gazomva

fsiqologebi cdiloben ise

gazomon monacemebi, rom

isini sando da validuri

iyos.

fsiqologiuri kvleva

moicavs sakuTari Tavis

Sefasebis da qcevis

gazomvas.

kvlevis eTikuri

sakiTxebi

yvela mkvlevari valde-

bulia pativi sces kvlevis

monawileTa, ara aqvs

mniSvneloba, adamianis, Tu

cxovelis, ZiriTad uf-

lebebs. eTikuri da huma-

nuri mopyrobis garanti-

rebisaTvis SemuSavebulia

mTeli igi damcveli saSu-

alebebi.

rogor gamoviyenoT

sworad mecnieruli

kvlevis Sedegebi

imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Se-

degebi sworad gamoviyenoT,

unda vicodeT, rogor

viazrovnoT kritikulad

da rogor SevafasoT

kvlevis Sedegebi.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

A-B-A sqema

aRmoCenis etapi

TviTangariSi

dasabuTebis etapi

damatebiTi cvladi

damokidebuli cvladi

damoukidebeli cvladi

damkvirveblis

tendenciuroba

determinizmi

eqsperimentuli meTodi

validoba

Teoria

kvlevis Semdegi interviu

kontrolis procedura

korelaciis koeficienti

korelaciuri meTodi

mecnieruli meTodi

molodinis efeqti

operaciuli gansazRvreba

ormagad brma kontroli

placebo efeqti

placebo kontroli

populacia

reprezentatuli SerCeva

sandooba-standartizacia

qcevis gazomva

SemTxvevis Seswavla

SerCeva

cvladi

cdis pirTa Soris sqema

cdis pirTa SigniT sqema

hipoTeza

45

statistikuri damatebastatistikuri damatebastatistikuri damatebastatistikuri damatebastatistikuri damateba

statistikis gageba : monacemebis analizi dastatistikis gageba : monacemebis analizi dastatistikis gageba : monacemebis analizi dastatistikis gageba : monacemebis analizi dastatistikis gageba : monacemebis analizi da

daskvnebis Camoyalibebadaskvnebis Camoyalibebadaskvnebis Camoyalibebadaskvnebis Camoyalibebadaskvnebis Camoyalibeba

monacemebis analizi

• aRweriTi statistika

• daskvniTi statistika

rogor gamoviyenoT

sworad mecnieruli

kvlevis Sedegebi

• Ziritadi terminebi

46

r ogorc rogorc meore TavSi

aRvniSneT, fsiqologebi statis-

tikas imisaTvis iyeneben, rom Seg-

rovebul monacemebs azri mianiWon. statistika,

agreTve, saWiroa miRebuli daskvnebisaTvis

raodenobrivi safuZvlis Sesaqmnelad. amdenad,

statistikis codna dagexmarebaT daafasoT is

procesi, romlis saSualebiTac iqmneba fsiqo-

logiuri codna. pirovnul doneze, statistikis

principebis gageba ukeTesi gadawyvetilebebis

miRebaSi dagexmarebaT, rodesac sxvebi monacemTa

gamoyenebiT Seecdebian Segacvlevinon azrebi

da moqmedebebi.

studentTa umetesobisaTvis statistika

mSrali, uintereso sagania. miuxedavad amisa,

statitikas Cvens cxovrebaSi mravalgvari

gamoyeneba aqvs. amis saCveneblad moviyvanT

mxolod erT proeqts, dawyebuls realuri

problemiT da damTavrebuls statistikuri

argumentebiT, romlebic zogadi daskvnebisaTvis

moiSvelies. misi ganxorcieleba presis pirvel

gverdebze moTavsebulma informaciebma gamoiw-

vies im morcxvi adamianebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

uecrad mkvlelebi gaxdnen. magaliTi:

naTesavebi, TanamSromlebi da nacnobebi

fred kovans „wynar, sasiamovno, bavSvebis moy-

varul, keTil~ kacad axasiaTebdnen. fredis

skolis yofilma direqtorma ganacxada, rom

kovans saukeTeso niSnebi hqonda yofaqcevaSi,

TanamSromlobasa da religiaSi. TanamSrom-

lis mixedviT, „kovani aravis elaparakeboda,

magram xalisiT asrulebda sxvebis dava-

lebebsa da Txovnebs~. erTxel, valentinis

dRes, kovani naxevrad avtomaturi iaraRiT

Sevida samsaxurSi, mokla oTxi TanamSromeli,

policieli da Semdeg Tavi moikla.

es istoria sakmaod xSir movlenas asaxavs:

morcxvi, wynari adamiani uecrad Zaladobas

Cadis da SokSi agdebs yvelas, vinc mas icnobda.

ra saerTo aqvs fred kovans maTTan, vinc

moulodnelad wynari da mzrunveli adamianidan

moZaladed da umowyalod gardaiqmna? ra

pirovnuli TvisebebiT gamoirCevian amgvari ada-

mianebi Cvengan?

mkvlevarTa gunds hqonda varaudi, rom mor-

cxvobas, sxva pirovnul maxasiaTeblebsa da

Zaladobis qcevas Soris kavSiri unda arse-

bobdes (Lee et al., 1977). amitom maT daiwyes

monacemebis Segroveba, romlebic amgvar kavSirs

gamoavlenda. mkvlevrebma igulisxmes, rom erTi

SexedviT aramoZalade adamianebi, romlebic

uecrad Cadian mkvlelobas, Cveulebriv, mor-

cxvebi da araagresiulebi arian, TavianT vnebebs

da agresiebs mkacrad akontroleben. marTalia,

cxovrebis manZilze isini mraval travmas

iReben, magram iSviaTad, an saerTod ar gamo-

xataven brazss, Tumca ganicdian mas. gareg-

nulad isini TiTqosda mSvidi adamianebi arian,

magram SigniT brZola mimdinareobs gamalebuli

emociebis gasakontroleblad. isini wynari,

pasiuri, pasuxismgebliani adamianebis STabeW-

dilebas toveben rogorc bavSvobisas, aseve

mozardobaSi. simorcxvis gamo maT Zalian axlo-

beli adamianebi ar hyavT da aravin icis, sinam-

dvileSi ras ganicdian. Semdeg, uecrad raRac

feTqdeba. kidev erTi mcire wyena, kidev erTi

mcire socialuri wnexi sakmarisia, rom naper-

wklis roli iTamaSos da gamoaTavisuflos

wlebis ganmavlobaSi Cakluli Zaladoba.

radgan am adamianebs ar uswavliaT, rogor

SeiZleba pirovnebaTaSorisi konfliqtis ga-

daWra problemis ganxilvisa da molaparakebis

gziT, fizikurad amJRavneben TavianT agresias.

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mkvlevrebma Camoayalibes hipoTeza, rom

simorcxve ufro metad axasiaTebT uecar

mkvlelebs _ maT, visac manamde ar CaudeniaT

raime danaSauli, an antisocialuri qceva, vidre

kriminal mkvlelebs, visac mkvlelobamde hqo-

niaT Zaladobis kriminaluri qcevebis Sem-

Txvevebi. garda amisa, uecari mkvlelebi Tavi-

anTi impulsebis ufro maRali donis kontro-

liT gamoirCevian, vidre Zaladobis Cadenas

Cveuli adamianebi. dabolos, maTi pasiuroba

da sxvebze damokidebuleba sqesobrivi rolebis

kiTxvarSi gamovlindeba ufro feminur da

androginul (qalis da mamakacis erTdroulad)

TvisebebSi, vidre kriminali mkvlelebisa.

am ideebis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma kali-

forniis cixeebSi testebis da kiTxvarebis

Catarebis nebarTva miiRes. 19 patimari (yvela

mamakaci) daTanxmda kvlevaSi monawileobis

miRebaze. mkvlelobamde rig maTgans danaSa-

ulebis mTeli seria hqonda Cadenili, xolo

sxvebs ar gaaCndaT kriminaluri warsuli. am

ori tipis cdis pirebisagan mkvlevrebma sami

tipis monacemi moagroves: simorcxvis qula,

sqesobrivi rolis identifikaciis qula da

impulsis kontrolis qula.

simorcxvis qula stenfordis simorcxvis

kiTxvaris saSualebiT Sefasda. am kiTxvaris

yvelaze mniSvnelovani punqti iyo kiTxva:

„morcxvi xarT Tu ara?~, razec mocemuli iyo

pasuxis ori varianti: „ki~, an „ara~. sxva kiTxvebi

exeboda simorcxvis saxeebs da xarisxebs,

simorcxvis mizezebsa da sababs.

meore kiTxvari iyo sandra bemis (Sandra Bem)

sqesobrivi rolebis kiTxvari, romelic war-

moadgens zedsarTavi saxelebis sias, magaliTad,

agresiuli, mosiyvarule. cdis pirma unda

upasuxos, ramdenad Seesabameba es Tvisebebi

mas (Bem, 1974, 1981). zogierTi zedsarTavi

feminur, anu qalis Tvisebebs asaxavda da maTi

jami iZleoda qalis sqesobriv rols. zogierTi

zedsarTavi mamakacis Tvisebebs asaxavda da maTi

jami iZleoda mamakacis sqesobriv rols.

individis sqesobrivi rolis saboloo qulis,

romelic feminurobasa da maskulinobas Soris

sxvaobas asaxavda, gamoTvla Semdegnairad

xdeboda: feminurs akldeboda maskulinuri

qulebi, xolo maskulinuri da feminuri qu-

lebis kombinacia individis androginulobas

aCvenebda.

mesame kiTxvari minesotis mravalfaziani

pirovnebis sakvlevi kiTxvari iyo, romelic

pirovnebis mraval ganzomilebas swavlobs (ix.

Tavi 14), magram amJamad misi mxolod erTi, „egos

zekontrolis~, anu ipoqondriulobis skala

gamoiyenes, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad akon-

trolebs adamiani impulsebs. rac ufro maRa-

lia qula, miT metia egos kontroli.

mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom kriminal

mkvlelebTan SedarebiT, uecari mkvlelebi (1)

ufro xSirad daaxasiaTebdnen sakuTar Tavs,

rogorc morcxvs, (2) ufro metad airCevdnen

qalis Tvisebebs, vidre mamakacisas da (3) egos

zekontrolis ufro maRal qulas miiRebdnen.

sanam Sedegebze gadavalT, unda ganvixiloT

ramdenime procedura, romlebic am monacemebis

gasaanalizeblad gamoiyenes. mkvlevrebis mier

Segrovil realur monacemebs masalad gamo-

viyenebT, raTa Tqven statistikuri analizis

sxvadasxva tipi SegaswavloT.

monacemebis analizi

mravali fsiqologi mklevrisaTvis monacemTa

analizi amaRelvebeli proceduraa, radgan swo-

red aq mJRavndeba swori iyo Tu ara misi varaudi.

am qveTavSi nabij-nabij gavivliT uecari mkvle-

lebis kvlevis zogierT monacems. Tu ukve gada-

aTvaliereT wigni, ricxvebi da gantolebebi na-

naxi geqnebaT. gaxsovdeT, rom maTematika iaraRia,

maTematikuri simboloebi ki _ ideebisa da

konceptualuri operaciebis warmodgenis mokle

gza.

S.1 cxrilSi mocemulia 19 cdis pirTa mo-

nacemebi, anu nedli qulebi _ realuri, namdvili

qulebi, an sxva sazomebi. rogorc xedavT, 10

cdis piri uecar mkvlelebs miekuTvneboda,

xolo 9 _ kriminal mkvlelebs.

am monacemebidan raimes gageba Zalian rTulia,

aq ubralod raRac ricxvebis grovaa mocemuli.

nebismieri mkvlevari imasve igrZnobda, rasac

Tqven _ dabneulobas. ras niSnavs es qulebi?

gansxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisagan mkvlelTa

es ori jgufi? am araorganizebuli monacemebiT

kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia.

swored am monacemebisaTvis azris miniWebis

mizniT gamoiyeneba statistika. aRweriTi sta-

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tistika ricxobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva

aspeqtis obieqturad aRweras niSnavs maTema-

tikuri procedurebis gamoyenebiT. Tu odesme

gamogiTvliaT Tqveni niSnebis saSualo maCve-

nebeli, maSin aRweriTi statistika gamogi-

yenebiaT. axsniTi statistika albaTobis Teorias

iyenebs, raTa sandod aCvenos, romeli Sedegebia

SemTxveviT miRebuli.

aRweriTi statistika

aRweriTi statistika monacemebSi arsebuli

kanonzomierebis Sejamebul suraTs gvaZlevs.

is cdis piris an cdis pirTa monacemebs, an

cvladebs Soris kavSirs aRwers. amitom mkvle-

vari ara calkeuli cdis piris monacems, aramed

am monacemebis tipur maxasiaTeblebs warmogvid-

gens. garda amisa, aRweriTi statistika aCvenebs,

ramdenad icvleba qulebi tipuri qulis mimarT,

anu monacemebis variabilobas _ gafantulia

qulebi, Tu erTmaneTTan axlosaa dajgufebuli.

modiT, vnaxoT, rogor iReben mkvlevrebi am

sazomebs.

sixSireTa ganawileba

qulaTa ganawilebis naTlad warmosaCenad

unda avagoT sixSireTa ganawilebis mrudi, anu

imis Sejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba

sxvadasxva qula. simorcxvis monacemebis

Sejameba advilia: 9-jer gvxvdeba pasuxi diax

da 10-jer _ pasuxi ara. TiTqmis yvela dadebiTi

pasuxi pirvel jgufs ekuTvnis, xolo TiTqmis

yvela uaryofiTi pasuxi _ meores, magram

sqesobrivi rolis da egos zekontrolis

monacemebi ar xvdeba „ki~-s da „ara~-s martiv

kategoriebSi. jer ganvixiloT sqesobrivi

rolis monacemebi. yvelaze maRali qulaa +61

(maqsimalurad feminuri) da yvelaze dabali

_33 (maqsimalurad maskulinuri). 19 qulidan 9

dadebiTia d 10 uaryofiTi, rac niSnavs, rom 9

mkvleli SedarebiT feminuria, xolo 10 _

maskulinuri; magram rogor nawildeba es

qulebi jgufebSi? sixSireTa ganawilebis

mrudis agebisken gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji

iqneba qulebis TanmimdevrobiT dalageba

yvelaze maRlidan yvelaze dablisaken. qulebis

aseT dalagebas rangebis mixedviT mowesrigeba

ewodeba, rac S.2 cxrilSia naCvenebi.

aRweriTi statistika (Descriptive statistics) _

statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic qulebs

maTi centraluri tendenciis, variabilobis da

korelaciebis TvalsazrisiT ajamebs.

cxrilis.1

uecari mkvlelebis kvlevis nedli

monacemebi

egos

zekontrolipatimrebi simorcxve

feminuroba-

maskulinoba

BSRI MMPI

jgufi 1: uecari mkvlelebi

jgufi 2: kriminali mkvlelebi

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

ki

ara

ki

ki

ki

ki

ara

ki

ki

ki

+5

-1

+4

+61

+19

+41

-29

+23

-13

+5

17

17

13

17

13

19

14

9

11

14

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

ara

ara

ki

ara

ara

ara

ara

ara

ara

-12

-14

+33

-8

-7

+3

-17

+6

-10

15

11

14

10

16

11

6

9

2

cxrilis.2

sqesobrivi rolis qulebis rangis

mixedviT dalageba

yvelaze maRali +61

+41

+23

+19

+6

+5

+5

+4

+3

-1

-7

-8

-10

-12

-13

-14

-17

-29

-33 yvelaze dabali

SeniSvna: + qulebi ufro feminuria; - qulebi ki, ufro

maskulinuri.

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Semdegi nabijia amgvarad dalagebuli qu-

lebis ufro mcire jgufebSi gaerTianeba. am

jgufebs anu kategoriebs intervalebi ewodeba.

mocemul kvlevaSi 10 kategoria gamoyves, TiTo-

eulSi 10 qula moxvda. mesame nabijia sixSireTa

ganawilebis cxrilis ageba, sadac intervalebi

yvelaze maRlidan yvelaze dablisaken iqneba

CamoTvlili da miTiTebuli iqneba, ramdeni

qula moxvda TiToeul intervalSi, anu miTiTe-

buli iqneba sixSire. Cveni sixSireTa ganawileba

gvaCvenebs, rom sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi

meryeobs _20-sa da +9-s Soris (ix. cxrili S.3),xolo patimarTa qulebis umetesoba nulisagan

didad ar aris daSorebuli, rac niSnavs imas,

rom isini arc Zlierad uaryofiTia da arc

Zlierad dadebiTi.

monacemebi ukve gamoyenebadi saxiTaa war-

modegnili, axla SeiZleba maTi grafikulad

warmodgena.

daskvniTi statistika (Inferential statistics) _

statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic mkvle-

vars saSualebas aZlevs gansazRvros, adastu-

rebs mis hipoTzas Sedegi, Tu is mxolod Sem-

TxveviTaa miRebuli.

sixSireTa ganawileba (Frequency distribution) _ imisSejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba TiToeuli

qula monacemTa mwkrivSi.

cxrilis.3

sqesobrivi rolebis qulebis sixSireTa

ganawileba

kategoria

+60-dan -69-mde

+50-dan +59-mde

+40-dan +49-mde

+30-dan +39-mde

+20-dan +29-mde

+10-dan +19-mde

0-dan +9-mde

-10-dan -1-mde

-20-dan -11-mde

-30-dan -21-mde

-40-dan -31-mde

sixSire

1

0

1

0

1

1

5

4

4

1

1

grafikebi

ganawilebaTa aRqma xSirad bevrad advilia,

roca isini grafikebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.

grafikis yvelaze martivi formaa svetebiani

grafiki. svetebiani grafiki saSualebas

gvaZlevs monacemebSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba

davinaxoT. misi gamoyenebiT SegviZlia vaCvenoT,

ramdenad metma uecarma mkvlelma daaxasiaTa

sakuTari Tavi, rogorc ufro morcxvi,

kriminal mkvlelTan SedarebiT (ix. sur. S.1).

ufro rTuli monacemebisaTvis, rogoricaa

sqesobrivi rolis qulebi, SegviZlia gamoviye-

noT histograma, romelic Zalian hgavs sve-

tebian grafiks, mxolod erTi gansxvavebiT, aq

warmodgenili kategoriebi intervalebia, anu

TiToeuli sveti raodenobriv kategorias

asaxavs da ara saxelwodebis kategorias. his-

tograma gvaZlevs ganawilebaSi qulebis vi-

zualur suraTs, romlebic intervalebSia

moTavsebuli. S.2 suraTidan naTlad Cans, rom

mkvlelTa ori jgufis sqesobrivi rolebis

qulebi gansxvavebulia.

S.1 da S.2 suraTebidan Cans, rom simorcxvisa

da sqesobrivi rolebis TvalsazrisiT mkvle-

varTa hipoTeza dadasturda: uecarma mkvle-

lebma meti albaTobiT daaxasiaTes sakuTari

Tavi, rogorc morcxvi da ufro meti al-

baTobiT gamoiyenes feminuri niSnebi sakuTari

Tavis aRwerisas, vidre kriminalma mkvlelebma.

suraTis.1

mkvlelTa ori jgufis simorcxve

(svetebiani grafiki)

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centraluri tendenciis sazomebi

aqamde qulebis ganawilebis mxolod zogadi

suraTi SevqmeniT. cxrilebi da grafikebi

Sedegebis ukeT gagebaSi gvexmareba, magram Cven

meti gvinda vicodeT, magaliTad, erTi qula,

romelic mTeli jgufis tipuri warmomad-

genelia. es qula gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo

xdeba, roca ori an meti jgufis Sedareba

gvsurs, radgan bevrad ufro advilia ori

jgufis tipuri qulis Sedareba, vidre mTeli

ganawilebebis. erT amgvar tipur qulas, ro-

melic mTeli ganawilebis reprezentaciulia,

centraluri tendenciis sazomi ewodeba (is

ganawilebis centrSia moTavsebuli da sxva

qulebi mis garSemo jgufdeba). Cveulebriv,

fsiqologebi centraluri tendenciis sam

gansxvavebul sazoms iyeneben: modas, medianas

da saSualos.

moda iseTi qulaa, romelic bevrad ufro

xSirad Cndeba, vidre sxvebi. simorcxvis sazomis

mixedviT, uecari mkvlelebis yvelaze xSiri

pasuxi iyo „diax~ - aTi cdis piridan cxram

Tqva, rom morcxvi iyo. kriminal mkvlelebs

Soris modaluri pasuxi iyo „ara~. sqesobrivi

rolebis modaluri qula uecari mkvlele-

bisaTvis +5 iyo. SegiZliaT gviTxraT, ramdenia

egos zekontrolis qulebis moda uecari mkvle-

lebisaTvis? moda aris centraluri tendenciis

yvelaze advilad gansasazRvri maCvenebeli,

magram xSirad is naklebad gamosadegia. am

gamousadegobis erT-erT mizezs maSin dainaxavT,

roca yuradRebas miaqcevT imas, rom egos

zekontrolis modis _17-is zemoT mxolod erTi

qulaa moTavsebuli, xolo 6 monacemi mis

qvemoTaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom 17 yvelaze xSiri

qulaa am ganawilebaSi, is SeiZleba ver asaxav-

des tipur anu centralur maCvenebels.

mediana namdvilad centraluri qulaa,

radgan ganawilebis zeda naxevars qveda naxev-

risagan gamoyofs, anu medianis zemoT da qvemoT

qulaTa erTi da igive raodenoba Tavsdeba.

medianaze maRali qulebis raodenoba igivea,

rac medianaze dabali qulebisa. rodesac

qulebis raodenoba kentia, mediana zustad Sua

qulaa, xolo luwi raodenobis SemTxvevaSi,

ori SuaSi mdebare ori qulis gaSualeba xdeba.

Tu, magaliTad, kriminali mkvlelebis sqesob-

rivi rolebis qulebs daalagebT, naxavT, rom

mediana _10-ia, mis zemoT da qvemoT Tanabari

raodenobis, oTx-oTxi monacemi xvdeba. uecari

mkvlelebisaTvis mediana +5-ia _ rigiT mexuTe

da meeqvse qulis saSualo, maTgan TiToeuli

+5-ia. medianaze ar zemoqmedebs ukiduresi

qulebi, magaliTad, uecari mkvlelebis sqesob-

rivi rolis qula +129 rom yofiliyo +61-is

nacvlad, mediana mainc +5 darCeboda da isev

zeda da qveda naxevris gamyofi iqneboda.

martivad, mediana ganawilebis SuaSi myofi

qulaa.

suraTis.2

sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi

mediana (Median) _ qula, romlis zemoT da qvemoT

Tanabari raodenobiT qulebia moTavsebuli,

centraluri tendenciis sazomi.

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monacemTa wyebis aRsawerad yvelaze xSirad

saSualo gamoiyeneba. mis gamosaTvlelad gana-

wilebis yvela qula ikribeba da iyofa maT

raodenobaze. saSualos gamosaTvleli formula

Semdegia:

M=(ΣX)/N

am formulaSi M saSualoa, X TiToeuli in-

dividis qula, Σ (berZnuli aso sigma) mis Semdeg

moTavsebuli wevrebis jamia, xolo N qulaTa

mTliani raodenobaa. radgan sqesobrivi rolebis

yvela qulis jami (X)/115-ia, xolo maTi rao-

denoba (N) 10, uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi

rolis qulebis saSualo (M) iqneba:

M=115/10=11.5

SeecadeT, Tavad gamoTvaloT egos zekontro-

lis qula, saSualo 11.4-is toli unda iyos.

medianasagan gansxvavebiT, saSualos mniSvne-

lobaze ganawilebis yvela qulis mniSvneloba

zemoqmedebs. ukiduresi qulis mniSvnelobis

cvlileba saSualos mniSvnelobas cvlis.

magaliTad, meoTxe cdis piris sqesobrivi rolis

qula +61-is nacvlad +101 rom yofiliyo, mTeli

jgufis saSualo 11.5-dan 15.6-mde gaizrdeboda.

variabiloba

ganawilebis, rogorc mTelis reprezenta-

ciuli qulis, codnis garda, saWiroa agreTve

vicodeT, ramdenad reprezentaciulia centra-

luri tendenciis es sazomi. danarCeni qulebi

masTan axlosaa, Tu gafantulia? variabilobis

sazomebi is statistikebia, romlebic centra-

luri tendenciis romelime sazomis irgvliv

qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs.

magaliTi migaxvedrebT, ratomaa saWiro va-

riabilobis sazomebi. warmoidgineT, rom skolis

maswavlebeli xarT. wlis dasawyisia da 30

meoreklasels kiTxva unda aswavloT. iciT, rom

klasSi saSualo moswavles pirveli klasis

donis wignis wakiTxva unda SeeZlos da amis

mixedviT dagegmavT gakveTilebs. magram imisTvis,

rom ukeT aagoT swavlebis procesi, umjobesia

icodeT, ramdenad msgavsia an gansxvavebuli 30

moswavlis kiTxvis unari. Tu isini daaxloebiT

erT doneze arian (dabali variabiloba), SegiZ-

liaT meore klasis standartuli gakveTili

dagegmoT. magram, iqneb ramdenime moswavles

bevrad rTuli masalis kiTxva SeuZlia, sxvebi

ki Zlivs kiTxuloben (maRali variabiloba) aseT

SemTxvevaSi, saSualo done ar iqneba klasis

reprezentaciuli da sxvadasxva tipis gakveTili

unda dagegmoT moswavleTa mravalferovani

moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad.

variabilobis yvelaze martivi sazomi dia-

pazonia, anu sixSireTa ganawilebaSi yvelaze

maRal da yvelaze dabal maCvenebls Soris

sxvaoba. uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolis

qulebisaTvis diapazoni 90-ia: (+61) _ (-29). egos

kontrolis qulebis diapazoni ki 10-ia: (+19) _(+9). diapazonis gamosaTvlelad mxolod ori

qulis codna gWirdebaT _ yvelaze maRlis da

yvelaze dablis.

diapazonis gamoTvla Zalian advilia, magram

mkvlevrebi variabilobis sxva, ufro daxvewil

sazomebs amjobineben, romlebic yvela qulas

iTvaliswinebs da ara mxolod ukidures maCveneb-

lebs. erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli

sazomia standartuli gadaxra, romelic qu-

lebsa da maT saSualos Soris sxvaobis saSua-

los aCvenebs. ganawilebis standartuli gadax-

ris gamosaTvlelad ganawilebis saSualo da

TiToeuli qula unda icodeT. procedura Sem-

degia: TiToeul qulas aklebT saSualos, Semdeg

am gadaxrebis saSualos iTvliT. qvemoT moce-

mulia formula:

simboloebis umetesobas ukve unda cnobdeT

saSualos gamosaTvleli formulidan. (X-M)

niSnavs „individualur qulas gamovakloT sa-

Sualo~ da mas, Cveulebriv, gadaxris qulas

( )N

MX∑ −=

2

σ

saSualo (Mean) _ qulaTa ariTmetikuli sa-

Sualo, centraluri tendenciis yvelaze xSi-

rad gamoyenebuli maCvenebeli.

variabilobis sazomebi (Measures of variability) _statistikebi, rogorebicaa diapazoni, an stan-

dartuli gadaxra, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad

mWidrodaa ganlagebuli qulebi ganawilebaSi.

diapazoni (Range) _ ganawilebaSi yvelaze ma-

Ral da yvelaze dabal qulebs Soris sxvaoba,

variabilobis martivi sazomi.

standartuli gadaxra (Standard deviation – SD) _

qulaTa wyebis saSualo sxvaoba maTi saSua-

lodan, variabilobis sazomi

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uwodeben. saSualos yovel qulas akleben da

Sedegad miRebuli qula kvadratSi ahyavT (uar-

yofiTi mniSvnelobebis gasabaTileblad). Semdeg

am gadaxrebis saSualos iTvlian maTi SejamebiT

(Σ) da monacemTa raodenobaze (N) gayofiT.

simbolo miuTiTebs, rom kvadratuli fesvia

amosaRebi masSi moTavsebuli sidididan. es

manamde ganxorcielebuli kvadratSi ayvanis

gasabaTilebladaa gakeTebuli. S.4 cxrilSi

gamoTvlilia uecari mkvlelebis egos kon-

trolis qulebis standartuli gadaxra. gaix-

seneT, rom am qulebis saSualo 14.4-ia, e.i. swo-

red es sidide unda gamovakloT TiToeul qulas,

raTa Sesabamisi gadaxris qulebi miviRoT.

standartuli gadaxra gveubneba, ramdenad

cvalebadia qulaTa erToblioba. rac ufro

metia standartuli gadaxra, miT metadaa qulebi

gafantuli. sqesobrivi rolebis qulebis

standartuli gadaxra uecari mkvlelebisaTvis

24.6, xolo kriminali mkvlelebisaTvis mxolod

10.7-ia. es aCvenebs, rom kriminalTa jgufSi

variabiloba naklebia. aq qulebi saSualos

garSemo mWidrodaa dajgufebuli. rodesac

cxrilis.4

uecari mkvlelebis egos-zekontrolis

qulebis standartuli gadaxris gamoTvla

qula

(X)

gadaxra (qulas

minus saSualo)

(X-M)

17

17

13

17

13

19

14

9

11

14

2.6

2.6

-1.4

2.6

-1.4

4.6

-0.4

-5.6

-3.4

-0.4

6.76

6.76

1.96

6.76

1.96

21.16

0.16

29.16

11.56

0.16

kvadratSi ayvanili

gadaxrebi (qulas minus

saSualo)2 (X-M)2

standartuli

gadaxra ( )

N

MXSD

∑ −==

2 ( )∑ −= 24.86 MX

94.240.8610

40.86 ==

SD=2.94

standartuli gadaxra mcirea, saSualo kargad

asaxavs mTel ganawilebas. rodesac standartu-

li gadaxra didia, saSualo naklebad tipuria.

saSualo naklebad tipuria mTeli jgufisaTvis.

korelacia

fsiqologiuri monacemebis interpretaciis

kidev erTi sasargeblo iaraRia korelaciis

koeficienti, romelic or cvlads Soris

kavSiris bunebas da siZlieres zomavs (magali-

Tad, simaRle da wona, an sqesobrivi rolis da

egos zekontrolis qulebi). is gveubneba, Tu

ra zomiTaa dakavSirebuli erTi cvladis

qulebi meore cvladis qulebTan. Tu adamianebs

erT cvladze maRali qulebi aqvT da meore

cvladzec imave tendencias avlenen, korelaciis

koeficienti dadebiTi iqneba (nulze meti). Tu

adamianebs erT cvladze maRali qulebi aqvT,

xolo meoreze _ dabali, korelaciis koefi-

cienti uaryofiTi iqneba (nulze naklebi). Tu

qulebs Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs, korelacia

nuls uaxlovdeba (ix. Tavi 2).

korelaciis koeficienti +1-dan (sruli da-

debiTi korelacia) _1-mde (sruli uaryofiTi

korelacia) icvleba. rac ufro Sorsaa koe-

ficienti nulidan nebismieri mimarTulebiT, miT

ufro mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ori cvladi

dadebiTad, an uaryofiTad. rac ufro maRalia

koeficienti, miT ukeTesad viwinaswarmetyvelebT

cvlads, Tu meore viciT.

uecari mkvlelebis kvlevaSi korelaciis

koeficienti (aRiniSneba r-iT) sqesobrivi ro-lebis qulebsa da egos kontrolis qulebs

Soris aris +0. 35, e.i. es qulebi dadebiTad kore-

lirebs, anu is adamianebi, romlebic ufro

feminurad aRiqvamen Tavs, egos ufro maRal

kontrols avlenen. Tumca korelacia rom

zomieria, es imas niSnavs, rom am kavSirSi mra-

vali gamonaklisia. patimrebis TviTSefaseba rom

gagvezoma da misi egos kontrolis qulebTan

korelacia _0.68 rom yofiliyo, maT Soris

iqneboda uaryofiTi korelacia. maSin vityodiT,

rom egos maRali kontrolis mqone adamianebs

dabali TviTSefaseba aqvT, xolo kavSiri ufro

korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)aris statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris

kavSiris xarisxs aCvenebs.

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Zlieri iqneboda, vidre wina SemTxvevaSi, radgan

_0.68 ufro Sorsaa nulidan, kavSiris ararse-

bobis maCvenebeli wertilidan, vidre +0.35.

daskvniTi statistika

uecari mkvlelebis kvlevis monacemebis

dasaxasiaTeblad aRweriTi statistika gamovi-

yeneT da axla ukve gvaqvs warmodgena Sedegebis

Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, yvela ZiriTad kiTxvaze

pasuxi jer mainc ar gagvicia. hipoTeza gulis-

xmobda, rom uecari mkvlelebi ufro morcxvi,

feminuri da maRali zekontrolis mqoneebi

iqnebodnen, vidre kriminali mkvlelebi. am ori

jgufis saSualo pasuxebis da variabilobis

Sesadareblad aRweriTi statistika gamoviyeneT

da aRmoCnda, rom am jgufebs Soris marTlac

aris gansxvaveba, magram sakmarisad didia es

gansxvavebebi? es kvleva rom gagvemeorebina sxva

cdis pirebze, igive Sedegebs miviRebdiT, Tu

miRebuli Sedegi mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa?

rogorRac rom mogvexerxebina da uecari da

kriminali mkvlelebis mTeli populacia Segves-

wavla, saSualoebisa da standartuli gadax-

rebis mniSvnelobebi igive iqneboda?

swored am tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad

gamoiyeneba daskvniTi statistika. is gveubneba,

Cveni monacemebidan da Cvens SerCevaze ra

daskvnebis gakeTeba SegviZlia. daskvniTi

statistika iyenebs albaTobis Teorias, raTa

gansazRvros albaToba imisa, rom monacemebis

esa Tu is erToblioba SemTxveviTi variaciis

Sedegia.

normaluri mrudi

imisTvis, rom gavigoT, rogor muSaobs das-

kvniTi statistika, unda ganvixiloT im gana-

wilebis Tvisebebi, romelsac normaluri mrudi

ewodeba. rodesac cvladis monacemebi (maga-

liTad, simaRle, egos kontroli an inteleqtis

koeficienti) didi raodenobiT individebisagan

miiReba, Sedegebi xSirad ise nawildeba, rogorc

S.3 suraTze naCveneb mrudzea gamosaxuli.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom mrudi simetriulia

(marcxena naxevari marjvenas sarkisebuli

asaxvaa) da zaris forma aqvs _ maRalia SuaSi,

sadac qulebis umetesobaa moTavsebuli da

dabldeba, rac ufro vSordebiT saSualos. am

tipis mruds normaluri mrudi, an normaluri

ganawileba ewodeba (gadaxril ganawilebaSi

suraTis. 3

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qulebi romelime erT bolos lagdeba, SuaSi

ganTavsebis nacvlad).

normalur mrudze medianis, modis da saSua-

los mniSvnelobebi erTi da igivea. mrudis

sxvadasxva nawilSi monacemTa garkveuli procen-

ti xvdeba. suraTi S.3 stenford-bines inteleqtis

testis IQ qulebs aCvenebs. am qulebis saSualo

100-ia, standartuli gadaxra ki _ 16. Tu stan-

dartul gadaxrebs X RerZze moaTavsebT saSua-

lodan manZilebis aRsaniSnad, aRmoaCenT, rom

moncemebis 68%-ze odnav meti Tavsdeba

saSualosa (100) da erT standartul gadaxras

Soris orive mimarTulebiT (IQ 84-sa da 116-sSoris). qulaTa kidev daaxloebiT 27% xvdeba

meore da pirveli standartuli gadaxris

farglebSi (IQ 68-sa da 84-s Soris) saSualos

qvemoT da saSualos zemoT (IQ 116-sa da 132-s

Soris).Q 5%-ze naklebi xvdeba saSualodan sami

standartuli gadaxris farglebSi da Zalian

mcire raodenobiT qulebi rCeba am sazRvrebs

miRma _ 1%-is 1/4-mde.

daskvniTi statistika aCvenebs imis albaTo-

bas, rom qulebi namd-vilad asaxavs imas, risi

gazomvac gsurT da ar aris SemTxveviTad miRebu-

li. magaliTad, meti albaTobaa, rom viRacas

eqneba 105 IQ da ara 140, magram 140 IQ-s qona

ufro mosalodnelia, vidre 35-is.

normaluri mrudi maSinac miiReba, roca

monacemebi SemTxveviTi variaciis gamoa Segrove-

buli. Tu monetas 10-jer aagdebT da CaiwerT,

ramdenjer gamovida aversi da ramdenjer rever-

si, aRmoCndeba, rom erTic da meorec 5-jer

gamodis. Tu ganagrZobT monetis agdebas da 10-

10 agdebis 100 serias daafiqsirebT, aRmoCndeba,

rom zogierT seriaSi sul aversi geqnebaT,

zogierTSi _ sul reversi, magram, umravles

SemTxvevaSi, geqnebaT Tanabari gayofa. yvela

1000 agdebis grafiki rom agegoT, normaluri

ganawilebis mruds miiRebdiT.

statistikuri sandooba

mkvlevarma, romelmac aRmoaCina, rom monacem-

Ta ori mwkrivis saSualos Soris gansxvavebaa,

unda Seamowmos, namdvilia es gansxvaveba, Tu

mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa. radgan SemTxvevis

gamo miRebul gansxvavebebs normaluri ganawile-

ba aqvT, mkvlevars SeuZlia normaluri mrudi

gamoiyenos.

sailustraciod movitanoT martivi magaliTi.

davuSvaT, Tqvens fsiqologiis leqtors ainte-

resebs, ganapirobebs Tu ara gamomcdelis sqesi

imas, gansxvavebuli iqneba Tu ara miRebuli niS-

nebi student qalebTan da mamakacebTan. amisaTvis,

leqtori studentebs Tanabrad yofs or jgufad,

erT jgufs qal gamomcdels amagrebs, xolo

meores _ mamakacs. Semdeg jgufebis saSualo

qulas adarebs. es saSualo qulebi, albaT,

msgavsi, xolo maT Soris raime mcire gansxvaveba

SemTxvevis Sedegi iqneba. ratom? imitom rom,

Tu es mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa da orive jgufi

erTi da igive populaciidanaa (gansxvaveba ar

aris), maTi saSualo erTmaneTTan axlos unda

iyos. viciT, rom normaluri ganawilebis mrudis

qveS moTavsebuli sivrcis sxvadasxva nawilSi

monacemebis garkveuli procenti xvdeba, amitom

mamakaci gamomcdelis jgufis niSnebis mesamedze

naklebi unda aRematebodes qali Camtareblis

jgufis saSualodan erTi standartuli ga-

daxriT qvemoT da zemoT moTavsebul qulebs.

albaToba imisa, rom mamakaci gamomcdelis jgu-

fis saSualo qula qali gamomcdelis jgufis

saSualo qulebis umetesobaze sami stan-

dartuli gadaxris (orive mimarTulebiT) miRma

moTavsdeba, Zalian mcirea. aseTi sididis gan-

sxvaveba rom migveRo, namdvilad darwmunebuli

viqnebodiT imaSi, rom sxvaoba namdvilia da,

rogorc Cans, kavSirSia gamomcdelis sqesTan.

Semdegi kiTxva iqneboda, rogor zemoqmedebs es

cvladi gamocdis qulaze.

qali da mamakaci studentebi SemTxveviTad

rom gagvenawilebina TiToeul jgufSi, SesaZle-

beli gaxdeboda analizi imisa, zemoqmedebs Tu

ara gamomcdelebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba

mxolod erT sqesze Tu oriveze. davuSvaT, iseTi

monacemebi miviReT, romlebic aCvenebs, rom

mamakaci gamomcdelebi qal studentebs ufro

maRal niSnebs uweren, vidre qali gamomcdelebi,

magram mamakac studentebs orive erTnairad

afasebs. Tqvens leqtors SeuZlia statistikuri

daskvnis procedura gamoiyenos, raTa Seafasos

is albaToba, romliTac miRebuli sxvaobebi

mxolod SemTxvevis Sedegi SeiZleba yofiliyo.

normaluri mrudi (Normal curve) _ simetriuli

mrudia, romelic mravali fsiqologiuri Tvise-

bis amsaxveli qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs, sa-

Sualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs imsjelon, ramdenad

araCveulebrivia movlena, an Sedegi.

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gamoTvla sxvaobis zomas da qulebis gafantvas

emyareba.

SeTanxmebis safuZvelze sxvaobas fsiqolo-

gebi „namdvilad~ miiCneven, Tu albaToba imisa,

rom is SemTxveviT moxda, 100-dan 5-ze naklebia

(Semdegnairad aRiniSneba: p<0.05). Tu sxvaoba am

kriteriums daakmayofilebs, is sandoa. Tumca,

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ufro mkacri albaTobis

doneebi gamoiyeneba, rogoricaa p<0.01 (100-dan 1-

ze naklebi) da p<0.001 (1000-dan 1-ze naklebi).

statistikurad sando gansxvavebiT mkvlevars

SeuZlia daskvnis gakeTeba sakvlevi qcevis

Sesaxeb. monacemTa statistikuri sandoobis Se-

samowmeblad mravali gansxvavebuli kriteri-

umi arsebobs. konkretuli kriteriumis SerCeva

damokidebulia kvlevis gegmaze, monacemTa

formasa da jgufebis zomaze. aq mxolod erT-

erT yvelaze gavrcelebul kriteriums, t-kri-

teriums ganvixilavT, romelic SeiZleba gamovi-

yenoT maSin, roca mkvlevars ainteresebs, statis-

tikurad sandoa Tu ara ori jgufis saSualoebs

Soris sxvaoba.

Cvens magaliTSi SegviZlia t-kriteriumi

gamoviyenoT imis Sesamowmeblad, sandod gan-

sxvavdeba Tu ara kriminali mkvlelebisa da

uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi

erTmaneTisagan. S.2 suraTi aCvenebs, rom sqesob-

rivi rolebis qulebis ganawileba sakmarisad

gansxvavdeba imisaTvis, rom „namdvili~ iyos. Tu

saTanado gamoTvlebs CavatarebT, romlebic

Seafasebs sxvaobas or saSualos Soris, rogorc

am or saSualos garSemo variabilobis funqcias,

vnaxavT, rom Zalian mcire Sansia _ 100-dan 5-ze

naklebi (p<0.05), rom aseTi maRali t-s mniSvneloba

miviRoT, Tu ar arsebobs araviTari namdvili

sxvaoba. amdenad, sxvaoba statistikurad sandoa;

anu uecarma mkvlelebma sakuTari Tavi Seafases

rogorc ufro feminuri, vidre kriminalma

mkvlelebma, xolo mkvlelebs Soris sxvaoba

egos zekontrolis qulebSi sando ar aRmoCnda

(p<0.10), amitom ufro frTxilad unda visaubroT

am sxvaobaze. nawinaswarmetyveleb mimarTulebaSi

aris tendencia: sxvaoba isaa, rac SemTxveviT

mxolod 100-dan 10-jer moxdeba, magram es sxvaoba

ver eteva standartSi, romlis mixedviTac is

SemTxveviT 100-dan mxolod 5-jer unda moxdes

(sxvaoba simorcxveSi, romelic sxva, sixSiris

qulebisaTvis saTanado statisikuri kriteriu-

miT iqna gaanalizebuli, maRali sandoobiT

gamoirCeva). amrigad, daskvniTi statistikis

gamoyenebiT SegviZlia pasuxi gavceT im arsebiT

kiTxvebs, romlebiTac daviwyeT. axla TiTqmis

gavarkvieT im adamianebis buneba, vinc uecrad

morcxvi, zomieri adamianidan uecar mkvlelad

iqceva. Tumca, nebismieri daskvna mxolod de-

bulebaa imis Sesaxeb, rom gamokvleul movlenebs

Soris SesaZlo kavSiri arsebobs. zustad amisi

mtkiceba arasodes SegviZlia. mecnierebaSi

miRebuli Sedegebi yovelTvis Riaa Semdeg

Catarebuli da ukeTesi kvlevebis SedegebisaTvis.

rogor gamoviyenoT sworad

mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi

axla ukve viciT, ra aris statistika, rogor

da sad unda gamoviyenoT is, magram isic unda

vicodeT, rom xandaxan mas arasworad iyeneben.

xSirad adamianebi arasando monacemebs mxolod

imitom endobian, rom isini statistikurad

damuSavebulad iTvleba. sxvebi ki ujereben, an

ar ujereben statistikosebis mier mowodebul

informacias raime produqciis, romelime poli-

tikosis, an winadadebis Sesaxeb, magram ar esmiT,

ras asaxaven moyvanili ricxvebi. meore Tavis

bolos ramdenime rCeva mogeciT imis Taobaze,

Tu rogor gaxdeT kvlevis brZeni momxmarebeli.

statistikis am mokle mimoxilvaze dayrdnobiT

SegviZlia es rCeva im situaciebzec ganvavrcoT,

romlebSic adamianebi konkretul statistikur

mosazrebebs gamoTqvamen.

statistikis arasworad gamoyenebis mravali

gza arsebobs. kvlevis nebismier safexurze

miRebul gadawyvetilebas _ dawyebuli iqidan,

vin arian cdis pirebi, rogoraa dagegmili

kvleva, romeli statistikebi gamoiyeneba da

rogor _ Rrma efeqti SeiZleba hqondes im

daskvnebze, romlebsac monacemebze dayrdno-

biT vakeTebT.

sando gansxvaveba (Signifficant difference) _ eqs-

perimentul jgufebs an pirobebs Soris sxvao-

ba, romlis SemTxveviT moxdenis albaToba nak-

lebia, vidre miRebuli sandoobis done; fsi-

qologiaSi aseT doned iyeneben 100-dan 5-zenakleb albaTobas, anu p<0.05.

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cdis pirebis SerCevas didi mniSvneloba aqvs

da ar unda gamogveparos, roca kvlevis Sedegebs

vecnobiT. magaliTad, abortis uflebisadmi

damokidebulebis kvleva gansxvavebul Sedegebs

mogvcems imisda mixedviT, sad CavatarebT mas _

samxreTis patara fundamentalistur qalaqSi,

Tu niu iorkis universitetSi. aseve, erTi da

igive gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT SeiZleba

ori gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis mqone jgufma

_ abortis uflebis momxreebisa da mowi-

naaRmdegeebis _ sxvadasxva daskvna gamoitanos.

maSinac ki, roca cdis pirebi SemTxveviTadaa

SerCeuli da meTodi sworadaa gamoyenebuli,

raTa mikerZoebas ar hqondes adgili, statistikam

SeiZleba mainc araswori Sedegi mogvces, Tu

statisitikis ZiriTad daSvebebs davarRvevT.

magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom 20 adamians

vutarebT inteleqtis tests, maTgan 19 iRebs 90-

dan 110-mde qulas, xolo erTi _ 220-s. mTeli

jgufis saSualo maCveneblze Zlier zemoq-

medebas moaxdens es erTi calke mdgomi Zalian

maRali monacemi. amgvari monacemebisaTvis

umjobesia medianis an modis gamoyeneba, romelic

ufro reprezentaciuli iqneba jgufis saSualo

inteleqtisa, vidre saSualosi. am SemTxvevaSi

saSualo Seqmnis suraTs, rom jgufis tipur

wevrs maRali IQ aqvs. amgvari mikerZoeba

gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans, roca SerCevis zoma

mcirea, magram 20-is nacvlad 2000 cdis piri

rom gvyoloda, erTi calke mdgomi monacemi

ver moaxdenda aseT did gavlenas da saSualo

jgufis monacemebis reprezentaciuli iqneboda.

amgvari motyuebis Tavidan acilebis kargi

gzaa SerCevis zomis gaTvaliswineba. didi zomis

SerCevisas Secdomis albaToba naklebia. kidev

erTi dazRvevaa centraluri tendenciis yvela

sazomis _ medianis, modis da saSualos naxva.

Tu isini msgavsia, Sedegebis axsna ufro sando

iqneba. kvlevis meTodologia da Sedegebi

yovelTvis yuradRebiT unda gaaanalizoT.

SeamowmeT, moyvanilia Tu ara eqsperimentis

angariSSi ra zomisaa SerCeva, rogoraa gazomili

variabiloba da sandoobis done. naxeT, ramdenad

Seesabameba gamoyenebuli meTodi kvlevis miznebs.

statistika fsiqologiuri kvlevis xerxema-

lia. is gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom gavigoT mona-

cemebi da ganvsazRvroT, sworia Tu ara Sedegebi.

fsiqologebi monacemTa sixSiris ganawilebas

amzadeben, iTvlian centraluri tendenciisa da

variabilobis sazomebs. iyeneben korelaciis

koefiecients qulaTa nakrebs Soris kavSiris

siZlieris da mimarTulebis gansasazRvravad;

naxuloben, ramdenad reprezentaciulia mi-

Rebuli Sedegebi da sandod gansxvavdebian Tu

ara populaciisagan. statistika SeiZleba ara-

sworad, an SecdomiTac iyos gamoyenebuli da

SecdomaSi Seiyvanos isini, visac is ar esmis.

magram, roca statistika sworad da eTikurad

aris gamoyenebuli, mkvlevars fsiqologiuri

codnis gafarToebis saSualebas aZlevs.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

aRweriTi statistika

axsniTi statistika

diapazoni

variabilobis sazomebi

korelaciis koeficienti

mediana

moda

normaluri mrudi

sando gansxvaveba

saSualo

sixSireTa ganawileba

standartuli gadaxra

centraluri tendenciis sazomebi

st

at

is

ti

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ri

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ma

te

ba

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ta

ti

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qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebiqcevis biologiuri safuZvlebiqcevis biologiuri safuZvlebiqcevis biologiuri safuZvlebiqcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi

3

memkvidreobiToba da

qceva

• evolucia da

bunebrivi gadarCeva

• adamianis genotipiscvalebadoba

biologia da qceva

• movusminoT tvins

• nervuli sistema

• Tavis tvinis

struqturebi da maTi

funqciebi

• hemisferoTa

lateralizacia

• endokrinuli sistema

fsiqologia XXI

saukuneSi: miRwevebi

tvinis funqciebis

lokalizaciis sferoSi

nervuli sistema

moqmedebaSi

• neironi• moqmedebispotenciali

• sinafsuri gadacema• neirotransmiterebida maTi funqciebi

fsiqologia Cvens

cxovrebaSi: ra gavlenas

axdens cxovrebiseuli

gamocdileba tvinze

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

• ZiriTadi cnebebi

58

r

ratom aris TiToeuli Cvengani unikaluri

individi? fineas geijis istoriidan gamom-

dinare, pasuxs am kiTxvaze nawilobriv Tavis

tvini da, ufro zogadad, Tqveni biologiuri

Taviseburebebi gansazRvravs. imis gagebaSi rom

dagexmaroT, Tu ra gangasxvavebT Tqven gar-

SemomyofTagan, Cven aRvwerT, ra rols TamaSobs

memkvidreobiToba Tqveni cxovrebis Camoyali-

bebisa da Tqveni tvinis formirebis saqmeSi.

dafiqrdiT, qcevis ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT

adamianebs da rogor vlindeba es SesaZleb-

lobebi TiToeul CvenganSi?

Ta

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kinigzis muSas, fineas geijs, 1948

wlis 13 seqtembers ubeduri Sem-

Txveva mouvida _ moulodneli

afeTqebis Sedegad daaxloebiT erTi metri

sigrZis palo TavSi SeerWo. srul gonebaze myofi

geiji etliT miiyvanes sastumromde, sadac man

kibeebze Tavad SeZlo asvla. momdevno ori-sami

kviris ganmavlobaSi igi sikvdils ebrZoda,

oqtombris Sua ricxvebidan ki misi mdgomareoba

mudmivad umjobesdeboda. jon harlou, eqimi,

romelmac es SemTxveva masaCusetis samedicino

sazogadoebas 1968 wels moaxsena, aRniSnavda,

rom geijis gadarCena samedicino TvalsazrisiT

saswauli iyo:

es SemTxveva daaxloebiT oci wlis win

moxda naklebad cnobil qalaqSi (kavendiSi,

vermonti). SemTxveva naklebad cnobilma

soflis eqimma aRwera da metropolitenis

eqimebmac Zalian didi sifrTxiliT miiRes.

mravali maTgani uars ambobda daejerebina

am adamianis gadarCena, vidre maT TiTebi mis

TavSi arsebul xvrelSi ar Cayves… (harlou,

1968, gv. 329).

sinamdvileSi geijs saocrad msubuqi fiziku-

ri dazianebebi hqonda Tumca man dakarga mxed-

veloba marcxena TvalSi da misi saxis marcxena

mxare nawilobriv paralizebuli iyo, magram

misi sxeulis poza, moZraoba da metyveleba uc-

vleli darCa. Tumca, fsiqologiuri Tvalsaz-

risiT, es iyo sxva adamiani, rogorc amas misi

eqimis angariSi adasturebs:

balansi mis inteleqtualur SesaZleb-

lobebsa da cxovelur midrekilebebs Soris

dairRva. is gaxda meryevi, mouridebeli,

RvTisgmobis gamovlenebis momTmeni adamiani

(rac mas adre ar sCveoda). Tavisi megobrebisa

da kolegebis mimarT araviTar pativiscemas

ar amJRavnebs; ver itans veranair SezRudvebs,

an rCevebs, Tu es mis survilebs ar eTanxmeba.

zogjer Zalian jiuti da meryevi uamrav gegmas

awyobs da vidre maT ganxorcielebas daiwyebs,

ukve sxva gegmebze gadadis. Tavis travmamde

is cnobili iyo, rogorc moxerxebuli da

Wkviani biznesmeni, Zalian energiuli da

Tanmimdevruli sakuTari gegmebis aRsrule-

baSi. am TvalsazrisiT, misi goneba radikalu-

rad Seicvala, imdenad cxadad, rom misi

megobrebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen: „es aRar iyo

geiji~ (gv. 339-340).

geijis Semoxveva moxda maSin, rodesac

mecnierebi mxolod iwyebdnen hipoTezebis Seqmnas

tvinis funqciebsa da kompleqsur qcevas Soris

kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca aravin

isurvebda geijis saxelganTqmulobis gazia-

rebas, misi SemTxveva dRemde SemorCa istorias,

radganac is warmoadgens yvelaze ufro adreul

dokumentirebul cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom

fsiqologiur procesebs tvinis cxovelqmedeba

gansazRvravs.

59

wignis es Tavi, garkveulwilad, Tqveni bio-

logiuri potencialis mniSvnelovani aspeqtis

dadasturebas warmoadgens. Tqveni tvini sak-

marisad kompleqsuria imisaTvis, rom sakuTari

funqciebis sistematuri kontroli da koor-

dinireba ganaxorcielos. ratom aris is aseTi

mniSvnelovani? adamianis tvins xSirad komp-

iuters adareben. iwonis ra mxolod 1500 grams,

Tqveni tvini met ujreds Seicavs, vidre var-

skvlavia Cvens galaqtikaSi – 100 miliardi

ujredi, romelic erTmaneTTanaa dakavSi-

rebuli da informaciis gacvlasa da Senaxvas

saocari efeqturobiT axerxebs. magram msof-

lioSi yvelaze ufro Zlieri kompiuteric ki

ver SeZlebs im wesebis asaxvas, romlebic mis

sakuTar operaciebs gansazRvraven. ase rom,

Tqven nebismier kompiuterze bevrad ufro

rTuli agebulebisa xarT; Tqveni cnobiereba

saSualebas gaZlevT gansazRvroT is wesebi,

romlebic Tqvens cxovelqmedebas uzrunvel-

yofen. kvleva, romelsac Cven wignis am TavSi

aRvwerT, warmoiqmna adamianis survilidan _

Seicnos sakuTari Tavi.

bevri studentisaTvis es Tavi ufro did

sirTules warmoadgens, vidre mTeli am wignis

darCenili nawili. is moiTxovs Tqvengan ana-

tomiisa da mravali axali terminis swavlas,

romelic TiTqos Zalian Sorsaa im informa-

ciisagan, romelsac Tqven fsiqologiis Sesav-

lis kursSi moelodiT. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,

Tqveni biologiuri bunebis gageba dagexmarebaT

ufro kompleqsurad SeigrZnoT urTierTkavSiri

tvins, gonebas, qcevasa da garemos Soris,

romelic im gansakuTrebul SegrZnebas gansaz-

Rvravs, romelsac adamianad yofna hqvia.

am Tavis mizania, agixsnaT, Tu rogor monawi-

leobs biologia unikaluri individebis Seq-

mnaSi. am miznis misaRwevad Cven jer aRvwerT,

rogor gansazRvravs evolucia da memkvidreo-

biToba Tqvens biologiasa da qcevas; Semdeg

vnaxavT, rogor gvexmareba laboratoriuli da

klinikuri kvleva tvinis, nervuli da endokri-

nuli sistemebis muSaobis SeswavlaSi; amis

Semdgom ganvixilavT saintereso kavSirebs

biologiur funqciebsa da cxovrebiseul

gamocdilebas Soris. dabolos, Cven Sevis-

wavliT individebs Soris gansxvavebas tvinsa

da qcevas Soris kavSiris fonze.

memkvidreobiToba da qceva

pirvel TavSi Cven ganvsazRvreT, rom fsiqo-

logiis erT-erTi umTavresi amocanaa, Seiswav-

los adamianis qcevis mravalferovnebis gamom-

wvevi mizezebi. am mizezebis dadgenaSi dagvex-

mareba kavSir-gansxvaveba iseT punqtebs Soris,

rogoricaa: buneba – aRzrda; memkvidreobiToba

– garemo. Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT, rom

individebi agresiulni arian maTi biologiuri

Taviseburebebis gamo. SesaZloa maT romelime

mSoblisagan memkvidreobiT ergoT agresiulo-

bisaken midrekileba. alternatiuli variantia

imis daSveba, rom yvela adamianSi agresiuloba

Tanabradaa warmodgenili da misi gamomJRavnebis

xarisxi damokidebulia im garemoze, sadac es

adamianebi aRizardnen. swori pasuxi am kiTxvaze

Zireulad gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor unda

moepyros sazogadoeba agresiul individs –

garemos garkveuli pirobebis Zalisxmeva moax-

maros mas Tu Tavad adamianebis Tvisebebis

Secvlas. Tqven unda SegeZloT ganasxvavoT

garemos gavlena memkvidreobiTobisagan.

radganac garemoze dakvirveba pirdapir

SeiZleba, ufro advilia imis dadgena, Tu

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60

rogor axdens is gavlenas adamianis qcevaze.

magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT daakvirdeT mSob-

lis agresiul qcevas bavSvis mimarT da war-

moidginoT, ra gavlenas moaxdens es momavalSi

bavSvis agresiulobaze; Tqven SegiZliaT daak-

virdeT Warbad dasaxlebul da Rarib gare-

mocvas, romelSic bavSvebi izrdebian da

dainteresdeT, SeuZlia Tu ara am garemo piro-

bebs agresiuli qcevis gamowveva. biologiur

Zalebs, romlebic qcevas gansazRvraven,

SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT verasdros davakvi-

rdebiT. qcevis biologia rom ukeT gaiTavisoT,

Cven daviwyebT zogierTi iseTi principis

aRweriT, romelic saxeobebis qcevis potenciur

repertuars gansazRvravs (evoluciis Teoriis

elementebi) da Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu rogor

gadaecema qceviTi variaciebi Taobidan Taobas.

evolucia da bunebrivi

gadarCeva

1831 wels Carlz darvini, romelmac koleji

Teologiis ganxriT daamTavra, inglisidan gem

„bigliT~ gaemgzavra xuTwlian eqspediciaSi

samxreT amerikis sanapiros Sesaswavlad. mog-

zaurobis dros darvini agrovebda yvelafers,

rac ki mas gzad xvdeboda: zRvis cxovelebs,

frinvelebs, mcenareebs, namarxebs, niJarebsa

da qvebs. misi dakvirvebebis Sedegebi safuZ-

vlad daedo wigns, romelic moicavda saki-

Txebs, dawyebuli geologiidan zoologiisa

da emociebis CaTvliT. wigni, romelmac mas

sayovelTaod gauTqva saxeli, aris 1859 wels

gamocemuli ̀ saxeobaTa warmoSoba~. am naSrom-

Si darvinma Camoayaliba mecnierebis erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi Teoria _ moZRvreba dedami-

waze sicocxlis evoluciis Sesaxeb.

bunebrivi gadarCeva

darvinma Camoayaliba moZRvreba evoluciis

Sesaxeb, romelSic mogzaurobis dros Segro-

vili dakvirvebebis Sedegebi aisaxa. erT-erTi

im mravalricxovan adgilTa Soris, romelic

„biglma~ moinaxula, iyo galapagosis kunZulebi

_ vulkanuri arqipelagi samxreT amerikis dasav-

leT sanapirosTan. am kunZulebze uamravi cxo-

veli binadrobs, maT Soris amJamad `darvinis

skvinCad~ cnobili frinvelis 13 saxeoba. darvinidainteresda, Tu ratom arsebobda skvinCas

amdeni sxvadasxva saxeoba arqipelagze. cxadi

iyo, rom isini kontinentidan ver gadmovidodnen,

radganac iq es saxeobebi ar binadrobdnen. man

Ta

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bunebrivi gadarCeva (Natural selection) – darvinisTeoriis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi warmomad-

genlis ukeTesi Segueba garemosadmi, saSualebas

aZlevs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmate-

bulad gamravldes.

61

ivarauda, rom saxeobaTa es sxvadasxvaoba gar-

kveuli procesis Sedegi iyo, romelsac mog-

vianebiT bunebrivi gadarCeva uwoda.

darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, skvinCas yoveli

saxeoba saerTo winaprisagan warmoiSva. Tavidan

frinvelebis patara gundma daido bina kunZu-

lebze. isini gamravldnen erTmaneTTan Sejva-

rebis gziT. droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogierTi

frinveli arqipelagis sxva kunZulze gadavida.

procesi, romelic Semdgom etapze ganviTarda,

bunebrivi gadarCeva iyo. sakvebi resursebi da

sacxovrebeli pirobebi – bunebrivi pirobebi

– mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva kun-

Zulze. zogan uxvadaa kenkra da Teslovani mce-

nareebi, zogi kunZuli kaqtusebiTaa dafaruli,

xolo zogan uamravi mweria. erTi SexedviT,

populaciebi sxvadasxva kunZulze msgavsi iyo,

magram yovel kunZulze frinvelebs Soris gar-

kveuli araerTgvarovneba SeiniSneboda. imis

gamo, rom kunZulebze sakvebi resursebis raode-

noba SezRuduli iyo, skvinCebis gadarCenis

Sansi izrdeboda, Tu maTi niskartis forma

ukeT iyo misadagebuli am kunZulze arsebuli

sakvebis mopovebasTan. magaliTad, skvinCebi,

romlebic kenkriTa da Teslovani mcenareebiT

mdidar kunZulebze binadrobdnen, gadarCebod-

nen, Tu msxvili niskarti eqnebodaT. frinvelebi

wvrili, wawvetebuli niskartiT, romelic

mouxerxebelia Teslis gatexvisa Tu gaxsnisa-

Tvis, aseT kunZulebze iRupebodnen. yoveli kun-

Zulis garemo pirobebi gansazRvravda, frin-

velebis sawyisi populaciidan romeli gadar-

Ceboda da gamravldeboda da romeli daiRu-

peboda STamomavlobis gareSe. droTa ganmav-

lobaSi aman gamoiwvia kunZulebze Zalian

gansxvavebuli populaciebis Camoyalibeba da

xeli Seuwyo saerTo winaprisagan `darvinis

skvinCebis~ sxvadasxva saxeobebis ganviTarebas.

zogadad, bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria gu-

lisxmobs, rom organizmi, romelic kargad aris

Seguebuli bunebriv garemos, rogoric ar unda

iyos is, ufro met STamomavlobas tovebs, vidre

naklebad Seguebuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi, or-

ganizmebi, romelTac gadarCenisaTvis saWiro

niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, ricxobrivad imateben

imaTTan SedarebiT, romelTac es niSan-Tvisebebi

ar aqvT. evoluciisaTvis individis warmateba

izomeba mis mier datovebuli STamomavlobis

raodenobiT.

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom bu-

nebriv gadarCevas mokle drois ganmavlobaSic

ki dramatuli efeqtebis gamowveva SeuZlia.

peter da rozmari grantebis mier (Grant & Grant,

1989; Grant, 1986; Weiner, 1994) galapagosis arqi-

pelagis erT-erT kunZulze ̀ darvinis skvinCebze~

Catarebul iqna gamokvlevaTa seria, romlis

drosac registrirebul iqna naleqebis raode-

noba, sakvebis miwodeba da frinvelebis popu-

laciis zoma. 1976 wels populacia moicavda

aTasze met skvinCas. momdevno wels gamanad-

gurebelma gvalvam mospo sakvebis maragi. patara

zomis Teslebi gamoifita, darCa mxolod didi

da uxeSi. im wels frinvelTa populacia Sem-

cirda 80%-ze metiT, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,

rom patara niskartebis mqone mcire zomis skvin-

Cebi ufro meti daiRupa, vidre mozrdili zomis

frinveli msxvili niskartiT. Sesabamisad, ro-

gorc amas darvini winaswarmetyvelebda, momdev-

no wels didi zomis frinvelTa raodenobam

imata. ratom? imitom, rom mxolod eseni, didi

sxeulebiTa da msxvili niskartebiT iyvnen

sakmarisad Zlierni imisaTvis, rom epasuxaT

gvalviT gamowveuli garemos cvlilebebisaTvis.

sainteresoa, rom 1983 wels naleqebis raodenoba

Warbi iyo da Teslebi, gansakuTrebiT mcire

zomis, uxvad ganviTarda. Sedegad, mcire zomis

frinvelebma raodenobiT ajobes didi zomis

frinvelebs imitom, rom maTi niskartebi ukeT

iyo morgebuli mcire zomis Teslebis mo-

povebasTan. peter da rozmari grantebis kvlevam

aCvena, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva mniSvnelovan

efeqtebs drois mokle periodSic iZleva.

mkvlevrebi dResac agrZeleben sxvadasxva

saxeobebis bunebriv gadarCevaze garemo piro-

bebis gavlenis Seswavlas, maT Soris evropul

xilis buzze (Huey et al., 200) da Tevzebis sxva-

dasxva saxeobaze (Rundle et. al., 2000).

genotipi da fenotipi

skvinCebis populaciis zrda-Semcirebis maga-

liTi cxadyofs, Tu ratom uwodebda darvini

evoluciis process ukeT Seguebulis gadar-

Cenas. warmoidgineT, rom yoveli saxeobisaTvis

nebismier garemoSi uamravi saarsebo sirTule

moiZebneba. saxeobis is warmomadgenlebi, ro-

melTac garemosTan ukeT Sexamebuli fiziku-

ri da fsiqologiuri atributebi gaaCniaT,

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ufro advilad gadarCebian. imis gaTvalis-

winebiT, rom am atributebis gadacema SesaZloa

Taobidan TaobaSi (da garemoSi es sirTuleebi

droTa ganmavlobaSi narCundeba), saxeobis

evoluciis Sansi izrdeba.

bunebrivi gadarCevis procesis detaluri Ses-

wavlis mizniT, Cven unda SemovitanoT evolu-

ciuri Teoriis ramdenime mniSvnelovani cneba.

modiT, SevCerdeT calkeul skvinCaze, kerZodDki

im faqtze, rom am skvinCam misi mSoblebisgan

memkvidreobiT genotipi, anu genetikuri struq-

tura miiRo. konkretuli garemos konteqstSi

am genotipma gansazRvra skvinCis ganviTareba

da qceva. skvinCis garegnoba da misi qcevis

repertuari ganixileba, rogorc fenotipi. Cveni

skvinCas SemTxvevaSi genotipi gansazRvravs mo-

cemul garemo pirobebTan erTad mokle niskar-

tis fenotips. am niskartiT SesaZlebelia patara

Teslebis akrefa. yvela tipis Tesli mravlad

rom yofiliyo, maSin am fenotips gadar-

CenisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba eqneboda,

magram, Tu davuSvebdiT, rom mxolod mcire

zomis Teslebis mopoveba yofiliyo SesaZlebeli,

maSin Cvens skvinCas msxvili niskartis mqone

skvinCebTan SedarebiT seleqciuri upiratesoba

eqneboda. mxolod didi zomis Teslebis

arsebobis pirobebSi iqneboda Cveni skvinCa

araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi.

mxolod gadarCenil skvinCebs SeuZliaT

gamravleba. memkvidreobiT TavianTi genotipis

gadacema SeuZliaT mxolod im cxovelebs,

romlebic mravldeba. Sesabamisad, Tuki garemoSi

mxolod mcire zomis Teslebi moipoveba, mravali

Taobis Semdeg mxolod mcireniskartian skvinCebs

miviRebT, Sesabamisad, mxolod mcire zomis

Teslebis mopovebis unariT. ase cvlis garemo

saxeobis qcevis SesaZlo repertuars. suraTi

3.1 warmogvidgens bunebrivi gadarCevis gamartive-

bul models. Cven SegviZlia es idea adamianis

evoluciasac mivusadagoT.

adamianis evolucia

Tuki gadavxedavT im garemoebebs, romlebSic

adamianis saxeobis evolucia moxda, mivxvdebiT,

Tu ratom warmoadgenen garkveuli fizikuri

da qceviTi Tvisebebi adamianis saxeobis bio-

logiuri kapitalis nawils. adamianis evolu-

ciaSi bunebrivi gadarCevisTvis ori umTavresi

Tviseba – bipedalizmi da encefalizacia – iyo

gadamwyveti. orivem erTad ganapiroba kacob-

riobis civilizaciis warmoqmna. bipedalizmi

niSnavs or fexze amarTulad siarulis unars,

genotipi (Genotype) – organizmis genetikuri

struqtura, romelsac is mSoblebisagan mem-

kvidreobiT iRebs.

fenotipi (Phenotype) – organizmis xiluli niSan-

Tvisebebi, romlebic misi genotipisa da garemos

urTierTqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba.

rogor muSaobs bunebrivi gadarCeva

garemo pirobebis cvlileba ganapirobebs saxeobis

wevrebs Soris konkurencias resursebisaTvis

brZolaSi. mxolod im individebs, romelTac am

cvlilebebTan ukeT Seguebuli Tvisebebi gaaCniaT,

eqnebaT gadarCenisa da gamravlebis Sansi. momdevno

TaobaSi Seguebul genetikuri struqturis mqone

individTa raodenoba meti iqneba.

suraTi 3.1

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xolo encefalizacia – Tavis tvinis zomis moma-

tebas. es ori adaptacia pasuxismgebelia ada-

mianis evoluciis umravles Tu ara, yvela miR-

wevaze, kulturuli ganviTarebis CaTvliT.

rodesac Cvenma winaprebma SeZles or fexze

amarTuli siaruli, maT SeiZines garemos Ses-

wavlisa da axali resursebis eqspluataciis

unari. Tavis tvinis zomis momatebasTan erTad

ki maTi inteleqti gaumjobesda, maT SeiZines

kompleqsuri azrovnebis, msjelobis, damaxsovre-

bisa da dagegmvis unari (Tumca unda aRiniSnos,

rom ufro didi tvinis evolucia ar warmoadgens

ufro didi inteleqtis garantias – mniSvnelo-

vani iyo is, Tu ra tipis tvinis qsovili viTar-

deboda da ra adgils ikavebda is tvinis far-

glebSi). genotipma, romelic gansazRvravda

Wkvian da mobilur fenotips, nel-nela gandevna

naklebad warmatebulad adaptirebuli genoti-

pebi adamianTa genuri fondidan, ramac gamrav-

lebis unari ufro Wkvian orfexa arsebebs misca.

bipedalizmisa da encefalizaciis Semdeg,

Cveni saxeobis evoluciis gzaze yvelaze ufro

mniSvnelovani etapi iyo metyvelebis warmoqmna

(Bicketron, 1990; Holden, 1998). ifiqreT, ra SeguebiTi

upiratesoba SeeZlo moetana metyvelebis ganvi-

Tarebas adreuli periodis adamianebisaTvis.

iaraRebis gakeTebisaTvis saWiro martivi miTi-

Tebebi, kargi sanadiro Tu saTevzao adgilebis

povna da saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba zogavda

dros, Zalas da sicocxles. imis magivrad, rom

yovel jerze Tavidan eswavlaT sakuTari

gamocdilebidan cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT,

adamianebma SeZles sxvaTa gamocdilebis

gamoyeneba. saubari, iumoric ki, aZlierebda

socialur kavSirebs bunebrivad isedac sazo-

gadoebrivi saxeobis wevrebs Soris. yvelaze

mniSvnelovania is, rom metyvelebis warmoqmna-

ganviTarebam SesaZlo gaxada dagrovili codnis

gadacema Taobidan Taobaze.

metyveleba warmoadgens kulturuli evo-

luciis bazas _ kulturebis tendencias, daswav-

lis gziT adapturad upasuxos garemos cvli-

lebebs. kulturulma evoluciam ganapiroba

iaraRebis warmoebis warmateba, soflis

meurneobis gaumjobeseba da industriisa da teq-

nologiebis ganviTareba da daxvewa. kulturuli

evolucia saSualebas gvaZlevs Zalian swrafad

SeveguoT garemo pirobebis cvlilebebs.

personaluri kompiuteris gamoyenebis Segueba,

magaliTad, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi gan-

viTarda. miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli evolucia

ver iarsebebs genotipis gareSe, romelic ko-

direbs daswavlisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis

unars. kulturis arseboba – xelovnebis, li-

teraturis, musikis, samecniero codnisa da fi-

lantropiuli aqtivobebis CaTvliT – SesaZ-

lebelia mxolod adamianis genotipis poten-

cialis gamo.

adamianis genotipis cvalebadoba

Tqven naxeT, rom adamianis evoluciis dros

upiratesoba saziaro biologiur potencials

eniWeboda _ bipedalizmi da azrovnebisa da

metyvelebis unari. magram am saziaro potencia-

lSic rCeba adgili sagrZnobi variaciebisaTvis.

Tqvenma ded-mamam gadmogcaT mxolod nawili

imisa, rac maT mSoblebisgan, bebia-babuisagan

da Tqveni ojaxis yvela sxva wina Taobisagan

hqondaT miRebuli, ramac Sedegad mogvca Tqveni

ganviTarebis unikaluri biologiuri gegma.

memkvidreobiTobis (winaprebis fizikuri da fsi-

qologiuri niSan-Tvisebebis miReba) meqanizmis

Semswavlel mecnierebas genetika ewodeba.

genetikis safuZvlebi

Tqveni yoveli ujredis birTvSi moTavsebu-

lia genetikuri masala, romelsac dnm (dezoq-

siribonukleinis mJava) ewodeba. dnm organize-

bulia umcires nawilakebad, genebad. genebis

zusti raodenoba adamianis genomSi (genTa

erToblioba) dRemde araa cnobili; asaxeleben

ricxvs 30 000-dan 150 000-mde (Pennisi, 2000). genebi

Seicaven cilebis sinTezisaTvis saWiro in-

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struqciebs. es cilebi aregulireben sxeulSi

mimdinare fiziologiur procesebs da gana-

pirobeben fenotipis eqspresias: sxeulis for-

mas, fizikur Zalas da bevr sxva qceviT Tvisebas.

genebi moTavsebulia struqturebze, romel-

Tac qromosomebi ewodebaT. Casaxvis momentSi

Tqven iRebT mSoblebisagan 46 qromosomas – 23-

s dedisgan da 23-s mamisgan. yoveli qromosoma

aTasobiT gens Seicavs. spermisa da kvercxuj-

redis Serwyma Sedegad gvaZlevs genTa mravali

milioni SesaZlo kombinaciidan mxolod erTs.

sasqeso qromosomebi Seicaven informacias mam-

risa Tu mdedris fizikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

Tqven iRebT X qromosomas dedisgan da X an Y

qromosomas mamisgan. XX kombinacia ganapirobebs

mdedrobiTi Tvisebebis ganviTarebas, xolo XY

kombinacia – mamrobiTi Tvisebebisas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqvens dedmamiSvi-

lebTan Tqven daaxloebiT genTa 50% saerTo

gaqvT, genTa Tqveni kombinacia absoluturad

unikaluria, Tuki Tqven ar gyavT erTkvercxiani

tyupi. genebs Soris sxvaoba aris erT-erTi

mizezi, Tu ratom gansxvavdebiT Tqven fizi-

kurad da qceviTac Tqveni Zmebisa da debisagan.

sxva mizezi ki isaa, rom Tqven ar cxovrobT

absoluturad identur garemoSi. fsiqologiis

mniSvnelovani mizania, zemoqmedebis am or

wyaros Soris wonasworobis (balansis) gageba.

memkvidreobiToba (Heredity) – niSan-Tvisebebis bio-logiuri gadacema mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze.

genetika (Genetics) – mecniereba winaprebisgan mi-Rebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis

memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb.

dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) (DNA – deox-yribonucleic acid) _ genetikuri informaciis gada-cemis fizikuri baza.

geni (Genes) – memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTe-uli; qromosomebis patara ubani, romelic

pasuxismgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.

sasqeso qromosoma (Sex chrolosomes) – qromosomebi,sadac Tavmoyrilia mamrobiTi Tu mdedrobiTi

Tvisebebis matarebeli genebi.

adamianis qcevis genetika (Human behavior genetics)– mecniereba, romelic qcevisa da Tvisebebis

individualuri gansxvavebebis genetikur kompo-

nentebs Seiswavlis.

genebi da qceva

Cven vnaxeT, rom evoluciurma procesma SesaZ-

lo gaxada adamianis genotipSi uamravi cvale-

badobis arseboba. am genotipTa urTierTqmedeba

garemosTan qmnis cvalebadobas adamianTa

fenotipSi. adamianTa qcevis genetikis sferoSi

mkvlevrebi Tanabrad iyeneben genetikisa da fsi-

qologiis meTodebs, raTa Seiswavlon mizezob-

rivi urTierTkavSiri niSan-TvisebaTa memkvid-

reobiTobasa da qcevas Soris (Maccoby, 2000;

Plomin & Rende, 1991; Plomin et al., 1994).

qceviTi genetikis logikis Sesaswavlad Cven

unda aRvweroT saocari aRmoCena: Tqveni su-

bieqturi kargad yofnis – bednierebis, romel-

sac Tqven Tqveni cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ganic-

diT – safuZvels, SesaZloa, genetikuri kompo-

nenti gansazRvravdes.

saidan

viciT

bednierebis memkvidreobiToba

bednierebis genetikuri komponentis

Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebma qceviTi genetikis

klasikuri meTodi gamoiyenes. maT Seis-

wavles monozigoturi (genetikurad iden-

turi, MZ) da dizigoturi (e.w. fraternuli

anu sibsebis msgavsi, DZ) tyupebis mier

sakuTari bednierebis Sefaseba. tyupebis

bednierebis done fasdeboda specialuri

kiTxvariT, romelSic iyo aseTi tipis

kiTxvebic, magaliTad, „sxvebTan SedarebiT,

ramdenad bednieri xarT?~mkvlevrebma

Seiswavles MZ da DZ pasuxebis ori seria,

rodesac respondentebi Sesabamisad 20 da

30 wlisa iyvnen. maT Caatares e.w. jvaredini

analizi (sur. 3.2): 30 wlis respondentis

gamonaTqvami Seadares misi tyupiscalis

gamonaTqvams 20 wlis asakSi. gamoirkva,

rom TiTqmis ar arsebobda korelacia DZ

tyupebis pasuxebs Soris maSin, rodesac

MZ tyupebSi pasuxebis 80%-is korelacia

jvaredini analizis Sedegad dadasturda.

mecnierebis warmodgeniT, es maRali kore-

lacia SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod im daSve-

biT, rom bednierebas genetikuri komponenti

aqvs (Lykken & Tellegen, 1996).

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xom ar gagikvirdaT, rom bednierebasac ki

SesaZloa Zlieri genetikuri komponenti

hqondes? Tqven, albaT, fiqrobT, rom bednierebas

garemo ufro metad gansazRvravs. Tqven

romantiuli urTierToba gaqvT? ramdenad

rTulia Tqveni swavlis procesi? romelia

Tqveni cxovrebis mTavari winaaRmdegobebi?

mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom garemos aseTi

movlenebi dabadebis dros miRebuli „bed-

nierebis saSualo donis~ garkveul variaciebs

iwvevs. analogiisaTvis gaixseneT rogor mu-

Saobs Termostati. davuSvaT, Tqven temperatura

daayeneT 20°C-ze garemo garkveulad Secvlis

am temperaturas, magram saSualo maCvenebeli

igive darCeba. bednierebis sakiTxis kvlevam

aCvena, rom yovel Cvengans aqvs bednierebis

donis raRac sawyisi maCvenebeli (analogiiT,

magaliTad, 20°C, an 30°C), romelic narCundeba

mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare

movlenebis miuxedavad, magram aucilebelia,

rom amas geni (an genebi) gansazRvravdes? gaix-

seneT wignis meore Tavidan: „korelacia ar aris

mizezobrioba~. SesaZloa, rom individis qcevis

sxva aspeqtebma, an gamocdilebam gansazRvros

genetikurad ganpirobebuli bednierebis gamov-

lena. identuri da dizigoturi tyupebis

magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom genomis elementebs

aqvT gavlena bednierebaze. davuSvaT, rom Tqveni

genetikuri memkvidreoba gansazRvravs, Tu

rogor afasebT momxdar movlenebs – rom Tqveni

da an Zma genetikurad ganwyobilia ufro metad

daiTrgunos umniSvnelo problemebisagan. Tqven,

SesaZloa, ufro bednieri iyoT, magram genetika

gansazRvravs, Tu rogor axdenT Tqven samyaros

interpretacias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganapiro-

bebs gansxvavebebs bednierebaSi, an, SesaZloa,

saSualo keTildReoba warmoadgens balanss

pozitiuri da negatiuri emociebis gamomwvev

genebs Soris (Hamer, 1996). rogori axsnac arunda moiZebnos, erTi ram cxadia: mSoblebisagan

miRebuli genebi ufro farTo gavlenas axdenen

Tqvenze, vidre mxolod Tvalis ferisa Tu

Tqveni simaRlis gansazRvra.

daimaxsovreT, rom genebSi Tqveni bedis kodi

araa Cadebuli. is rom Tqven maRali xarT, ar

niSnavs, rom kalaTburTi unda iTamaSoT; is,

rom Tqven qali xarT, ar niSnavs, rom auci-

leblad bavSvebi unda gaaCinoT. yovelTvis

gaxsovdeT, rom genotipis eqspresia mxolod

garkveul konteqstSia SesaZlebeli. fizikuri

zoma, magaliTad, ganpirobebulia genetikuri

masaliTa da kvebis racioniT erToblivad.

fizikuri Zala rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi,

SesaZloa, ganviTarebul iqnes specialuri savar-

jiSoebis meSveobiT. inteleqtualuri ganviTa-

reba ganpirobebulia rogorc genetikuri poten-

cialiT, ise aRzrdis pirobebiT. verc marto

genebi da verc marto garemo ver gansazRvravs,

vin xarT Tqven da ra pirovnebad CamoyalibdebiT.

adamianis qcevis genetikaSi gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba individualuri gansxvavebebis war-

moSobis Seswavlas eTmoba: individualuri

genetikuri masalis ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven

Tqveni azrovnebisa da qcevis maneras? sociobio-

logebi cdiloben am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas

qcevis farTo speqtris fonze. es sfero Seis-

wavlis socialur qcevas da adamianebisa da

sxva cxovelebis socialuri sistemebis evo-

luciur safuZvlebs. modiT bednierebaSi ufro

meti vigulisxmoT. Cven mxolod qceviTi ge-

netikis kvleva aRvwereT, romelic bednierebis

sferoSi individualur gansxvavebebs Seis-

sociobiologia (Sociobiology) – mecniereba,

romelic Seiswavlis adamianTa da cxovelTa

socialur sistemebs da sociualuri qcevis

evoluciur safuZvlebs.

suraTi 3.2

bednierebis genetikis safuZvlis

Semswvleli cdis sqema

mecnierebma Seiswavles korelacia erTi tyupis

bednierebisdoneebs Soris 20 da 30 wlis asakSi

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wavlis, magram rogor SeiZleba aixsnas evo-

luciuri perspeqtividan adamianis saxeobis

zogadi unari bednierebis gancdisa? basi (2000)

uSvebs, rom adamianTa bednierebaSi garkveuli

SezRudvebia „Tanamedrove da Zvel garemoebebs

Soris arsebuli Seusabamobebis~ gamo. maga-

liTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebi mcire

zomis jgufebis konteqstSi ganviTardnen, bevri

dRes did urbanul garemoSi cxovrobs, sadac

didi raodenobiT ucxoebiT aris garemoculi.

Cven aRar SegvrCa mWidro kavSirebi individTa

im jgufebTan, romelTanac saarsebo sivrces

viyofT; kavSirebi, romlebic gvexmareba bed-

nieri cxovrebis gancdaSi. ra SeiZleba gakeT-

des? miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven ar SegiZliaT

ukan daabrunoT am cvlilebebis gamomwvevi kul-

turuli evolucia, Tqven SegiZliaT arsebuli

viTarebis kompensireba Tqvens ojaxTan da megob-

rebTan mWidro kavSirebis damyarebiT (Buss, 2000).

Sejameba

saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da icvleba drois

ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad,

romelic warmoadgens organizmis unars,

sxvadasxva intensivobiT gamravldes fenoti-

puri Tvisebebisa da garemos Soris urTierT-

qmedebis gamo. adamianis evoluciaSi ori um-

Tavresi Segueba iyo _ bipedalizmi da encefa-

lizacia. metyvelebis ganviTarebam SesaZlo

gaxada swrafi kulturuli evolucia.

adamianis qceviTi genetikis mkvlevrebi Seis-

wavlian kavSirs memkvidreobiT miRebul geneb-

sa da qcevas Soris. sociobiologebi iyeneben

evoluciur midgomas saxeobebis socialuri

qcevis gagebisaTvis.

biologia da qceva

modiT, axla Cveni yuradReba adamianis geno-

tipis mniSvnelovan produqts mivapyroT _ im

biologiur sistemebs, romelTa meSveobiTac

azrovnebisa da qcevis mTel speqtrs vaxorcie-

lebT. bevrad ufro adre darvinis mogzau-

robamde, mecnierebi, filosofosebi da sxvebi

msjelobdnen, Tu ra rols asruleben biolo-

giuri sistemebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.

tvinis Seswavlis istoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvne-

lovanesi figura iyo rene dekarti (1596-1650),

romelmac SemogvTavaza im droisaTvis Zalzed

radikaluri idea: adamianis sxeuli aris „cxo-

veluri manqana~, romelic SeiZleba mecnieru-

lad SeviswavloT – empiriuli dakvirvebis

gziT bunebrivi kanonebis aRmoCenis meSveobiT.

dekarti Tvlida, rom adamianis qmedeba aris

meqanikuri refleqsi garemos mxridan stimu-

laciis sapasuxod. man ivarauda, rom fizikuri

energia aagznebs grZnobis organos. stimu-

lirebis Semdeg grZnobis organo gadascems

tvins agznebas „cxoveluri sulis~ meSveobiT;

tvini, Tavis mxriv, gadascems cxovelur suls

kunTebis Sesabamis jgufs, romelic moZraobiT

refleqsur pasuxs axorcielebs.

refleqsis dekartiseul cnebas mecnieruli

dasabuTeba ar hqonda 1906 wlamde, rodesac

ser Carlz Seringtonma aRmoaCina, rom refleq-

sebis safuZvels warmoadgenen pirdapiri kav-

Sirebi sensorul da motorul nervul boW-

koebs Soris zurgis tvinis doneze. Serington-

ma wamoayena idea, rom nervuli sistema rogorc

amagznebel (nervuli aqtivobis gaZliereba),

ise Semakavebel (nervuli aqtivobis Semcireba)

procesebs moicavs. XX saukunis dasawyisamde

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mecnierebma araferi icodnen nervuli sistemis

struqturuli erTeulis, neironis Sesaxeb. san-

tiago ramon kaxali iyo pirveli, vinc aRmoaCina

fizikuri zRvari mezobel neironebs Soris da

ganaviTara Teoria neironebs Soris informaciis

gadacemis Sesaxeb. 50 wlis Semdeg eleqtronuli

mikroskopis gamoyenebam daadastura misi ideebi.

1948 wels donald hebma ivarauda, rom tvini

ara mxolod nervuli qsovilis masaa, aramed

integrirebuli struqturebis, e.w. „ujreduli

ansamblebis~ erToblioba, romelic specifikur

funqciebs asrulebs.

dekartis Semdeg moxseniebuli mkvlevrebi

Tavs neiromecnierebs uwodeben. dRes, neiro-

mecniereba kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro

swrafad ganviTarebadi sferoa. mniSvnelovani

aRmoCenebi gamaognebeli regularobiT xdeba.

neiromecnierebis Sesaxeb Cveni saubari daiwye-

ba im teqnikuri meTodebis aRweriT, romlebsac

mkvlevrebi axali aRmoCenebisaTvis iyeneben.

Semdeg gavecnobiT nervuli sistemis zogad

struqturas, romelsac tvinis ufro detaluri

Seswavla mosdevs. dabolos, Cven gavecnobiT

endokrinuli sistemis moqmedebas – meore

makontrolebel biologiur sistemas, romelic

nervul sistemasTan erTad muSaobs.

movusminoT tvins

neiromecnierebi cdiloben sxvadasxva meTo-

debis meSveobiT Seiswavlon tvinis muSaoba –

dawyebuli operaciebiT did, TvalisaTvis

dasanax struqturebze, damTavrebuli ujre-

debiT, romelTa danaxva mxolod Zlieri

mikroskopis qveSaa SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebis

mier gamoyenebul teqnikas analizis garkveuli

done Seesabameba. aq Cven ganvixilavT yvelaze

ufro xSirad gamoyenebad meTodebs, romlebic

Tavis tvinis ubnebis funqciebisa Tu qcevis

gansazRvrisaTvisaa saWiro.

intervencia tvinSi

mravali kvleviTi meTodi neiromecnierebaSi

tvinSi pirdapir intervencias gulisxmobs. es

meTodebi istoriul sawyiss fineas geijis Sem-

Txvevidan iReben, romliTac wignis es Tavi

daviwyeT. geijis Tavis tvinis dazianebis Semdeg

qcevis dramatulma cvlilebebma eqimebs afiq-

rebina, rom tvini warmoadgens racionaluri

qcevisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis safuZvels.

TiTqmis imave periodSi, rodesac geiji travmis

Semdeg mdgomareobidan gamodioda, pol broka

swavlobda tvinis rols metyvelebaSi. misi

pirveli kvleva am sferoSi warmoadgenda ada-

mianis autofsias, romelsac Searqves „tan~

im erTaderTi sityvis mixedviT, romlis war-

moTqmac mas SeeZlo. brokam naxa, rom „tanis~

tvinis Sublis marcxena ubani Zlier dazia-

nebuli iyo. am aRmoCenam ubiZga brokas Sees-

wavla im pacientebis tvini, romelTac metyve-

lebis darRveva hqondaT. yvela SemTxvevaSi

broka poulobda msgavs dazianebas tvinis igive

ubanSi, romelsac axla `brokas are~ ewodeba.

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi kvlavac cdiloben

ipovon Sesabamisoba qcevis cvlilebebsa da

tvinis dazianebas Soris.

neiromecniereba (Neuroscience) – moZRvreba nervu-li sistemisa da qcevaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb.

brokas are (Broca’s area) – Tavis tvinis ubani,

romelic azrebs metyvelebasa da/an JestebSi

gardaqmnis.

dazianeba (Lesions) – tvinis qsovilis daSaveba.

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SemTxveviT dazianebuli tvinis SeswavlaSi

garkveul problemas warmoadgens is, rom mec-

nierebs ar SeuZliaT Tavad gansazRvron dazia-

nebis ubani da zoma. tvinis safuZvliani Ses-

wavlisa da qceviT Tu kognitur funqciebs

Soris kavSirebis dadgenis mizniT mecnierebs

sWirdebaT meTodebi, romlebic maT tvinis

dazianebuli qsovilis zusti specifikaciis

saSualebas miscems. mkvlevrebma ganaviTares

meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZloa

zustad gansazRvruli dazianebebis gamowveva.

maT SeuZliaT, magaliTad, tvinis gansazRvruli

ubnebis mocileba, am ubnebis neironuli

kavSirebis gadaWra, an am ubnebis dazianeba

sicxis, sicivisa Tu eleqtrobis gamoyenebiT.

rogorc, albaT, mixvdiT, tvinis eqsperimentuli

dazianeba mxolod sacdel cxovelebze, da ara

adamianebze, xorcieldeba (gaixseneT Cveni

diskusia wignis meore TavSi, rom cxovelebze

aseTi tipis eqsperimentebis eTika amJamad

umkacres kontrols eqvemdebareba). tvinis

Cveneuli gageba radikalurad Seicvala,

rodesac mecnierebma Seadares da Seiswavles

cxovelebze dazianebiTi cdebis Sedegebi

adamianebis klinikuri monacemebis Sedegebs.

garkveul pirobebSi mecnierebs SeuZliaT

tvinis funqciebis Seswavla misi ubnebis pir-

dapiri stimulaciis meSveobiT. magaliTad, XX

saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, valter hesi iyo tvinis

Rrma struqturebis eleqtruli stimulaciis

pioneri. man Canerga eleqtrodebi Tavisuflad

moZravi katis tvinSi. Rilakze TiTis daWeriT

mas SeeZlo Canergil eleqtrodSi eleqtruli

muxtis gamowveva. hesma daaxloebiT 500 kataze

detalurad Seiswavla tvinis 4500 ubnis eleq-

truli stimulaciis Sedegebi da aRmoaCina, rom

eleqtrodis lokalizaciis mixedviT SesaZle-

beli iyo Rilakze TiTis daWeriT Zilis, sqe-

sobrivi aqtivobis, SiSisa Tu SfoTvis gamowveva

an, Sesabamisad, gamorTva. magaliTad, tvinis

gansazRvruli regionebis eleqtruli stimu-

lacia iwvevda mSvidi katebis agresiulobas.

tvinis aqtivobis registracia da

warmosaxva

zogi neiromecnieri tvinis funqciebis kar-

tirebas axdens gareSe stimulaciaze tvinis

eleqtruli aqtivobis eleqtrodebiT registra-

ciis meSveobiT. tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba

SesaZloa sxvadasxva sizustiT iqnes Seswav-

lili. yvelaze ufro specifikur doneze mkvlev-

rebi tvinSi ultramgrZnobiare mikroeleq-

trodebs aTavseben misi calkeuli ujredebis

eleqtruli aqtivobis Caweris mizniT. aseTi

registracia naTels hfens individualuri

neironis aqtivobis cvlilebebs garemo stimu-

laciaze sapasuxod.

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adamianebisaTvis mecnierebi xSirad iyeneben

sxva tipis eleqtrodebs, romlebsac Tavis zeda-

pirze aTavseben didi, integrirebuli eleqtru-

li aqtivobis registraciis mizniT. am eleqtro-

debiT iwereba eleqtroencefalograma (eeg), anu

tvinis aqtivobis gaZlierebuli Canaweri. eeg-s

iyeneben fsiqologiur aqtivobasa da tvinis

pasuxebs Soris kavSiris dasadgenad. magaliTad,

erT eqsperimentSi pacients warmoudgenen saxe-

ebis serias da sTxoven maT damaxsovrebas. eeg-

ze aRiniSneba am dros tvinis specifikuri aqti-

voba (Sommer et al., 1995).yvelaze ufro SesaniSnavia is teqnikuri

meTodebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad neiroqi-

rurgebisaTvis iyo SemuSavebuli insultisa Tu

sxva daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi daxmarebis miz-

niT. es mowyobilobebi cocxal, aqtiur tvins

aCveneben invaziuri procesebis gareSe, rac

qsovilis dazianebis risks mniSvnelovnad amci-

rebs. tvinis warmosaxva Zalian imedismomcemi

meTodia misi normaluri Tu paTologiuri fun-

qciebis SeswavlisaTvis (Barinaga, 1997; Posner, 1993).pozitronul-emisiuri tomografiis (anu PET-

skani) gamoyenebis dros cdis pirs Seuyvanen

radiaqtiur (magram ara mavne) substanciebs,

romlebic tvins aRweven da garkveuli ujre-

debis mier STainTqmebian. Tavis gareT moTav-

sebuli Camweri xelsawyoebi am dros afiqsireben

radiaqtiurad moniSnul ujredebs, romlebic

sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis

drosaa aqtiuri. es infromacia gadaecema

kompiuters, romelSic tvinis dinamiuri ruka

dgeba da romelic uCvenebs, Tu sad mimdinareobs

fiziologiuri aqtivobis sxvadasxva tipi.

magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI) iye-

nebs magnitur velebs da radiotalRebs tvinis

SigniT energiis pulsebis warmoqmnisaTvis.

radganac pulsebi sxvadasxva sixSiriTaa daye-

nebuli, zogi atomi magnituri velis parale-

lurad ganTavsdeba. rodesac magnituri pulsi

iTiSeba, atomebi vibrirebas (rezonirebas) iwye-

ben sawyis mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis gamo. spe-

cialuri radio iWers am signalebs da gadaaqvs

eleqtroencefalograma (eeg) (Electroencephalogram- EEG) – tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis registra-

cia.

PET-skani (PET-scans) – tvinis suraTebi, romlebic

sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis

dros cocxali tvinis aqtivobas uCveneben uj-

redebis mier STanTqmuli radioaqtivobis dafiq-

sirebis meSveobiT.

magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI _ Mag-netic resonance imaging) – tvinis suraTebis SeqmnismeTodi, romelic magnitur velebsa da radio-

talRebs iyenebs.

suraTi 3.3

funqciuri magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia

(fMRI – Functional MRI) – meTodi, romelic aer-

Tianebs PET-skanisa da mrt-is upiratesobebs

da aRricxavs tvinis sisxlis mimoqcevis magni-

tur cvlilebebs.

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informacia kompiuterSi, romelic gviCvenebs

sxvadasxva atomebis lokalizacias tvinSi. su-

raTis meSveobiT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT tvinis

struqturebis dakavSireba fiziologiur pro-

cesebTan.

MRI anatomiuri detalebis warmosaxvisTvi-

saa gamosadegi; PET-skani ufro detalur infor-

macias gvawvdis funqciis Sesaxeb. arsebobs

axali meTodi, e.w. funqciuri mrt, anu fMRI,

romelic iTavsebs orive meTodis upiratesobas

tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnituri cvlile-

bebis registraciis meSveobiT. fMRI saSualebas

iZleva ufro zustad SeviswavloT struqtura

da funqcia. mkvlevrebi iyeneben fMRI-s iseTi

kognitiuri funqciebis Seswavlisas, rogoricaa:

yuradReba, aRqma, metyveleba da mexsiereba

(Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000).

300 welze metma ganvlo mas Semdeg, rac

dekartma daiwyo tvinis Seswavla; 100 weli

gavida mas Semdeg, rac brokam daadgina, rom

tvinis garkveuli ubnebi specifikur funqciebs

asruleben. am aRmoCenebis Semdeg kulturulma

evoluciam saSualeba misca mkvlevrebs gamoi-

yenon teqnologia tvinis saidumloebebis

Sesaswavlad. wignis am Tavis darCenili nawili

tvinis saidumloebebs eZRvneba.

nervuli sistema

nervuli sistema Sedgeba miliardobiT spe-

cializebuli nervuli ujredisagan, neiro-

nisgan da nervuli boWkoebisagan, romlebic

mTels sxeulSia gabneuli. nervuli sistema

iyofa or mTavar nawilad: centraluri nervu-

li sistema (cns) da periferiuli nervuli

sistema (pns). cns Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis

tvinisagan, xolo pns – im neironebisagan,

romlebic qmnian nervebs da akavSireben cns-s

sxeulTan. suraTi 3.5 warmoadgens kavSirs cns-sa da pns-s Soris.

cns-is amocanaa sxeulis yvela funqciis

integrireba da koordinireba, Semosuli nerv-

uli informaciis gadamuSaveba da sxeulis

sxvadasxva nawilebSi pasuxebis gagzavna. cns

iRebs da agzavnis nervul informacias zurgis

tvinis (nervuli mili, romelic Tavis tvins

pns-Tan akavSirebs) saSualebiT. Tavad es ner-

vuli mili moTavsebulia xerxemlis arxSi.

spinaluri nervebi gamodis zurgis tvinidan

xerxemlis malTa wyvilebs Soris da ukavSir-

deba mTel sxeulSi gabneul sensorul recep-

torebs, kunTebsa da jirkvlebs. zurgis tvini

aregulirebs sxeulis marcxena da marjvena

nawilebis aqtivobas da pasuxismgebelia im

martivi, swrafi refleqsebis ganxorcielebaze,

romelTa kontrolSi Tavis tvini araa CarTuli.

magaliTad, organizms, romlis zurgisa da Ta-

vis tvinebi gancalkevebulia, SeuZlia mtkivneul

suraTi 3.4

centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) (Central nerviussystem - CNS) – nervuli sistemis nawili, rome-

lic Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan Sedgeba.

periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) (Periphericalnervius system - PNS) – nervuli sistemis nawili,

romelic spinaluri da kranialuri nervebisagan

Sedgeba, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba

kavSiri cns-sa da sensorul receptorebs, kun-

Tebsa da jirkvlebs Soris.

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gamaRizianebelze sapasuxod kiduris ganrideba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom intaqturi Tavis tvini

Cveulebriv pirobebSi informirebuli iqneboda

am qmedebis Sesaxeb, organizms am reaqciis

ganxorcieleba misi Carevis gareSec SeuZlia.

zurgis tvinis nervebis dazianeba iwvevs

sxeulisa da qveda kidurebis damblas, rogorc

es naCvenebia paraplegiur pacientebSi. damblis

gavrceleba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra doneze

moxda zurgis tvinis dazianeba. zeda segmentebis

dazianeba ufro farTo damblas iwvevs.

miuxedavad Tavisi mmarTvelobiTi funqciisa,

cns-s ar aqvs uSualo kontaqti gare samyaros-

Tan; es pns-is funqciaa, miawodos mas infor-

macia sensoruli receptorebis saSualebiT, maga-

liTad, Tvalebidan da yurebidan da aseve gaa-

taros cns-is brZanebebi kunTebisa da sxeulis

sxva organoebisaken. pns ZiriTadad boWkoTa ori

tipisagan Sedgeba. somaturi nervuli sistema

aregulirebs sxeulis ConCxis kunTebis moq-

medebas. magaliTad, warmoidgineT rom beWdavT

werils. Tqveni TiTebis moZraoba kompiuteris

klaviaturaze regulirdeba somaturi nervuli

sistemis meSveobiT. roca Tqven iRebT gada-

wyvetilebas, Tu ra daweroT, Tqveni Tavis tvini

agzavnis brZanebas TiTebisaken, daaWiron Sesa-

bamis Rilaks. amavdroulad TiTebidan Tavis

tvinSi ukukavSiris saSualebiT igzavneba infor-

macia maTi moZraobisa da poziciis Sesaxeb. Tuki

Tqven araswor Rilaks daaWireT TiTi, somaturi

nervuli sistema atyobinebs amis Sesaxeb Tavis

tvins, romelic Sesabamis koreqcias ganaxor-

cielebs da Tqven myisierad waSliT Secdomas

da daaWerT TiTs swor Rilaks.

pns-is meore nawilia avtonomiuri nervuli

sistema (ans), romelic ZiriTad sasicocxlo

procesebs awesrigebs. es sistema 24 saaTis

ganmavlobaSi muSaobs, aregulirebs ra sxeulis

iseT funqciebs, romlebic Cveulebriv nebiT

kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, magaliTad, sunTqva,

saWmlis moneleba da agzneba. ans maSinac

muSaobs, rodesac Tqven gZinavT. is uzrunvel-

yofs sasicocxlo funqciebis ganxorcielebas

anesTeziisa da xangrZlivi komis drosac.

avtonomiuri nervuli sistema aregulirebs

ori tipis reaqciebs: organizmis reaqciebs

safrTxeze da organizmis cxovelqmedebas

Cveulebriv pirobebSi. am funqciebis ganxorci-

elebisaTvis avtonomiuri nervuli sistema

kidev or nawilad iyofa, esenia: simpaTikuri

suraTi 3.5adamianis nervuli

sistemis ierarqiuli

agebuleba

centraluri nervuli sistema

Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvi-

nisagan. periferiuli nervuli

sistema funqciis mixedviT or

nawilad iyofa: _ somaturi

nervuli sistema akontro-

lebs nebiT moZraobebs, xolo

avtonomiuri nervuli sistema

– Sida procesebs. avtono-

miuri nervuli sistema aseve

or nawilad iyofa: _ simpa-

Tikuri nervuli sistema are-

gulirebs qcevas kritikul,

daZabul situaciebSi, xolo

parasimpaTikuri sistema akon-

trolebs qcevas Cveulebriv

pirobebSi.

somaturi nervuli sistema (Somatic nervous system)– periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, ro-

melic akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas

kanisa da ConCxis kunTebTan.

avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans) (Autonomicnervous system - ANS) – periferiuli nervuli

sistemis nawili, romelic akavSirebs cen-

tralur nervul sistemas gluv da gulis

kunTebTan da jirkvlebTan da aregulirebs

sxeulis uneblie motorul pasuxebs.

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nervuli sistema

centraluri nervuli

sistema

(Tavisa da zurgis tvini)

periferiuli nervuli sistema

(nervuli qsovili Tavisa da zurgis

tvinis farglebs gareT)

somaturi nervuli

sistema

(sensoruli da motoruli

nervuli, nebiTi)

avtonomiuri nervuli

sistema

(Sinagani sistemebi, uneblie)

simpaTikuri nawili parasimpaTikuri nawili

72

da parasimpaTikuri nawilebi. es ganyofilebebi

urTierTsawinaaRmdego funqciebs asruleben.

simpaTikuri nawili aregulirebs organizmis

reaqciebs daZabul situaciebSi, parasimpaTikuri

ki sxeulis Sida funqciebs akontrolebs mSvid

mdgomareobaSi. simpaTikuri sistema SeiZleba

ganxilul iqnes, rogorc daZabuli mdgomare-

obebis momgvarebeli – safrTxis, an stresis

dros is amzadebs tvins „brZolisaTvis~: saWmlis

moneleba wydeba, sisxli Sida organoebidan kun-

Tebisaken nawildeba, Jangbadis mowodeba Zlier-

deba da guliscemis sixSire matulobs. safrTxis

gavlis Semdeg erTveba parasimpaTikuri sistema,

raTa ganmuxtos procesebi da organizmi wynar-

deba. saWmlis moneleba aRdgeba, guliscema

wynardeba da sunTqva ufro mSviddeba. parasim-

paTikuri nawili pasuxismgebelia organizmis

Cveulebrivi mdgomareobis koordinirebaze, ro-

goricaa ZalTa danaxarjis gabaTileba, vizua-

luri sistemis dacva (cremlisa da gugis Seviw-

roebis meSveobiT) da sxeulis energiis xangrZ-

livi Senaxva. simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri

sistemebis gansxvavebuli funqciebi 3.6 suraTzeaasaxuli.

suraTi 3.6avtonomiuri nervuli sistema

parasimpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic organizmis yoveldRiur Sida reaqciebsa da

qcevas aregulirebs, marcxena mxaresaa gamosaxuli; simpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic

imave funqciebs stresis dros axorcielebs, naCvenebia marjvena mxares. miaqcieT yuradReba

imas, rom simpaTikuri nervuli sistema zurgis tvinis siaxloves nervuli kvanZebis

erTobliobas, e. w. simpatikur vels qmnis.

simpaTikuri sistema (Sympathetic division) – avto-nomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic sa-

gangaSo situaciaSi energiis mobilizacias

axorcielebs.

parasimpaTikuri sistema (Parasympathetic division) –avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, rome-

lic yoveldRiur funqciebs asrulebs da inaxavs

sxeulis energias.

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!

Tavis tvinis struqturebi da

maTi funqciebi

Tavis tvini centraluri nervuli sistemis

yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani nawilia. adamianis

Tavis tvini sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Sri-

sagan Sedgeba. yvelaze ufro Rrma regionSi,

romelsac tvinis Rero ewodeba, moTavsebulia

iseT avtonomiur procesTa maregulirebeli

centrebi, rogoricaa guliscema, sunTqva, ylapva

da saWmlis moneleba. centralur Sres qmnis

limburi sistema, romelic CarTulia motivaciis,

emociisa da mexsierebis procesebis ganxorcie-

lebasa da kontrolSi. am or regions gars

ekvris cerebrumi – didi tvini. tvinis swored

es nawili ganagebs adamianis gonebas. didi tvi-

ni da misi gare Sre, qerqi (korteqsi) axdens

sensoruli informaciis integrirebas, koordina-

cias uwevs moZraobas da axorcielebs abstraq-

tul azrovnebasa da msjelobas (sur. 3.7). axla

ufro guldasmiT gavecnoT Tavis tvinis am sami

ganyofilebis funqciebs. daviwyoT tvinis

ReroTi, TalamusiTa da naTxemiT.

tvinis Rero, Talamusi da naTxemi

tvinis Rero yvela xerxemlian cxovels

gaaCnia. misi struqturebi aregulirebs

sxeulis Sinagan mdgomareobas (sur. 3.8). zurgistvinis zeda sazRvarze moTavsebuli mogrZo

tvini warmoadgens sunTqvis, sisxlis wnevisa

da guliscemis centrs. radganac es procesebi

sicocxlisaTvis aucilebelia, mogrZo tvinis

dazianeba SeiZleba fataluri iyos. sxeulidan

suraTi 3.7

Tavis tvinis struqturebi

Tavis tvinis ZiriTadi urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebia: tvinis Rero, naTxemi, limburi

sistema da didi tvinis qerqi.

tvinis Rero (Brain stem) – Tavis tvinis struq-tura, romelic aregulirebs sxeulis ZiriTad

sasicocxlo funqciebs.

mogrZo tvini (Medulla) – tvinis Reros ubani,romelic akontrolebs sunTqvas, sifxizles

da guliscemas.

xidi (Pons) – tvinis Reros ubani, romelic

akavSirebs zurgisa da Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis

tvinis sxvadasxva nawilebs.

retikuluri formacia (Reticular formation) –tvinis Reros ubani, romelic gansazRvravs

Tavis tvinis mzaobas, miiRos sensoruli

informacia da pasuxismgebelia cnobierebis

SenarCunebasa da gamofxizlebaze.

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aRmavali da tvinidan daRmavali nervuli

boWkoebi mogrZo tvinSi jvaredindeba, rac imas

niSnavs, rom sxeulis marcxena nawilis kon-

trols tvinis marjvena mxare axorcielebs da

piriqiT, sxeulis marjvena nawili tvinis mar-

cxena nawilTanaa dakavSirebuli. uSualod

mogrZo tvinis Tavze moTavsebulia xidi,

romelic agzavnis informacias tvinis Reros

sxva struqturebSi da naTxemSi (misi saxeli

swored am funqcias ukavSirdeba). retikuluri

(badebrivi) formacia warmoadgens nervebis xSir

qsels, romelic tvinis Reros darajis funqcias

asrulebs. is ganapirobebs didi tvinis qerqis

mzaobas, miiRos axali stimulacia da Zilis

drosac inarCunebs sifxizlis garkveul dones

(Kinomura et al., 1996). am ubnis seriozuli dazianeba

komas iwvevs.

retikuluri formaciis grZeli boWkoebi Ta-

lamuss ukavSirdeba, romelsac Semosuli sen-

soruli informacia didi tvinis qerqis Sesabamis

ubanSi gadaaqvs, sadac es informacia muSavdeba.

magaliTad, Talamusi gadascems informacias

Tvalebidan mxedvelobis kortikalur ubans.

neiromecnierTaTvis didi xania cnobilia, rom

naTxemi, romelic tvinis RerosTanaa dakavSire-

buli da tvinis fuZesTan mdebareobs, koor-

dinirebas uwevs sxeulis moZraobas, akon-

trolebs pozas da xels uwyobs wonasworobis

SenarCunebas. naTxemis dazianeba iwvevs moZ-

raobis Cveuli ritmis darRvevas, is arakoor-

dinirebuli da wyvetili xdeba. bolo drois

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom naTxemi aseve mniS-

vnelovania daswavlisaTvis, anu is xels uwyobs

sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis swavlas (Baringa,

1996; Raymond et al., 1996).

limburi sistema

limburi sistema akontrolebs motivirebul

qcevas, emociur mdgomareobasa da mexsierebas.

is aseve aregulirebs sxeulis temperaturas,

sisxlis wnevas da sisxlSi Saqris dones;

axorcielebs sxva Sinagan funqciaTa kontrols.

limburi sistema Sedgeba sami struqturisagan:

hipokampi, amigdala (nuSisebri kompleqsi) da

hipoTalamusi (sur. 3.9).

Talamusi (Thalamus) – Tavis tvinis nawili, ro-

melic sensorul informacias gadascems didi

tvinis qerqs.

naTxemi (Cerebellum) – Tavis tvinis nawili,

romelic ukavSirdeba tvinis Reros da akon-

trolebs motorul koordinacias, pozas da

wonasworobas; aseve sxeulis moZraobis kon-

trolis daswavlis unars.

limburi sistema (Limbic system) – Tavis tvinisregioni, romelic aregulirebs emociur qcevas,

ZiriTad motivaciur survilebs da mexsierebas,

aseve mTavar fiziologiur funqciebs.

hipokampi (Hippocampus) – limburi sistemis na-

wili, romelic konkretuli mexsierebis Camo-

yalibebaSi monawileobs.

nuSisebri kompleqsi (Amygdala) – limburi sis-

temis nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias,

agresiasa da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.

suraTi 3.8

tvinis Rero, Talamusi da

naTxemi

es struqturebi ZiriTadad sasi-

cocxlo procesebis regulaciaSia

CarTuli: sunTqva, pulsi, agzneba,

moZraoba, wonasworoba da sensoru-

li informaciis pirveladi gada-

muSaveba

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Thalamus Talamusi

Pons xidiMedulla mogrZo tviniCerebllum naTxemi

Reticular formation retikularuli formacia

75

hipokampi, romelic limburi sistemis yvelaze

ufro didi struqturaa, mniSvnelovan rols

TamaSobs eqsplicituri mexsierebis procesebSi

(Eichenbaum, 1999; Squire, 1992) – mexsierebis,

romelic Tqvens cnobierebaSi aisaxeba (ix. Tavi

8). arsebobs uamravi klinikuri monacemi,

romelic am Sexedulebas adasturebs, kerZod,

fsiqologiis istoriaSi, albaT, yvelaze ufro

cnobili pacientis, h.m-is istoria.

saidan

viciT

hipokampis dazianebis zogierTi Sedegi

27 wlis asakSi h.m-s Cautarda operacia

epilefsiuri Setevebis sixSiris Semcire-

bis mizniT. operaciis dros mas hipokampi

amokveTes. Sedegad, h.m-s SeeZlo mxolod

Soreuli warsulis gaxseneba. man dakarga

axali informaciis Senaxvisa da misi

grZelvadian mexsierebaSi gadatanis unari.

operaciidan didi xnis Semdegac ki pa-

cients egona, rom jer kidev 1953 weli

iyo, weliwadi, rodesac mas operacia

Cautarda.

hipokampis dazianebam, meore mxriv, ar gamo-

iwvia implicituri mexsierebis darRveva, anu

h.m-s SenarCunebuli hqonda axali unar-Cvevebis

gamomuSavebis unari, romelic cnobierebasTan

ar iyo dakavSirebuli. e.i., hipokampis dazianebis

Semdeg Tqven SeinarCunebT axali amocanebis

gadawyvetis unars, magram ar geqnebaT misi

damaxsovrebis SesaZlebloba (ix. Tavi me-8).

nuSisebri kompleqsi monawileobs emociebis

kontrolSi da emociuri mexsierebis formi-

rebaSi. makontrolebeli funqciis gamo, am ubnis

dazianebam SeiZleba agresiuli pirebis dawyna-

reba gamoiwvios (Cven fsiqoqirurgias me-16 TavSi

ganvixilavT). garda amisa, nuSisebri kompleqsis

dazianebis Sedegad ikargeba saxis emociuri

gamometyvelebis amocnobis unari (Adolphs et al.,

1994). im pirebSi, romlebsac nuSisebri kompleqsi

aqvT dazianebuli, yvelaze ufro metad daqveiTe-

bulia uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuTrebiT ki,

SiSis gamoxatuleba. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom

nuSisebri kompleqsi SesaZloa gansakuTrebul

rols TamaSobdes adamianebis mier SiSisa da

safrTxis amocnobis unarSi (Adolphs et al., 1999).hipoTalamusi tvinis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro

patara zomis struqturaa, Tumca umniSvne-

lovanes rols TamaSobs Tqvens yoveldRiur

aqtivobebSi. is Sedgeba mravali birTvisagan _

neironTa patara grovebisgan, romlebic mo-

tivaciur qcevaSi CarTul fiziologiur pro-

cesebs aregulirebs (kveba, temperaturis regu-

lireba da sqesobrivi qceva). hipoTalamusi

inarCunebs sxeulis Sida aris mudmivobas, anu

homeostazs. rodesac sxeulis energiis rezer-

suraTi 3.9

limburi sistema

limburi sistemis struqtu-

rebi mxolod ZuZumwovrebSia

warmodgenili: isini monawi-

leoben motivaciuri qcevis,

emociuri mdgradobisa da

mexsierebis procesebis

regulaciaSi.

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vebi dabalia, hipoTalamusi erTveba organizmis

stimulaciaSi, raTa man sakvebi moipovos da

miiRos. rodesac sxeulis temperatura iklebs,

hipoTalamusi sisxlZarRvTa SekumSvas, an mokle

uneblie moZraobebs – kankals iwvevs. hipoTala-

musi aseve aregulirebs endokrinuli sistemis

moqmedebas.

didi tvini

adamianebSi didi tvini faravs tvinis dar-

Cenil nawils da misi masis or mesameds qmnis.

misi funqciaa tvinis umaRlesi kognituri da

emociuri funqciebis regulireba. didi tvinis

gare fena, romelic miliardobiT neironisgan

Sedgeba da daaxloebiT 2,5 mm sisqis Sres qmnis,

iwodeba didi tvinis qerqad. didi tvini aseve

iyofa or, TiTqmis simetriul naxevrad, cereb-

ralur hemisferoebad (Cven hemisferoebs am Tavis

momdevno nawilSi ganvixilavT). ori hemisfero

dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan nervuli boWkoebis

msxvili masiT, romelsac korZiani sxeuli ewo-

deba. es kavSiri hemisferoebs Soris informaciis

gacvlas emsaxureba.

hipoTalamusi (Hypothalamus) – tvinis struqtura,romelic aregulirebs motivaciur qcevas

(rogoricaa kveba da daleva) da homeostazs.

homeostazi (Homeostasis) – sxeulis Sida aris

mudmivoba.

didi tvini (Cerebrum) – tvinis nawili, romelic

umaRles kognitur da emociur funqciebs

aregulirebs.

qerqi (Cerebral cortex) – didi tvinis gare zeda-piri.

hemisferoebi (Cerebral hemispheres) – didi tvinisori naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa

dakavSirebuli.

korZiani sxeuli (Corpus callosum) – nervul

boWkoTa erToblioba, romelic tvinis or

hemisferos akavSirebs.

Sublis wili (Frontal lobe) – tvinis ubani,

romelic gverdiTi napralis zemoT da centra-

luri Raris winaa moTavsebuli; monawileobs

motorul kontrolSi da kogntiur qmedebebSi.

suraTi 3.10qerqi

edidi tvinis qerqis TiToeul hemisferoze oTxi wilia. TiToeuli wili

asrulebs sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul funqciebs

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neiromecnierebma moniSnes orive hemisfero,

gamoiyenes ra ori mniSvnelovani orientiri. erTi

Rrmuli, romelsac centraluri Rari ewodeba,

yofs yovel hemisferos vertikalurad da meore,

msgavsi Rrmuli, romelsac lateraluri naprali

ewodeba, yofs TiToeul hemisferos horizon-

talurad (sur. 3.10). es vertikaluri da horizon-

taluri dayofa gvexmareba gamovyoT tvinis oTxi

ubani, anu wili, TiToeul naxevarsferoSi.

frontaluri (Sublis) wili, romelic CarTulia

motorul kontrolsa da kognitur qmedebaSi,

rogoricaa dagegmva, gadawyvetilebis miReba da

miznebis dasaxva, moTavsebulia lateraluri

napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris win. am

ubnis dazianeba adamianis individualobis

Secvlas iwvevs. es swored is ubani iyo, romlis

dazianebamac fines geijis dramatuli cvlileba

gamoiwvia (Damasio et al., 1994). parietaluri (Txemis)

wili pasuxismgebelia iseTi SegrZnebebis kon-

trolze, rogoricaa Sexeba, tkivili da tem-

peratura moTavsebulia uSualod centraluri

Raris ukan. ocipitaluri (kefis) wili, vizua-

luri informaciis bolo samizne, Tavis ukana

nawilSia moTavsebuli. temporaluri (safeT-

suraTi 3.11motoruli da somatosensoruli qerqi

sxeulis sxvadsxva nawilebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mgrZnobelobiT garemo stimulaciisadmi da

tvinis kontrolisadmi. mgrZnobeloba sxeulis garkveul nawilSi damokidebulia qerqis im umnis zomaze,

romelic sxeulis am konkretul nawils akontrolebs. am suraTze adamianis sxeulis nawilebi qerqis

Sesabamisi makontrolebeli ubnebis zomebis mixedviTaa warmodgenili. rac ufro didi zomisaa suraTze

gamosaxuli sxeulis nawili, miT ufro maRalia misi mgrZnobeloba garemo stimulizaciisadmi da miT

ufroZlieria tvinis kontroli mis moZraobaze.

Txemis wili (Parietal lobe) – tvinis ubani Sublis

wilis ukan da lateraluri napralis zemoT;

Seicavs somatosensorul qerqs.

kefis wili (Occipital lobe) – tvinis yvelaze ufro

ukana nawili; moicavs pirvelad mxedvelobiT

qerqs.

safeTqlis wili (Temporal lobe) – tvinis ubani,romelic lateraluri napralis qvemoTaa

moTavsebuli; Seicavs smenis qerqs.

motoruli qerqi (Motor cortex) – didi tvinis qerqisubani, romelic akontrolebs sxeulis nebiT

moZraobebs.

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qlis) wili, romelic pasuxismgebelia smenis

ganxorcielebaze, moTavsebulia lateraluri

napralis qvemoT, TiToeuli hemisferos gverdiT

zedapirze.

Secdoma iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom rome-

lime wili ama Tu im specifikur funqcias mar-

to akontrolebs. tvinis struqturebi TavianT

movaleobas erToblivad axorcieleben, muSaoben

erTad, rogorc integrirebuli erTeuli; ise,

rogorc simfoniuri orkestri. rodesac Tqven

recxavT WurWels, angariSobT, an saubrobT

megobarTan, Tqveni tvini muSaobs, rogorc er-

Tiani sxeuli, TiToeuli wili sxvebTan Tanam-

Sromlobs. miuxedavad amisa, neiromecnierebs

SeuZliaT tvinis oTx wilSi im ubnebis gansaz-

Rvra, romlebic iseTi specifikuri funqciebis

ganxorcielebisTvisaa aucilebeli, rogoricaa:

mxedveloba, smena, metyveleba da mexsiereba. maTi

dazianebis SemTxvevaSi es funqciebic ziandeba,

an sruliad ikargeba.

sxeulis 600-ze meti nebiTi kunTis qmedeba

kontroldeba motoruli qerqiT, romelic

Sublis wilSi uSualod centraluri Raris

winaa moTavsebuli. gaixseneT, rom tvinis erTi

mxridan wamosuli brZanebebi sxeulis meore

mxarisTvisaa gamiznuli. garda amisa, sxeulis

qveda ubnebSi moTavsebuli kunTebi, magaliTad,

fexis TiTebi, motoruli qerqis yvelaze ufro

zemo nawilis neironebiT kontroldeba. sxeu-

lis zeda nawilis kunTebi, rogoricaa yeli,

kontroldeba motoruli qerqis qveda nawilis

neironebiT. rogorc 3.9 suraTze xedavT, sxeulis

zeda nawili bevrad ufro detalur motorul

instruqciebs iRebs, vidre qveda. realurad,

motoruli qerqis ori udidesi ubani xelis

TiTebTanaa dakavSirebuli – gansakuTrebiT

cerasTan – da im kunTebTan, romlebic metyve-

lebis procesSia CarTuli. qerqis ubnebis sidide

im mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia, romelic adamia-

nis xeliT manipulirebisa da metyvelebis unars

gaaCnia.

somatosensoruli qerqi uSualod centralu-

ri Raris ukanaa moTavsebuli marcxena da mar-

jvena Txemis wilebSi. tvinis am ubanSi gadamu-

Savdeba informacia temperaturis, Sexebis,

sxeulis pozisa da tkivilis Sesaxeb. motoruli

qerqis msgavsad, sensoruli qerqis zeda nawili

sxeulis qveda nawils ukavSirdeba, xolo qveda

nawili dakavSirebulia zedasTan. sensoruli

qerqis didi nawili dakavSirebulia tuCebTan,

enasTan, cera da saCvenebel TiTebTan, anu

sxeulis im nawilebTan, romlebic yvelaze ufro

mniSvnelovan sensorul informacias atareben

centrisken. aseve, motoruli qerqis msgavsad,

somatosensoruli qerqis marjvena nawili

dakavSirebulia sxeulis marcxena mxaresTan,

xolo marcxena mxare _ marjvena nawilTan.

smeniTi informacia muSavdeba smeniT qerqSi,

romelic ori safeTqlis wiliTaa warmodgenili.

auditoruli qerqi TiToeul hemisferoSi

informacias orive yuridan iRebs. auditoru-

li qerqis erTi ubani metyvelebis ganxorcie-

lebaSi monawileobs, xolo meore ubani –

metyvelebis gagebaSi. vizualuri informacia

muSavdeba tvinis ukana nawilSi, vizualur qerq-

Si, romelic kefis wilSia moTavsebuli. aq udi-

desi nawili eTmoba informacias, romelic

baduras centraluri ubnebidan modis, im

adgilidan, romelic Tvalis ukana zedapirzea

ganlagebuli da sadac yvelaze ufro detaluri

mxedvelobiTi informacia aRiqmeba.

qerqis yvela ubani araa CarTuli sensoruli

informaciis gadamuSavebasa da kunTebisaTvis

brZanebebis gacemaSi. sinamdvileSi, qerqis

udidesi nawili CarTulia informaciis inter-

pretaciisa da integraciis procesebSi. iseTi

procesebi, rogoricaa dagegmva da gadawyveti-

lebis miReba, asociaciur qerqSi xorcieldeba.

asociaciuri ubnebi qerqis sxvadasxva nawilebSia

gabneuli (erTi regioni 3.9 suraTzea moniSnuli).

asociaciuri qerqi gaZlevT sxvadasxva moda-

lobis sensoruli informaciis kombinirebis

saSualebas, raTa garemos stimulebis Sesabamisi

sapasuxo reaqciebi daigegmos.

somatosensoruli qerqi (Somatosensory sortex) –Txemis wilis nawili, sadac sxeulis sxvadasxva

ubnebidan miRebuli sensoruli informacia

muSavdeba.

smeniTi qerqi (Auditory cortex) – safeTqlis wilis

nawili, sadac miiReba da muSavdeba smeniTi

informacia.

mxedvelobis qerqi (Visual cortex) – kefis wilis

nawili, sadac mxedvelobiTi informaciis gada-

muSaveba mimdinareobs.

asociaciuri qerqi (Association cortex) – qerqis na-wili, sadac umaRlesi nervuli procesebi

xorcieldeba.

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rogor muSaoben tvinis es sxvadasxva ubnebi

erTad? warmoidgineT magaliTisaTvis, ra xdeba

Tqvens tvinSi, rodesac daweril sityvas

kiTxulobT (sur. 3.12). davuSvaT, Tqveni fsi-

qologiis maswavlebeli gaZlevT qaRaldis

furcels, romelzedac sityva Sokoladi weria

da gTxovT xmamaRla warmoTqvaT es sityva.

biologiuri procesebi, romlebic am qmedebaSia

CarTuli, saocrad natifi da kompleqsuria.

neiromecnieri Tqvens verbalur qcevas ramdenime

etapad dayofda. pirvel rigSi, vizualuri

stimuli (dawerili sityva Sokoladi) aRiqmeba

nervuli ujredebis mier Tvalis baduraSi,

romlebic nervul impulsebs Talamusis gavliT

vizualur korteqsSi agzavnian. vizualuri

qerqidan nervuli impulsebi gadaigzavneba

safeTqlis wilis ukana ubanSi (angularuli

xveuli), sadac sityvis vizualuri kodireba mis

akustikur kodirebas unda Seedaros. dadgindeba

Tu ara Sesabamisi akustikuri kodireba, is

gadaecema ubans auditorul qerqSi, romelsac

`vernikes are~ ewodeba, sadac xdeba misi

dekodireba da interpretacia: „ah! Sokoladi!

ar vityodi uars.~ nervuli impulsebi mere

egzavneba brokas centrs, romelic Tavis mxriv

agzavnis informacias motorul qerqSi, rac

tuCebis, enisa da xorxis stimulacias iwvevs

sityva Sokoladis warmosaTqmelad.

es sakmaod didi mentaluri Zalisxmevaa

mxolod erTi sityvis warmoTqmisaTvis. axla

ki warmoidgineT, ra xdeba tvinSi, rodesac Tqven

xmamaRla kiTxulobT wigns, an, Tundac, reklamas.

yvelaze ufro gasaocari ki isaa, rom Tqveni

tvini TiTqmis Zaldautaneblad da Zalian

efeqturad umklavdeba am amocanas _ Targmnis

ra qaRaldze arsebul aTasobiT niSans nervul

kodad; gadascems informacias tvinis sxvadasxva

ubnebs mimdinare amocanebis Sesaxeb; dabolos,

am sityvebis gamoTqmis saSualebas gaZlevT.

Cven ukve ganvixileT nervuli sistemis

yvelaze mniSvnelovani struqturebi. rodesac

did tvinze daviwyeT saubari, aRvniSneT, rom

cerebraluri struqtura ori hemisferoTia

warmodgenili. qcevebis farTo speqtrSi

naxevarsferoebi gansxvavebul funqciebSi

monawileoben. davubrundeT am gansxvavebebs

Tqveni tvinis hemisferoebs Soris.

hemisferoTa lateralizacia

ra informaciam aiZula mecnierebi efiqraT,

rom arsebobs garkveuli gansxvaveba Tavis tvinis

hemisferoTa funqciebs Soris? gaixseneT,

rodesac pol brokam tenis autofsia Cautara,

man tvinis dazianeba marcxena naxevarsferoSi

aRmoaCina. momdevno gamokvlevebSi brokam naxa,

rom sxva pacientebSic, romelTac metyvelebis

msgavsi darRveva hqondaT (daavadeba, romelsac

dRes `brokas afazias~ uwodeben), dazianeba

marcxena naxevarsferoSi iyo lokalizebuli.

igive ubnebis dazianeba tvinis marjvena

hemisferoSi msgavs efeqts ar iwvevda. ra daskvna

SeiZleba gamovitanoT?

suraTi 3.12

dawerili sityvis wakiTxva

rogor vambobT wakiTxul sityvas

informacias dawerili sityvis Sesaxeb nervuli

impulsebi Talamusis gavliT atareben Tvalis ba-

duradan qerqis mxedvelobiTi asociaciuri ubne-

bisaken. vizualuri qerqi agzavnis nervul

impulsebs safeTqlis wilis ukana nawilSi,

angularul xveulSi, sadac xdeba sityvis

vizualuri kodis (asoebis forma da ganlageba)

Sedareba mis akustikur kodTan (JReradoba)

Sesabamisis akustikuri kodis povnis Semdeg is

gadaecema smeniT qerqSi e. w. vernikes ares, sadac

xdeba am informaciis dekodireba da

interpretireba. nervuli impulsebi egzavneba

brokas ares, romelic Tavis mxriv agzavnis

informacias motorul qerqSi. motoruli qerqi

uzrunvelyofs sityvis warmoTqmas tuCebis, enisa

da xorxis sinqronuli gaaqtivebis meSveobiT.

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hemisferoTa Soris gansxvavebebis Seswavlis

Sansi pirvelad epilefsiis qirurgiuli wesiT

mkurnalobis dros gaCnda. mkurnalobis es

meTodi gulisxmobs korZiani sxeulis (daaxlo-

ebiT 200 milioni nervuli boWkos erToblioba,

romelic hemisferoTa Soris informaciis gac-

vlas emsaxureba) gadaWras (sur. 3.13). qirurgiuli

Carevis mizania, xeli SeuSalos epilefsiis

Tanamdevi agresiuli eleqtruli aqtivobis

orive hemisferoze gavrcelebas. operacia,

rogorc wesi, warmatebulia da pacientebis

qcevac, ZiriTadad, ucvleli rCeba. pacientebs,

romlebmac es operacia gadaitanes, xSirad

uwodeben pacientebs „gayofili tviniT~.

gancalkevebuli hemisferoebis SesaZleblo-

baTa Semowmebis mizniT rojer sperim (1968) da

maikl gazanigam (1970) SeimuSaves iseTi meTodika,

romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlo iyo vizualuri

informaciis wardgineba TiToeuli hemisfero-

saTvis cal-calke. speris da gazanigas meTodika

vizualuri sistemis anatomiis Taviseburebebs

emyareboda (sur. 3.14). yovel TvalSi, marjvena

mxedvelobiTi velidan miRebuli informacia

marcxena hemisferoSi xvdeba da, piriqiT, in-

suraTi 3.13

suraTi 3.14

korZiani sxeuli

korziani sxeuli warmoadgens nervuli boW-

koebis erTobliobas, romelic erTmaneTTan

akavsirebs didi tvinis or hemisferos. korZiani

sxeulis gadaWra azianebs hemosferoTa Soris

komunikacias.

mxedvelobiTi informaciis

nervuli gza

mxedvelobiTi informaciis nervuli gza,

romelic TiToeuli Tvalis Sua zedapiridan

iwyeba, jvaredinad gadadis tvinis erTi mxridan

meoreze korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT. mxedvelo-

biTi informacia Tvalis gare ubnidan ar jvare-

dindeba. korZiani sxeulis gadaWra xels uSlis

mxedvelobis marjvena velSi warmodgenili

informaciis gadacemas marjvena hemisferoSi,

xolo mxedvelobis marcxena velSi warmodge-

nili informacia ver aRwevs marcxena hemisferos.

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formacia marcxena mxedvelobiTi velidan gadae-

cema marjvena hemisferos. rogorc wesi, orive

hemisferos Soris informaciis gacvla Zalian

swrafad warmoebs korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT;

magram, radganac am pacientebSi korZiani sxeuli

gadaWrili iyo, marcxena da marjvena mxedvelo-

biT velebSi arsebuli informacia Sesabamisad

mxolod marjvena da marcxena hemisferoebs

gadaecemoda (sur. 3.15).

radganac adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvele-

bas marcxena hemisfero akontrolebs, mas SeuZ-

lia mkvlevrebs „elaparakos~ maSin, roca mar-

jvena hemisfero am saSualebas moklebulia.

komunikacia marjvena hemisferosTan miRweul

iqna manualuri amocanebis Sesrulebis gziT:

es amocanebi nivTebis identifikacias, SeTavsebas,

an maTgan jgufebis Sedgenas gulisxmobda da

maTi gadawyveta sityvebis gamoyenebas ar

saWiroebda. ganixileT „gayofili tvinis~ mqone

pacientis SemTxveva, romelic marcxena hemi-

sferos iyenebs misi marcxena xelis mier Catare-

buli qmedebebis aRsawerad maSin, rodesac mar-

cxena xels marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs.

saidan

viciT

hemisferoebi moqmedebaSi

marjvena hemisferos warudgines Tov-

liani peizaJi, xolo marcxenas – qaTmis

fexis gamosaxuleba. cdis pirs mis win

arsebuli obieqtebidan am ori suraTis

Sesabamisi nivTebi unda SeerCia. marjvena

xeliT man miuTiTa qaTmis Tavze, xolo

marcxena xeliT – Tovlis niCabze. pacienti

ambobda, rom niCabi saWiroa qaTmis nar-

Cenebis (da ara Tovlis) gasawmendad. rad-

ganac tvinis marcxena nawilma korZiani

sxeulis gadaWris gamo ar icoda, Tu ras

xedavda marjvena naxevarsfero, mas unda

aexsna, Tu ratom uTiTebda marcxena xeli

niCabze, rodesac marcxena hemisfero qaTmis

fexs xedavda. marcxena hemisferos kogni-

turma sistemam SeimuSava Teoria, romel-

sac unda gaemarTlebina sxeulis sxva

nawilebis moqmedeba (Gazzaniga, 1985).

zemoaRwerilis garda, arsebobs mravali sxva

meTodi, romelTa meSveobiTac Cven viciT, rom

adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebasTan da-

kavSirebuli funqciebi lateralizebulia mar-

cxena hemisferoSi. funqcia lateralizebulad

iTvleba, Tu mis ganxorcielebaSi Tavis tvinis

mxolod erTi hemisfero TamaSobs wamyvan rols.

metyveleba (enis gamoyenebis unari), albaT,

yvelaze ufro metad lateralizebulia fun-

qciaTa Soris. neiromecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom

memarjveneebis mxolod daaxloebiT 5%-sa da

caciebis 15%-Si metyvelebas marjvena hemi-

sfero akontrolebs, xolo caciebis 15%-Si

metyveleba orive hemisferoTi regulirdeba

(Rasmussen & Milner, 1977). adamianTa umravle-

sobaSi, Sesabamisad, metyveleba marcxena hemi-

suraTi 3.15

Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia

Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia normalu-

ria, Tu pacienti `gayofili tviniT~ iye-

nebs marcxena xels im obieqtis sapov-

nelad, romelic mis marcxena mxedvelobiT

velSia moqceuli, radganac orive pro-

cesis ganxorcielebas marjvena hemisfero

akontrolebs. magram, rodesac Tqven

sTxovT pacients, gamoiyenos marjvena xeli

im obieqtis asaRebad, romelic mis mar-

cxena mxedvelobiT velSia moqceuli, mas

amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, radganac

sensoruli informacia marjvena xelidan

marcxena hemisferos veRar aRwevs gadaW-

rili kavSiris gamo. am SemTxvevaSi cdis

piri msxlis magier Wiqas iRebs.

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sferos funqcias warmoadgens. Sedegad, marcxena

naxevarsferos dazianeba iwvevs metyvelebis

moSlas. sainteresoa, rom yru-munjTa enis

gamoyenebisas (romelic xelis TiTebis poziciisa

da moZraobis mixedviT gadmoscems azrs),

marcxena hemisferos dazianeba aseve iwvevs

darRvevebs (Corina, 1999; Hickok et al., 1996; Poizner et

al., 1991). ase rom, lateralizebulia ara metyve-

leba, rogorc aseTi, aramed rogorc vokaluri,

ise manualuri Jestebis warmoqmnis unari,

romlebic komunikacias axorcieleben.

ar unda gegonoT, rom marcxena hemisfero

„ukeTesia~, vidre marjvena. mkvlevrebma uCvenes,

rom orive hemisferos erTi da igive amocanis

amoxsnis gansxvavebuli „stili~ aqvs. marcxena

hemisfero ufro analitikuria da is informacias

nabij-nabij amuSavebs; marjvena hemisfero ki

ufro holisturia da is informacias mTlianad

aRiqvams. orive hemisferos (misTvis damaxasiaTe-

beli muSaobis stiliT) kombinirebuli qmedeba

ganapirobebs Cveni aRqmis srulyofilebas.

magaliTad, Tqven ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba,

rom marcxena hemisfero, romelic mcire deta-

lebs yuradRebas aqcevs, wamyvan rols TamaSobs

problemaTa didi nawilis gadaWraSi. amavdro-

ulad, marjvena hemisferos roli win iwevs,

rodesac problemis gadaWras SemoqmedebiTi mid-

goma sWirdeba – marjvena hemisfero gexmarebaT

mexsierebis mobilizebaSi (Bowen & Beeman, 1998).

miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebs SeuZliaT

darwmunebiT ganasxvavon, Tu romeli funqciebia

lateralizebuli „saSualo~ tvinSi, gaTvalis-

winebul unda iqnes individualuri gansxvave-

bebi. rodesac metyvelebis lateralizaciaze

vsaubrobdiT, Cven, aseve, vaxseneT tvinis fun-

qciaTa pirveli individualuri gansxvaveba:

caciebSi SesaZloa metyvelebas marjvena hemi-

sfero, an orive hemisfero erTdroulad akon-

trolebdes. sxva gansxvavebebi, romlebic Tavis

tvinis funqciaTa lateralizaciis dros unda

ganvixiloT, sqesiTaa ganpirobebuli. arsebobs

zogadi gansxvavebebi mamakacebisa da qalebis

tvinis funqciebis principebSi (Breedlove, 1994;Kimura, 1999). Tanamedrove meTodebis saSualebiT

SesaZlebeli gaxda dagvenaxa sxvaoba mamakacebis

da qalebis tvinSi sxvadasxva amocanebis gadaW-

risas. magaliTad, funqciuri mrtis saSualebiT

Seiswavlidnen mamakacTa da qalTa tvinis

aqtivobebs Soris gansxvavebebs, rodesac cdis

pirebs enis mosmenisas unda gamoetanaT daskvnebi

(eriTmeba erTmaneTs tani da kani?). mamakacebSi

ZiriTadi aqtivoba marcxena hemisferoSi iyo

lokalizebuli maSin, rodesac qalebSi am

amocanis amoxsnaSi orive hemisfero TiTqmis

Tanabrad monawileobda (Shaywitz et al., 1995). aseTiSedegebi kidev erTxel gvabrunebs sakiTxebTan,

romlebic bunebisa da aRzrdis Tanafardobas

exeba. ibadebian mamakacebi da qalebi ukve

gansxvavebuli tviniT, Tu es modifikacia cxov-

rebiseuli gamocdilebis Sedegia? Semdgom

wlebSi am kiTxvas neiromecnierTa xelT ar-

sebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT pasuxi unda gaeces.

Cven ganvixileT nervuli sistemis bevri

mniSvnelovani struqtura. axla ki ganvixiloT

endokrinuli sistema, romelic nervul sis-

temasTan erTad sxeulis funqciebs aregulirebs.

endokrinuli sistema

adamianis genotipi gansazRvravs meore, Zal-

zed specifikur maregulirebel sistemas – en-

dokrinul sistemas, raTa nervuli sistemis

muSaoba Seavsos. endokrinuli sistema jirkvle-

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bis erTobliobas warmoadgens, romlebic gamoi-

muSaveben da sisxlSi gamoyofen qimiur mesin-

jerebs – hormonebs (sur. 3.16). hormonebi Zlier

gavlenas axdenen organizmis yoveldRiur cxo-

velqmedebaze, Tumca isini gansakuTrebiT mniS-

vnelovania sicocxlis garkveul periodebSi da

zogierTi gansakuTrebuli situaciis dros.

hormonebi gavlenas axdenen sxeulis zrdaze;

isini gansazRvraven da xels uwyoben pirveladi

da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis ganviTarebas; gav-

lenas axdenen sifxizlesa da yuradRebaze; war-

moadgenen guneba-ganwyobilebisa da xasiaTis

Secvlis safuZvels; aregulireben metabolizms

da sxeulis energetikul danaxarjebs. endokri-

nuli sistema uzrunvelyofs organizmis gadar-

Cenas, exmareba ra mis brZolas infeqciisa da

daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg. is xels uwyobs saxeo-

bebis gadarCenas maTi seqsualuri agznebis

regulirebis, reproduqciuli ujredebis war-

moqmnis, meZuZur dedebSi rZis gamomuSavebis

endokrinuli sistema (Endocrine system) – jirkvle-

bis qseli, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi

gamoyofen hormonebs.

hormonebi (Hormones)– qimiuri mesenjerebi, rom-

lebic gamomuSavdeba endokrinuli jirkvlebis

mier, aregulireben metabolizms da gavlenas

axdenen sxulis zrdaze, xasiaTsa da sasqeso

niSan-Tvisebebze.

hipofizi (Pituity gland) – moTavsebulia tvinSi,

gamoimuSavebs zrdis hormonebs da gavlenas

axdens sxva endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier hor-

monebis sekreciaze.

testosteroni (Testosterone) – mamakacTa sasqesohormoni, romelic saTesleebSi gamomuSavdeba

da astimulirebs spermis produqcias; aseve

pasuxismgebelia mamakacTa meoradi sasqeso niSan-

Tvisebebis Camoyalibebaze.

estrogeni (Estrogen) – qalTa sasqeso hormoni,

romelic sakvercxeebSi gamomuSavdeba da

pasuxismgebelia ovulaciis procesze, aseve qa-

lebis reproduqciuli struqturebis ganviTa-

rebasa da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis Camoyali-

bebaze.

suraTi 3.15

Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia

hipofizi marjvniv aris warmodgenili; es mTavari jirkvalia, romelic

marcxena mxares naCvenebi jirkvlebis moqmedebas aregulirebs.

hipofizi, Tavis mxriv, kontroldeba hipoTalamusidan, romelic

limburi sistemis mniSvnelovani nawilia.

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meSveobiT. ase rom, efeqturi endokrinuli

sistemis gareSe Tqven ver gadarCebiT.

endokrinuli jirkvlebi sisxlSi qimiuri

nivTierebebis doneze reagireben an maTi stimu-

lireba sxva hormonebisa Tu Tavis tvinidan moma-

vali nervuli impulsebis mier xdeba. amis

Sedegad hormonebi gamoiyofa sisxlSi da gadaad-

gildeba moSorebuli samizne ujredebisken,

romelTac specifikuri receptorebi gaaCniaT.

hormonebi qimiuri regulaciis programiT gaTva-

liswinebul zemoqmedebas mxolod sxeulis gene-

tikurad gansazRvrul adgilebSi gamoavlenen.

sxvadasxva, magram specifikur organoebsa Tu

qsovilebze gavleniT hormonebi uamrav bioqi-

miur process aregulireben, amis gamo maT „si-

cocxlis mesinjerebi~ ewodebaT (Carpo, 1985).

es mravalmxrivi sakomunikacio sistema akontro-

lebs organizmSi nela, mudmivad mimdinare

procesebs, rogoricaa sisxlSi Saqris donis

gansazRvra, kalciumis Semcveloba, naxSirwyle-

bis metabolozmi da sxeulis zrda, magram ra

xdeba krizis dros? endokrinuli sistema gamo-

yofs sisxlSi hormon adrenalins; adrenalini

energias matebs sxeuls ise, rom mas unari

Seswevs swrafad moaxdinos reagireba safrTxeze.

rogorc adre ukve aRvniSneT, tvinis struq-

tura, hipoTalamusi, warmoadgens gadamrTvel

ubans endokrinulsa da centralur nervul sis-

temebs Soris. hipoTalamusis specializebuli

ujredebi informacias tvinis sxva ubnebidan

iReben, romlebic mas ubrZaneben gamoyon sxva-

dasxva hormonebi hipofizSi, riTac isini asti-

mulireben, an akaveben sxva hormonebis sekrecias.

hormonebi sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnebSi gamomu-

Savdeba. es „qarxnebi~ sxvadasxva hormonebs awar-

moebs, romlebic sxeulis sxvadasxva funqciebs

aregulireben, rogorc es 3.1 cxrilSia warmod-

genili. axla ki yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani

procesebi ganvixiloT.

hipofizs xSirad „mTavar jirkvals~ uwodeben,

radganac is 10 sxvadasxva saxis hormons gamoimu-

Savebs, romlebic yvela sxva endokrinuli jir-

kvlis sekretorul muSaobaze axdenen gavlenas.

aseve, aq sinTezirdeba zrdis hormonebi. zrdis

hormonis ararseboba iwvevs sxeulis zrdis

Seferxebas – qondriskacobas; misi siWarbe iwvevs

gigantizms. mamakacebSi hipofizis sekreciis pro-

duqtebi aaqtiveben saTesleebSi testosteronis

sinTezs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, spermis gamo-

muSavebas astimulirebs. hipofizi aseve monawi-

leobs mamakacebis meoradi sasqeso niSnebis

CamoyalibebaSi, rogoricaa sxeulis Tmis sa-

farvelis ganviTareba, xmis Secvla da fizikuri

simwife. testosteronma SesaZloa gamoiwvios

agresiisa da seqsualuri ltolvis gaZliereba.

qalebSi hipofizis hormonebi astimulireben

estrogenis warmoebas. estrogeni im hormona-

luri jaWvuri reaqciebis aucilebeli komponen-

tia, romlebic ovulaciasa da qalis nayofie-

rebas gansazRvraven. Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego zo-

gierTi preparatis moqmedeba emyareba hipofizis

specialuri aqtivobis daTrgunvas, romelic hor-

monebis gamomuSavebas da ganawilebas akon-

mTavari endokrinuli jirkvlebi da maT

mier gamomuSavebuli hormonebis funqciebi

regulirebadi funqciebijirkvali

hipoTalamusi

wina hipofizi

ukana hipofizi

farisebri jirkvali

paraTireoiduli

jirkvali

nawlavi

pankreasi

Tirkmelzeda

jirkvali

sakvercxe

saTesle

hipofizis hormonebis

gamoyofa

saTesleebi da

sakvercxeebirZis

gamomuSaveba

metabolizmi

reaqcia stresze

wylis konservacia

rZis gamoyofa

saSvilosnos SekumSva

metabolozmi

zrda da ganviTareba

kalciumis done

saWmlis moneleba

glukozis metabolizmi

„brZolisa da gaqcevis~

pasuxebi

metabolizmi

sqesobrivi ltolva

qalebSi

qalebis sasqeso niSnebis

ganviTareba

kvercxujredis warmoqmna

mamakacis sasqeso

niSnebis ganviTareba

spermis gamomuSaveba

sqesobrivi ltolva

mamakacebSi

cxrili 3.1

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trolebs, amiT ki, saboloo jamSi, ovulaciis

procesi irRveva.

Sejameba

neiromecniereba cdilobs pasuxi gasces sau-

kunovan kiTxvas, Tu rogoria kavSiri tvinsa da

qcevas Soris. neiromecnierebi uamrav meTods

mimarTaven tvinis funqciebis ukeT Seswavlis

mizniT. isini swavloben pacientebs tvinis da-

zianebebiT, iwveven tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis

dazianebas, astimulireben tvinis regionebs,

iweren tvinis aqtivobas da kompiuteruli

teqnikis daxmarebiT qmnian tvinis gamosaxu-

lebebs misi muSaobis procesSi.

nervuli sistema centralur da periferiul

nawilebad iyofa. centraluri nervuli sistema

Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan; periferi-

uli nervuli sistema Sedgeba somaturi da

avtonomiuri nervuli sistemebisagan.

Tavis tvini SeiZleba daiyos tvinis Rerod,

limbur sistemad da did tvinad. tvinis Rero

aregulirebs ZiriTad sasicocxlo funqciebs,

rogoricaa sunTqva, guliscema da saWmlis mo-

neleba. naTxemi koordinirebas uwevs sxeulis

moZraobas da gavlenas axdens daswavlis zogi-

erT procesze. limburi sistema mniSvnelovan

rols TamaSobs motivaciis, emociebisa da

mexsierebis procesebSi. didi tvini pasuxismge-

belia metyvelebisa da azrovnebis umaRles fun-

qciebze.

kvlevam uCvena, rom didi tvinis ori hemi-

sfero sxvadasxva rols TamaSobs yoveldRiuri

funqciebis SesrulebaSi. magaliTad, adamianTa

umravlesobaSi marcxena hemisfero metyvelebas

akontrolebs. zogadad, marjvena hemisfero in-

formacias ufro holisturad aRiqvams, marcxena

ki ufro analitikuria. ori hemisferos funqcia-

Ta Sesaxeb zogadi daskvnebis gakeTebisas unda

gvaxsovdes individualuri da, maT Soris, sqe-

sobrivi gansxvavebebi.

endokrinuli sistema aris jirkvalTa qseli,

romelic gamoimuSavebs hormonebs sasicocxlo

procesebis regulirebisaTvis.

nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi

adreuli periodis fiziologTa erT-erTi

umTavresi amocana iyo nervuli sistemis mu-

Saobis principebis gageba. Tanamedrove neiro-

mecnierebma mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies,

magram isini agrZeleben muSaobas, rom am mraval-

waxnagovani problemis yvela nawili amoxsnan.

wignis am qveTavSi Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT

da gaverkveT, Tu rogor gadaecema Cveni grZno-

baTa organoebis mier aRqmuli informacia sxeu-

lis sxva nawilebsa da tvins nervuli impulsebis

meSveobiT. Cven viwyebT nervuli sistemis Ziri-

Tadi erTeulis, neironis, niSan-Tvisebebis gan-

xilviT.

neironi

neironi aris specializebuli ujredi, rom-

lis funqciaa miiRos, gadaamuSavos da/an gadas-

ces informacia sxva ujredebs sxeulis SigniT.

arsebobs sxvadasxva formis, zomis, qimiuri

Semadgenlobisa da funqciis neironebi (ZuZum-

suraTi 3.16

neironi (Neuron) – nervuli sistemis ujredi,

romelic specializebulia miiRos, gadaamuSavos

da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs.

neironTa tipebi

yuradReba miaqcieT dendritebis gansxvavebul formas

da datotvis xasiaTs. isrebiT naCvenebia informaciis

moZraobis mimarTuleba. warmodgenilia interneironis

ori tipi.

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daafiqsireT TvalebiT

nivTebi Tqvens garSemo, iqneb

xe, romelic fanjaraSi Cans,

an kompiuteri Tqvens magidaze.

axla ki daxuWeT Tvalebi da

SeecadeT warmoidginoT igive

obieqtebi. ra xdeba Tqvens

tvinSi am ori qmedebis dros?

ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom

tvinis igive ubnebi iyos Car-

Tuli orive procesSi, rom-

lebic aRqmasa da vizualur

warmosaxvas gulisxmobs? teq-

nologiurma progresma SesaZ-

lo gaxada neiromecnierTa-

Tvis am saintereso kiTxvas

zusti pasuxi gascen.

rogorc Tqven naxavT wig-

nis me-4 TavSi, mecnierebma did

warmatebebs miaRwies mxedve-

lobis nervuli safuZvlebis

SeswavlaSi. maT SeuZliaT

Tvali miadevnon vizualuri

informaciis transformacias

Tvalebis baduradan kefis

wilis vizualur qerqamde.

rogor unda gansazRvron

mecnierebma, CarTulia Tu ara

vizualuri qerqis erTi da

igive ubnebi, rodesac adamiani

axorcielebs vizualuri war-

mosaxvis da ara vizualuri

aRqmis process? mkvlevarTa

jgufma stiven koslinis

xelmZRvanelobiT (Kosslyn et al.,

1999) gamoiyena ori meTodi:

pet-(pozitronul-emisiuri

tomografia) skani, romelic

Cven ukve warmogidgineT, da

ganmeorebiTi transkrania-

luri magnituri stimulacia

(rTMS), romelic sruliad

axali teqnologiaa da sul

ramodenime wlis winaT iqna

gamoyenebuli adamianTa kog-

nitur neiromecnierebaSi.

kvlevaTa am seriaSi, cdis

pirebs sTxovdnen, daemaxsov-

raT oTxi kvadratuli gamo-

saxuleba da mere warmoed-

ginaT isini daxuWuli Tva-

lebiT. cdis pirTa amocana

iyo, pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvebze

sxvadasxva gamosaxulebaSi

obieqtis zolebis fardobiTi

siganis Sesaxeb. es amocana ise

iyo SemuSavebuli, rom cdis

pirebs aucileblad unda

warmoedginaT vizualuri

gamosaxuleba. pet-gamokvle-

vaSi monawileTa tvini Ses-

wavlili iyo amocanis gada-

wyvetis momentSi. skanma uCvena,

rom aqtiurobdnen vizualuri

qerqis is ubnebi, romlebic

mxedvelobiTi stimulaciis

drosac iaqtiurebdnen. magram

gaixseneT wignis meore Ta-

vidan, rom korelacia ar aris

mizezobrioba: is, rom orive

amocanis dros aqtiuria

tvinis erTi da igive ubnebi,

ar niSnavs, rom erTi da igive

funqcia sruldeba.

am etapze ki erTveba rTMS,

romlis saSualebiTac SesaZ-

lebelia ufro zusti das-

kvnebis gakeTeba. es axali

teqnika magnituri stimula-

ciis pulsebs iyenebs droe-

biTi, Seqcevadi „dazianebe-

bis~ warmoqmnisaTvis. qso-

vilis faqtobrivi dazianebis

gareSe SesaZloa tvinis re-

gionebis inaqtivacia. ra xde-

ba zolebis Sedarebisas, ro-

desac rTMS gamoyenebis Se-

degad cdis pirebs „uzi-

anebdnen~ pirvelad vizua-

lur qerqs? iseve, rogorc

Ria TvalebiT mxedvelobiTi

aRqmisas, vizualuri war-

mosaxva seriozulad fer-

xdeba. es ki saSualebas gvaZ-

levs davaskvnaT, rom pirve-

ladi vizualuri qerqi Car-

Tulia vizualuri warmosax-

vis procesSi.

gagakvirvaT am monace-

mebma? Tqven ra kiTxvebi gaqvT

tvinSi funqciebis gana-

wilebis Sesaxeb? radganac

mecnierebi agrZeleben mu-

Saobas axali teqnologiebis

gamoyenebiT, didia imis al-

baToba, rom Tqvens kiTxveb-

sac male gaecema zusti

pasuxebi.

miRwevebi tvinis funqciebis lokalizaciis saqmeSi

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

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wovarTa Tavis tvinSi 200-ze meti sxvadasxva

saxis neironia napovni), magram yvelas aqvs

saerTo ZiriTadi struqtura (sur. 3.17). ada-mianis Tavis tvinSi neironTa raodenoba 100

miliardsa da 1 trilions Soris meryeobs.

rogorc wesi, neironebi iReben informacias

erTi da gadascemen mas meore boloTi. ujredis

datotvil morCebs, romlebic Semomaval sig-

nalebs iReben, dendritebi ewodebaT. dendri-

tebis ZiriTadi funqciaa sensoruli recep-

torebidan an sxva ujredebidan stimulaciis

miReba. ujredis sxeuli, anu soma, Seicavs

birTvs da citoplazmas, romlebic mis sico-

cxlisunarianobas gansazRvraven. somaSi xdeba

dendritebis stimulaciis Sedegad (an zogierT

SemTxvevaSi, uSualod sxva neironidan) miRe-

buli informaciis integrireba da misi gada-

dendritebi (Dendrites) – neironis datotvili mor-

Cebi, romlebic Semosul informacias mim-

Rebloben.

soma (Soma) – neironis ujredis sxeuli, rome-

lic birTvsa da citoplazmas Seicavs.

aqsoni (Axon) – neironis wagrZelebuli boWko,

romlis gaswvrivac nervuli impulsebi vrcel-

deba somidan terminaluri balTisaken.

terminaluri balTa (Terminal buttons) – bolqvis-

magvari struqtura aqsonis bolos, romelic

Rebuloben savse buStukebs Seicavs.

neironis mTavari struqturebi

neironi nervuli impulss dendritebis saSualebiT iRebs; Semdeg nervuli impulsi igzavneba

aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken, sadac sxva neironebis stimulaciisaTvis neiro-

transmiterebis gamoyofa xdeba.

suraTi 3.17

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cema erTi, wagrZelebuli boWkosaTvis, romel-

sac aqsoni ewodeba. Tavis mxriv, aqsoni gadas-

cems informacias mTel Tavis sigrZeze, rome-

lic, magaliTad, zurgis tvinSi SeiZleba erT

metrs aRematebodes, xolo Tavis tvinSi –

milimetrze naklebi iyos. aqsonis meore bo-

loSi ganlagebulia Semsxvilebuli, bolqvis-

magvari struqtura, e.w. terminaluri balTa,

romlis saSualebiTac neirons SeuZlia mim-

debare jirkvlebis, kunTebisa da sxva neiro-

nebis stimulireba. rogorc wesi, neironebi

informacias mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT

gadascemen _ dendritebidan somis gavliT aqso-

nis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken (sur. 3.18).

arsebobs neironTa sami mTavari jgufi. sen-

soruli (mgrZnobiare) neironebi iReben infor-

macias sensoruli receptorebidan da atareben

mas centraluri nervuli sistemisaken, recep-

toruli ujredebi Zalzed specializebulni

da mgrZnobiareni arian, magaliTad, sinaTli-

sadmi, bgerisadmi, an sxeulis poziciisadmi;

motoruli (mamoZravebeli) neironebi atareben

informacias centraluri nervuli sistemidan

kunTebisa da jirkvlebisaken. tvinis neironTa

ZiriTad masas interneironebi qmnian, romlebic

gadascemen informacias sensorulidan moto-

rul an sxva interneironebs. TiToeul moto-

rul neironze tvinSi daaxloebiT 5 aTasi

interneironi modis, romlebic tvinis ZiriTad

muSa masas qmnian (Nauta & Feirtag, 1979).

imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor muSaobs es sami

tipis neironi erTad, ganvixiloT tkivilisgan

ganridebis refleqsi (sur. 3.19). rodesac kanis

zedapiris siaxloves ganlagebuli tkivilis

sensoruli neironi (Sensory neurons) – neironi,romelic sensoruli receptorebidan infor-

macias centraluri nervuli sistemisken ata-

rebs.

motoruli neironi (Motor neurons) _ neironi, ro-melic informacias centraluri nervuli

sistemidan kunTebisken da jirkvlebisken

atarebs.

interneironi (Interneurons) _ tvinis neironi,

romelic informacias sensorulidan sxva in-

ter- an motorul neironebs gadascems.

suraTi 3.18

tkivilis ganridebis

refleqsi

am reflesis ganxorcielebaSi mxo-

lod sami neironi monawileobs: sen-

soruli, motoruli da

interneironi.

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receptorebi stimulirdeba wvetiani obieqtiT,

isini agzavnian informacias sensoruli nei-

ronebis saSualebiT zurgis tvinis internei-

ronebisaken. interneironi sapasuxod aagznebs

motorul neirons, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

aagznebs sxeulis Sesabamisi ubnis kunTs da

ganaridebs mas mtkivneul gamaRizianebels.

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac es neironuli aqtivoba

ganxorcieldeba da sxeuli mocildeba mtkiv-

neul obieqts, Tavis tvini iRebs informacias

situaciis Sesaxeb. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, rodesac

gadarCena swraf reaqciebzea damokidebuli,

tkivilis SegrZneba mxolod mas Semdeg Cndeba,

rac Tqven ukve fizikurad upasuxeT safrTxes.

cxadia, incidentis Sesaxeb informacia Seinaxeba

tvinis mexsierebis sistemaSi ise, rom Semdeg

jerze Tqven gaaridebT Tavs potenciurad

mtkivneul obieqts manam, vidre is Tqven gatkenT.

tvinis neironTa qselSi gabneulia maTze

xuTjer Tu aTjer ufro meti raodenobis gli-

uri ujredebi (glia). Tavad es sityva mom-

dinareobs berZnulidan da webos niSnavs; saxel-

wodeba ukve miganiSnebT am ujredebis mTavar

funqciebze _ isini neironebis sayrdens war-

moadgenen. xerxemlianebSi glias bevri mniS-

vnelovani funqcia aqvs. pirveli funqcia gan-

viTarebis safexurze Cndeba. gliuri ujredebi

exmarebian axalSobil neironebs ipovon maTi

Sesabamisi lokalizacia tvinSi, meore funqciaa

cxovelqmedeba. rodesac neironebi ziandeba da

iRupeba, dazianebis ubanSi gliuri ujredebi

mravldeba da asufTavebs ujredul narCenebs;

maT, aseve, SeuZliaT neironTaSoris napralebSi

neirotransmiterebisa da sxva substanciebis

STanTqma; mesame funqciaa izolacia. gliuri

ujredebi zogierTi aqsonis irgvliv qmnian

saizolacio safarvels, romelsac mielinis

garsi ewodeba. es cximovani izolacia mniSvne-

lovnad zrdis nervuli signalis gadacemis

siCqares; gliis meoTxe funqciaa tvinis mgrZno-

biare neironebis dacva sisxlTan erTad Semosu-

li toqsinuri nivTierebebisgan. specialize-

buli gliuri ujredebi, romelTac astroci-

tebi ewodebaT, qmnian e.w. hemato-encefalur

bariers, romelic warmoadgens tvinis sisxl-

ZarRvTa irgvliv uwyvet cximovan Sres. cximSi

uxsnadi substanciebi am bariers ver gadala-

xaven, radganac mravali Sxami da sxva mavne

nivTiereba cximSi ar ixsneba da, Sesabamisad,

tvinSi SeRwevac ar SeuZliaT. dabolos, nei-

romecnierebi sul ufro xSirad fiqroben, rom

glia gavlenas axdens neironTa Soris komuni-

kaciaze im ionTa koncentraciaze zemoqmedebis

gziT, romlebic nervuli impulsis gatarebas

uzrunvelyofen.

moqmedebis potenciali

aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT neironebze, rom-

lebic „agzavnian informacias~ da „astimuli-

reben~ erTmaneTs. movida dro, ufro detalurad

aRvweroT eleqtoqimiuri signalebi, romelTac

nervuli sistema iyenebs informaciis gadamuSa-

vebisa da gadacemisaTvis. swored es signalebi

warmoadgenen Tqveni codnis, grZnobebis, sur-

vilebisa da Semoqmedebis safuZvels.

yoveli neironis mier dasmuli ZiriTadi ki-

Txvaa: ganimuxtos Tu ara (anu upasuxos Tu

ara gamRizianebels)? martivad rom vTqvad,

neironebi am gadawyvetilebas iReben maTi den-

dtrirebisa da somis mier miRebuli infor-

maciis kombinirebis Sedegad da imis gansazR-

vrisas, es signalebi maT „ganmuxtvas~ Tu „argan-

muxtvas~ ubrZaneben. ufro detalurad ki,

yoveli neironi iRebs amgznebi – ganimuxte! da

Semakavebeli – ar ganimuxto! – signalebis

balanss. neironebSi amgznebi impulsebi iwvevn

moqmedebis potencials da neironi ganimuxteba.

moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri

safuZveli

imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor muSaobs moqmede-

bis potenciali, Cven unda is bioqimiuri garemo

aRvweroT, romelSic neironi arsebobs da

iRebs Semosul informacias. mTeli neironuli

komunikacia eleqtrulad damuxtuli nawila-

kebis, ionebis, nakadiT xorcieldeba, romelic

gamWolavs neironis membranas – Txel „kans~,

romelic ujredis SigTavss garemomcveli ga-

glia (Glia) – ujredi, romelic akavSirebs nei-

ronebs da aCqarebs nervul gadacemas, aSorebs

dazianebul da daRupul neironebs da xels uS-

lis sisxlSi arsebul toqsiur substanciebs

SeaRwion tvinSi.

amgznebi „Sesavali~ (Excitatory inputs) – informacia,romelic neironSi aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.

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remosagan gamoyofs. warmoidgineT, rom nervuli

boWkoebi makaronia, romelic mariliani wyliTaa

savse da marilian supSi dacuravs. rogorc supi,

ise makaronis SigniT arsebuli siTxe Seicavs

ionebs – natriumis (Na+), qloris (Cl-), kalci-

umisa (Ca+) da kaliumis (K+) atomebs, romelTac

rogorc dadebiTi (+), ise uaryofiTi (-) muxtebi

gaaCniaT (sur. 3.19). membrana, anu makaronis

zedapiri, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs orive

siTxeSi ingredientebis Sesabamisi balansis

SenarCunebaSi. rodesac ujredi ar aris aqtiuri,

anu imyofeba mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, mis Sida

areSi daaxloebiT aTjer ufro meti kaliumis

ionia, vidre gareT, xolo natriumis ionTa kon-

centracia piriqiT, gareT ufro metia. membrana

srulyofili barieri araa, is saSualebas aZlevs

natriumis ionebs SeaRwion ujredis SigniT. amis

aRmosafxvrelad, bunebam Seqmna satransporto

meqanizmebi membranis SigniT, romelic „gamotum-

bavs~ natriums da „Catumbavs~ kaliums. am

tumboTa warmatebuli muSaobis Sedegad siTxe

ujredis SigniT uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli (70/

1 000 volti) ujredgare sivrcesTan SedarebiT.

es ki niSnavs, rom ujredis Sida garemo pola-

rizebulia. am polarizacias mosvenebis poten-

ciali ewodeba. is qmnis im eleqtroqimiur

garemos, romelSic nervul ujreds SeuZlia

moqmedebis potencialis warmoqmna.

nervuli ujredi iwyebs gadasvlas mosvenebis

potencialidan moqmedebis potencialze amag-

znebeli Tu Semakavebeli informaciis sapasuxod.

nebismieri tipis Semosul informacias SeuZlia

Secvalos ionuri balansi membranis Sida da

gare areebs Soris. es, aseve, iwvevs cvlilebebs

ionuri arxebis funqciebSic – ujreduli mem-

branis agznebadi nawilebi, romlebic SerCeviTad

uzrunvelyofen zogierTi ionis moZraobas mem-

branis gavliT. Semakavebeli informacia aiZu-

lebs ionur arxebs ufro mZafrad imuSaon da

SeinarCunon Sida aris uaryofiTi muxti, rac

neirons ganmuxtvisagan daicavs. amagznebeli im-

moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri safuZveli

aqsonuri membrana gamoyofs siTxeebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba natriumisa da

kaliumis ionebis SemcvelobiT. gareSe are daaxloebiT aTjer ufro met

natriumis ions Seicavs, vidre Sida. kaliumis ionebTan mimarTebaSi Tanafardoba

sawinaaRmdegoa. membranas cilovani arxebi gamWolavs, romlebic rogorc

seleqtiuri arxebi ise moqmedeben, atareben ra an mxolod natriumis, an mxolod

kaliumis ionebs. mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi rodesac nervuli impulsi ar

gadis, orive tipis arxi Caketilia da ionuri tumbo inarCunebs ionur

gadanawilebas (Signidan gareT `gamotumbavs~ natriumis ionebs da `Catumbavs~

kaliumis ionebs). aqsonis Sida are uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli 70 milivoltis

odenobiT. Tuki es Zabva Semcirdeba nervuli impulsis moaxloebis gamo,

natriumis arxebi ixsneba da natriumis ionebi Semodis aqsonSi. odnav mogvianebiT,

natriumis arxebi ixureba, ixsneba kaliumis arxebi da kaliumis ionebi gamodis

suraTi 3.19

Semakavebeli „Sesavali~ (Inhibitory inputs) – Semo-suli informacia, romelic neirons ubrZanebs,

ar ganimuxtos.

moqmedebis potenciali (Action potential) – nervuli

impulsi, romelic neironSi warmoiqmneba, aqsonis

gaswvriv vrceldeba da iwvevs sinafsSi neiro-

transmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas.

mosvenebis potenciali (Restins potential) – neiro-nis Sida areSi arsebuli ujreduli siTxis

polarizacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs moqmede-

bis potencialis warmoqmnis unars.

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pulsacia ionuri arxebis gaxsnas iwvevs da

natriumis ionebi ujredis Sida areSi Semodian,

rac mas ganmuxtvis saSualebas aZlevs. radganac

natriumis ionebi dadebiTi muxtis matarebelia,

maTi Semosvla iwvevs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

muxtebis gadanawilebis Secvlas ujreduli

membranis gaswvriv. moqmedebis potenciali aRmo-

cendeba maSin, rodesac amagznebeli impulsacia

sakmarisad Zlieria SemakavebelTan SedarebiT

da iwvevs membranis depolarizacias –70 mili-

voltidan –55 milivoltamde. am dros sakmarisi

raodenobis natriumi Sedis ujredSi, raTa es

cvlileba gamoiwvios.

iwyeba Tu ara moqmedebis potencialis aR-

moceneba, natriumi iCqaris ujredis Sida areSi.

Sedegad, ujredis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba,

rac neironis srul depolarizacias niSnavs.

Semdgom dominos efeqti iwvevs moqmedebis po-

tencialis gavrcelebas aqsonis gaswvriv; de-

polarizaciis mowinave ubani ki aqsonis mim-

debare regionebSi natriumis arxebis gaxsnas

ganapirobebs da ionebi Semodis ujredSi. am

gziT – Tanamimdevruli depolarizaciiT – sig-

nali vrceldeba aqsonSi (sur. 3.19).

rogor ubrundeba neironi mis sawyis mosve-

nebul mdgomareobas ganmuxtvis Semdeg? rodesac

neironis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba, natriumis

arxebi ixureba da ixsneba kaliumis arxebi, ka-

liumis ionebi gamodian gareT. kaliumis gamos-

vla aRadgens neironis uaryofiT muxts. maSin,

rodesac signali miaRwevs aqsonis bolos, ujre-

dis is nawilebi, sadac moqmedebis potenciali

warmoiqmna, ukve ubrundeba mosvenebul mdgo-

mareobas da mzadaa momdevno stimulaciisaTvis.

moqmedebis potencialis maxasiaTeblebi

moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebis bioqi-

miuri buneba mraval maxasiaTebels gansazRvravs.

moqmedebis potenciali emorCileba sul an

arafris kanons _ moqmedebis potencialis zoma

ar aris damokidebuli stimulaciis intensivo-

baze, Tuki is gansazRvrul zRurbls aRwevs.

miaRwevs Tu ara amagznebeli impulsi zRurbls,

iwyeba potencialis generireba. Tuki gaRizianeba

qvezRurblovania, potenciali ver aRmocendeba.

sul an arafris kanonis damatebiTi Sedegia is,

rom moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar icvleba

aqsonis mTel sigrZeze _ moqmedebis potenciali

TviTgavrcelebadia, erTxel dawyebuls, mas ar

sWirdeba gareSe stimulacia.

sxvadasxva neironebSi aqsonis gaswvriv moq-

medebis potencialis gavrcelebis siCqare gan-

sxvavebulia. yvelaze ufro swrafebSi signali

200 m/wm-Si siCqariT moZraobs, yvelaze ufro

nelSi ki – 10 sm/wm-Si. swrafi neironebis aqsonebi

dafarulia mWidrod Semoxveuli mielinis gar-

siT, romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gliuri

ujredebisgan Sedgeba da aqsoni emsgavseba simze

acmul mokle milTa erTobliobas. milakebs

Soris arsebul sivrces ranvies Seviwroveba

ewodeba (sur. 3.17). mielinis garsian neironebSi

moqmedebis potenciali „xtunavs~ erTi Seviw-

rovebidan meoreze, riTac zogavs aqsonis yvela

ubanze ionuri arxebis gaxsna-daxurvisaTvis

saWiro drosa da energias. mielinis garsis

dazianeba iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis gavrce-

lebis Senelebas da bevri problemis safuZveli

xdeba. gafantuli sklerozi (MS) erT-erTi im

saSinel daavadebaTagania, romelic aqsonebis

demielinizaciiTaa gamowveuli. misTvis damaxa-

siaTebelia ormagi gamosaxulebis aRqma, kankali,

da, sabolood, dambla. gafantuli sklerozis

dros sxeulis specializebuli imunuri uj-

redebi Slian mielinizebuli neironebis garss

da azianeben normalur sinafsur gadacemas

(Joyce, 1990).mas Semdeg, rac moqmedebis potenciali aq-

sonis garkveul ubans gaivlis, am segmentze

yalibdeba e.w. refraqteruli periodi (sur. 3.20).absoluturi refraqteruli periodis dros

momdevno stimulacia, rac ar unda intensiuri

iyos is, ver iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis

generirebas; SefardebiTi refraqteruli peri-

odis dros neironi ganimuxteba mxolod norma-

lurze ufro Zlieri impulsis sapasuxod. gic-

diaT unitazis Carecxva, rodesac is wyliT

ivseba? unitazSi unda arsebobdes wylis kri-

tikuli done, rom mas Carecxvis saSualeba

hqondes. amis msgavsad, imisaTvis, rom neironma

aRidginos axali moqmedebis potencialis

generirebis unari, is unda „gadaimuxtos~ da

Tavidan aicilos qvezRurblovani stimulacia.

refraqteruli periodi uzrunvelyofs moqme-

debis potencialis mxolod erTi mimarTu-

lebiT gavrcelebas _ mas ar SeuZlia ukan

dabruneba, radganac aqsonis winamdebare seg-

mentebi refraqterul mdgomareobaSia.

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sinafsuri gadacema

rodesac aqsonuri potenciali daasrulebs

mis mogzaurobas aqsonis gaswvriv da miaRwevs

terminalur balTas, man unda gadasces in-

formacia mezobel neirons, magram rogor?

neironebi xom erTmaneTs ar exeba. isini sinaf-

sebs qmnian patara sinafsuri napraliT presi-

nafsur membranasa (informaciis gadamcemi

neironis terminaluri balTa) da postsinaf-

sur membranas (mimRebi neironis dendtritis

an somis zedapiri) Soris. rodesac moqmedebis

potenciali terminalur balTas aRwevs, is

moqmedebaTa mTeli jaWvis gaaqtivebas iwvevs,

romelsac sinafsuri gadacema ewodeba da

romelic warmoadgens informaciis gadacemas

erTi neironidan meoreze sinafsuri napralis

gavliT (sur. 3.21). sinafsuri gadacema iwyeba,rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aqsonur da-

boloebaSi iwvevs patara sferosebri buStu-

kebis, sinafsuri vezikulebis, moZraobas aqso-

nuri daboloebis Sida membranisaken da masTan

mimagrebas. yoveli vezikulis SigniT neiro-

transmiteria moTavsebuli – bioqimiuri niv-

Tiereba, romelic sxva neironebis stimuli-

rebas iwvevs. moqmedebis potenciali aseve

iwvevs ionuri arxebis gaxsnas da kalciumis

Semosvlas aqsonur daboloebaSi, rac sinafsu-

ri vezikulebis gaskdomas da maTSi arsebuli

neirotransmiteris gamoTavisuflebas ganapi-

robebs. amis Semdeg neirotransmiteri Zalian

swrafad gadadis sinafsur napralSi da aRwevs

postsinafsur membranas. sinafsuri gadacemis

dasrulebisaTvis, neirotransmiterebi ukavSir-

deba postsinafsur membranaze arsebul recep-

torul molekulebs.

neirotransmiteri ukavSirdeba receptorul

molekulas ori winapirobis Sesrulebis Sem-

deg. pirveli, sxva arc erTi neirotransmiteri,

an qimiuri nivTiereba ar SeiZleba daukav-

Sirdes receptorul molekulas; meore, neiro-

transmiteris forma unda Seesabamebodes re-

ceptoruli molekulis formas ise, rogorc

gasaRebi ergeba klites. Tu romelime piroba

darRveulia, neirotransmiteri ver daukavSir-

deba receptors, rac imas niSnavs, rom post-

sinafsuri membranis stimulireba SeuZlebeli

iqneba. Tuki neirotransmiteri daukavSirda

receptorul molekulas, mas SeeZleba mezo-

suraTi 3.20

eleqtruli cvlilebebis droSi

ganawileba moqmedebis potencialis

dros

natriumis ionebi, romlebic neironSi Semodis,

depolarizaciis gziT iwveven mosvenebis mdgo-

mareobaSi arsebuli mosvenebis msubuqad uaryofiTi

potencialis Secvlas msubuqad pozitiuriT.

rodesac neironi depolarizebulia, masSi mokle

refraqteruli periodi myardeba romlis drosac

momdevno stimulacias axali moqmedebis poten-

cialis gamowveva ar SeuZlia. axali moqmedebis

potenciali SeiZleba aRmocendes mxolod maSin,

rodesac aRdgeba ionuri balansi gare da Sida

areebs Soris.

ionuri arxebi (Ion channels)– nervuli ujredis

membranis nawilebi, romlebic ionTa SerCeviT

ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.

sul an arafris kanoni (All-or-none law) – moqme-debis potencialis zoma ar aris stimulaciis

intensivobaze damokidebuli garkveuli zRur-

blis Semdeg.

refraqteruli periodi (Refractory period) – mosve-nebis periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic axali

nervuli impulsi ver warmoiqmneba aqsonis

segmentSi.

sinafsi (Synapse) – or neirons Soris arsebuli.

sinafsuri gadacema (Synaptic transmission) – erTineironidan meoreze informaciis gadacemis

procesi sinafsuri napralis gaswvriv.

neirotransmiterebi (Neurotransmitters) – qimiuri

mesenjerebi, romlebic neironebidan gamoiyofa,

gaivlis sinafss, aRwevs meore neirons da mis

stimulacias iwvevs.

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bel neirons gadasces informacia „ganmuxtvis~

an „arganmuxtvis~ Sesaxeb. Seasrulebs ra Tavis

funqcias, neirotransmiteri Sordeba recepto-

rul molekulas da ukan, sinafsur napralSi

gadadis. aq is an iSleba enzimebis zemoqmedebis

Sedegad, an ukuSeiwoveba aqsonuri daboloebis

mier ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis mizniT.

receptorul molekulaze damokidebulebiT,

neirotansmiters SeiZleba hqondes amgznebi, an

Semakavebeli efeqti, e.i., erTi da igive neiro-

transmiteri SeiZleba iyos amgznebi erTi sinaf-

sisaTvis da Semakavebeli meorisaTvis. TiToeuli

neironi amuSavebs miRebul informacias aTasidan

aTi aTas neironTan erTad imisaTvis, rom

gadawyvitos, warmoqmnas Tu ara axali moqmedebis

potenciali. swored am aTasobiT amgznebi da

Semakavebeli informaciis integracia aZlevs

saSualebas moqmedebis potencials Seqmnas

adamianis gamocdilebis safuZveli.

suraTi 3.21

sinafsuri gadacema

moqmedebis potenciali presinaf-

sur neironSi iwvevs neiro-

transmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas

sinafsur napralSi , risi

gadalaxvis Semdegac isini

astimulireben postsinafsur

membranaSi arsebul receptorul

molekulebs. erTi da igive

neironis SigniT SeiZleba mravali

neirotransmiteri arsebobdes.

Tqven, albaT, gsurT gaigoT, ratom ganvixi-

lavT ase detalurad nervul sistemas. es xom

fsiqologiis kursia, romelic Seiswavlis

qcevas, azrovnebasa da emociebs. sinamdvileSi,

sinafsebi swored is biologiuri mediumebia,

romelTa meSveobiTac yvela es qmedeba xor-

cieldeba. Tuki Tqven SecvliT sinafsis

normalur aqtivobas, Tqven cvliT adamianTa

qcevas, maT azrovnebas da grZnobebs. sinafsis

muSaobis principebis gagebam SesaZlebeli

gaxada ukeT gagvego daswavlisa da mexsierebis

meqanizmebi, emociebi, fsiqologiuri aSlilo-

bebi, wamaldamokidebuleba da, zogadad,

sulieri janmrTelobis qimiuri formula. am

TavSi miRebuli codna Tqven dagexmarebaT

gaigoT mTeli wigni _ `fsiqologia da cxov-

reba~.

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neirotransmiterebi da maTi

funqciebi

tvinSi neirotransmiteris funqcias 60-ze

meti sxvadasxva qimiuri substancia asrulebs.

intensiurad Seswavlili neirotransmiterebi

garkveul teqnikur kriteriumebs akmayofileben.

TiToeuli maTgani gamomuSavdeba presinafsur

aqsonur daboloebaSi da gamoTavisufldeba,

rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aRwevs am

daboloebas. neirotransmiteris arseboba sinaf-

sur napralSi iwvevs postsinafsuri membranis

biologiur pasuxs da Tu misi gamoTavisufleba

ar Sedga, Sesabamisi pasuxi ver gamoiwveva.

imisaTvis, rom Tqven warmodgena SegeqmnaT, Tu

ra gavlenas axdenen sxvadasxva neirotransmi-

terebi qcevis regulaciaze, Cven gansaxilvelad

gTavazobT im neirotransmiterebs, romlebic

miCneulia yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad nervu-

li sistemis warmatebuli yoveldRiuri fun-

qcionirebisaTvis. mokle diskusia aseve SesaZ-

lebels gaxdis imis gagebas, Tu ra xdeba, rode-

sac neirotransmiterebis moqmedeba irRveva.

acetilqolini

acetilqolini gvxvdeba rogorc centralur,

ise periferiul nervul sistemaSi. alchaimeris

daavadebis (degeneraciuli daavadeba, romelic

ZiriTadad asakovan pacientebSi gvxvdeba) dros

pacientebSi mexsierebis darRvevas iwvevs ace-

tilqolinis sekretoruli neironebis dazia-

neba. acetilqolini aseve amgznebad moqmedebs

nerv-kunTovan SeerTebaSi, sadac is kunTebis

SekumSvas iwvevs. mraval toqsins SeuZlia ace-

tilqolinis sinafsuri moqmedebis Secvla. maga-

liTad, botulinumis toqsini, romelic ara-

sworad konservirebul sakvebSi xSirad gvxvde-

ba, wamlavs adamians, aferxebs ra acetil-

qolinis gamoTavisuflebas sasunTq sistemaSi;

kurare, amazoniis indielebis mier gamoyenebuli

Sxami, romliTac isini isrebis boloebs wam-

laven, iwvevs sasunTqi kunTebis damblas

acetilqolinis receptorebis blokirebis gziT,

xels uSlis ra neirotransmiteris normalur

sinafsur aqtivobas.

gaemi

gaemi (gama-amino-erbos-mJava) Tavis tvinSi yve-

laze ufro farTod gavrcelebuli Sema-

kavebeli neirotransmiteria. gaemi tvinis sinaf-

sebis daaxloebiT erT mesamedSi gamoiyeneba

rogorc mesenjeri. gaem-mgrZnobiare neironebi

tvinis iseT regionebSia lokalizebuli, rogo-

rebicaa: Talamusi, hipoTalamusi da kefis wili.

gaemi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs fsiqopaTo-

logiis zogierT formaSi, akavebs ra neironul

aqtivobas. rodesac am neirotransmiteris done

iklebs, adamianebSi es damatebiT nervul aqti-

vobas iwvevs, romelic SfoTvaSi gamoixateba

(Paul et al., 1986). SfoTvas xSirad benzodia-

zepinebis Semcveli wamlebiT mkurnaloben,

rogoricaa valiumi da qsanaqsi, romlebic gaem

dones zrdian (Ballenger, 1999). benzodiazepinebi

pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba gaem receptorebs,

samagierod isini xels uwyoben gaems Tavad

ufro efeqturad daukavSirdes postsinafsur

receptorul molekulebs.

dofamini, norepinefrini da serotonini

kateqolaminebi warmoadgenen qimiuri sub-

stanciebis klass, romelic or mniSvnelovan

neirotransmiters, dofaminsa da norepinefrins

Seicavs. orive maTgani umniSvnelovanes rols

asrulebs iseT fsiqologiur daavadebebSi,

rogoricaa guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi

da Sizofrenia. norepinefrini CarTulia dep-

resiis zogierT formaSi. wamlebi, romlebic

tvinSi am neirotransmiteris donis momatebas

uwyoben xels, guneba-ganwyobilebis gaumjobe-

sebasa da depresiis Semsubuqebas iwveven. sawi-

naaRmdegod, normaze maRali dofaminis Semcve-

loba nanaxia SizofreniiT daavadebulebSi.

rogorc Tqven, albaT, ggoniaT, am daavadebis

mkurnalobis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba iqneboda

iseTi wamlebis gamoyeneba, romlebic tvinSi

dofaminis donis Semcirebas gamoiwvevda. medi-

kamentozuri mkurnalobis adreul periodSi

warmoiqmna saintereso, magram naklebad saxar-

bielo problema. wamlis maRali dozebis gamo-

yenebam Sizofreniis winaaRmdeg gamoiwvia par-

kinsonis daavadebis niSnebi – progresuli da

fataluri daavadebis, romelic moZraobis

darRvevebs iwvevs (parkinsonis daavadebis

mizezia dofaminis masinTezirebeli neironebis

gamofitva). am monacemebma aiZula mecnierebi

daewyoT kvleva Sizofreniisa da parkinsonis

Ta

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daavadebis medikamentozuri mkurnalobis ga-

saumjobeseblad.

yvela neironi, romelic serotonins gamoimu-

Savebs, moTavsebulia tvinis ReroSi, romelic

agznebisa da mravali sxva avtonomiuri pro-

cesis regulaciaSia CarTuli. halucinogenuri

nivTiereba LSD (lizerginis mJavas dieTi-

lamidi) moqmedebs serotoninerguli neiro-

nebis efeqtebis daTrgunvis gziT. es seroto-

ninerguli neironebi Cveulebriv sxva neironTa

Sekavebas iwveven, magram LCD-Ti gamowveuli

Sekavebis nakleboba iwvevs cocxal da uCveulo

wignis am Tavis wakiTxvi-

sas Tqven axal informacias

iZenT – niSnavs Tu ara es,

rom Tqveni tvini icvleba?

savaraudoa! studentebi, rom-

lebic pirvelad Sedian Se-

xebaSi Tanamedrove neiro-

mecnierebasTan, xSirad inte-

resdebian , Tu rogor

gavlenas axdens

cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba

maT tvinze.

klasikuri cdebis seria,

romelic mark rozencvaigisa

da misi kolegebis mier iqna

Catarebuli, aCvenebs gansxva-

vebebs virTagvebs Soris,

romlebic gamdidrebul da

gaRaribebul garemoSi aRi-

zardnen (Rosenzweig, 1996, 1999b).gaRaribebul garemoSi vir-

Tagvebi marto iyvnen moTavse-

buli galiaSi; gamdidrebul

garemoSi isini mozrdil ga-

liaSi sxvebTan erTad iyvnen

da yoveldRiurad ecvlebo-

daT saTamaSoebi. garkveuli

periodis (ramdenime kvira da

Tve) Semdeg mecnierebma Seis-

wavles virTagvebis tvini.

Sedegebi dramatuli iyo. gam-

didrebul garemoSi gaz-

rdili virTagvebis saSualo

tvini ufro mZime da msxvili

– pozitiuri atributebi _

iyo, vidre gaRaribebul gare-

moSi gazrdili cxovelebisa.

SesamCnevi sxvaoba miiRweoda

maSinac ki, rodesac vir-

Tagvebi gamdidrebul garemo-

Si mxolod ramdenime dRiT

Tavsdebodnen. sxvaoba zrda-

srul virTagvebSic aRiniS-

neboda, anu, ara marto mzar-

di, aramed zrdasruli vir-

Tagvebic gamdidrebul areSi

moTavsebis Semdeg uCvenebdnen

upiratesobas. miuxedavad imi-

sa, rom es gamokvleva virTag-

vebze Catarda, cdis Sedegebis

gadatana adamianebzec SeiZ-

leba: mdidar garemos dade-

biTi gavlena aqvs tvinis gan-

viTarebasa da muSaobaze.

tvinis damasuraTebeli

teqnikiT SesaZlebelia Zal-

zed specifikuri gansxvave-

bebis aRmoCena, romlebic

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis

Sedegad Camoyalibda. mu-

sikosebma, romlebic vio-

linoze ukraven, Zalian nati-

fad unda akontrolon mar-

cxena xelis TiTebi. Tuki

Tqven daubrundebiT 3.11 su-

raTs, naxavT rom sensoruli

qerqis didi nawili TiTebs

eZRvneba. tvinis skanirebam

uCvena, rom qerqis ubnebi,

pasuxismgebeli marcxena xe-

lis TiTebze, meviolineebSi

ufro didia, vidre sakon-

trolo jgufSi (Elbert et al.,1995). es efeqti araa nanaximarjvena xelis TiTebisaTvis,

romelTac ar aqvT aseTi

mniSvnelovani datvirTva vi-

olinoze dakvrisas. marcxena

TiTebis reprezentacia sen-

sorul qerqSi yvelaze ufro

didi iyo im musikosebSi, ro-

melTac violinoze dakvra

bavSvobaSi, 12 wlis asakamde

daiwyes.

Tqven, albaT, ukve ifiq-

reT imaze, rom cxovrebi-

seul gamocdilebas SeuZlia

aseve uaryofiTi gavlena

moaxdinos tvinis muSaobaze.

gaixseneT tvinis struqtura,

hipokampi, romelic Cven

manamde aRvwereT, rogorc

gadamwyveti struqtura kon-

kretuli mexsierebis Camo-

yalibebisaTvis. mecnierebma

uCvenes, rom qronikuli

stresi – mdgomareoba, rode-

sac organizmis fizikuri da

fsiqologiuri resursebi

maqsimaluradaa daZabuli

(ix. Tavi 13) –hipokampis nei-

ronTa dendritebis atro-

fias iwvevs (McEwen, 1999;Sapolsky, 1996). rogorc Tqven,

albaT, ukve mixvdiT, amis Se-

degia mexsierebis zogierTi

formis darRveva. magaliTad,

virTagvebi qronikuli stre-

sis pirobebSi kargaven la-

birinTSi orientaciis unars

(Conrad et al., 1996) . neiro-

mecnierebis Tanamedrove

mimarTulebebis mniSvne-

lovani amocanaa im meTo-

debis aRmoCena, romlebic

tvins uaryofiTi cxovrebi-

seuli gamocdilebisagan

daicaven. aseTi kvlevis

Sedegebi yvelasaTvis sasar-

geblo iqneba.

ra gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba tvinze

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

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emociebs, romelTagan zogi ramodenime saaTi

grZeldeba. bevri antidepresanti, mag. prozaki,

aZlierebs serotoninis aqtivobas, xels uSlis

ra mis mocilebas sinafsuri napralidan (Ba-rondes, 1994).

endorfinebi

endorfinebi qimiur nivTierebaTa jgufia,

romelTac Cveulebriv neiromodulatorebs uwo-

deben. neiromodulatori aris substancia,

romelic cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri

neironis aqtivobas. endorfinebi (Semoklebulia

endogenuri morfinebi) mniSvnelovan rols

TamaSoben emociuri qcevisa (SfoTva, SiSi,

daZabva, siamovneba) da tkivilis kontrolSi –

opiumisa da morfis msgavsi nivTierebebi tvinSi

erTi da igive receptorebs ukavSirdeba. en-

dorfinebs uwodeben „samoTxis gasaRebs~ maTi

siamovnebis gamomwvevi Tvisebis gamo. gamok-

vleul iqna SesaZlebloba, rom endorfinebi

nawilobriv mainc pasuxismgebelia tkivilis

Semamsubuqebel efeqtebze akupunqturisa da pla-

cebos dros (Fields & Levine, 1984; Murray, 1995;

Watkins & Mayer, 1982). es testebi emyareba niv-Tiereba naloqsonis gamoyenebas, romelic mor-

finisa da endorfinebis receptorebis blo-

kirebas iwvevs. nebismieri tkivilgamayuCebeli

procedura, romelic endorfinebis gamoTa-

visuflebas iwvevs, araefeqturia naloqsonis

miRebisas. naloqsonis ineqciis dros akupun-

qtura da placebo kargavs Tavis Zalas, Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom swored endorfinebi gana-

pirobebdnen maT zemoqmedebas.

mecnierebma uCvenes, rom iseTi airebi, rogo-

ricaa naxSirbadis monooqsidi da azotis oq-

sidi, moqmedeben rogorc neirotransmiterebi

(Barinaga, 1993). am axali klasis warmomadgenlebi

ar emorCilebian neirotransmiterebis moqmedebis

tradiciulad Camoyalibebul principebs. maga-

liTad, Cvens mier aRweril neirotransmiter-

Tagan gansxvavebiT, imis magier, rom daukav-

Sirdnen receptorul molekulebs, es airadi

transmiterebi pirdapir gamWolaven mimRebi

ujredis gare membranas. am gasaocarma aRmoCenam

unda dagarwmunoT, rom Tavis tvinSi jer kidev

bevri saidumlo unda gaixsnas.

wignis am TavSi Cven mokled ganvixileT is

SesaniSnavi da araCveulebrivi samyaro, Tqveni

tvini, romelic mxolod kilonaxevars iwonis.

erTia, imis Secnoba, rom tvini akontrolebs

qcevas da Tqvens sulier procesebs, magram

meorea imis gageba, Tu rogor axorcielebs tvini

yvela am funqcias. neiromecnierebi CarTulni

arian am gasaocari problemis amoxsnaSi, rom

gaigon tvinis SigniT da garemosa da tvins Soris

mimdinare procesebi. Tqven axla ukve gaqvT

sabaziso codna, romelic dagexmarebaT dama-

tebiTi codnis SeZenaSi.

Sejameba

neironTa ZiriTadi tipebia sensoruli, moto-

ruli da interneironebi. Tavis tvinis neironTa

umravlesoba interneironia, romlebic garSemor-

tymulia gliuri ujredebiT. neironebi ganimux-

teba amgznebi da Semakavebeli impulsebis Sesa-

bamisi balansis miRebis sapasuxod. neironebi

sul an arafris kanonis Sesabamisad agzavnian

informacias moqmedebis potencialis saxiT aqso-

nis gaswvriv. neirotransmiterebi Tavisufldeba

sinafsur napralSi da gadascemen informacias

mezobeli neironis receptorul molekulasTan

dakavSirebis gziT. mravali sasicocxlo pro-

cesia damokidebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani neiro-

transmiterebis moqmedebaze, rogorebicaa _

acetilqolamini, dofamini da serotonini.

aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis

sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvir-

vebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad cod-

nas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.

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memkvidreobiToba da

qceva

saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da

icvleba drois ganmavlo-

baSi bunebrivi gadarCevis

Sedegad.

adamianTa evoluciaSi or

fexze siarulma da encefa-

lizaciam mniSvnelovani Se-

degebi, maT Soris metyve-

lebisa da kulturis ganvi-

Tareba, gamoiwvia.

memkvidreobiTobis mTavari

erTeuli genia. genebi gan-

sazRvraven im gavlenis Car-

Coebs, romelsac garemo faq-

torebi iwvevs da romelic

fenotipis cvlilebiT ga-

moixateba.

biologia da qceva

neiromecnierebi uamrav sxva-dasxva meTods iyeneben, rom

tvinsa da qcevas Soris da-

mokidebuleba gaarkvion: tvi-

nis dazianebis mqone pacien-

tTa Seswavla, tvinis gar-

kveuli ubnebis dazianeba,

tvinis eleqtruli stimu-

lacia, tvinis aqtivobis

registracia da kompiuteru-

li teqnikis meSveobiT tvi-

nis gamosaxulebis miReba.

Tavisa da zurgis tvini cen-tralur nervul sistemas

(cns) qmnian.

periferiuli nervuli sis-

tema (pns) Sedgeba neiro-

nebisagan, romlebic cns-sa

da sxeuls akavSireben. pns

Sedgeba somaturi nervuli

sistemisagan, romelic Con-

Cxis kunTebis moqmedebas

aregulirebs da avtono-

miuri nervuli sistemisagan

sakvanZo

sakiTxebi

(ans), romelic aregulirebs

sasicocxlo procesebs.

Tavis tvini Sedgeba sami ur-TierTdakavSirebuli Srisa-

gan: tvinis Rero, limburi

sistema da didi tvini.

tvinis Rero pasuxismgebelia

sunTqvaze, saWmlis mone-

lebasa da guliscemaze.

limburi sistema monawile-

obs grZelvadiani mexsiere-

bis, agresiis, kvebiT da sqe-

sobriv qcevebSi.

didi tvini akontrolebs

umaRles mentalur pro-

cesebs.

zogi funqcia lateralize-

bulia Tavis tvinis erT ro-

melime hemisferoSi. maga-

liTad, adamianTa umravle-

sobaSi metyvelebas marcxe-

na hemisfero akontrolebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom orivehemisfero erTad muSaobs,

maT funqcionirebis sxvada-

sxva tipi axasiaTebT _ mar-

cxena hemisfero ufro ana-

litikuria, marjvena ki –

holisturi.

individualuri gansxvavebe-

bis fonze zogadi daskvnebi

SeiZleba Seicvalos. maga-

liTad, mamakacebsa da qa-

lebs lateralizaciis gan-

sxvavebuli saxeebi axasia-

TebT.

endokrinuli sistema gamo-

imuSavebs da sisxlis nakad-

Si gamoyofs hormonebs.

hormonebi xels uwyoben

zrdas, pirveladi da meo-

radi sasqeso niSnebis ganvi-

Tarebas, metabolizms, saW-

mlis monelebasa da agzne-

bas.

hipoTalamusi akontrolebs

endokrinul sistemas hi-

pofizis stimulirebis

gziT.

nervuli sistema

moqmedebaSi

neironi, nervuli siste-

mis ZiriTadi erTeuli,

iRebs, amuSavebs da gadas-

cems informacias sxva

neironebs, jirkvlebsa da

kunTebs.

neironebi gadascemen in-formacias dendritebidan

ujredis sxeulis (soma)

gavliT aqsonis gaswvriv

terminaluri balTisaken.

sensoruli neironebi iRe-

ben informacias speciali-

zebuli receptoruli

ujredebidan da agzavnian

mas cns-ken. motoruli nei-

ronebi agzavnian infor-

macias cns-dan kunTebisa

da jirkvlebisaken. inter-

neironebi gadascemen in-

formacias sensoruli

neironebidan sxva moto-

rul an interneironebs.

rodesac impulsaciis su-

macia miaRwevs gansazR-

vrul zRurbls, moqmede-

bis potenciali igzavneba

aqsonis gaswvriv aqsonuri

daboloebisaken.

sul an arafris kanons

damorCilebuli moqme-

debis potenciali aRmo-

cendeba, rodesac gaxsni-

li ionuri arxebi ujre-

dis membranis Sida da gare

areebs Soris ionTa ga-

nvladobas uzrunvelyofs.

98

neirotransmiterebi gamo-

Tavisufldeba sinafsur

napralSi. napralis gada-

laxvis Semdeg isini uer-

Tdeba postsinafsuri mem-

branis receptorul mo-

lekulebs.

aagzneben Tu Seakaveben esneirotransmiterebi mem-

branas, damokidebulia re-

ceptoruli molekulis

bunebaze.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

adamianis qcevis genetika

amagznebeli „Sesavali~

asociaciuri qerqi

avtonomiuri nervuli

sistema (ans)

aqsoni

brokas are

bunebrivi gadarCeva

genebi

genetika

genotipi

glia

dazianeba

dendritebi

didi tvini

didi tvinis qerqi

dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis

mJava)

eleqtroencefalograma

(eeg)

endokrinuli sistema

estrogeni

Talamusi

Txemis wili

interneironi

ionuri arxebi

kefis wili

korZiani sxeuli

limburi sistema

magnetur-rezonansuli

tomografia (MRI)

memkvidreobiToba

mogrZo tvini

mosvenebis potenciali

motoruli neironi

motoruli qerqi

moqmedebis potenciali

mxedvelobis qerqi

naTxemi

neiromecniereba

neiromodulatori

neironi

neirotransmiterebi

nuSisebri kompleqsi

parasimpaTikuri sistema

periferiuli nervuli

sistema (pns)

PET (pozitronul-

emisiuri tomografia) _

skani

retikuluri formacia

refraqteruli periodi

safeTqlis wili

sasqeso qromosomebi

sensoruli neironi

simpaTikuri sistema

sinafsi

sinafsuri gadacema

smeniTi qerqi

soma

somatosensoruli qerqi

somaturi nervuli sistema

sociobiologia

sul an arafris kanoni

tvinis Rero

tvinis hemisferoebi

terminaluri balTa

testosteroni

fenotipi

funqciuri magnetur-

rezonansuli tomografia

(fMRI)

Semakavebeli „Sesavali~

Sublis wili

centraluri nervuli

sistema (cns)

xidi

hipoTalamusi

hipokampi

hipofizi

homeostazi

hormonebi

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S e g r Z n e b e b iS e g r Z n e b e b iS e g r Z n e b e b iS e g r Z n e b e b iS e g r Z n e b e b i

4 samyaros sensoruli

Semecneba

• fsiqofizika• fizikuri movlenebidan

fsiqikuri

movlenebisaken

mxedvelobis sistema

• adamianis Tvali

• guga da broli

• badura• Tavis tvinisken mimavali

nervuli gzebi

• ferTa SegrZneba

•vizualuri obieqtebis

kompleqsuri analizi

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:

SeuZlia Tu ara

teqnologias dazianebuli

mxedvelobis aRdgena

smena

• bgeris fizika• bgeris fsiqologiuri

ganzomilebebi

• smenis fiziologia

sxva SegrZnebebi

• ynosva• gemos SegrZneba• Sexebisa da kanisSegrZnebebi

• wonasworobisa dakinesTetikuri

SegrZnebebi

• tkivili

fsiqologia Cvens

cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs

cxare saWmeli tkivils

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

• ZiriTadi cnebebi

100

dagafiqraT jonaTan i-is istoriam Tqvens

sakuTar sensorul SesaZleblobebze? daintere-

sebulxarT odesme, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni

Tavis tvini, romelic gamomwyvdeulia Tavis

qalis bnel, mdumare sakanSi, gangacdevinoT van

gogis naxatebis ferTa sisavse, rok-n-rolis

swrafi melodiebi da riTmi, sazamTros maco-

cxlebeli gemo cxel zafxulSi, bavSvis kocnis

rbili Sexeba, an mindvris yvavilebis surneli

gazafxulze? am TavSi Cven vecdebiT avxsnaT,

Tu rogor axerxebs Cveni sxeuli da tvini gaer-

kves stimulaciis im nakadSi, romelic mudmivad

aris Cven garSemo _ danaxuli obieqtebSi, mosme-

nili bgerebsa da sxva mravalSi. Tqven dainaxavT,

Tu rogor aRgWurvaT evoluciam unariT, gamoav-

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onaTan i. mxatvari iyo. man

Tavisi warmatebuli Semoq-

medebiTi karieris ganmavlob-

aSi mravali abstraqtuli tilo Seqmna, romelic

kaSkaSa, cocxali ferebis didebul sinTezs war-

moadgenda. samocdaxuTi wlis asakSi man sru-

liad dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari Tavis

tvinis dazianebis gamo. roca is Tavis namuSev-

rebs uyurebda, yovelives mxolod rux, Sav da

TeTr ferebSi xedavda; Tuki is adre aRiqvamda

ferebs, romlebic misTvis Rrma pirovnuli aso-

ciaciebis matarebeli iyo, axla igi mxolod

„uswormasworo~ da „WuWyian~ laqebs xedavda.

es ar exeboda mxolod mis Semoqmedebas. cvli-

lebebi mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic moxda.

magaliTad, man SezRuda Tavisi sakvebi meniu

mxolod Savi da TeTri saWmelebiT _ Savi zeTis-

xili da TeTri brinji misTvis gacilebiT ufro

jansaR, normalur sakvebad gamoiyureboda, vidre

feradi sakvebi, romelsac is axla usiamovno

rux ferebSi aRiqvamda da ugemuri eCveneboda.

miuxedavad yovelive amisa, jonaTan i-is

istoria arc ise tragikuli aRmoCnda. droTa

ganmavlobaSi igi Seegua am mdgomareobas; scada

gaegrZelebina Tavisi Semoqmedeba da Savi da

TeTri saRebavebiT daiwyo xatva. jonaTan i-is

Tayvanismcemlebma es aRiqves, rogorc misi Semoq-

medebiTi karieris axali da saintereso etapi.

maT ar icodnen, rom mxatvruli mimarTulebis

Secvla ganpirobebuli iyo Tavis tvinis dazia-

nebiT. jonaTan i. mixvda, rom misma ucabedma

ferTa sibrmavem vizualuri samyaros axali

aspeqtebi gadauSala win: „Tumca, jonaTan i. ar

uaryofda imas, rom bevri ram dakarga da gar-

kveulwilad swuxda amis gamo, magram man igrZno,

rom misi mxedveloba „uaRresad daxvewili~ da

privilegirebuli gaxda, rom is uyurebs wminda

formebis samyaros, romelsac ar uSlis xels

feri~ (Sacks, 1995, p.38). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa,

rom jonaTan i-ma ferTa SegrZnebis unari dakar-

ga, misma sensorulma sistemam igi uzrunvelyo

samyaros axali versiiT, romelic mas SeeZlo

aReqva da xelovnebad gadaeqcia.

j

101

linoT gancdis sxvadasxva ganzomilebebi; Tqven

aRmoaCenT, rom SegrZnebebs, romliTac dagajil-

dovaT bunebam, Zalian rTuli meqanizmi aqvs.

es Tavi Cveni gancdis ZiriTad biologiur

elementebs exeba: SegrZneba aris procesi,

rodesac sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba

dasabams aZlevs nervul impulsebs, rac sxeulis

SigniT Tu gareT arsebuli pirobebis gancdas,

maT gacnobierebas iwvevs. mexuTe Tavi ki exeba

perceptul procesebs, romelic dakavSirebulia

centraluri nervuli sistemis ufro maRali

donis aqtivobasTan. is SeiZleba ganisazRvros,

rogorc sensoruli gancdis identifikacia,

interpretacia, integracia da klasifikacia.

Semdegi Tavis bolos Tqven gaigebT, Tu rogor

axerxebs Tqveni Tavis tvini sxvadasxva infor-

maciis gaerTianebas, raTa mogawodoT samyaros

erTi mTliani suraTis gancda.

SegrZnebebis samyaroSi mogzaurobis dawyebam-

de, neba mogveciT, yuradReba gavamaxviloT

SegrZnebaTa ormag funqciaze: esaa TviTgadarCena

da grZnobadoba (Sensuality). Tqveni SegrZnebebi,

rogorc gamafrTxilebeli signali, ise gexma-

rebaT, gibiZgebT swrafad imoqmedoT safrTxis

winaaRmdeg da warmarTavs Tqvens moqmedebas, raTa

ganicadoT TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi SegrZnebebi.

garda amisa, Tqveni SegrZnebebi gansazRvravs

Tqvens grZnobadobas. gZrnobadia adamiani,

romelic gatacebulia SegrZnebebisagan miRebu-

li siamovnebis gancdiT. grZnobadoba iwvevs

swrafvas, miiRoT da isiamovnoT mravalferovani

SegrZnebebiT _ mxedvelobis, smeniTi, Sexebis,

gemosa Tu ynosvis. roca am Tavs waikiTxavT,

Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT imaze, Tu rogor

gexmarebaT SegrZnebis meqanizmebis codna, raTa

aRmoaCinoT grZnobadobis janmrTeli survili

da iswavloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba bgerebis, fe-

rebis, sunebis, gemosa da Sexebis samyaroSi

siamovnebis miReba.

samyaros sensoruli

Semecneba

gare samyaros gancda zusti da Secdomebi-

sagan Tavisufali unda iyos. sxvagvarad Tqven

ver SeZlebdiT gadarCenas; Tqven gWirdebaT:

ikveboT, raTa SeinarCunoT arseboba; TavSesafari,

romelic dagicavT; sxva adamianebTan urTier-

Toba, raTa daikmayofiloT socialuri moTxovni-

lebani da safrTxis gacnobiereba, raTa daic-

vaT Tavi. am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebi-

saTvis Tqven sando informacia unda miiRoT

samyaros Sesaxeb. cxovelTa yvela saxeobam

ganaviTara informaciis Segrovebis garkveuli

saxis specialuri meqanizmebi. adamiani ar aris

specializebuli mxolod erT gansakuTrebul

sensorul sferoze: Tqven ar gaqvT iseTive

srulyofili mxedveloba, rogorc, magaliTad,

Sevardens, iseTive maxvili smena, rogorc Ra-

muras da iseTive ynosva, rogorc mRrRnelebs,

magram aRWurvilia sensoruli meqanizmiT, ro-

melic mas Semomavali rTuli sensoruli sig-

nalebis farTo speqtris gadamuSavebis SesaZ-

leblobas aZlevs.

sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis gamo, sensoruli

procesebis Seswavla yovelTvis inarCunebda

gansakuTrebul adgils fsiqologiuri mecnie-

rebis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi. rodesac

vundti (Wundt, 1907) eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis

safuZvlebs qmnida, man mecnierebas SesTavaza

idea, romlis mixedviT, SegrZnebebi da grZnobebi

elementaruli procesebia, romelTagan igeba

ufro rTuli gancdebi. titCenerma (Titchener, 1898)es idea amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Seitana

da SegrZnebam centraluri adgili daikava mis

introspeqciul kvlevebSi cnobierebis Sinaar-

sebis Sesaxeb. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT,

SegrZnebis adreul fsiqologiur kvlevebSi,

ZiriTadad Seiswavleboda garemoSi mimdinare

movlenebsa da adamianTa mier am movlenebis

gancdas Soris kavSirebi.

fsiqofizika

ramdenad Zlieri unda iyos saxanZro gangaSis

xma qarxanaSi, raTa muSebma gaigonon is momuSave

manqanebis xmaurSi? ramdenad kaSkaSa unda iyos

sinaTlis gamafrTxilebeli signali pilotis

sakontrolo panelze, raTa misi sikaSkaSe or-

jer aRematebodes sxva ganaTebuli obieqtebis

sikaSkaSes? ramdeni Saqari gWirdebaT Wiqa

yavaSi, raTa is TqvenTvis tkbili gaxdes? am

SegrZneba (sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli

receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs nervul

impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT

arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.

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102

kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Cven sensoruli

gancdis intensivobis gazomva unda SegveZlos.

es aris fsiqofizikis ZiriTadi amocana _

Seiswavlos kavSiri fizikur gamRizianeblebsa

da qcevas an im fsiqikur gancdebs Soris,

romelsac es stimuli aRZravs. fsiqofizika fsi-

qologiuri mecnierebis uZvelesi sferoa (Levine& Shefner, 1981).

yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura fsiqofizikis

istoriaSi germaneli fizikosi gustav fexneri

(Gustav Fechner, 1801-1887) iyo. man Semoitana ter-

mini fsiqofizika da Seqmna meTodika, romelic

akavSirebda fizikuri gamRizianeblis intensi-

vobas _ gazomils fizikur erTeulebSi sensoru-

li gancdis sididesTan _ gazomils fsiqologi-

ur erTeulebSi (Fechner, 1860/1966). fexneris teq-nika erTnairia nebismieri modalobis stimuli-

saTvis _ sinaTlis, bgeriTi, ynosviTi, gemos Tu

SexebiTi gamRizianeblisaTvis. mkvlevrebi gan-

sazRvraven SegrZnebis zRurblebs da qmnian fsi-

qofizikur skalebs, romelic SegrZnebis inten-

sivobas gamRizianeblis intensivobasTan akavSi-

rebs.

absoluturi zRurblebi da

sensoruli adaptacia

rogoria gamRizianeblis is umciresi, ususte-

si energia, romlis SemCnevac SeuZlia orga-

nizms? magaliTad, ramdenad susti SeiZleba iyos

toni, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos misi gagoneba? es

kiTxvebi exeba stimulaciis absolutur zRurbls

_ fizikuri energiis im minimalur raodenobas,

romelic saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmo-

saqmnelad. mkvlevrebi absoluturi zRurblis

gazomvisas yuradRebiT myof damkvirveblebs

sTxoven, Seasrulon SemCnevis amocana, magali-

Tad, SeamCnion mkrTali Suqi bnel oTaxSi an

Seecadon gaigonon Zalian susti bgera srul

siCumeSi. cdaTa mravali seriis ganmavlobaSi

xdeba sxvadasxva intensivobis stimulebis gamo-

yeneba da TiToeul cdaSi damkvirveblebi aR-

niSnaven, SeamCnies Tu ara is (Tuki Tqven rodesme

SegifasebiaT Tqveni smenis simaxvile, maSasadame,

Tqven monawileoba migiRiaT absoluturi zRur-

blis gansazRvris testSi).

absoluturi zRurblis Seswavlis Sedegebi

SeiZleba fsiqometruli funqciis saxiT Seva-

jamoT. horizontalur RerZze gadazomilia

gamRizianeblis intensivobebi, xolo vertika-

lur RerZze _ aRebuli intensivobis mqone

gamRizianeblebis SemCnevaTa procenti. tipuri

fsiqometruli funqcia naCvenebia suraTze 4.1.sinaTlis Zalian susti gamRizianeblis piro-

bebSi SemCneva 0%-ia, xolo kaSkaSa gamRizia-

neblis pirobebSi _ 100%. erTaderTi, WeSmariti

absoluturi zRurblis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,

mosalodneli iqneboda SemCnevaTa procentis

0-dan 100-mde Zalian mkveTrad gadaxra da gra-

fikic gaswordeboda wertilSi, sadac miaRwevda

zRurbls. magram es ar xdeba, sul mcire, ori

mizezis gamo: damkvirveblebi, nawilobriv, yo-

fsiqofizika (psychophysics) – mecniereba fizikuristimulaciisa da fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis

Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb.

absoluturi zRurbli (absolute threshold) – fizikurienergiis is minimaluri raodenoba, romelic

saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad;

operacionalurad is ganisazRvreba, rogorc

gamRizianeblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli

signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.

fsiqometruli funqcia (psychometric function) –grafiki, romelic asaxavs gamRizianeblis Sem-

CnevaTa procents (vertikalur RerZze) gamRizia-

neblis TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizon-

talur RerZze).

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velTvis icvlebian mcirediT, roca cdiloben

gamRizianeblis SemCnevas (yuradRebis cvli-

lebis, daRlilobis da sxva mizezebis gamo) da

zogjer isini dadebiTad pasuxoben gamRi-

zianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSic (mcdari gan-

gaSis saxe, romelsac signalis SemCnevis Teoriis

aRwerisas mokled SevexebiT). amrigad, fsiqo-

metruli mrudi yovelTvis gluvi, S-formismrudia, romelSic aris monakveTi, sadac xdeba

gadasvla sruli SeumCnevadobisagan gamRizia-

neblis drodadro SemCnevadobisaken da Semdgom

sruli SemCnevadobisaken.

radganac garkveuli intensivobis gamRi-

zianebeli ar xdeba aSkarad SesamCnevi nebismier

dros, absoluturi zRurblis operacionaluri

gansazRvreba aseTi iqneba: es aris gamRizia-

neblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli sig-

nalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.

cxrilSi 4.1 naCvenebia absoluturi zRurblis

done ramdenime nacnobi bunebrivi gamRizianeb-

lisaTvis. sxvadasxva sensoruli modalobis

zRurblebi SeiZleba analogiuri proceduriT

gaizomos, ubralod unda Seicvalos gamRizia-

neblis ganzomileba.

Tumca, SesaZlebelia SemCnevis absoluturi

zRurblis gansazRvra. mniSvnelovania aRiniS-

nos, rom Tqveni sensoruli sistema ufro mgrZno-

biarea sensoruli garemos cvlilebebisadmi,

vidre myari mdgomareobebisadmi. sistemebi

iseTnairad viTardebian, rom xels uwyoben axali

garemo signalebisadmi SeCvevas adaptaciis

procesis saSualebiT. sensoruli adaptacia aris

sensoruli sistemebis mgrZnobiarobis daqvei-

Teba xangrZliv gaRizianebaze.1 magaliTad,

albaT, SeginiSnavT, rom mzis kaSkaSa sinaTle

naklebad damabrmaveblad Cans, roca garkveuli

periodis ganmavlobaSi gareT imyofebiT. adap-

taciis yvelaze sasurveli gamocdileba adamia-

nebs ynosvis sferoSi aqvT: Tu SedixarT oTaxSi,

sadac mZafri suni dgas, garkveuli drois Semdeg

Tqveni ynosviTi sistema adaptirdeba da sunis

SegrZnebac Semcirdeba. garemo, romelSic Tqven

cxovrobT, yovelTvis savsea mravalferovani

sensoruli gamRizianeblebiT. adaptaciis meqa-

nizmi gaZlevT saSualebas, SeamCnioT da imoqme-

doT ufro swrafad, informaciis axali wyaros

moTxovnebis Sesatyvisad.

pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma da

signalis SemCnevis Teoria

Cven mier zemoT ganxilul TavebSi vgulis-

xmobdiT, rom yvela damkvirvebeli erTnairia,

miaxloebiTi zRurblis nacnobi

movlenebisaTvis

SemCnevis zRurblisensoruli

modaloba

sinaTle

bgera

gemo

ynosva

Sexeba

sanTlis ali 48km manZilze srul

sibneleSi

saaTis wikwiki srul siCumeSi 6m

manZilze

erTi Cais kovzi Saqari 9l

wyalze

sunamos erTi wveTi gafantuli

samoTaxiani binis mTel sivrceSi

1 santimetris simaRlidan loyaze

daSvebuli futkris frTa

cxrili 4.1

1 adaptacia aris ara mxolod mgrZnobiarobis daqve-

iTeba, aramed misi momatebac susti intensivobis gamRi-

zianeblis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi (redaqtoris Se-

niSvna).

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absoluturi zRurblis gamoTvla

radganac gamRizianebli ar xdeba myseulad SesamCnevi

garkveul wertilSi, absoluturi zRurbli ganisaz-

Rvreba, rogorc intensovoba, rodesac gamRizianebeli

SesamCnevi xdeba SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.

104

magram absoluturi zRurblis gazomvaze SeiZ-

leba gavlena moaxdinos, agreTve, pasuxis sis-

tematurma Secdomam _ sistematurma tendenciam,

romlis drosac damkvirvebeli gansakuTrebuli

gziT reagirebs iseTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebis

Sedegad, romlebic ar arian dakavSirebulni

stimulis sensorul TvisebebTan. vTqvaT,

monawileobT eqsperimentSi, romelSic susti

sinaTlis SemCneva gevalebaT. eqsperimentis

pirvel seriaSi mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars,

Tuki Tqven sworad upasuxebT: „diax, aris

sinaTle~. meore seriaSi, mkvlevari gaZlevT 5

dolars, Tuki sworad upasuxebT: „ara, ar aris

sinaTle~. TiToeul seriaSi Tqven jarimdebiT

2 dolariT nebismieri araswori pasuxisaTvis.

SegiZliaT warmoidginoT dajildovebis es

struqtura rogor Seqmnis gadaxras pasuxis

sistematur SecdomaSi erTi seriidan meoreSi

gadasvlisas? gana ar ityviT „diax~-s ufro xSi-

rad pirvel seriaSi, vidre meoreSi maSinac ki,

Tu warmodgenili stimulebi erTnairi donis

SemCnevadobiT xasiaTdebian?

sensoruli adaptacia (sensory adaptation) – movlena,

roca receptoruli ujredebi kargaven TavianT

Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli periodis

ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRiazinebelze; is iZleva

ufro swrafi reagirebis saSualebas informaciis

axal wyaroze.

pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma (response bias) –sistematuri tendencia, romelic Sedegia ara-

sensoruli xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa

damkvirvebelze da garkveuli gziT reagirebas

ganapirobebs.

signalis SemCnevis Teoria aris sistemuri

midgoma pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis prob-

lemisadmi (Green & Swets, 1966). signalis SemCnevis

Teoria sensorul procesebze mkacrad fokusi-

rebis nacvlad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tavad

msjelobis procesze gamRizianeblis arsebobisa

Tu ararsebobis Sesaxeb. maSin, roca klasikuri

fsiqofizika axdens erTaderTi absoluturi

zRurblis gansazRvras, signalis SemCnevis Teo-

ria gansazRvravs or gansxvavebul process sen-

sorul deteqciaSi: (1) sawyisi sensoruli pro-

cesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis mgrZno-

biarobas gamRizianeblis siZlieris mimarT da

(2) Semdgomi gadawyvetilebis miRebis damouki-

debeli procesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis

pasuxis sistematur Secdomas.

signalis SemCnevis Teoria gvTavazobs orive

_ sensoruli da gadawyvetilebis _ procesis

erTdrouli Sefasebis proceduras. ZiriTadi

modeli mocemulia suraTze 4.2 susti stimuli

warmodgenilia cdaTa naxevarSi; meore naxevarSi

stimuli saerTod ar aris warmodgenili. Ti-

Toeul SemTxvevaSi damkvirveblebi pasuxoben

„diax~, roca isini fiqroben, rom stimuli war-

modgenilia da „ara~, roca isini fiqroben, rom

suraTi 4.2

signalis SemCnvis Teoria

matrica A gviCvenebs SesaZlo Sedegebs, roca subieqts ekiTxebian, aris Tu ara miznobrivi

stimuli mocemul cdaSi; matricebi B da C _ tipur pasuxebs, roca subieqti midrekilia `diax~

da `ara~ pasuxebisaken.

signalis SemCnevis Teoria (signal detection theory -SDT) _ statistikuri midgoma pasuxis sistematuriSecdomisadmi, romelmac saSualeba misca

eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina

sensoruli procesebisa da individis faqtoris

roli erTmaneTisagan.

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stimuli ar aris. rogorc naCvenebia suraTis,

A matricaze, TiToeuli pasuxi daTvlilia

rogorc warmatebuli damTxveva, pasuxis gamo-

toveba, mcdari gangaSi, an swori reaqcia, imisda

Sesabamisad, warmodgenili iyo Tu ara stimuli

da pasuxobda Tu ara damkvirvebeli sworad.

damkvirvebeli, romelic qronikulad ambobda

„diax~-s, iZleoda warmatebuli damTxvevebis did

raodenobas da, agreTve, mcdari gangaSis did

ricxvs, rogorc es naCvenebia B matricaze. is,vinc qronikulad ambobda „ara~-s, iZleoda

rogorc warmatebuli damTxvevebis, ise, mcdari

gangaSis mcire raodenobas, rogorc es naCvenebia

C matricaze.

warmatebuli damTxvevebisa da mcdari ganga-

Sis procentebze muSaobis procesSi mkvlevrebma

gamoiyenes maTematikuri procedura, raTa gamoe-

TvalaT cal-calke damkvirveblis mgrZnobia-

robisa da pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis maC-

veneblebi. es procedura SesaZleblobas iZleva

davadginoT, aqvs Tu ara or damkvirvebels er-

Tnairi mgrZnobiaroba, miuxedavad didi gansxva-

vebisa pasuxebSi. sensoruli procesebis gamo-

yofiT pasuxis sistemuri Secdomisagan, signalis

SemCnevis Teoriam saSualeba misca eqsperimen-

tators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina senso-

ruli gamRizianeblisa da individis faqtoris

roli erTmaneTisagan saboloo pasuxis Camo-

yalibebisas.

signalis SemCnevis Teoriis midgoma gvTa-

vazobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis models, ro-

melic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gansxvavebul

konteqstSic. Zalian xSirad gadawyvetilebebi

Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moicavs gansxva-

vebul jildoebs yoveli warmatebuli damTxve-

visa da swori pasuxebisaTvis da dasjas yoveli

gamotovebuli signalisa da mcdari gangaSi-

saTvis. magaliTad, Tuki Tqven uaryaviT kinoSi

mipatiJeba, amiT Tavidan mosawyeni saRamo (sworiuaryofa) aicileT, Tu siyvarulis gaxangr-

Zlivebis Sansi gauSviT xelidan (signalis gamo-

toveba), Tqveni gadawyvetileba, albaT, ganpiro-

bebuli iqneba prognozirebuli mogebisa da

wagebis SefardebiT. magaliTad, Tuki „aras~ Tqma

stimulis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (signalis

gamotoveba) ufro Zvirad gvijdeba, vidre „diax~

pasuxi stimulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi (mcda-

ri gangaSi), „diax~ pasuxebi CvenTvis normad

iqceva. qirurgebi xSirad arian msgavs situa-

ciaSi. isini, Cveulebriv, amjobineben gaakeTon

operacia im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca ar arian

darwmunebulni, rom simsivne avTvisebiania da,

amgvarad, riskaven imiT, rom maTi pasuxi mcdari

gangaSi iqneba; gamotovebuli signali ki _

avTvisebianoba, SeiZleba sikvdilis mizezi

gaxdes. sazogadod, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos arsebuli faqtebi,

TiToeuli tipis Secdomis SefardebiTi Rire-

buleba da TiToeuli swori gadawyvetilebis

SefardebiTi mogeba. signalis SemCnevis Teoria

warmoadgens mniSvnelovan instruments gada-

wyvetilebis miRebis procesebis kvlevisas.

sxvaobis zRurbli

warmoidgineT, rom dagiqiravaT sasmelebis

kompaniam, romelsac arsebulze SesamCnevad

ufro tkbili kolas produqtis warmoeba surs,

Tumca, rac SeiZleba naklebi Saqris damatebiT

(fulis ekonomiis mizniT). Tqven gTxoven

gazomoT sxvaobis zRurbli, anu umciresi

fizikuri sxvaoba or gamRizianebels Soris,

romlebic SeiZleba gansazRvrul iqnes, rogorc

gansxvavebulebi. sxvaobis zRurblis gasazomad

Tqven unda gamoiyenoT gamRizianebelTa wyvili

da SeekiTxoT damkvirveblebs, aris ori

gamRizianebeli erTnairi Tu ara.

sasmelis problemis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mia-

wodebT damkvirveblebs or kolas TiToeul

cdaSi, romelTagan erTi iqneba standartuli

receptis, meore ki _ odnav ufro tkbili. TiTo-

euli wyvilisaTvis individma unda Tqvas: „igivea~

an „gansxvavebulia~. mravali aseTi cdis Semdeg

Tqven daxazavT fsiqometruli funqciis grafiks,

sadac abscisaTa RerZze gadazomavT realur

gansxvavebebs da ordinataTa RerZze _ mis

funqcias _ „gansxvavebulia“ pasuxebis procentebs.sxvaobis zRurbli operacionalurad ganisaz-

Rvreba, rogorc wertili, romelzec gamRizi-

aneblebi cnobierdebian, rogorc gansxvavebulni

SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi. sxvaobis zRurblis

sidide cnobilia, rogorc odnav SesamCnevi

sxvaoba. odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba aris nebismi-

eri ori SegrZnebis fsiqologiuri gansxvavebis

sididis sazomi raodenobrivi erTeuli.

1834 wels ernest veberma (Weber), sxvaobiszRurblis pirvelma mkvlevarma, aRmoaCina mniS-

vnelovani damokidebuleba, romelic mocemu-

lia suraTze 4.3. davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT sxva-

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obis zRurblis gansazRvris eqsperiments,

romelSic gamoyenebulia 10mm sigrZis sworixazi _ standartuli nimuSi. am eqsperimentis

Casatareblad cdis monawileebs warudgenT

or xazs, romelTagan erTi aris 10mm standar-tuli sigrZisa, meoris sigrZe ki mcired gan-

sxvavdeba standartulisagan. monawileTa amo-

canaa, upasuxon, aris Tu ara am ori xazis

sigrZe toli. Tqven naxavT, rom sxvaobis

zRurbli daaxloebiT 1 milimetria. 10 mili-

metris sigrZis xazs ganasxvaveben 11 milimetris

sigrZis xazisagan SemTxvevaTa 50%-Si, magram

20 milimetris sigrZis standartuli xazisaT-

vis 1 milimetris namati ukve arasakmarisia.Tqven dagWirdebaT 2 milimetris damateba, raTa

miiRoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba. 40 milimetri

sigrZis standartuli xazis gamoyenebisas ki 4

milimetris damateba dagWirdebaT. suraTi 4.3gviCvenebs, rom odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba izrdeba

Tanabrad standartuli xazis sigrZis zrdasTan

erTad.

rac rCeba mudmivi orive grZeli da mokle

xazebisaTvis, es aris namatis odenobis Sefar-

deba xazis sigrZesTan, romelic qmnis odnav

SesamCnev sxvaobas. magaliTad, 1 mm/10 mm=0.1; 2

mm/20 mm=0.1. es damokidebuleba Sejamebulia

veberis kanonSi: or stimuls Soris odnav Sesam-

Cnevi sxvaobis Sefardeba standartuli sti-

mulis intensivobasTan mudmivi sididea. amrigad,

rac ufro didia an ufro intensiuria stan-

dartuli stimuli, miT ufro didi namatia

saWiro odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis misaRebad.

es kanoni marTebulia nebismieri sensoruli

sistemisaTvis. formula veberis kanonisaTvis

Semdegi saxis iqneba: ΔI/I=k, sadac I standartuli

intensivobaa, ΔI ki namatia _ im sxvaobis

odenobaa, romelic qmnis odnav SesamCnev sxva-

obas. veberma aRmoaCina, rom TiToeuli stimulis

parametrisaTvis arsebobs misTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli proporcia. am formulaSi k aris

proporcia, anu veberis konstanta stimulis

TiToeuli parametrisaTvis (yuradRebiT gani-

xileT suraTi 4.3, raTa darwmundeT, kargad

gaigeT Tu, ara, ra aris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba,

suraTi 4.3

odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba da veberis

kanoni

rac ufro grZelia standartuli xazi, miT

ufro didia is odenoba, romelic unda

daamatoT (DL), raTa dainaxoT odnav sesamCnevi

sxvaoba. sxvaobis zRurbli aris sigrZis namati,

romlic SesamCnevia cdaTa 50% SemTxvevaSi. Tuki

Cven am namats SevafardebT zrdadi stimulis

sigrZesTan, proporcia darCeba igive _ 1/10

standartuli sigrZisa. es namati gadazomilia

vertikalur RerZze, xolo standartuli xazis

sigrZe _ horizontalurze. miRebuli damoki-

debuleba wrfivia, rac gamoixateba swori xaziT

grafikze. Cven SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT,

rom DL iqneba 0.5, roca standartuli xazis

sigrZe aris 5 milimetri.

sxvaobis zRurbli (difference threshold) _ umciresifizikuri gansxvaveba or gamRizianebels Soris,

romelic jer kidev SeiZleba gacnobierdes,

rogorc gansxvavebulebi; sxvaobis zRurbli

operacionalurad ganisazRvreba rogorc

wertili, romelzec gamRizianeblebi arian

gacnobierebuli, rogorc gansxvavebulni Sem-

TxvevaTa naxevarSi.

odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (just noticeable difference _JND) _ umciresi gansxvaveba or SegrZnebas Soris,

romlebic SeiZleba miCneul iqnan gansxvavebu-

lebad.

veberis kanoni (Weber’s law) _ sxvaobis zRurblis

sidide standartuli gamRizianeblis intensi-

vobis proporciulia.

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veberis kanoni da is, Tu rogor arian isini

dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan). veberis kanoni

sakmaod zustia, magram is mainc ar aris

universaluri, magaliTad, maSin, roca stimulis

intensivoba Zalian maRali xdeba.

cxrilSi 4.2 xedavT, rom veberis konstantas

aqvs gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi stimulis

gansxvavebuli ganzomilebisaTvis. umciresi

mniSvneloba niSnavs imas, rom adamians SeuZlia

SeamCnios umciresi gansxvaveba. ase magaliTad,

es cxrili giCvenebT, rom Tqven SegiZliaT

bgeraTa sixSire ufro meti sizustiT ganasxva-

voT erTmaneTisagan, vidre sinaTlis intensivo-

bebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro advilad SemCnevadia,

vidre sunisa da gemos umciresi gansxvavebani.

sasmelebis kompanias dasWirdeboda SedarebiT

ufro didi raodenobis Saqris damateba ufro

tkbili kolis warmoebisaTvis!

fizikuri movlenebidan

fsiqikuri movlenebisaken

fsiqofizikis ganxilvam gagvacnobierebina

SegrZnebis umniSvnelovanesi saidumlo: rogor

xdeba, rom fizikuri energia dasabams aZlevs

specifikur fsiqologiur gancdas? magaliTad,

rogor aRmocendeba sinaTlis talRis sxvadasxva

sigrZisagan cisartyelas gancda? sanam speci-

fikur sensorul sferoebs ganvixilavT, zeda-

pirulad mimovixiloT informaciis gadasvla

fizikuri movlenebidan _ sinaTlisa da bgeris

talRebidan, rTuli qimiuri nivTierebebidan

fsiqikuri movlenebisaken _ sinaTlis, bgeris,

gemosa da ynosvis SegrZnebebisaken.

sensoruli fiziologia Seiswavlis fizikuri

movlenebis nervul movlenebad gardaqmnis

biologiur meqanizmebs. am sferos mizania,

aRmoaCinos, Tu ra xdeba nervul doneze im

movlenaTa jaWvSi, romelic ganlagebulia

fizikuri energiidan sensorul gancdamde. erTi

formis fizikuri energiis, magaliTad, sinaTlis

gadaqcevas meore formad _ nervul impulsad,

transformacia ewodeba.

vinaidan yvela tipis sensoruli informacia

transformirdeba nervuli impulsebis identur

tipSi, Tqveni Tavis tvini imis saSualebiT

ganasxvavebs sensorul informacias, rom Tavis

tvinis qerqis calkeul zonebs miusadagebs Ti-

Toeul sensorul sferos. mkvlevrebi cdiloben

TiToeuli am sensoruli sferosaTvis daadginon,

Tu rogor xdeba fizikuri energiis transfor-

macia nervuli sistemis eleqtroqimiur aqti-

vobaSi, romelic warmoSobs Tvisobrivad (ma-

galiTad, wiTeli _ mwvane) da raodenobrivad

(xmamaRali _ Cumi) ganxvavebul SegrZnebebs.

nebismieri sensoruli sistemis moqmedebas

biZgs aZlevs garemo movlenis an gamRizianeblis

SemCneva. garemo gamRizianeblebis SemCneva xdeba

specializirebuli sensoruli receptorebis

saSualebiT (magaliTisaTvis, ix. cxrili 4.3).

sensoruli receptorebi sensoruli gamRi-

zianeblis fizikur energias ujredis signa-

lebad gardaqmnian, romelic SeiZleba gadamu-

Savebul iqnes nervuli sistemis mier. ujredis

signalebi informacias ufro maRali donis

neironebs awvdian, romlebic informaciis in-

tegrirebas axdenen sxvadasxva deteqtoruli

sensoruli fiziologia (sensory physiology) _ Seis-wavlis fizikuri movlenebis nervul movlenebad

gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.

transformacia (transduction) _Seiswavlis erTi

formis fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas meore

formad; magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas

nervul impulsebad.

sensoruli receptorebi (sensory receptors) _specializirebuli ujredebi; isini gadaaqceven

fizikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, rom-

lebic Semdeg gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis

mier.

veberis konstantis mniSvnelobebi

stimulTa arCeuli ganzomilebisaTvis

veberis konstanta

(k)stimulis

ganzomileba

cxrili 4.2

bgeris sixSire

sinaTlis intensivoba

sunis koncentracia

dawolis intensivoba

bgeris intensivoba

gemos koncentracia

0.003

0.01

0.07

0.14

0.15

0.20

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blokebidan. am etapze neironebi agroveben

informacias stimulis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis

Sesaxeb, rogoricaa misi zoma, intensivoba, forma

da manZili. sensoruli sistemebis siRrmeSi in-

formacia kombinirebulia ufro rTul kodebSi

da is gadaecema Tavis tvinis qerqis specifikur

ubnebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian Segr-

Znebisa da asociaciis procesebze.

cxrilSi 4.3 mocemulia stimulebi da recep-

torebi TiToeuli SegrZnebisaTvis.

Sejameba

fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebi swavloben damoki-

debulebas fizikur movlenebsa da damkvir-

veblebis mier am movlenebis fsiqologiur

gancdas Soris. damkvirveblis SegrZnebis

absoluturi zRurbli damokidebulia stimulis

Zalaze da gansazRvrul pirobebze, rogoricaa

damkvirveblis sensoruli adaptaciis done _

absoluturi zRurblis definicia asaxavs misi

moqmedebis cvalebadobas. signalis SemCnevis

Teoria SemuSavda sensoruli procesebis

gasamijnad pasuxebis sistematuri Secdomisagan

damkvirveblis moqmedebaSi. fsiqofizikis mkvlev-

rebi, agreTve, dainteresebulni arian imiT, Tu

ramdenad unda gaizardos an Semcirdes gamRizi-

aneblis sidide, rom damkvirvebelma SeZlos

gansxvavebis aRqma. veberis kanoni asaxavs fizi-

kuri stimulaciisa da damkvirveblis aRqmis

cvlilebebs Soris damokidebulebebs.

sensoruli fiziologiis mizania, Seiswavlos,

Tu ra gziT xdeba fizikuri movlenebis gadaqceva

tvinSi mimdinare procesebad. mkvlevrebi,

agreTve, aRweren informaciis gadasvlas

sensoruli receptorebidan Tavis tvinis

qerqisaken.

adamianis sensoruli sistema: fundamenturi Tvisebebi

SegrZneba

cxrili 4.3

stimulebi SegrZnebareceptorisensoruli

organo

mxedveloba

smena

Sexebis

SegrZnebebi

ynosva

gemo

wonasworobis

SegrZneba

kinesTeTikuri

SegrZnebebi

sinaTlis talRebi

bgeriTitalRebi

eqsternaluri

kontaqti

aqroladi

nivTierebebi

xsnadi nivTierebebi

meqanikuri da gra-

vitaciuli Zalebi

sxeulis moZraoba

Tvali

yuri

kani

cxviri

ena

Sinagani

yuri

kunTebi,

myesebi,

saxsrebi

Cxirebi da kolbebi

ZiriTadi membranis

bewviani ujredebi

nervuli daboloebani

kanSi (merkelis

diskebi, rufinis

sxeulebi)

ynosvis organoebis

bewviani epiTeliumi

gemos bolqvebi

naxevarrkalovani

arxebis bususebi da

derefani

nervuli boWkoebi

kunTebSi, myesebSi

ferebi, obieqtebi,

teqstura, moZraoba,

siRrme

xmauri, toni

Sexeba, tkivili,

siTbo, sicive

suni (muskusi,

yvavilovani, damwvris,

pitnis)

gemo (tbili, mJave,

mlaSe, mware)

moZraoba sivrceSi,

gravitaciuli

miziduloba

sxeulis nawilebis

moZraoba da pozicia

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mxedvelobis sistema

mxedveloba yvelaze rTuli, maRalganviTa-

rebuli da mniSvnelovani SegrZnebaa adamianisa

da sxva moZrav arsebaTa umravlesobisTvis. im

cxovelebs, romlebic bunebam kargi mxedvelobiT

daajildova, uzarmazari evoluciuri upirate-

sobebi aqvT. kargi mxedveloba maT exmarebaT,

SeamCnion msxverpli an mteri Sori manZilidan.

mxedveloba SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs,

gaacnobieron fizikuri garemos cvalebadi

Tvisebebi da Seusabamon mas TavianTi qceva.

mxedveloba aris yvelaze kargad Seswavlili

sfero SegrZnebis modalobaTa Soris.

adamianis Tvali

Tvali aris fotoaparati Tavis tvinisaTvis,

romelic asaxavs samyaros suraTs (ix. suraTi

4.4). fotoaparati samyaros linzebis saSua-

lebiT uyurebs, romelic axdens sinaTlis Sek-

rebas da fokusirebas. Tvali, aseve, krebs sinaT-

les da axdens mis fokusirebas _ sinaTle

Semodis rqovanaSi, Tvalis win mdebare gamWvir-

vale amoburcul nawilSi; Semdeg is gaivlis

wina sakans, romelic savsea siTxiT _ namiT.

fotoaparatis fokusirebisas Tqven amoZravebT

mis linzas obieqtis mimarTulebiT, an aSorebT

mas. imisaTvis, rom Tvalma sinaTlis fokusireba

moaxdinos, lobios marcvlis formis kristali

_ Tvalis broli _ icvlis Tavis formas, wvril-

deba, roca fokusireba moSorebul obieqtebze

xdeba da msxvildeba axlomdebare obieqtebze

fokusirebisas. fotoaparatSi Semomavali sinaT-

lis raodenobis gasakontroleblad Tqven

cvliT linzis gaxsnis xarisxs. TvalSi ki iri-

sis kunTuri diski cvlis gugis anu im xvre-

lis sidides, romlis saSualebiTac sinaTle

Semodis TvalSi. fotoaparatis ukana nawilSi

fotomgrZnobiare firia, romelic afiqsirebs

linzaSi Semosuli sinaTlis variaciebs. ana-

logiurad, TvalSi sinaTle mogzaurobs mini-

sebr sxeulSi, bolos ecema baduras _ Txel

firfitas, romelic warmoadgens Tvalis kaklis

ukana kedels.

rogorc naxeT, fotoaparatisa da Tvalis

Tvisebebi Zalian emsgavseba erTmaneTs. axla

ufro detalurad ganvixiloT mxedvelobiTi

procesis komponentebi.

guga da broli

Tvalis guga ixsneba irisSi, romelSic gadis

sinaTle. irisi aiZulebs gugas, gafarTovdes

an SeikumSos, raTa gaakontrolos Tvalis kak-

lisaken mimavali sinaTlis raodenoba. sinaT-

le, romelic gaivlis gugas, brolis mier badu-

raze fokusirdeba; broli atrialebs aRqmul

obieqtebs. is gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,

radganac icvlis fokuss axlo da Sorsmdebare

sagnebisTvis. wamwamovan kunTebs SeuZliaT

Secvalon brolis sisqe da, aqedan gamomdinare,

misi optikuri Tvisebebic. am process akomo-

dacia ewodeba.

normaluri akomodaciis unaris mqone adamia-

nebs Tvalis fokusireba sakamod did diapazon-

Si SeuZliaT _ dawyebuli 7,5 sm manZilidan

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ise Sors, sanamdec SeuZliaT obieqtebis danaxva.

Tumca, uamrav adamians awuxebs akomodaciasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebi. magaliTad, axlo-

mxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni gadaxrili

aqvT ufro axlos maTken da amis Sedegad maT

ar SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba Sorsmdebare

sagnebze; Sorsmxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni

gadaxrili aqvT maTgan Sors da amitom maT ar

SeuZliaT normalurad fokusireba axlomdebare

obieqtebze. asakTan erTad, agreTve, izrdeba

akomodaciis problemebic. broli aRar aris

iseTive sufTa, gamWvirvale da amozneqili,

rogorc adre. asakis zrdasTan erTad broli

xdeba ufro mkvrivi, gaumWvirvale, muqi da

brtyeli, is kargavs elastiurobas. am cvlile-

bebis Sedegad brols aRar SeuZlia sakmarisad

SekumSva, raTa dainaxos axlomdebare sagnebi.

ormocdaxuT wels gadacilebul adamiane-

bisaTvis is uaxloesi wertili, romelzedac

SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba, progresulad

Sordeba maT.

badura

Tqven uyurebT TvalebiT, magram xedavT Tavis

tvinis saSualebiT. Tvali krebs sinaTles, ax-

dens mis fokusirebas da dasabams aZlevs Tavis

tvinisaken mimaval nervul signals. amrigad,

Tvalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqciaa gare

samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis sinaTlis tal-

Ridan nervul impulsad gardaqmna. es xdeba

baduraze, Tvalis ukana mxareze. mikroskopis

qveS SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom baduras sxvada-

sxva tipis neironebisagan Semdgari ramdenime

maRalorganizebuli Sre aqvs.

sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna ner-

vul impulsad baduraze Cxirebisa da kolbebis

_ sinaTlis mimarT mgrZnobiare receptorebis

saSualebiT xdeba. es fotoreceptorebi unika-

lurad arian ganlagebulni vizualur sistemaSi,

kargad naTdebian gare samyarodan da emijnebian

nervuli procesebis Sida samyaros. vinaidan

zogjer giwevT TiTqmis sibneleSi muSaoba da

zogjer ki kaSkaSa ganaTebis pirobebSi, bunebam

uzrunvelgyoT sinaTlis gardaqmnis ori gziT,

CxirebiTa da kolbebiT (ix. sur. 4.5). 120 milioni

wvrili Cxiri moqmedebs saukeTesod susti

ganaTebis pirobebSi, 7 milioni msxvili kolba

ki naTel, ferad garemoSi samuSaodaa speciali-

zebuli.

Tqven SegiZliaT SeigrZnoT gansxvaveba Cxi-

rebisa da kolbebis muSaobaSi yovelTvis, roca

daZinebis win CaaqrobT xolme Suqs. albaT

akomodacia (accommodation) _ procesi, romlis

saSualebiTac wamwamovani kunTebi cvli-

anEBTvalis brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZ-

levs, Secvalos fokusi axlo da Sori obieq-

tebisaTvis.

badura (retina) _ Tvalis ukan mdebare Sre, ro-

melic Seicavs fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis

sinaTlis energias nervul reaqciaSi.

fotoreceptorebi (photoreceptors) _ baduraze

mdebare sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare receptoruli

ujredebi.

suraTi 4.4

adamianis Tvalis

struqtura

rqovana, guga da broli axor-

cieleben sinaTlis fokusirebas

baduraze. baduradan nervuli

signalebi gadaecema tvins

optikuri nervis meSveobiT.

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bevrjer SeginiSnavT, rom Tavidan bevrs vera-

fers xedavT darCenili mkrTali ganaTebis pi-

robebSi, magram cota xnis Semdeg Tqveni mxedve-

lobis mgrZnobiaroba kvlav umjobesdeba. Tqven

ganicdiT sibnelisadmi adaptaciis process _

Tvalis mgrZnobiarobis gradualur gaumjobe-

sebas ganaTebis cvlilebis Sedegad sinaTlidan

TiTqmis sibnelisaken. sibnelisadmi adaptaciis

mizezi Cxirebis amoqmedebaa. isini ufro mgrZno-

biareni xdebian, vidre kolbebi. drois gasvlis

Semdeg Cxirebi reagireben ufro nakleb sinaT-

leze, vidre kolbebi.

badurs centrTan axlos aris patara ubani,

romelsac foveas uwodeben. is mxolod mWidrod

ganlagebul kolbebs Seicavs. iq ar aris Cxirebi.

es adgili gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea ferebis

mimarT, aseve, yvelaze ufro zustad uzrun-

velyofs sivrciTi detalebis SemCnevas. baduras

sxva ujredebi arian pasuxismgebelni im infor-

maciis integraciaze, romlesac Cxirebidan da

kolbebidan iReben. bipolaruli ujredebi nervu-

li ujredebia, romlebic axdenen nervuli

impulsebis kombinirebas mravali recepto-

ridan da Sedegebs gangliozur ujredebSi

agzavnian. Semdeg TiToeuli gangliozuri uj-

redi axdens impulsebis integrirebas erTi an

ufro meti bipolaruli ujredidan erT gan-

muxtvaSi. centraluri foveis kolbebi agzav-

nian TavianT impulsebs gangliozuri ujrede-

akomod

i.

suraTi 4.5

retinaluri gzebi

es diagrama warmodgenilia tradiciuli

da Zalian gamartivebuli saxiT. is gviC-

venebs gzebs, romelic akavSirebs ner-

vuli ujredebis sam Sres retinaSi.

Semomavali sinaTle gaivlis samive

Sres, sanam miaRwevs receptorebs, rom-

lebic ganlagebulni arian Tvalis kak-

lis ukana mxareze da mimarTulni arian

sinaTlis wyaros sapirispiro mxares.

aRsaniSnavia, rom bipolaruli ujredebi

kreben impulsebs erTze meti recep-

toruli ujredidan da agzavnian Sede-

gebs gangliozuri ujredebisaken. am

ujredebidan ki nervuli impulsebi

toveben Tvals optikui nervis saSua-

lebiT da miemarTebian Semdegi gadam-

rTveli punqtisaken.

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bisaken maSin, roca baduras periferiaze mdebare

Cxirebi da kolbebi erwymian bipolarul da

gangliozur ujredebs. gangliozuri ujredebis

aqsonebi qmnian optikuri nervs, romelic vi-

zualur informacias Tvalidan Tavis tvinisaken

atarebs.

horizontaluri ujredebi da amakrinuli uj-

redebi informaciis integrirebas baduras gas-

wvriv axdenen. am ujredebis funqcia ufro metad

gamoixateba ara signalebis gagzavnaSi Tavis

tvinisaken, aramed ujredebs Soris kavSiris dam-

yarebaSi. horizontaluri ujredebi recepto-

rebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben, amakrinuli uj-

redebi ki aerTeben bipolarul ujredebs sxva

bipolarul ujredebTan da gangliozur ujre-

debs sxva gangliozur ujredebTan.

baduras anatomiur agebulebaSi aris erTi

saintereso ucnauri adgili, sadac optikuri

nervi gamodis. am adgils optikuri diski anu

brma wertili ewodeba. is srulebiT ar Seicavs

receptorul ujredebs. miuxedavad amisa, Cven

ver vamCnevT am xarvezs, Tuki specialur pi-

robebs ar SevqmniT amisaTvis. es xdeba ori

mizezis gamo: pirvel rigSi, orive Tvalis brma

wertilebi iseTnirad arian ganlagebulni, rom

TiToeuli Tvalis receptorebi imis registra-

cias axdenen, rac gamorCa meore Tvals; meore

mizezi isaa, rom Tavis tvini „avsebs~ am adgils

Sesatyvisi sensoruli informaciiT garSemo

myofi areebidan.

imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT brma wertili,

Tqven unda SexedoT suraTs 4.6 Semdegi pirobis

dacviT: es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis

sigrZeze daiWireT, daxuWeT marjvena Tvali,

moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze marcxena

TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken

Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba

Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven

ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni mxedvelobis velSi.

Tqveni vizualuri sistema Seavsebs cariel

adgils TeTri foniT, romelic gars akravs am

adgils. ase rom, Tqven mxolod siTeTres

„dainaxavT~, romelic realurad ar aris iq da

ver dainaxavT fuls, romelic moaTavseT bankSi,

sanam dakargavdiT mas!

brma wertilis meore demonstraciisaTvis

SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT igive procedura da

moaxdinoT fokusireba jvarze, romelic moce-

mulia 4.6 suraTze. Tuki wigns TvalebTan axlos

miitanT, dainaxavT rom wyvetili xazi gam-

Tlianda.

vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis

nawili, romelSic xdeba vizualuri informa-

ciis gadamuSaveba.

optikuri nervi (optic nerve) _ gangliozuri uj-

redebis aqsonebi, romlebic atareben informa-

cias Tvalidan tvinisaken.

suraTi 4.6

ipoveT Tqveni brma wertili

imisaTvis rom ipovoT Tqveni brma wertili, daikaveT es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis

sigrZeze, daxuWeT Tqveni marjvena Tvali, moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze Tqveni

marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris

niSani iqneba Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni

mxedvelobis velSi. analogiurad, Tuki Tqven gamoiyenebT igive proceduras da moaxdenT

Tvalis fiqsacias plus niSanze, xazi gamTliandeba maSin, roca xarvezi iqneba Tqvens brma

wertilze. orive SemTxvevaSi vizualuri sistema avsebs cariel adgils TeTri foniT,

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Tavis tvinisken mimavali

nervuli gzebi

vizualuri informaciis saboloo daniSnule-

bis adgili Tavis tvinis kefis wilis is ad-

gilia, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ZiriTadi

mxedvelobis qerqi. miuxedavad amisa, informa-

ciis umetesi nawili, romelic tovebs baduras,

gaivlis Tavis tvinis sxva regionebs, sanam miaR-

wevs mxedvelobis qerqs. modiT, gavyveT im gzas,

romelsac vizualuri informacia gaivlis (Van

Essen et al., 1992).gangliozuri ujredebis milionobiT aqsoni,

romelic axdens TiToeuli optikuri nervis

formirebas, miemarTeba mxedvelobis jvaredinSi

(qiazmaSi), romelic formiT berZnul aso χχχχχ-is(gamoiTqmis, rogorc „xi~) mogvagonebs. aqsonebi

TiToeul optikur nervSi mxedvelobis jvare-

dinTan or konad iyofian. boWkoebis naxevari

TiToeuli baduridan sxeulis im mxareze rCeba,

romlidanac isini modian, xolo TiToeuli Tva-

lis Sida mxridan wamosuli aqsonebi gadak-

veTen erTmaneTs da agrZeleben gzas Tavis tvinis

ukana nawilisaken (ix. sur. 4.7).

boWkoebis am or konas, romelic Seicavs

aqsonebs orive Tvalidan, am adgilidan ukve

optikuri traqtebi ewodeba. optikuri traqtebi

tvinSi agzavnis informacias ujredebis ori

blokisaken. mkvlevrebi mxars uWeren Teorias,

romlis Tanaxmadac vizualuri analizi orad

iyofa: pirvelis funqcia xatebis amocnobaa, Tu

rogor gamoiyurebian obieqtebi, xolo meoris

_ adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra, Tu sad arian

obieqtebi (Rao et al., 1997; Wilson et al., 1993). vizua-luri funqciebis dayofa ufro dramatulad

gamoiyureba, roca individebi kargaven mxed-

velobiTi qerqis nawils travmis an qirurgiuli

Carevis Sedegad. ganvixiloT Semdegi SemTxveva:

saidan

viciT

mxedvelobiTi funqciebis dayofa

dons 14 wlis asakidan awuxebda mwvave,

xangrZlivi Tavis tkivilebi da marcxena

vizualur velSi sensoruli xasiaTis

sirTuleebi hqonda. roca is 34 wlis iyo,

gadawyvita gaekeTebina operacia, romlis

drosac neiroqirurgebi amoWridnen mar-

jvena kefis wilis patara nawils. qirur-

gebi mudmivad mkurnalobdnen donis Tavis

tkivilebs, magram man mTlianad dakarga

mxedveloba vizualuri velis marcxena

nawilSi, radgan amokveTili nawili Sei-

cavda pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs. maga-

liTad, roca ganaTebul laqas uCveneben

fiqsaciis wertilis marcxniv (fiqsaciis

wertili _ esaa centraluri wertili,

romelzedac sTxoven cdis pirs Tvalebis

fokusirebas), igi, ubralod, ver acnobi-

erebs mis arsebobas.

fsiqologebma sTxoves dons mainc sava-

raudod amoecno, Tu sad mdebareobs gana-

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adamianis vizualuri sistemis gzebi

diagrama gviCvenebs, rom vizualuri velidan Semo-

suli sinaTle airekleba orive baduraze da gviC-

venebs marSruts, romliTac nervuli Setyobineba ba-

duridan gadaigzavneba TiToeuli hemisferos orive

vizualur centrSi.

114

Tebuli wertili marcxena xelis saCvene-

beli TiTis saSualebiT. Sedegebi SesaniS-

navi iyo. donma TiTqmis iseve zustad gan-

sazRvra ganaTebuli laqis mdebareoba mis

„brma~ marcxena mxedvelobis velSi, ro-

gorc axerxebda amas „saR~ marjvena vi-

zualur velSi. Semdgomma eqsperimentebma,

agreTve, aCvenes, rom mas SeeZlo gamoecno

brma velSi naCvenebi xazi vertikaluri

iyo Tu horizontaluri da naCvenebi fi-

gura X iyo Tu O. testis ganmavlobaSi

doni sruliad ver acnobierebda laqebis,

xazebis da figurebis arsebobas. is amtki-

cebda, rom ubralod, varaudiT ambobda.

roca dons testirebis videoCanaweri

uCvenes, is gaocebuli iyo imiT, rom uTi-

Tebda ganaTebul laqaze, romelsac ver

xedavda (Weiskrantz et al., 1974).

donis „mxedvelobas~, Sesabamisad, brma mxed-

veloba uwodes. misi qceva vizualurad miRebuli

informaciis Sedegad xorcieldeboda, Tumca,

is ver acnobierebda obieqtis arsebobas. msgavsi

Sedegebi iyo miRebuli testebSi sxva pacien-

tebTan mxedvelobiTi qerqis analogiuri dar-

RvevebiT. es movlena adasturebs im faqts, rom

is qerqqveSa struqturebi, romlebic xeluxle-

beli rCeba dazianebuli Tavis tvinis qerqis

pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs vizualuri analizis

iseT dones, romelic Seesabameba am amocanebs,

magram gacnobierebis gareSe. Tumca, es daskvna

sakamaTo rCeba, radgan Tavis tvinis mier vi-

zualuri informaciis kodirebisaTvis gamoyene-

buli uamravi gza arsebobs (Gazzaniga et al., 1994;

Weiskrantz, 1995). rogoric ar unda iyos nervuli

meqanizmebi, es movlena adasturebs, rom mxedve-

lobis zusti funqcionireba SeiZleba cnobi-

erebis gareSec ganxorcieldes.

Tqven ukve naxeT, Tu rogor nawildeba is

informacia, romelic Tvalebidan Tavis tvini-

saken miemarTeba. mecnierebma kvlavac bevri ram

unda Seiswavlon. arsebobs vizualuri qerqis

daaxloebiT 30 anatomiuri qveganyofileba da

sxvadasxva Teoriebi am qveganyofilebebs Soris

komunikaciis saxeebis Sesaxeb (Hilgetag et al., 1996).axla vizualuri samyaros calkeul aspeqtebs

davubrundeT. adamianis vizualuri sistemis erT-

erTi yvelaze saocari Tavisebureba isaa, rom

Cven mier formis, feris, mdebareobis da siRrmis

gancda dafuZnebulia erTi da igive sensoruli

informaciis sxvadasxva gziT gadamuSavebaze.

rogor xdeba es transformaciebi, romlebic

SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, dainaxoT vizualuri

samyaros es gansxvavebuli Taviseburebani?

ferTa SegrZneba

fizikur obieqtebs aqvT saocari Tviseba _

isini SeiZleba sxvadasxva feris saRebavebiT

davxatoT. Tqven Zalian xSirad migiRiaT STa-

beWdilebebi kaSkaSad Seferili obieqtebisagan

_ mwvane naZvis xeebisagan, meJolias lurji

kvercxebisagan, magram ferebis naTel gancdas

safuZvlad udevs am obieqtebisagan Tqvens

sensorul receptorebze sinaTlis sxivebis asax-

va. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc es sakiTxi jer kidev

1671 wels ganixila, isaak niutoni iyo:

sxivebi (sinaTlis) sworad rom vTqvaT,

ar aris Seferili. maTSi araferia, garda

energiisa da ama Tu im feris SegrZnebis

aRmocenebis unarisa. aseve, bgera, iqneba es

zaris, musikaluri simis Tu sxva ram mJReri

sxeulis, araferia, garda rxevadi moZraobisa

da haerSi araferia, garda obieqtidan gavr-

celebuli moZraobisa, ...ase rom, obieqtis

ferebi araferia, garda unarisa, aireklos

ama Tu im saxis sxivebi ufro farTod, vidre

danarCeni...

ferebi aRmocendeba maSin, roca Tavis tvini

amuSavebs informacias, romelic kodirebulia

sinaTlis wyaroSi.

talRis sigrZe da feri

sinaTle, romelsac Tqven xedavT, mxolod

patara nawilia fizikuri ganzomilebisa, ro-

melsac eleqtromagnituri speqtri ewodeba (ix.

sur. 4.8). Tqveni vizualur sistema ar aris

aRWurvili saTanadod imisaTvis, rom dainaxos

sxva tipis talRebi speqtrSi, rogoricaa, maga-

liTad, X-sxivebi, mikrotalRebi da radio-

talRebi. fizikuri Tviseba, romelic ganas-

xvavebs eleqromagnituri energiis tipebs, maT

Soris sinaTlisasac, aris talRis sigrZe anu

manZili ori uaxloesi talRis qims Soris.

xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe nanometrebSi

(metris memiliarde nawilSi) izomeba. is, rasac

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1999 wlis dekemberSi ram-

denime sainformacio saagento

iuwyeboda, rom stiv uanderi,

romelic TiTqmis dabadebidan

brma iyo, imedovnebda, rom

Caitarebda eqsperimentul qi-

rurgiul proceduras, rome-

lic mis mxedvelobas aRad-

genda. proceduras ventai lui,

mark humaiuni (Wentai Lui, MarkHumayun) da maTi jgufis sxva

wevrebi atarebdnen (Lui et al.,2001). am proceduraSi pataramikroprocesori pirdapir

ukavSirdeboda baduras da

kolbebisa da Cxirebis fun-

qcias cvlida, romelic ar fun-

qcionirebda daavadebis gamo.

samwuxarod, uanderi Zalian

xangrZlivi drois ganmav-

lobaSi iyo brma da amitom ar

iyo kargi kandidati am pro-

cedurisaTvis. Tumca, es teqnika

imeds aZlevda maT, visac vi-

zualuri sistemis jaWvis didi

nawili jer kidev dauzianebeli

hqondaT.

brma adamianTa umravlesobis

dabrmavebis mizezi maT ba-

duraze mdebare receptoruli

ujredebis _ kolbebisa da

Cxirebis kvdoma _ degenera-

ciuli daavadeba gaxda (uan-

deris sibrmave gamowveuli iyo

imiT, rom inkubatorSi, romel-

Sic is ganaTavses dabadebis Sem-

deg, miwodebuli iqna zedmeti

raodenobis Jangbadi). maSinac ki,

roca sensoruli receptorebi

wyveten TavianT arsebobas,

vizualuri gzebis sxva ujre-

debi, rogoricaa bipolaruli da

gangliozuri, ganagrZoben

arsebobas. baduras struqturis

mocemulobisas (ix. suraTi 4.5),

es ujredebi xelmisawvdomia

pirdapiri eleqtruli sti-

mulaciisaTvis. luis, humaiunisa

da maTi kolegebis mier kon-

struirebuli mikroprocesori

zustad amas akeTebda: is axdenda

eleqtrul stimulacias, ro-

melic Semomaval signals ara-

funqcionirebadi kolbebisa da

Cxirebis nacvlad agzavnida.

mTlian sistemas, romelic

cnobilia, rogorc mraval-

elementiani xelovnuri retina-

luri mikroprocesori (multiple-unit artificial retinal chipset MARC),

ramdenime komponenti aqvs, rome-

lic funqcionirebs rogorc

Tvalis kaklis gareT, ise _

SigniT. magaliTad, miniaturuli

videokamera gamosaxulebas

garemodan iWers. es gamosaxu-

leba muSavdeba da igzavneba

mikroprocesorisaken, romelic

qirurgiulad aris implanti-

rebuli baduraze Tvalis ukana

mxares. es mikroprocesori

stimulirebas ukeTebs gangli-

ozur ujredebs badeSi da

televizoris Tu kompiuteris

ekranis msgavsad funqci-

onirebs: am simravlis TiTo-

euli elements _ TiToeul

piqsels _ SeuZlia miiRos

nacrisferi feris sxvadasxva

elferi, raTa uzrunvelyos

mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis

farTo diapazoni.

rogorc Tqven SegiZliaT

Tavad daaskvnaT, aRniSnuli

mikroprocesori ar aRadgens

mxedvelobas srulyofilad,

iseTnairad, rogorc es nagu-

lisxmebi iyo statiaSi stiv

uanderis Sesaxeb.

informaciis is raodenoba,

romelsac uzrunvelyofs es

xelsawyo, sakmaod SezRudu-

lia imasTan SedarebiT, rasac

Tqven Cveulebriv iRebT Tqveni

uamravi kolbebidan da Cxire-

bidan. miuxedavad amisa, am

eqsperimentis monawileebs

SeeZloT martivi gamosaxule-

bebisa da formebis identi-

ficireba. arsebobs imedi, rom

es mikroprocesori aRadgens

mxedvelobas iseT doneze, rom

adamianebi SeZleben imoZraon

sakuTar garemoSi da gaarCion

didi zomis SriftiT dabeW-

dili teqsti. uamravi adamia-

nisaTvis mTel msoflioSi,

romelsac daavadebis gamo

dazianebuli aqvs Cxirebi da

kolbebi, MARS msgavsi teqno-logiebis ganviTarebam SeiZ-

leba SeunarCunos mxedveloba.

vebgverdi: www.ece.ncsu.edu/er/erl_eye.html

SeuZlia Tu ara teqnologias dazianebuli mxedvelobis aRdgena

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

116

Tqven xedavT, rogorc sinaTles, aris talRis

sigrZis diapazoni 400-dan 700 nanometramde.

garkveuli fizikuri talRebis sinaTlis sxive-

bidan aRmocendeba garkveuli feris gancda,

magaliTad, iisferi-lurji ufro mokle sigr-

Ziani talRebisagan speqtris erT boloSi da

wiTeli-narinjisferi _ ufro grZelis sigrZis

talRebisagan speqtris meore boloSi. amrigad,

sinaTle fizikurad talRis sigrZis terminebiT

aRiwereba da ara _ ferebiT; ferebi mxolod

Tqvens sensorul sistemaSi arsebobs, rogorc

talRis sigrZeTa interpretacia.

feris gancda sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT xasiaT-

deba: feris toni, simaZRre da sikaSkaSe. feris

toni aris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaT-

lis feris Tvisobriv gancdas. martiv sinaT-

leSi, romelic mxolod erTi talRis sigrZes

(magaliTad, lazeris gamosxiveba) Seicavs, feris

tonis fsiqologiuri gancda Seesabameba pir-

dapir sinaTlis talRis sigrZis fizikur gan-

zomilebas. suraTi 4.9 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris

ferTa tonebi ganlagebuli ferTa wreSi. is

ferebi, romlebic aRiqmebian, rogorc erTmaneTis

msgavsni, mosazRvre ferebia. es Tanamimdevroba

asaxavs speqtrSi ferebis Tanamimdevrobas. si-

maZRre feris SegrZnebis Tvisebaa, romelic

gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.

Seurevel ferebs aqvs yvelaze meti simaZRre;

Sereul, arasufTa, pastelur ferebs aqvT

simaZRris saSualo raodenoba; rux fers aqvs

nulovani simaZRre. sikaSkaSe feris Tvisebaa,

romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.

TeTr fers aqvs yvelaze meti sikaSkaSe; Savs _

yvelaze naklebi. roca vaanalizebT ferTa Seg-

rZnebis am Tvisebebs, aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba:

adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualurad ganasxvavon

feris toni (hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic

gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris Tvisobriv gancdas.

simaZRre (saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic

gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.

sikaSkaSe (brightness) _ feris Tviseba, romelic

gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.

suraTi 4.8

eleqtromagnituri

speqtri

vizualur sistemas SeuZlia

SeigrZnos talris sigrZis

mxolod mcire diapazoni

eleqtromagnitur speqtrSi.

Tqven SeigrZnobT talRis

sigrZis im diapazons, ro-

melic naxatze gadidebulad

aris mocemuli, rogorc

ferebs iisferidan wiTli-

saken.

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erTmaneTisagan daaxloebiT 7 milioni sxvadasxva

feri! miuxedavad amisa, adamianTa umravlesobas

ar SeuZlia ferTa garkveul kategorias mi-

akuTvnos maTi didi nawili.

modiT, avxsnaT ramdenime movlena ferTa

gancdis Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan.

Tqven, albaT, iciT isaak niutonis aRmoCenis

Sesaxeb, rom mzis sinaTle krebs yvela sigrZis

sinaTlis talRas: Tqven SegiZliaT gaimeoroT

niutonis cda prizmis gamoyenebiT da mzis sxivi

ferTa srul cisartyelad daSaloT. prizmis

saSualebiT gaigebT, rom sxvadasxva sigrZis

talRaTa swori kombinacia TeTr fers war-

moqmnis. sxvadasxva sigrZis talRaTa Serwymas

damatebiT ferTa Sereva ewodeba. kidev erTxel

SexedeT suraTs 4.9.

talRis sigrZeebs, romlebic ferTa wris

mopirdapire mxareebzea ganlagebuli, Semav-

sebeli ferebi ewodeba. isini Serevisas TeTri

feris SegrZnebas iwveven. gindaT Tavad dar-

wmundeT Semavsebeli ferebis arsebobaSi? gani-

xileT suraTi 4.10. mwvane-yviTeli-Savi droSa

negatiuri Tanamimdevari kvalis gancdas mog-

cemT (Tanamimdevar kvals ewodeba negatiuri,

radgan is sawyisi feris sapirispiroa). am mov-

lenas feradi mxedvelobis Teoriebis ganxil-

suraTi 4.9

suraTi 4.10

ferTa wre

ferebi ganlagebula maTi msgavsebis

mixedviT. Semavsebeli ferebi ganla-

gebula erTmaneTis mopirdapire mxares.

Semavsebeli ferebis Sereva warmoqmnis

neitralur rux an TeTr sinaTles

centrSi. ricxvebi TiToeuli feris

tonis gaswvriv miuTiTebs speqtraluri

ferebis talRis sigrZis mniSvnelo-

baze, im ferebisa, romlebic moTavse-

bulia mxedvelobiTi mgrZnobelobis

diapazonSi. araspeqtraluri feris

toni miiReba mokle da grZeli sigrZis

speqtraluri talRis sigrZeTa SereviT.

Semavsebeli ferebi (complementary colours) _ ferebi,romlebic mdebareoben ferTa wreze da er-

TmaneTis mopirdapire mxares auditurad Sere-

visas TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas iwvevdnen.

negatiuri optikuri kvali

mzera daafiqsireTmwvane-Sav-yvi-

Teli droSis centrSi sul cota

30 wamis ganmavlobaSi; Semdeg

mzera gadaitaneT TeTr qaRaldze

da daafiqsireT is furclis

centrSi an kedelze. CaatareT es

cda megobrebze. mx

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visas avxsniT, roca daJinebiT daacqerdebiT

raime fers sakmaod didxans, Tqveni recepto-

rebis arasrul gadaRlamde da Semdeg mzeras

TeTr zedapirze gadaitanT, Tqven sawyisi feris

Semavsebel fers dainaxavT.

albaT, SeginiSnavT Tanmimdevari kvali Tqvens

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ferTa gancdisas. Tumca,

gancdebis didi nawili ar warmoiqmneba Semav-

sebeli ferebidan. Tqven, SesaZloa, droda-dro

erTobiT naxatSi feradi fanqrebisa da sa-

Rebavebis kombinirebiT. feri, romelsac xedavT,

roca uyurebT feradi fanqrebiT daxatul raime

obieqts an sxva ferad zedapirs, sinaTlis tal-

Ris sigrZea, romelic ar aris STanTqmuli zeda-

piris mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom yviTeli saRe-

bavi gamoiyureba umetes SemTxvevaSi yviTlad,

zogierTi sigrZis talRa ar airekleba, rac qmnis

mwvane feris SegrZnebas. analogiurad, lurji

saRebavi saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli sigrZis

talRebs ar aireklon, rac iwvevs lurjisa da

cotaodeni mwvanis SegrZnebas. roca yviTeli da

lurji ferebi kombinirebuli, yviTeli STanTqavs

lurjs da lurji STanTqavs yviTels. da erTad-

erTi feri, romelic darCeba STaunTqmeli _

gamoiyureba mwvaned! am movlenas substraqciuli

(substractive) ferTa Sereva1 ewodeba. darCenili

talRis sigrZe _ STaunTqmeli talRis sigrZe

aris arekvlili da swored is aZlevs ferebis

narevs im fers, romelsac Tqven aRiqvamT.

zogierTi es kanoni ar vrceldeba im ada-

mianebze, romlebic dabadebuli arian feris

SegrZnebis garkveuli anomaliiT. ferTa sib-

rmave aris ferebis garCevisYnawilobrivi an

sruli uunaroba. mwvane, wiTeli da Savi feris

droSaze Tvalebis fiqsirebisas Tqven ar

gagiCndebaT negatiuri optikuri kvali, Tuki

ferTa sibrmave gaqvT. ferTa sibrmave, Cveulebriv,

memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es defeqti dakavSi-

rebulia X qromosomis genTan. radgan mamakacebs

mxolod erTi X qromosoma aqvT, maT am rece-

siuli Taviseburebis gamovlenis ufro meti

Sansi aqvT, vidre qalebs. qalebs defeqturi

geni orive X qromosomaze unda hqondeT, rom

gamouvlindeT ferTa sibrmave. kavkasiel

mamakacTa 8%-s da qalTa 0.5%-ze naklebs

axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave (Coren et al., 1999).

yvelaze xSiria nawilobriv ferTa sibrmavis

is saxe, roca adamians uWirs mwvane da wiTeli

ferebis garCeva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini susti

simaZRris arian. ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba xalxi,

romelic erTmaneTSi yviTel da lurj ferebs

urevs. yvelaze iSviaTi ki sruli ferTa sibrmavis

SemTxvevebia, roca adamiani saerTod ver arCevs

ferebs da mxolod sinaTlis xarisxis sxvada-

sxva variacias xedavs (mister i-is SemTxveva,

romelic naxsenebi iyo am Tavis dasawyisSi,

sakmaod uCveuloa, radgan misi ferTa sruli

sibrmave Tavis tvinis dazianebiT iyo gamowveuli

65 wlis asakSi). imis gasagebad, gaqvT Tu ara

raime defeqti ferTa SegrZnebaSi, SexedeT

suraTs 4.11. Tuki Tqven dainaxavT cifrebs 1-sda 5-s am wertilebis erTobliobaSi, Tqveni

feradi mxedveloba, albaT, normaluria. Tuki

dainaxavT kidev raimes, albaT, gaxasiaTebT, sul

cota, ferTa nawilobrivi sibrmave (CautareT

es testi sxvebsac, kerZod, imaT, visac FferTa

sibrmave axasiaTebs da gaigebT, ras xedaven isini

am testSi). axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor xsnian mecni-

erebi ferTa aRqmis iseT faqtebs, rogoricaa

Semavsebeli ferebi da ferTa sibrmave.

ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi

ferTa SegrZnebis pirveli mecnieruli Teoria

SemoTavazebuli iyo ser tomas iungis (Sir Tho-mas Young) mier 1800 wels. is amtkicebda, rom

arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi sami tipis receptori

normaluri mxedvelobis mqone adamianis TvalSi,

romelic warmoqmnis fsiqologiurad pirvelad

SegrZnebebs: wiTels, mwvanesa da lurjs. yvela

danarCeni feri, misi azriT, am sami pirveladi

ferisagan miiReboda, rogorc Semavsebeli fe-

rebis an ori mosazRvre feris kombinaciis

Sedegi. iungis Teoria Semdgom gaaumjobesa da

gaafarTova herman von helmholcma (Hermann von

Helmholtz) da cnobili gaxda, rogorc iung-hel-

mholcis triqromatuli Teoria.2

triqromatuli Teoria sakmaod damajereblad

xsnida adamianis ferTa SegrZnebebs da ferTa

sibrmavesac (am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ferTa sibr-

mavis SemTxvevaSi adamianebs mxolod erTi an

ori tipis receptorebi aqvT). Tumca, sxva mov-

1 qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi naxsenebia,

rogorc ferTa Serevis meore kanoni (red. SeniSvna).

2 qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi moxseniebulia,

rogorc `sami komponentis Teoria~ (red. SeniSvna).

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lenebi ar aixsneba aseve kargad am Teoriis

mier. ratom warmoqmnis erTi feris mimarT adap-

tacia negatiur Tanamimdevar kvals? ratom aqvT

nawilobrivi ferTa sibrmavis mqone adamianebs

sirTuleebi yovelTvis ferTa wyvilebis garCe-

visas: wiTlisa da mwvanis, lurjisa da yviT-

lis?

am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema gaxda qvakuT-

xedi ferTa SegrZnebis meore TeoriisaTvis,

romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo evald heringis

(Ewald Hering) mier 1800-iani wlebis bolos. misi

sawinaaRmdego procesis Teoriis Tanaxmad,

nebismieri feris SegrZneba sami ZiriTadi sis-

temisgan miiReba, romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs

or sawinaaRmdego elements: wiTeli mwvanis

sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da

Savi (arc erTi feri) TeTris (yvela feri)

sapirispirod. heringi fiqrobda, rom ferebi

warmoqmnian maTi Semavsebeli feris mqone

Tanamimdevar kvals, roca am sistemis erTi

elementi gadaiRleba (xangrZlivi stimulaciis

pirobebSi) da, amrigad, gaizrdeba misi opo-

nenturi elementis SefardebiTi wvlili.

ferTa sibrmavis testi

pirovneba, romelsac ar SeuZlia

wiTeli da mwvane ferebis gansxvaveba,

ver SeZlebs figuraSi damaluli

cifrebis identificirebas. ras xedavT?

Tuki Tqven xedavT ricxv 17 -s

wertilebis simravleSi, Tqveni ferTa

SegrZneba albaT normaluria.

suraTi 4.11

heringis TeoriaSi ferTa sibrmavis tipebi qmnian

wyvilebs, radgan ferTa SegrZnebis sistema

realurad aris Seqmnili sapirispiro wyvi-

lebisagan da ara erTi pirveladi ferisagan.

mravali wlis manZilze kamaTobdnen mecnie-

rebi am Teoriebis Rirsebis Sesaxeb. sabolood

maT aRiares, rom es Teoriebi realurad ar

ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs. isini ubralod

procesis or sxvadasxva etaps aRweren, romelic

Seesabameba suqcesiur fiziologiur struq-

turebs mxedvelobiT sistemaSi (Hurvich & Jameson,

1974). axla viciT, rom marTlac arsebobs sami

tipis kolbebi, Tumca, am kolbebidan TiToeuli

garkveuli sigrZis talRebis diapazonze rea-

girebs da mainc arsebobs talRis is sigrZe,

romlis mimarTac TiToeuli maTgani yvelaze

metad aris mgrZnobiare.

saidan

viciT

kolbebi upiratesobas aniWeben

garkveuli talRis sigrZes

mxedvelobiTi procesebis mkvlevrebma

ganaviTares teqnika, romlis saSuale-

biTac xdeba calkeuli kolbebis eleq-

truli aqtivobis analizi. maimuni makakas

kolbis ujredebi „gamowovil~ iqna

triqromatuli Teoriis (trichromatic theory) Tanax-mad, arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi receptorebis

sami tipi, romlebic warmoqmnian pirveladi

ferebis _ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurjis Segr-

Znebas.

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specialuri minis miliT, romlis dia-

metric iyo adamianis Tmis Reris diamet-

ris 1/25-ze naklebi. sxvadasxva sigrZis

sinaTlis talRas anaTebdnen milSi,

eleqtruli signalis Zalas, romelsac

gamoasxivebda kolbis ujredebi, jer

zrdidnen da Semdeg zomavdnen. am teq-

nikis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,

rom zogierTi ujredi yvelaze kargad

reagirebs 435 nanometris (nm) sigrZis

talRis diapazonSi („lurji~ ujredebi),

zogi _ 535 nanometris („mwvane~ ujredebi)

da zogi ki 570 nanometris („wiTeli~

ujredebi) sigrZis talRis diapazonSi

(Baylor, 1987).

am tipis kolbebis reaqcia eTanxmeba iungisa

da helmholcis hipoTezas, rom ferTa SegrZneba

sami tipis mxedvelobiT receptorebs efuZneba.

adamianebs, romlebTac axasiaTebT ferTa sibr-

mave, aqvT erTi an meti am tipis receptoruli

kolbebis defeqti.

Cven, agreTve, viciT, rom retinaluri gan-

gliozuri ujredebi axdens am sami tipis kol-

bebidan gamomavali signalis kombinirebas he-

ringis sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis Ta-

naxmad (De Valois & Jacobs, 1968). sawinaaRmdego

procesebis Teoriis Tanamedrove versiiT,

romelsac mxars uWeren leo harviCi da doroti

jamesoni (Leo Hurvich & Dorothea Jameson, 1974), ferTa

TiToeuli wyvilis ori wevri erTmaneTis

sapirispirod (arian oponentebi), moqmedebs ner-

vuli Sekavebis procesis saSualebiT. zogierTi

gangliozuri ujredi aRmgzneb signals sinaT-

lidan iRebs, romelic wiTlad Cans da Sekavebis

signals im sinaTlidan, romelic mwvaned Cans.

sistemis sxva ujredebs aRgznebisa da Sekavebis

procesebis sapirispiro wesrigi aqvT. gangli-

ozuri ujredebis es ori tipi erTad qmnis

wiTel-mwvane oponenturi sistemis fiziologiur

baziss. sxva gangliozuri ujredebi qmnian

lurj-yviTel oponentur sistemas. sistema

TeTri-Savi Tqven mier ferebis simaZRrisa da

sinaTlis xarisxis aRqmaSi monawileobs.

vizualuri obieqtebis

kompleqsuri analizi

samyaros ferebis aRqma mxolod mcire

nawilia im kompleqsuri amocanisa, romelic

Tqveni vizualuri sistemis winaSe dgas. Tuki

fexburTis burTis daWera an krazanebis

budisTvis Tavis arideba gindaT, Tqven unda

SeamCnioT am obieqtebis iersaxe an forma, maTi

siRrme an daSoreba da maTi moZraoba sivrceSi.

Tqveni vizualuri sistema moicavs ramdenime

gancalkevebul da damoukidebel qvesistemas,

romelic erTi da igive retinaluri xatis

sxvadasxva aspeqts aanalizebs. neironebis

calkeul jgufebs aqvT unikaluri Tvisebebi,

dasabami misces feris, formis, kontrastis,

moZraobisa da teqsturis aRqmas (Livingstone &

Hubel, 1988; Vinjie& Gallant, 2000). Tumca, Tqveni aRqma,saboloo jamSi, erTian vizualur suraTs

warmoadgens. Tqven mier misi danaxva ganpiro-

bebulia uamravi nervuli gzebiT Tqvens vizua-

lur sistemaSi, romelic normalur pirobebSi

uaRresad faqizadaa koordinirebuli (Merigan

& Maunsell, 1993).Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT, Tu rogor mimdina-

reobs rTuli vizualuri analizi erTi faqtis

magaliTze: vizualuri nervuli gzebis TiToul

doneze ujredebi reagireben seleqtiurad vi-

zualuri velis mxolod specifiur nawilebze.

magaliTad, adre aRvniSneT, rom TiToeuli re-

tinaluri gangliozuri ujredi mravali recep-

toruli ujredidan miRebul informacias aer-

Tianebs. ujredis receptoruli veli es aris

adgili vizualur velSi, saidanac is iRebs

stimulacias.

retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebis recep-

toruli veli ori tipisaa (ix. sur. 4.12, A da B

nawilebi): (1) is ujredebi, romelTa stimulacia

velis centrSi aRagznebs ujreds, romlis

stimulacia garSemo mdebare nawilebSi masSi

Sekavebis process iwvevs; (2) ujredebi sapiris-

piro organizaciiT _ Sekavebis procesiT cen-

sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoria (opponent-pro-cess theory) _ nebismieri feris SegrZneba miiRebasami sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli Sei-

cavs or „oponentur~ elements (wiTeli mwvanis

sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da

Savi TeTris sapirispirod).

receptoruli veli (receptive field) _ adgili

mxedvelobiT velSi, saidanac mocemuli gan-

gliozuri ujredi iRebs informacias.

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trSi da aRgznebis procesiT periferiaze. gan-

gliozuri ujredebi mis centrsa da peri-

ferias Soris stimulaciis sxvaobaze reagi-

reben. isini yvelaze metad aRigznebian sti-

mulebis kontrastiT; on-centris mqone uj-

redebi yvelaze Zlierad ganimuxtebian naTel

laqaze, romelsac bneli sazRvrebi aqvs, xolo

off-centris mqone ujredebi energiulad gani-

muxtebian bnel laqaze, romelsac naTeli sa-

zRvrebi aqvs. erTnairi ganaTeba ki centrisa da

periferiis aqtivobis gabaTilebas iwvevs da

ujredi ar aris imdenad aRgznebuli, rogorc

es naTeli laqis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.

axla Tqven gaecaniT vizualuri informaciis

gadamuSavebis Taviseburebebs receptoruli da

gangliozuri ujredebis doneze, magram ra xdeba

vizualuri sistemis ufro maRal doneebze?

pirveli naSromi am sferoSi devid hiubelsa

da torsten vizels (David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel) _

sensoruli procesebis fiziologebs _ ekuT-

vniT. 1981 wels maT nobelis premia moipoves

receptoruli velebis ujredebis Seswavli-

saTvis mxedvelobiT qerqSi. vizelma da hiubelma

moaxerxes katis mxedvelobiTi qerqis calkeuli

ujredebis ganmuxtvis registracia, romlebic

vizualur velSi moZrav laqebsa da zolebze

reagirebdnen. roca hiubelma da vizelma agegmes

am qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi,

maT aRmoaCines ujredebis organizacia, romelic

ufro zustad reagirebda garkveul vizualur

stimulaciaze (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1979).

erTi tipis qerquli ujredebi, martivi

ujredebi yvelaze Zlierad reagirebdnen gan-

sazRvruli, maTTvis „gamorCeuli~ orientaciis

mqone sinaTlis zolebze (ix. sur. 4.12). kom-

pleqsur ujredebs, agreTve, hqondaT arCeuli

erTi, maTTvis „gamorCeuli~ orientacia, magram

isini moZraobis garkveul mimarTulebasac irCev-

dnen. hiperkompleqsuri ujredebi ki specia-

lizebulni iyvnen gansazRvruli orientaciisa

da sigrZis mqone moZrav zolebze an moZrav

kuTxeebze. ujredebi gansxvavebuli saxis in-

formacias agzavnian Tavis tvinis ufro maRali

donis mxedvelobiT centrebSi, rac maqsi-

malurad exmareba tvins obieqtebis cnobaSi.

am nawilSi yuradReba gavamaxvileTG vizua-

luri sistemis reaqciaze garemodan miRebuli

gaRizianebisas. mexuTe TavSi davinaxavT, rom

adamianTa aRqma Zalian xSirad warmoadgens

garemodan miRebuli informaciis _ sinaTlis

talRebis, romelic aRwevs Tvals _ da infor-

maciis Sida wyaros kombinacias _ codnas,

romelic ukve Senaxulia tvinSi.

axla bgeraTa samyaro ganvixiloT.

suraTi 4.12

gangliozuri da qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi

ujredis receptoruli veli aris vizualuri velis are, romlidanac is iRebs stimulacias.

baduras gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli velebi aris wriuli formis (A, B); mxedvelobiTi

qerqis umartivesi ujredebi garkveuli mimarTulebiTaa wagrZelebuli (C, D, E, F). orive SemTxvevaSi,is adgili, sadac sinaTle aRagznebs ujreds, aRniSnulia plus niSniT da sadac iwvevs Sekavebis

process, aRniSnulia minus niSniT. amasTanave, stimuli, romelic yvelaze metad aRagznebs

ujreds, aris is, romelSic areebi, sadac sinaTle aRmgznebia (aRniSnulia `+~ niSniT), aris

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Sejameba

adamianis Tvali fotoaparatis msgavsad

funqcionirebs: sinaTle fokusirdeba Tvalis

brolis mier baduraze. swored baduraze xdeba

sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna nervul

aqtivobad. baduraze mdebare receptorebi –

Cxirebi _ susti ganaTebis pirobebSi funqcio-

nireben, kolbebi ki naTel, ferad garemoSi

samuSaod da sivrciTi detalebis garCevaSi

specializdebian. baduradan miRebuli infor-

macia Tavis tvinisaken agrZelebs gzas gada-

muSavebis doneebis mTeli seriis gavliT, ro-

melTa saSualebiT xdeba informaciis seleqcia

obieqtebis identifikaciisa da maTi mdebareobis

gansazRvris mizniT. brma mxedvelobis fenomenma

vizualuri analizis gansxvavebuli tipebis

arseboba daadastura.

feris aRqma ganpirobebulia sinaTlis tal-

Ris sxvadasxva sigrZiT da mas sami ZiriTadi

Tviseba axasiaTebs: feris toni, simaZRre da

sikaSkaSe. ferTa Serevis niutonis kanonebis

Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva sigrZis talRis kombinacia

gansxvavebuli feris SegrZnebas qmnis. ferTa

sibrmave sxvadasxva xarisxisaa. iSviaTia ferTa

sruli sibrmave. feradi mxedvelobis mkvlevrebi

mxars uWeren rogorc triqromatul Teorias,

ise, oponent-procesualur Teorias. vizualur

sistemas sami tipis kolbebi aqvs, romlebic

upiratesobas aniWeben gansxvavebuli talRis

sigrZeebs. es sami tipis kolbebi erTiandebian

informaciis gadamuSavebis ufro maRal doneze

da dasabams aZleven oponent-procesualur

fenomens.

vizualuri analizis zogierTi saxe gangli-

ozuri ujredebis receptorul velebs efuZneba,

zogi ki ufro maRali donis ujredebis mier

arCeul specializacias _ obieqtTa mdebareobis,

orientaciis da moZraobis mimarTulebis mixed-

viT.

smena

Tqven mier samyaros gancdisas smena da

mxedveloba erTmaneTis Semavsebel funqciebs

asrulebs. Tqven xSirad gesmiT stimulebi, sanam

dainaxavT maT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki isini

Tqven ukan mdebareoben an gaumWvirvale obieq-

tebis, magaliTad, kedlebis miRma arian moTav-

sebulni.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mxedveloba ufro

srulyofili saSualebaa im obieqtis identifi-

cirebisaTvis, romelic erTxel mainc moxvda

mxedvelobis velSi, vidre smena, Cven xSirad

mxolod imitom vxedavT obieqtebs, rom Cvenma

yurebma Tvalebs swori mimarTuleba miuTiTes.

smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas im fizikuri ener-

giis saxeebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romelic

Cvens yurebamde aRwevs.

bgeris fizika

SemohkariT taSi; daustvineT; daakakuneT

fanqriT magidaze. ratom warmoqmnis es moqme-

debebi bgerebs? amis mizezi isaa, rom isini

obieqtebis rxevas iwveven. rxevis energia gada-

ecema garemos, Cveulebriv, haers, rogorc ki

rxevadi obieqtebi ubiZgeben garemos mole-

kulebs. amiT gamowveuli wnevis mcire cvli-

lebebi vrceldeba rxevadi obieqtidan garemoSi

sinusoiduri talRebis erTobliobis saxiT,

romelic 335 metri wamSi siCqariT moZraobs

(ix. sur. 4.13). bgera ar SeiZleba gaCndes srul

vakuumSi (magaliTad, kosmosur sivrceSi), radgan

iq ar aris haeris molekulebi, romelTac aamoZ-

ravebda rxevadi obieqti.

sinusoidur talRas ori ZiriTadi fizikuri

Tviseba aqvs, romelic gansazRvravs mis JRera-

dobas, esenia: ixSire da amplituda. sixSire

izomeba rxevaTa im raodenobiT, romelsac

asrulebs talRa drois mocemul SualedSi.

rxeva, rogorc miTiTebulia suraTze 4.13, aris

manZili marcxnidan marjvniv erTi talRis

pikidan momdevno talRis pikamde. bgeris sixSire,

Cveulebriv, gamoisaxeba hercebSi (hc), romelic

zomavs rxevaTa raodenobas erT wamSi. amplituda

zomavs bgeriTi talRis siZlieris fizikur

Tvisebas _ simaRles pikidan dadablebamde.

amplituda ganisazRvreba bgeris wnevis an ener-

giis erTeulebiT.

bgeris fsiqologiuri

ganzomilebebi

sixSirisa da amplitudis fizikuri Tvisebebi

dasabams aZlevs bgeris sam ZiriTad ganzo-

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milebas1 _ bgeris tonis simaRles, siZlieresa

da tembrs. axla detalurad ganvixiloT es

movlenebi.

bgeris tonis simaRle

bgeris tonis simaRle ganisazRvreba bgeriTi

talRis rxevis sixSiriT. maRali sixSireebi

warmoqmnian maRal tonebs, dabali sixSireebi

ki _ dabal tonebs. sufTa2 tonebis mimarT

adamianis mgrZnobiaroba 20 hercis sixSiridan

20 000 hercis sixSiremde diapazonSi

cvalebadobs. 20 hercze dabali sixSireebi

adamianma SeiZleba vibraciis saxiT SeigrZnos

ufro Sexebis, vidre bgeris saSualebiT. Tqven

advilad warmoidgenT, Tu ramdenad didia es

diapazoni, Tuki gaiTvaliswinebT, rom

fortepianos 88 klaviSi mxolod 30 hercidan

4000 hercamde sixSiris diapazons faravs.

rogorc fsiqofizikidan gaxsovT, kavSiri

sixSiresa (fizikur realobas) da bgeriT tons

(fsiqologiur efeqts) Soris ar aris wrfivi.

sixSiris skalis dabali maCveneblebisas six-

Siris zrda mxolod ramdenime herciT iwvevs

bgeriTi tonis SesamCnev cvlilebas, xolo

sixSiris skalis maRali maCveneblebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, Tqven gacilebiT metad unda gazardoT

sixSire, raTa SeamCnioT gansxvaveba sixSireSi.

magaliTad, fortepianos ori yvelaze dabali

noti erTmaneTisagan mxolod 1.6 herciT gan-

sxvavdeba maSin, roca ori yvelaze maRali noti

gansxvavdeba 235 herciT. es aris odnav SesamCnevi

sxvaobis kidev erTi magaliTi fsiqofizikaSi.

bgeris siZliere

bgeris siZliere anu fizikuri intensivoba

misi amplitudiT ganisazRvreba. didi ampli-

tudis bgeriTi talRebi ganicdeba, rogorc

xmamaRali, mcire amplitudisa ki _ rogorc

xmadabali. adamianis smeniTi sistema mgrZno-

biarea fizikuri intensivobebis uzarmazari

diapazonis mimarT.

majis saaTis wikwikis xma, romelic daaxlo-

ebiT 6 metris manZilidan gvesmis, intensivobis

qveda zRvarze mdebareobs. es aris sistemis

absoluturi zRurbli. Tuki is ufro mgrZno-

biarea, SeiZleba gaigonoT sisxlis moZraobis

xmac Tqvens yurebSi. intensivobis zeda zRvarze

mdebared ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT reaqtiuli

TviTmfrinavis xma, romelic daaxloebiT 90

metris simaRleze mifrinavs. es xma imdenad

Zlieri iqneba, rom tkivilsac ki gamoiwvevs

yurebSi. bgeris wnevis fizikuri erTeulebis

terminebiT, reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi warmoqmnis

bgeriT talRas, romelic miliardjer ufro

Zlieria, vidre saaTis wikwiki.

radgan smeniTi diapazoni Zalian didia, bge-

ris fizikuri intensivobis diapazoni, Cveu-

lebriv, ufro SefardebiTi, vidre absoluturi

odenobis erTeulebiT gamoixateba. bgeris wneva

bgeris tonis simaRle (pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic,

ZiriTadad, bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT

ganisazRvreba.

bgeris siZliere (loudness) _ bgeris perceptuli

Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis

amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa

saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo

mcire amplitudis bgeriTi talRa _ rogorc

xmadabali.

1 Tvisebas (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)

2 sufTa tonebs, agreTve, martiv tonebs, an wminda

tonebs uwodeben (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).

suraTi 4.13

sinusoiduri talRis warmodgena

sinusoiduri talRis ori ZiriTadi Tviseba aris

sixSire _ rxevaTa raodenoba drois fiqsirebul

erTeulSi da misi amplituda _ rxevis vertikaluri

diapazoni.

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_ misi amplitudis donis maCvenebeli, rac iwvevs

xmamaRlobis gancdas _ izomeba erTeuliT,

romelsac decibali (db) ewodeba. suraTze 4.14naCvenebia zogierTi tipuri bunebrivi bgeris

intensivobis sidide decibalebiT da bgeris

wnevis Sesatyvisi erTeulebiT (dini/sm2) Seda-

rebisaTvis.

rogorc xedavT, or bgeras, romelic 20 de-

cibaliT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, aqvT

bgeris wnevis Sefardeba 10/1 proporciiT. aRsa-niSnavia, rom 90 decibalze xmamaRalma bgerebma

SeiZleba smenis dakargva gamoiwvios. es maTi

eqspoziciis xangrZlivobazea damokidebuli.

tembri

bgeris tembri rTuli bgeris talRis kom-

ponentebs asaxavs. tembri aris is, rac gana-

sxvavebs, magaliTad, fortepianos xmas fleitis

xmisagan. fizikuri stimulebis mcire raodenoba,

magaliTad, kamertoni gamoscems sufTa tons,

romelic erTi sinusoiduri talRisgan Sedgeba.

sufTa tons mxolod erTi sixSire da erTi

amplituda aqvs. bgeraTa umetesoba realur

cxovrebaSi ar aris sufTa toni. isini kompleq-

suri talRebia, romlebic sixSirisa da ampli-

tudis garkveul kombinacias Seicaven. suraTze

4.15 naCvenebia rTuli talRebis formebi,

romelic ramdenime nacnob bgeras Seesatyviseba.

4.15 suraTze mocemuli grafiki gviCvenebs

bgeraTa speqtrs fortepianos noti „mi~-sTvis

suraTi 4.14

nacnobi bgerebis doneebi decibalebSi

naxazze naCvenebia bgeraTa diapazoni decba-

lebSi, romelzedac reagirebs adamianis

smeniTi aparati absoluturi zRurblidan

raketis gafrenis xmamde . decibalebi

gamoTvlilia bgeris wnevis saSualebiT,

romelic aris bgeriTi talRis amplitudis

donis maCvenebeli da zogadad Seesatyviseba

imas, rasac adamiani ganicdis, rogorc bgeris

xmamaRlobas.

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(pirveli oqtava); yvela sixSires, romelic

realurad warmodgenilia am notSi da maT

amplitudebs.

kompleqsur tonSi, rogoricaa magaliTad,

noti „mi~, yvelaze dabali sixSire (daaxloebiT

256 hc) pasuxismgebelia im tonze, romelic Tqven

gesmiT. mas ZiriTad tons uwodeben, ufro maRali

sixSiris tonebs ki _ harmonikebs, an obertonebs;

maTi sixSire ramdenjerme aRemateba ZiriTadi

rxevis sixSires. sruli bgera, romelic Tqven

gesmiT, ZiriTadi bgerebisa da harmonikebis

erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba,

rogorc naCvenebia speqtrSi. Tuki am sixSiris

sufTa tonebi da intensivobebi erTmaneTs

daemateba, amis Sedegad Tqven gaigonebT bgeras,

romelic JRers ise, rogorc noti „mi~ forte-

pianoze.

bgerebs, romelTac Tqven xmaurs uwodebT,

ar aqvT ZiriTadi sixSireebisa da harmonikebis

naTeli, martivi struqtura. xmauri Seicavs

mraval sixSires, romelic ar aris sistematurad

dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, stacio-

naruli xmauri, romelic Tqven radiosadgurebs

Soris gesmiT, Seicavs yvela smenadi sixSiris

energias; Tqven mas aRiqvamT ise, TiTqos ar

hqondes simaRle, radgan mas ar aqvs ZiriTadi

sixSire.

smenis fiziologia

axla Tqven ukve gaqvT garkveuli informacia

bgeraTa fsiqologiuri gancdebis fizikuri

safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. axla ganvixiloT, Tu

tembri (timbre) _ smeniTi SegrZnebis Tviseba,

romelic asaxavs bgeriTi talRis sirTules.

nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebi

es naxazi gviCvenebs nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebsa da bgeris speqtrs pianinos noti `mi~-saTvis.

ZiriTadi talRis sigrZe aris nawarmoebi ZiriTadi sixSirisagan, am SemTxvevaSi 256 herci, magram pianinos

simebi, agreTve, vibrirebs ufro maRal sixSireebzec (romelic cnobilia, rogorc obertonebi anu harmonikebi).

isini qmnian kbilanebs talRis nimuSze. es damatebiTi sixsireebi identificirebulia bgeriT speqtrSi.

suraTi

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rogor aRmocendeba es gancdebi smeniTi sistemis

fiziologiuri aqtivobisagan. pirvel rigSi,

vnaxoT, Tu rogor muSaobs yuri. Semdeg ganvi-

xilavT zogierT Teorias smeniT sistemaSi bge-

riTi tonis simaRlis kodirebisa da bgerebis

lokalizaciis Sesaxeb.

smenis sistema

Tqven ukve iciT, rom sensoruli procesebi

axdens eqsternaluri energiis formebis gar-

daqmnas nervul impulsebad. imisaTvis, rom

gaigonoT, unda moxdes ZiriTadi energiis oTxi

transformacia (ix. sur. 4.16): (1) haerSi gavrce-lebuli talRebi unda gardaiqmnas siTxis tal-

Rebad, romelic moTavsebulia yuris lo-

kokinaSi; (2) siTxis talRebi Semdeg iwveven

ZiriTadi membranis meqanikur rxevas; (3) es

rxevebi gardaiqmneba eleqtrul impulsebad da

(4) impulsebi gadaigzavneba smeniT qerqSi. TiTo-

euli es transformacia ufro detalurad ganvi-

xiloT.

pirveli transformaciisas haeris rxevadi

molekulebi Sedian yurebSi (ix. suraTi 4.16).zogierTi bgera Sedis pirdapir yuris gareTa

sasmen milSi da zogi ki _ gareTa yuridan anu

niJaridan arekvlis Semdeg. bgeriTi talRa

mogzaurobs sasmeni milis gaswvriv gareTa yuris

gavliT, sanam ar miaRwevs milis bolos. aq is

ejaxeba Txel membranas, romelsac dafis apks

uwodeben. bgeriTi talRis wnevis cvlilebebs

dafis apki moZraobaSi mohyavs. dafis apki

gadascems rxevas gare yuridan Sua yurSi, RruSi,

romelic Seicavs sam umciresi zomis Zvals

suraTi 4.16

adamianis yuris agebuleba

bgeriTi talRebi miemarTeba gareTa yuris, anu niJaris saSualebiT, gareTa

sasmeni milis gavliT da iwvevs dafis apkis rxevas, am rxevas moqmedebaSi

mohyavs Sua yuris patara Zvlebi _ CaquCi, grdemli da uzangi. meqanikuri

rxevebi gadaecema ovaluri sarkmlis saSualebiT lokokinas. maT

moZraobaSi mohyavT mis RruSi arsebuli siTxe.patara bewviani ujredebi

ganlagebuli arian ZiriTadi membranis gaswvriv lokokinaSi da irxevian

siTxis moZraobaze, riTac axdenen maTTan uSualod dakavSirebuli

nervuli daboloebebis stimulirebas. amis Semdeg meqanikuri energia

gardaiqmneba nervul energiaSi da egzavneba tvins smeniTi nervis

saSualebiT.

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adamianis sxeulSi: CaquCs, grdemls da uzangs.

es Zvlebi ayalibeben meqanikur jaWvs, romelic

gadascems rxevas da axdens mis koncentrirebas

dafis apkidan smenis ZiriTadi organosaken _

lokokinisaken, romelic moTavsebulia Sida

yurSi.

meore transformaciisas, romelic loko-

kinaSi xdeba, haerSi gavrcelebuli talRebi

gadaiqceva „zRvis talRebad~. lokokina siTxiT

gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli milia. mas aqvs

membrana, romelic cnobilia ZiriTadi membranis

saxeliT. is ganTavsebulia mis Sua nawilSi

mTeli sigrZis gaswvriv. roca irxeva uzangi,

romelic mdebareobs ovalur sarkmelTan, lo-

kokinas fuZesTan axlos, lokokinaSi mdebare

siTxe iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis talRisebr

moZraobas (rogorc zemoT iyo naxsenebi, „zRvis

talRebs~).

energiis mesame gardaqmnisas ZiriTadi membra-

nis talRisebri moZraoba arxevs masTan dakav-

Sirebul patara bewvian ujredebs. bewviani

ujredebi smeniTi sistemis receptoruli uj-

redebia. bewviani ujredebis rxeva nervuli

daboloebebis stimulirebas iwvevs da axdens

ZiriTadi membranis meqanikuri rxevebis gardaq-

mnas nervul aqtivobaSi.

sabolood, energiis meoTxe gardaqmnisas,

boWkoebis konaSi gamavali nervuli impulsebi

toveben lokokinas. es boWkoebi warmoadgenen

smenis nervs. isini xvdebian Tavis tvinis fuZeSi

mdebare lokokinas birTvebs. vizualur sis-

temaSi nervebis gadakveTis msgavsad, erTi

yuridan momavali gaRizianeba gadaecema Tavis

tvinis orive nawils. smeniTi signalebi gaiv-

lian sxva birTvebis mTel rigs da miaRweven

smeniT qerqs, romelic Tavis tvinis naxevar-

sferoebis safeTqlis wilSi mdebareobs. am

signalebis maRali donis gadamuSaveba smeniT

qerqSi iwyeba (rogorc Semdeg naxavT, yuris sxva

nawilebi, romelic gamosaxulia suraTze 4.16,

sxva SegrZnebebis aRmocenebaSi monawileoben).

es oTxi gardaqmna srulyofilad momuSave

smeniT sistemaSi xdeba. milionobiT adamians

aqvs darRvevebi smeniTi sistemaSi. arsebobs

smeniTi darRvevebis ori zogadi tipi, TiToeuli

gamowveulia smeniTi sistemis erTi an meti

komponentis defeqtiT. naklebad seriozuli

dazianebaa siyrue, romelic dakavSirebulia

lokokinisaken haeris rxevebis gamtarobasTan.

am tipis dazianebis dros xSirad Sua yuris

Zvlebi ar funqcionirebs Sesabamisad. am de-

feqtis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia mikroqirur-

giuli gziT xelovnuri grdemlisa da uzangis

CasmiT. ufro seriozuli tipis dazianebaa ner-

vuli siyrue, anu defeqti im nervul meqaniz-

mebSi, romelic warmoqmnis nervul impulsebs

yurSi an gadaaqvs isini smeniT qerqSi. smeniTi

qerqis dazianeba, agreTve, warmoqmnis nervul

siyrues.

lokokina (cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo;siTxiT gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli mili,

romelic moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.

ZiriTadi membrana (basilar membrane) _ mdebareobslokokinaSi, roca is modis moZraobaSi, iwvevs

bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas (aRizinaebs

maT), romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRiziane-

bis nervul efeqtebs.

smenis nervi (auditory nerve) _ atarebs impulss

lokokinidan tvinSi mdebare lokokinis bir-

TvebSi.

smeniTi qerqi (auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis

are, romelic iRebs da amuSavebs smeniT infor-

macias.

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bgeriTi tonis aRqmis Teoriebi

arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli Teoria, romelic

xsnis, Tu rogor xdeba smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi

talRis gardaqmna bgeriTi tonis SegrZnebad:

adgilis Teoria da sixSiris Teoria.

adgilis Teoria Tavidan SemoTavazebuli iyo

fon herman helmholcis (Hermann von Helmholtz)mier 1800 wels da Semdeg georg von bekesis

(Georg von Bekesy) mier iqna modificirebuli,

gadamuSavebuli da Semowmebuli. man am

kvlevisaTvis 1961 wels nobelis premia aiRo.

adgilis Teoria efuZneba im faqts, rom ZiriTadi

membrana moZraobs, roca bgeriTi talRa Semodis

Sida yurSi. sxvadasxva sixSire ZiriTadi mem-

branis gaswvriv garkveuli adgilis amoZravebas

iwvevs. maRali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze did

talRur moZraobas iwveven lokokinis fuZesTan,

sadac ovaluri da mrgvali sarkmlebi arian

ganlagebulni. dabali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze

did talRur moZraobas iwveven ZiriTadi

membranis mopirdapire boloSi. amrigad, adgi-

lis Teoria amtikicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis simaR-

lis aRqma damokidebulia ZiriTadi membranis

im garkveul adgilze, romelic yvelaze metad

Riziandeba.

meore, sixSiris Teoria, bgeriTi tonis simaR-

les ZiriTadi membranis rxevis siswrafiT xsnis.

es Teoria varaudobs, rom 100 hercis sixSiris

bgeriTi talRa iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis rxevas

100-jer wamSi. sixSiris Teoria, agreTve, am-

tkicebs, rom ZiriTadi membranis rxevebi iwveven

neironebis ganmuxtvas imave siCqariT, ase rom,

ganmuxtvis siCqare bgeriTi tonis simaRlis

nervuli kodia. erTi problema, romelic am dros

Cndeba, isaa, rom individualur neironebs ar

SeuZliaT im siswrafiT ganmuxtva, rom maRali

bgerebi warmoadginon, radgan arc erT maTgans

ar SeuZlia ganmuxtva ufro meti siCqariT, vidre

1000-jer wamSi. amis gamo, erT neirons ar SeuZlia

ganasxvavos 1000 hercze meti sixSiris bgerebi,

rasac Cveni smeniTi sistema sakmaod kargad

axerxebs. es SezRudva SeiZleba daiZlios e.w.

zalpis principiT, romelic xsnis imas, Tu ra

xdeba maRal sixSireebze. rogorc naCvenebia

suraTze 4.17, ramdenime neirons kombinirebuli

moqmedebiT, anu zalpSi, SeuZlia ganimuxtos im

sixSireze, romelic Seesabameba 2000 hc, 3000 hc

da a.S. sixSiris tonebs (Wever, 1949).

rogorc ferTa SegrZnebis triqromatuli da

sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriebi, ise, adgi-

lisa da sixSiris Teoriebi sargeblobs warma-

tebiT mxolod bgeraTa tonis simaRlis gancdis

sxvadasxva aspeqtebisaTvis. iTvleba, rom

sixSiris Teoria kargad xsnis 5000 hercze ufro

dabali sixSireebis kodirebas. ufro maRali

sixSireebisaTvis neironebs ar SeuZliaT ise

swrafad da zustad ganmuxtva, rom adekvaturad

moaxerxon signalis kodireba, zalpSic ki.

adgilis Teoria (place theory) _ sxvadasxva

sixSiris toni qmnis aqtivaciis maqsimums Ziri-

Tadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, ris Se-

degad bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodire-

buli iyos im adgilis mixedviT, romlis aqti-

vaciac moxda.

sixSiris Teoria (frequency theory) _ toni war-

moqmnis im siCqaris rxevas ZiriTad membranaSi,

romelic ekvivalenturia misi sixSirisa, ris

Sedegad, bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba

kodirebuli iyos nervuli reaqciis sixSiriT.

suraTi 4.17

zalpis principi

smeniTi nervuli ujredebis jamur koleqtiur

aqtivobas aqvs igive struqtura, rac Semosul bgeriT

talRas, maSinac ki, roca TiToeul calkeul boWkos

SeiZleba ar hqondes sakmarisad swrafi ganmuxtva,

rom Tan axldes bgeriTi talRis struqturas.

zalpis principi (volley principle) _ esaa sixSirisTeoriis ganvrcoba, romelic amtkicebs, rom,

roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im six-

Sires, romliTac calkeul neirons SeuZlia

ganmuxtva, ramdenime neironi ganimuxteba erTad,

rogorc jgufi, Semosuli bgeris tonis simaR-

lis Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.

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adgilis Teoria ufro warmatebulad xsnis

bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqmas 1000 hercze ufro

maRali sixSireebisaTvis. 1000 hercze ufro

dabali sixSireebisaTvis ZiriTadi membrana

imdenad farTod irxeva, rom mas ar SeuZlia

uzrunvelyos signalis gansxvaveba nervuli

receptorebisaTvis, romelTaTvis ZiriTadi

membranis rxeva bgeriTi tonis simaRlis

gansxvavebis saSualebaa. 1000 hercidan 5000

hercamde sixSiris diapazonSi orive meqanizmi

muSaobs. rTuli sensoruli amocana or sistemas

Soris iyofa; isini erTad gvTavazoben ufro

maRal sensorul sizustes, vidre es SeeZlo

uzrunveleyo mxolod erT sistemas. Cven Semdeg

davinaxavT, rom adamiani flobs, agreTve, or

SeTanxmebul nervul sistemas, romelic mas

garemoSi bgeraTa lokalizaciis amocanis

gadawyvetaSi exmareba.

bgeraTa lokalizacia

delfinebi da Ramurebi ar iyeneben mxed-

velobas obieqtTa adgilmdebareobis gan-

sazRvrisas Rrma wylis Tu mRvimis sibneleSi.

amis nacvlad, isini sargebloben eqolokaciiT

_ agzavnian maRali sixSiris bgerebs, romlebic

aireklebian obieqtebis mier, riTac qmnian

ukukavSirs da iZlevian informacias obieq-

tebamde manZilis, maTi adgilmdebareobis,

zomebis, teqsturis da moZraobis Sesaxeb. erT-

erTi saxeobis Ramuras SeuZlia eqolokaciis

saSualebiT ganasxvavos obieqtebi, romlebic

erTmaneTisagan mxolod 0.3 milimetriT arian

daSorebulni (Simmons et al., 1998). miuxedavad imisa,rom adamians ar gaaCnia es specialuri unari,

is mainc iyenebs bgerebs obieqtebis adgilmde-

bareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sivrceSi, gansakuT-

rebiT maSin, roca maTi danaxva gaZnelebulia.

es ori meqanizmis gamoyenebiT xerxdeba: im drois

SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romelic saWiroa bgeris

misaRwevad TiToeul yurTan da im bgerebis

intensivobis SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romlebic

aRweven TiToeul yurTan (Middlebrooks &Green, 1991;Phillips, 1993).

pirveli meqanizmi Seicavs neironebs, rom-

lebic adareben im droebs erTmaneTs, rac

sWirdeba Semomaval bgeriT signals TiToeul

yurTan misaRwevad. magaliTad, bgera, romelic

lokalizdeba marjvena mxares, marjvena yurs

ufro adre miaRwevs, vidre _ marcxenas (ix. wer-

tili B suraTze 4.18). smeniTi sistemis neironebi

specializebulni arian am gansxvavebis Sem-

Cnevaze. Tavis tvini iyenebs am gansxvavebas droSi,

raTa gaakeTos sivrceSi bgeris SesaZlo

lokalizaciis zusti Sefaseba.

meore meqanizmi efuZneba im princips, rom

bgeras aqvs odnav ufro didi intensivoba im

yurSi, romelsac is pirvelad miaRwevs, radgan

adamianis Tavi TviTon qmnis bgeriT Crdils,

romelic asustebs signals. intensivobis es

gansxvaveba damokidebulia im bgeriTi tonis

talRis sigrZis SedarebiT zomaze, romelic

aRwevs adamianis Tavamde. grZeli talRebi, anu

dabali sixSiris tonebi, faqtobrivad, inten-

sivobis araviTar gansxvavebas ar gviCveneben

maSin, roca mokle talRebis, maRali sixSiris

tonebis intensivobebis gansxvaveba savsebiT

gazomvadia. adamianis tvinSi aris ujredebi,

romlebic specializdebian im signalebis inten-

sivobebis gansxvavebis SemCnevaze, romelic or

yurSi aRmocendeba.

magram ra xdeba maSin, roca bgeris wyaro

Tanabrad aris daSorebuli orive yuridan, maSin

xom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes arc droSi da arc

intensivobaSi gansxvaveba? swored aseTi situa-

ciaa gamosaxuli suraTze 4.18. bgera, romelic

A wertilidan vrceldeba, Tanabrad aris daSo-

rebuli orive yuridan. daxuWuli TvalebiT

SeuZlebeli iqneba misi lokalizaciis zusti

suraTi 4.18

droiTi Seusabamoba da bgeris

lokalizacia

bgeraTa sivrceSi lokalizaciis gansazRvris

mizniT Tavis tvini iyenebs gansxvavebas droSi,

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gansazRvra. ase rom, Tqven unda SemoabrunoT

Tavi da yurebis mdebareoba SecvaloT ise, rom

daarRvioT simetria, es SesaZlebels gaxdis

miiRoT bgeris lokalizaciis gansazRvrisaTvis

aucilebeli informacia.

Sejameba

bgeriTi talRis sixSirisa da amplitudis

kombinacia dasabams aZlevs bgeriTi tonis

simaRlis, siZlierisa da tembris aRqmas. smeniTi

informacia ramdenime transformacias ganicdis

yuridan Tavis tvinisaken mimaval gzaze _

bgeriTi talRa gardaiqmneba siTxis talRebad,

romlebic warmoqmnian nervul reaqcias. bgeriTi

tonis simaRlis aRqma axsnilia ori meqanizmis

kombinaciiT. adgilis Teoria amtkicebs, rom

sxvadasxva simaRlis mqone bgera warmoSobs

ZiriTadi membranis gansxvavebuli adgilebis

moZraobas; sixSiris Teoria amtkicebs, rom bge-

riTi tonis sxvadasxva simaRle iwvevs ZiriTadi

membranis misTvis Sesatyvisi siCqariT rxevas.

bgeris lokalizaciac moicavs, sul mcire, or

gansxvavebul process: Tavis tvinSi aris uj-

redebi, romlebic amCneven gansxvavebas droSi,

rac sWirdeba bgeras TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad

da gansxvavebas intensivobaSi, romelsac aRiqvams

TiToeuli yuri.

sxva SegrZnebebi

Cven yvelaze didi dro davuTmeT mxed-

velobisa da smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas, rad-

gan es sakiTxebi yvelaze ukeT aris Seswavlili

mecnierTa mier, magram sxva SegrZnebebic

mniSvnelovan rols asruleben adamianis TviT-

gadarCenis da, aseve, garemos dauflebis unarSi.

Cven mokled ganvixilavT sxva SegrZnebebs.

ynosva

Tqven, albaT, SegiZliaT warmoidginoT si-

tuacia, roca bednieri iqnebodiT ynosvis Segr-

Znebis dakargviT: gyoliaT rodisme ZaRli,

romelsac waugia skunsTan brZola? magram Tavi-

dan rom aviciloT skunsis sunis gancda, Cven,

agreTve, unda davkargoT vardis surnelis,

cxeli popkornis, zRvidan momavali sunis

SegrZnebis unari. suni _ kargi Tu cudi _

pirvelad Tavis arsebobas receptoris cilebTan

urTierTqmedebisas gvatyobinebs, romelic

ynosvis bususebis membranaze mdebareobs (ix.

sur. 4.19). mas SeuZlia miiRos nivTierebis

mxolod rva molekula, raTa dasabami misces

erT-erTs am nervuli impulsebidan, magram, sul

mcire, 40 nervuli daboloeba unda iyos

stimulirebuli, raTa SeigrZnoT nivTierebis

suni. es nervuli impulsebi sunis Sesaxeb

informacias ynosvis bolqvSi agzavnian, romelic

ganlagebulia receptorebis zemoT da Sublis

wilis qvemoT. ynosviTi procesi iwyeba qimiuri

nivTierebis SesvliT ynosviTi neironebis ionur

arxebSi, es ki, rogorc naxsenebi iyo mesame TavSi,

ynosvis bolqvi (olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadacynosvis receptorebi agzavnian TavianT signa-

lebs, romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis

tvinis qerqis Sublis wilis qveviT.

feromenebi (pheromones) _ qimiuri signalebi,

romelsac gamoyofen organizmebi mocemuli sa-

xeobis sxva wevrebTan urTierTobis dasamyareb-

lad; xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distan-

turi seqsualuri mimzidvelebi.

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iwvevs moqmedi potencialis aRmocenebas (Restrepo

et al., 1990).

ynosvis SegrZneba erT-erTi im mcire funqcia-

Tagania nervul sistemaSi, romelic aris TviT-

ganaxlebadi: roca Tqveni ynosvis receptorebi

daberdebian da mokvdebian, maT axali ujredebi

cvlis, romelic axal kavSirebs ayalibebs

ynosvis bolqvTan (Farman, 1992).

ynosva, rogorc Cans, ganviTarda, rogorc

sistema, romelic emsaxureboda sakvebis aRmo-

Cenasa da adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras (Mon-

crieff, 1951). Zalian bevri saxeobisaTvis ynosva,

agreTve, gamoiyeneboda safrTxis potenciuri

wyaros aRmosaCenad. is am funqcias kargad

asrulebda, radgan organizmebi ar unda Sesu-

liyvnen pirdapir kontaqtSi sxva organizmebTan,

raTa daeynosaT isini. garda amisa, ynosva SeiZ-

leba aqtiuri komunikaciis mZlavri forma iyos.

zogierTi saxeobis cxovelebi erTmaneTTan

qimiuri signalebis gamoyofiTa da aRmoCeniT

Sedian kontaqtSi. am qimiur signalebs fero-

menebs uwodeben. feromenebi qimiuri nivTiere-

bebia, romlebic gamoiyeneba erTi saxeobis far-

glebSi, rogorc seqsualuri mgrZnobelobis,

safrTxis, teritoriuli sazRvrebisa da sakvebi

wyaros signalebi. magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxe-

obis mwerebis mamri gamoyofs feromenebs, riTac

atyobinebs mdedrebs, rom is mzadaa Sewyvile-

bisaTvis (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991).

ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvneloba icvleba

saxeobaTa Soris. ZaRlebs, virTxebs, mwerebsa

da sxva bevr cocxal arsebas, visTvisac ynosva

umniSvnelovanesia TviTgadarCenisaTvis, gaci-

lebiT maxvili ynosva aqvs, vidre adamians. maTi

Tavis tvinis SedarebiT didi nawili emsaxureba

ynosvis SegrZnebas. adamianebi ynosvas, rogorc

Cans, ZiriTadad, gemosTan kavSirSi iyeneben, raTa

ipovon da airCion sakvebi, magram arsebobs iseTi

faqtebic, rom adamianebic gamoyofen da

SeigrZnoben feromenebis msgavs nivTierebebs

(Jacob & McClintock, 2000). amas gvafiqrebinebs,

magaliTad, is faqti, rom, droTa ganmavlobaSi

axlo megobrebis menstrualuri cikli qalTa

saerTo sacxovrebelSi sinqronizacias iwyebs

(McClintock, 1971; Stern & McClintock, 1998). es

sinqronizacia qimiuri signalebiT aixsneba,

romlis SegrZnebac xdeba ynosvis saSualebiT

(Cutler et al., 1986; Preti et al., 1986). mecnierebi, agreTve,

suraTi 4.19

ynosvis receptorebi

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amtkiceben, rom ynosva SeiZleba garkveul rols

TamaSobdes seqsualuri aqtivobisadmi adamianis

mzaobaSi.

saidan

viciT

asrulebs Tu ara ynosva raime rols

adamianis seqsualur aqtivobaSi

kvlevaSi 289 qali monawileobda. maT

unda SeefasebinaT androstenonis, mama-

kacis oflis ZiriTadi komponentis suni.

qalebis umetesoba suns afasebda, rogorc

„arasasiamovnos~ an „aramimzidvels~. am

zogadi kanonzomierebidan gamonaklisi

iyvnen is qalebi, romelTac ovulacia

hqondaT. sunis maTeuli Sefasebebi ufro

neitralur iyo. ra daskvna SeiZleba

gavakeToT? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom

qalebi, romelTac ovulacia da, Sesa-

bamisad, dafexmZimebis ufro didi Sansi

hqondaT, naklebad savaraudoa, rom winaaR-

mdegobas gauweven mamakacTa seqsualur

iniciativas mxolod maTi arasasiamovno

bunebrivi sunis gamo (Grammer, 1993).

albaT, gagaocaT ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvne-

lobam adamianis seqsualur cxovrebaSi.

gemos SegrZneba

sakvebisa da Rvinis gurmanebs aqvT kargad

ganviTarebuli unari, SeamCnion odnavi gan-

sxvaveba gemoSi, Tumca, maTi umetesoba amisaTvis

realurad ynosvas iyenebs da ara _ gemos Segr-

Znebas. roca Tqven WamT, ynosvisa da gemos Segr-

Znebebi mWidrod TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan.

roca gaciebuli xarT, sakvebi ugemuri geCvenebaT,

radgan Tqveni cxviris Sesasvlelebi bloki-

rebulia da dakarguli gaqvT ynosva. Tavad

SegiZliaT darwmundeT amaSi: cxvirze xelwa-

Werilma SeecadeT ipovoT gansxvaveba erTnairi

teqsturis, magram gansxvavebuli sunis mqone

sakvebs Soris, magaliTad, vaSlisa da karto-

filis um naWrebs Soris. im saerTo sacxovrebel-

Si mcxovrebi zogierTi studentis azriT, rome-

lic saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi cudi sakvebiT,

cxvirsacobis gakeTeba Wamis dros saWmels ukar-

gavs gemos, ris Sedegadac yvela kerZs erTnairi

gemo aqvs, rac bevrad ukeTesia, vidre maTi

sakuTari gemo!

Tqveni enis zedapiri dafarulia gemos dvri-

lebiT, romelic mas uswormasworo iers aZlevs.

am dvrilebis didi nawili gemos receptoruli

ujredebis jgufebs Seicavs, romelsac gemos

bolqvebs uwodeben (ix. sur. 4.20). gemos recep-

toris erTi ujredis Canaweri gviCvenebs, rom

individualuri receptoruli ujredebi yvelaze

kargad reagireben gemos oTxi Tvisebidan erT-

erTze: tkbilze, mJaveze, mwaresa an mlaSeze

(Frank & Nowlis, 1989). gasul wlebSi mkvlevrebma

aRmoaCines gemos mexuTe, ZiriTadi Tvisebis

receptorebi _ umami (umami) (Chaudhari et al., 2000).umami natriumis glutamatia (MGS), romelsac

xSirad umateben aziur saWmelebs da bunebrivad

gvxvdeba cilebiT mdidar sakvebSi, rogoricaa

xorci, zRvis produqtebi da Zveli yveli. Tumca,

am xuTi Tvisebis receptoruli ujredebi mci-

rediT sxva gemozec reagireben, „saukeTeso~ reaq-

cia yvelaze sworad asaxavs Tvisebas. rogorc

Cans, gemos am ZiriTadi klasebisTvis gardaqmnis

sistemebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad arse-

bobs (Bartoshuk &Beauchamp, 1994).

gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi SeiZleba da-

ziandnen alkoholis, sigaretis bolis, mJavis

Sedegad. sabednierod, gemos SegrZnebis recep-

torebi ramdenime dReSi erTxel icvleba _ ufro

xSirad, vidre ynosvis receptorebi. marTlac,

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gemos SegrZnebis sistema dazianebis mimarT

yvelaze didi winaaRmdegobis unarianobiT

gamoirCeva, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT. Zalian

iSviaTia SemTxveva, rom vinmem srulebiT, samu-

damod dakargos gemos SegrZneba (Bartoshuk, 1990).

Sexebisa da kanis SegrZnebebi

kani SesaniSnavad adaptirebadi organoa.

garda imisa, rom is gicavT zedapiris

dazianebisagan, gamoSrobisagan, gexmarebaT

temperaturis regulaciaSi. is Seicavs nervul

daboloebebs, romlebic warmoSoben wnevis,

siTbosa da sicivis SegZnebebs. am SegrZnebebs

kanis SegrZnebebi ewodebaT.

radganac Tqven didi raodenobiT sensorul

informacias iRebT kanis saSualebiT, sxeulis

zedapirTan axlos gansxvavebuli tipis mravali

receptoruli ujredi funqcionirebs (ix. sur.

4.21). naxatze gamosaxuli TiToeuli tipis recep-

tori kanTan sxvadasxva tipis kontaqtze rea-

girebs (Sekular & Blake, 1994). meisneris sxeulebi

yvelaze kargad reagireben maSin, roca raime

exaxuneba kans, xolo merkelis diskebi yvelaze

metad maSin arian aqtiurebi, roca raime patara

obieqti awveba kans. Tqven, albaT, gagikvirdebaT,

roca gaigebT, rom siTbosa da sicivis SegrZne-

bebisaTvis gansxvavebuli receptorebi arsebobs.

Tqven ar gaqvT erTi receptori, romelic

moqmedebs Termometris msgavsad. Tqveni Tavis

tvini siTbosa da sicivis calkeuli signalebis

integrirebas axdens, raTa akontrolos garemos

temperaturuli cvlilebebi.

kanis mgrZnobiaroba wnevisadmi Zalian farTo

diapazonSi icvleba sxeulis sxvadasxva ubanze.

magaliTad, Tqven 10-jer ufro zustad gan-

sazRvravT stimulis lokalizacias TiTebis

wverebze, vidre _ zurgze. sxeulis sxvadasxva

nawilis mgrZnobiarobis gansxvavebuloba gan-

pirobebulia nervuli daboloebebis simWid-

roviT garkveul ubnebSi da, agreTve, sensoruli

qerqis didi farTobiT, romelic maT See-

satyviseba. mesame TavSi naxeT, rom mgrZno-

biaroba udidesia iq, sadac es yvelaze metad

gWirdebaT _ saxeze, enasa da xelebze. zusti

sensoruli ukukavSiri sxeulis am nawilebidan

uzrunvelyofs Wamis, laparakis da aRqmis

procesebis efeqtur mimdinareobas.

suraTi 4.20

gemos receptorebi

nawili A gviCvenebs dvrilebis ganawilebas enis zeda mxareze.

nawili B gviCvenebs erT dvrils, romelic naxatze gadidebulia, raTa gamoCndes calkeuli gemos bolqvebi.

nawili C gviCvenebs gadidebulad erT-erT gemos bolqvs.

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kanis mgrZnobelobis erTi aspeqti centralur

rols adamianur urTierTobebSi asrulebs: esaa

Sexeba. Sexebis saSualebiT Tqven gadascemT

sxvebs Tqvens survils, miiRoT an gasceT sim-

Svide, mxardaWera, siyvaruli da vneba. Sexebis

adgils didi mniSvneloba aqvs erotiuli an

seqsualuri SegrZnebis aRmocenebaSi. am Tval-

sazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare adgilebs

erogenuli zonebi ewodeba. sxva mgrZnobiare

erotiuli adgilebis aRgznebis potenciali

interindividualuri gansxvavebulobiT xasiaT-

deba. is damokidebulia daswavlil asociaciebsa

da sensoruli receptorebis koncentraciaze

mocemul adgilze.

Sexeba SeiZleba garkveul rols TamaSobdes

TviTgadarCenis procesSi. magaliTad, naadrevad

dabadebuli bavSvebi, romelTac saavadmyofoSi

45 wuTis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiuri masaJi

utardebodaT, fizikurad da gonebrivad gaci-

lebiT ufro swrafad izrdebodnen da viTarde-

bodnen im TanatolebTan SedarebiT, romelTac

ar utardebodaT masaJi (Field & Schanberg, 1990).

virTxebze Catarebuli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom

energiuli stimulacia aTavisuflebs zrdis

hormonebs da aaqtiurebs zrdis ferments _

dekarboqsilazas (ODC - onithine decarboxylase) Tavistvinsa da sxva sasicocxlo organoebSi. is naSi-

erebi, romlebic sicocxlis pirvel wlebSi

xSirad ayavdaT xelSi, ufro janmrTelebi arian

kanis SegrZnebebi (cutaneous senses) _ wnevis, siT-bosa da sicivis SegrZnebebi.

erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous zones) _ kanis zeda-piris adgilebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZno-

biareni arian gaRizianebisadmi da warmoSoben

erotiul da seqsualur SegrZnebebs.

suraTi 4.21

kanis SegrZnebaTa

receptorebi

ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis

receptori aris pasuxismgebeli

kanis SegrZnebaTa gancdaze,

rogorica Sexebis, siTbosa da

sicivis SegrZnebebi. magaliTad,

meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze

kargad reagireben raime

obieqtis gaxaxunebaze kanis

mimarT, merkelis diskebi

yvelaze aqtiurni arian patara

obieqtebis kanze dawolis

mimarT.

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mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. sakontrolo jgufis

cxovelebTan SedarebiT, stimulirebuli naSi-

erebi gamoirCeodnen stresisadmi ufro meti

winaaRmdegobis gawevis unariT, ufro nela ber-

debodnen, maTi Tavis tvinis ujredebi ki ufro

didxans inarCunebdnen sicocxlisunarianobas

da ukeTesi mexsiereba hqondaT (Meany et al., 1998).aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikuli rekomendacia

aseTia: SeexeT xSirad imaT, viszedac zrunavT

da sxvebic waaxaliseT, rom Tqvenc Segexon

xSirad – es ara marto siamovnebas moggvriT,

aramed gaaumjobesebs rogorc Tqvens, agreTve,

maT janmrTelobasac (Montague, 1986).

wonasworobisa da kinesteTikuri

SegrZnebebi

wonasworobis da kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebi

TqvenTvis SeiZleba ucnobic ki iyos, radganc

maT ara aqvT receptorebi, romelTa danaxva

SeiZleba, rogorc magaliTad, Tvalebis, yurebis

an cxviris. wonasworobis SegrZneba sivrceSi

Cveni sxeulis, gansakuTrebiT, Tavis orientaciis

SegrZnebas gvaZlevs. am informacias gvawvdian

receptorebi, patara bususebi, romelnic Sida

yurSi _ siTxiT savse parkuWebsa da arxebSi

mdebareoben. es bususebi ixreba, roca siTxe

moZraobs da awveba maT, es ki maSin xdeba, roca

Tavs swrafad amoZravebT. parkuWi da tiki

gatyobinebT informacias sworxazovani moZra-

obis aCqarebisa da Senelebis Sesaxeb (ix. sur.

4.16). sami arxi, romelTac naxevarrkalovan

arxebs uwodeben, erTmaneTis mimarT marTi

kuTxiTaa ganlagebulni, rac saSualebas

gvaZlevs miviRoT informacia nebismieri

mimarTulebiT moZraobis Sesaxeb _ Tu rogor

moZraobs Tavi, roca vtrialdebiT, roca vaqnevT

mas, an gverdze gadavxriT.

adamianebi, romlebmac ubeduri SemTxvevebisa

Tu avadmyofobis gamo dakarges wonasworobis

SegrZneba, sakmod dezorientirebulni arian,

xSirad ecemian, axasiaTebT Tavbruxveva. miuxeda-

vad amisa, aseTi adamianebis umravlesoba, bolos

da bolos, mainc axerxebs am naklis kompensi-

rebas imiT, rom ufro metad eyrdnoba vizualur

informacias. gulisreva moZraobisas maSin aRmo-

cendeba, rodesac vizualuri sistemidan moma-

vali signalebi konfliqtSi Sedis vestibula-

ruli aparatidan wamosul signalebTan. moZrav

transportSi kiTxvisas adamianebs xSirad uCn-

debaT gulisrevis SegrZneba. amis mizezi isaa,

rom vizualuri signalebi uZravi obieqtidan

modis, xolo vestibularuli SegrZnebebi _

moZravi obieqtidan. mZRolebs iSviaTad emar-

TebaT es avadmyofoba, radgan isini xedaven da

grZnoben kidec moZraobas.

rasac ar unda akeTebdeT, idgeT verti-

kalurad, xatavdeT Tu varjiSobdeT, Tqvens tvins

sWirdeba zusti informacia Tqveni sxeulis

poziciisa Tu misi nawilebis sivrciTi mimar-

Tebisa da moZraobis Sesaxeb. kinesTetikuri

SegrZneba uzrunvelyofs mudmiv sensorul uku-

kavSirs sxeulis motoruli aqtivobis Sesaxeb.

amis gareSe Tqven ver SeZlebdiT nebismieri moZ-

raobebis didi nawilis koordinirebas.

Tqven gaqvT kinesTetikuri informaciis ori

wyaro: receptorebi, romlebic mdebareoben

saxsrebSi da receptorebi, romlebic mdeba-

reoben kunTebsa da myesebSi. saxsrebSi mdebare

receptorebi reagireben im daWimulobaze,

romelic Tan axlavs kidurebis sxvadasxva po-

zicias da daWimulobis cvlilebebze, rasac

wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) _ in-

formacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulis orientaciis

Sesaxeb sivrceSi.

kinesTetikuri SegrZneba (kinesthetic sense) _ in-

formacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulisa da misi na-

wilebis moZraobisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

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iwvevs saxsrebis moZraobebi. kunTebsa da myesebSi

mdebare receptorebi reagireben im daZabulobis

cvlilebebze, romelic Tan axlavs kunTebis

SekumSvasa da gafarToebas.

Tavis tvini xSirad axdens kinesTetikuri

SegrZnebebidan miRebuli informaciis integ-

rirebas Sexebis SegrZnebidan miRebul infor-

maciasTan. Tavis tvins ar SeuZlia, magaliTad,

im signalebis srulyofili gaazreba, romelic

TiToeuli TiTidan modis, Tuki mas zustad ar

ecodineba TiTebis mdebareoba erTmaneTis mimarT.

warmoidgineT, rom, raRac sagnebs daxuWuli

TvalebiT agrovebT. Sexebis SegrZneba gaZlevT

saSualebas, mixvdeT, aris Tu ara aRebuli

obieqti qva, magram kinesTetikuri SegrZneba

giqmniT warmodgenas mis sidideze.

tkivili

zemoT Sexebis SegrZnebis garkveuli aspeqtebi

ganvixileT. Tqven iciT, rom fizikuri kontaqtis

garkveuli formebi tkivils iwveven. tkivili

aris organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone

gamRizianeblebiT stimulaciaze, romelic

sakmaod intensiuria, raTa qsovilis dazianeba

gamoiwvios an mas safrTxe Seuqmnas. xarT Tu

ara srulebiT kmayofili aseTi kargad gan-

viTarebuli tkivilis SegrZnebiT? Tqveni pasuxi,

albaT, orive iqneba _ „ki~-c da „ara~-c. „ki~-s

SemTxvevaSi tkivilis SegrZneba mniSvnelovania

Tqveni gadarCenisTvis. adamianebi, romelTac

dabadebidan dakarguli aqvT tkivilis Segr-

Znebis unari, xSirad iReben sxeulis sxvadasxva

dazianebebs, romelTa Tavidan acileba SesaZ-

lebeli iqneboda, Tuki Tavis tvini SeZlebda

maT gafrTxilebas mosalodneli safrTxis

Sesaxeb (Larner et al., 1994). maTi magaliTi gasagebs

xdis tkivilis SegrZnebis, rogorc dacvis

signalis mniSvnelobas _ is gafrTxilebT

potenciuri zianis Sesaxeb. „aras~ upasuxebT,

radgan zogjer aris momentebi, roca Tqven

bednieri iqnebodiT, rom SegZlebodaT tkivilis

SegrZnebis gamorTva. 50 milionze meti adamiani

aSS-Si itanjeba mudmivi, qronikuli tkiviliT.

samedicino xarjebi tkivilis gasayuCeblad

da dakarguli samuSao dReebi weliwadSi 70

miliard dolaradaa Sefasebuli (Turk, 1994).

rogorc Cans, uwyveti, qronikuli tkivili

xSirad iwvevs mwvave depresias da mizezia imisa,

rom aseTi tkivilebis mqone adamianebi uar-

yofiTad afaseben TavianT cxovrebas (Banks &Kerns, 1996). gasagebia, rom mecnierebs ainteresebT

tkivilis SegrZnebis gamomwvevi meqanizmebis

Seswavla, raTa daeuflon misi Semcirebis

teqnikas.

tkivilis meqanizmebi

TiTqmis yvela cxoveli ibadeba ama Tu im

tipis tkivilis dacviTi sistemiT, romelic

iwvevs avtomaturad garkveuli stimulebisagan

gaqcevis refleqss. roca stimulis intensivoba

zeda zRurbls miaRwevs, organizmi gaqceviT

pasuxobs, ra Tqma unda, Tuki SeuZlia es. garda

amisa, is swrafad swavlobs tkivilis gamomwvevi

tkivili (pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoq-medebis mqone gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze,

romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa gamoiw-

vios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safr-

Txe.

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stimulebis identificirebas da SeZlebisada-

gvarad Tavidan icilebs maT.

arsebobs ori saxis tkivilis SegrZneba:

nocicepturi da nevropaTiuri. nocicepturi

tkivili aris uaryofiTi SegrZneba, romelsac

mavne zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianebeli iwvevs.

magaliTad, es aris SegrZneba, romelic gagiC-

ndebaT cxel qurasTan Sexebisas. kanSi mdebare

specialuri nervuli daboloeba agzavnis tki-

vilis Setyobinebas Tqveni xelidan zeviT,

zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinisaken. xelis

ukan gamoweviT SegiZliaT am tipis tkivilis

Sewyveta. nevropaTiuri tkivili gamowveulia

nervebis aranormaluri gadaWarbebuli funqcio-

nirebiT. is aRmocendeba dazianebuli an daava-

debuli nervebidan, risi mizezicaa, magaliTad,

ubeduri SemTxveva an kibo. medikamentebs da

mkurnalobis sxva saSualebebs, romlebic awyna-

reben nervebs, aseTi tipis tkivilebis Semsubu-

qeba SeuZliaT.

mecnierebma im specifikuri receptorebis

gansazRvra daiwyes, romlebic reagireben

tkivilis gamomwvev stimulebze. maT aRmoaCines,

rom zogierTi receptori mxolod

temperaturaze reagirebs, zogierTi _ qimiur

nivTierebebze, sxvebi ki _ meqanikur stimulebze.

arsebobs receptorebi, romlebic tkivilis

gamomwvevi stimulebis kombinaciaze reagireben.

tkivilis boWkoebis qseli qmnis SesaniSnav bades,

romelic mTel sxeuls faravs. periferiuli

nervuli boWkoebi tkivilis signalebs centra-

lur nervul sistemaSi ori gziT agzavnian:

swrafi gamtarunarianobis nervuli boWkoebiT,

romlebic dafarulni arian mieliniT da neli,

ufro patara nervuli boWkoebiT, mielinis

safarvelis gareSe. zurgis tvinTan dawyebuli

impulsebi gadaecema Talamuss da Semdeg _ Tavis

tvinis qerqs, sadac xdeba tkivilis lokali-

zaciisa da intensivobis gansazRvra, dazianebis

mniSvnelovnebis Sefaseba da samoqmedo gegmis

dasaxva.

tkivilis fsiqologia

emociuri reaqciebi, konteqstualuri faqto-

rebi da situaciis interpretacia SeiZleba

iseTive mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes tki-

vilis gancdaSi, rogorc realuri fizikuri

stimuli (Price, 2000; Turk, 1994). fsiqologiuri

procesebis mniSvnelobas tkivilis gancdaSi

naTlad gviCvenebs Semdegi ori ukiduresi Sem-

Txveva: erTi, roca aris tkivili, magram ar ar-

sebobs misi gamomwvevi fizikuri stimuli da

meore, roca ar aris tkivili, miuxedavad didi

intensivobis tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulis

arsebobisa. magaliTad, im adamianTa 10%-ze meti,

romelTac amputirebuli aqvT kidurebi, uCivian

mwvave da qronikul tkivilebs im kidurSi,

romelic maT aRar aqvT. amas fantomuri kiduris

fenomeni ewodeba (Melzack, 1992). amis sapiris-

pirod, zogierT individs, romelic monawi-

leobs religiur ritualebSi, SeuZlia tkivi-

lis SegrZnebis blokireba tkivilis gamom-

nocicefturi tkivili (nociceptive pain) _ gamowve-ulia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone eqsternaluri

stimuliT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli

nervuli daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis

Sesaxeb Setyobinebas kanidan zurgis tvinis

gavliT Tavis tvinSi.

nevropaTiuri tkivili (neuropathic pain) _gamowve-ulia nervebis aranormaluri an zedmetad

aqtiuri funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis

an daavadebis mizezia.

fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (phantom limb phenom-enon) _ mwvave da qronikuli tkivilis SegrZneba

amputirebul kidurSi.

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gqoniaT odesme aseTi gamoc-

dileba? Tqven miirTmevT ro-

melime Zalian cxare kerZs Ci-

nur an tailandur restoranSi

da SemTxveviT CakbiCeT Zalze

cxare wiwaka. am momentSi is

siamovneba, romelsac sakvebi-

sgan iRebT, Zlier tkivilad

gadaiqceva. Tuki aseT ram

odesme SegmTxveviaT, Tqven

iciT, rom gemos sferoSi ar-

sebobs kavSiri maT Soris, rac

ganiWebT siamovnebas da tki-

vils. ganvixiloT es damoki-

debuleba.

fiziologiurad advilia

imis axsna, Tu ratom iwvevs cxa-

re wiwaka tkivils. Tqvens enaze

arsebuli gemos bolqvebi

dakavSirebulia nocicepturi

tkivilis boWkoebTan (Bartoshuk,1993). amrigad, erTi da igiveqimiurma nivTierebam SeiZleba

gaaRizianos rogorc gemos

bolqvebSi mdebare recep-

torebi, ise, masTan Zalian

axlos mdebare tkivilis boW-

koebi (Caterina et al., 2000). cxarewiwakis SemTxvevaSi, es nivTie-

rebaa kafsacini. Tuki Tqven

gsurT isiamovnoT cxare sakve-

biT, unda SeecadoT sakvebSi

SeinarCunoT am nivTierebis

saWiro koncentracia ise, rom

man ufro metad gaaRizianos

Tqveni gemos receptorebi,

vidre tkivilis receptorebi.

albaT gainteresebT, ratom

gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTma-

neTisagan cxare sakvebis mimarT

damokidebulebis mixedviT? maT

ukvirT xolme, roca maT

megobrebs SeuZliaT an ar

SeuZliaT cxare sakvebis Wama.

am gansxvavebis asaxsnelad

kvlav fiziologias mivmarToT.

rac ufro metia gemos bol-

qvebi, miT ufro metia tkivilis

receptorebic. amitom ufro

didia imis albaToba, rom is

adamianebi, romelTac bevri

gemos bolqvebi aqvT, ufro

Zlier tkivils ganicdian kafsa-

cinisagan. im individebs, romel-

Tac bevri gemos bolqvebi aqvT,

superdegustatorebi daarqves

(Bartoshuk, 1993), xolo maT, visac

ufro mcire raodenebiT aqvT es

receptorebi _ nondegustato-

rebi. individTa es ori jgufi

ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan

mravali gemos SegrZnebebis

mixedviT _ Tqven SeiZleba arc

icodeT superdegustatori

xarT, nondegustatori Tu raRac

Sualeduri. gansxvaveba mxolod

garkveuli qimiuri nivTiere-

bebis, magaliTad, kafsacinis

mimarT mgrZnobiarobaSi vlin-

deba.

gemos bolqvebis simWidrovis

mixedviT interindividualuri

sxvaoba genetikuri aRmoCnda

(Bartoshuk et al., 1994). qalebi ufro

xSirad arian superdegusta-

torebi, vidre kacebi. super-

degustatorebi, saerTod, ufro

mgrZnobiareni arian mware qimi-

uri nivTierebebis mimarT (sim-

ware damaxasiaTebelia sawam-

lavTa didi umravlesobisaTvis).

radganac qals yovelTvis ufro

meti pasuxismgebloba ekisre-

boda STamomavlobis gazrdasa

da kvebaSi evoluciis manZilze,

im qalebis bavSvebs, romlebsac

meti gemos mgrZnobiaroba axa-

siaTebdaT, gadarCenis ufro

meti Sansi hqondaT. radganac

degustatoris statusi gene-

tikuria, am aspeqtSi gansxva-

veba ukve patara bavSvebSic

SeimCneva (Anliken et al., 1991).

xuTidan Svid wlamde super-

degustatori bavSvebi upira-

tesobas aniWeben rZes yvelTan

SedarebiT da piriqiT _

nondegustatorebi _ yvels

rZesTan SedarebiT. ratom?

superdegustatorebi rZes

aRiqvamen, rogorc ufro

Tbils da yvels _ rogorc

ufro mwares, vidre nonde-

gustatorebi. amrigad, gene-

tikuri gansxvavebebi gvexma-

reba avxsnaT, Tu ratom aqvs

zogierT bavSvs ase gamo-

xatuli gemos Taviseburebani.

magram, modiT davubrundeT

restornis kerZs, romelmac

tkivilis SegrZneba gamoiwvia.

albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom

tkivilis SegrZneba TandaTan

qreba. am mxriv, pirSi ganla-

gebuli tkivilis receptorebi

moqmedebs sxva sensoruli

receptorebis msgavsad: droTa

ganmavlobaSi Tqven adap-

tirdebiT mudmivi stimu-

laciis mimarT. albaT Zalian

kargia, rom sensorul proce-

sebs tkivilis Semsubuqebis

funqciac aqvT da mas saWiro

momentSi gvTavazoben xolme.

ratom iwvevs cxare saWmeli tkivils?

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

(a) (b)

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wvevi intensiuri stimulaciis pirobebSic,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, cxel nakverCxlebze

siaruli an nemsiT sxeulis gaxvreta.

saerTod, tkivilis SegrZnebaze did gavlenas

axdens konteqsti da reagirebis SeZenili Cvevebi.

vinaidan tkivili fsiqologiuri reaqciebis erT-

erTi saxea, is SeiZleba Seicvalos iseTi

mkurnalobis Sedegad, romelic fsiqikur pro-

cesebze iseTi zemoqmedebas iyenebs, rogoricaa

hipnozi, Rrma relaqsacia, yuradRebis gadatana.

magaliTad, anesTeziis gareSe mSobiarobis mo-

samzadebeli lamazes (Lamaze) meTodiT samSobiaro

tkivilebis Semcirebas ramdenime aseTi meTodis

kombinaciiT cdiloben. lamazes sunTqviTi

varjiSebi mSobiares relaqsaciaSi exmareba da

yuradReba gadaaqvs tkivilis adgilidan.

yuradRebis gadatanis, sasiamovno warmodgenebis,

Setyobinebebis gamoyeneba qmnis rbil, sasargeblo

Semxvedr stimulacias da meuRlisa Tu megobris

socialuri mxardaWera _ yvelaferi erTad momaval

dedas am mtkivneul situaciaze kontrolis Zlier

gancdas aZlevs.

ra gavlenas axdens tkivilis SegrZnebaze

fsiqologiuri konteqstSi? erT-erTi Teoria,

romelic tkivilis Semcirebis gzebs exeba, cno-

bilia karibWis kontrolis Teoriis saxeliT

(Ronald Mezlack, 1973, 1980). am Teoriis mixedviT,zurgis tvinis ujredebi moqmedeben rogorc nev-

rologiuri kari, romelic xels uSlis

tkivilis zogierTi signalis Tavis tvinSi

SeRwevas da mis blokirebas axdens, zogierTs

ki _ atarebs. Tavis tvini da kanis receptorebi

signals zurgis tvinisken agzavnian, raTa man

gaaRos an daketos es kari. Tavis tvinidan

swored es daRmavali signali uzrunvelyofs

fsiqologiur konteqsts, romelic axlavs Tan

tkivils. gasul wlebSi melzakma (Melzack, 1999)

warmoadgina ganaxlebuli Teoria _ tkivilis

neiromatriculi Teoria, romelic xsnis im faq-

tebs, rom adamianebi xSirad ganicdian tkivils

Zalian mcire intensivobis an ararsebuli fi-

zikuri gamRizianeblis pirobebSi: am SemTxv-

evaSi tkivilis gancda mxolod tvinSia aRmo-

cenebuli.

is, Tu rogor aRiqvamT tkivils, ras eubnebiT

mis Sesaxeb sxvebs da rogor reagirebT tkivil-

gamayuCeblebze, Tqven fsiqologiur mdgo-

mareobas ufro asaxavs, vidre tkivilis

gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis intensivobas. is,

rasac Tqven aRiqvamT, SeiZleba iyos sakmaod

gansxvavebuli da zogjer srulebiTac

damoukidebeli imasagan, Tu ras SeigrZnobT,

rogorc amis Sesaxeb mexuTe TavSi visaubrebT,

romelic aRqmis fsiqologias eZRvneba.

Sejameba

ynosvis SegrZnebis nervuli impulsebi aRmo-

cendeba maSin, roca haerSi arsebuli qimiuri

nivTiereba kontaqtSi Seva ynosvis bususebTan.

ynosva did rols asrulebs seqsualuri qcevis

regulaciasa da sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebis

ganxorcielebaSi. ynosvisa da gemos sistemebi

SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs sakvebi produqtebis

umravlesobis SegrZnebisas. gemo warmoadgens

Sesatyvisi gemos bolqvebis reaqciebis nazavs

sitkboze, simJaveze, simwaresa da simlaSeze.

Tqven SegiZliaT ganicadoT wnevis, siTbosa

da sicivis SegrZnebebi kanSi moTavsebuli

receptoruli ujredebis saSualebiT. Sexeba

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs komunikaciasa da

gadarCenis procesSi. wonasworobis SegrZneba

uzrunvelyofs Tqveni Tavisa da sxeulis orien-

tacias sivrceSi. kinesTetikuri SegrZneba pa-

suxismgebelia sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebis

poziciaze da gexmarebaT nebismieri moZraobebis

koordinirebaSi.

Tqven ganicdiT nociceptur tkivils mavne

stimulis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi da nevro-

paTiur tkivils _ nervebis aranormaluri fun-

qcionirebis dros. fsiqologiuri konteqsti,

nawilobriv, gansazRvravs tkivilis gancdis in-

tensivobas.

karibWis kontrolis Teoria (gate-control theory)_ exeba tkivilis Semcirebas, romelic xdeba

maSin, roca zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi

moqmedebs rogorc kari, uSlis xels tkivilis

gavrcelebas da misi zogierTi signalis blok-

irebas axdens, zogierTs ki agzavnis Tavis tvin-

Si.

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sakvanZo

sakiTxebi

samyaros sensoruli

Semecneba

imis gamo, rom sensoruli

procesebi mniSvnelovan

rols asruleben Cven mier

samyaros SemecnebaSi, mec-

nierebi fsiqologiis gan-

viTarebis adreul etapebzec

swavlobdnen SegrZnebebs.

fsiqofizika swavlobs fi-

zikur gamRizianebelze fsi-

qologiur reaqcias. mec-

nierebi zomaven absolu-

tursa da sxvaobis zRur-

blebs.

signalis aRmoCena saSuale-

bas aZlevs mkvlevrebs gamo-

yon erTmaneTisagan SegrZne-

bis simaxvile da pasuxis

sistematuri Secdoma.

fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebma

gansazRvres kavSiri gamRi-

zianeblis fizikur inten-

sivobasa da fsiqologiur

efeqts Soris maTematikuri

funqciis saSualebiT.

SegrZneba gamRizianeblis fi-

zikur energias nervul ko-

dad gardaqmnis.

mecnierebi cdiloben Seiswav-

lon informaciis dinebis

procesi sensoruli recepto-

rebidan Tavis tvinis

qerqisaken.

mxedvelobiTi sistema

baduraze mdebare fotore-

ceptorebi, romelTac kol-

bebsa da Cxirebs uwodeben,

sinaTlis energias nervul

impulsad gardaqmnian.

baduras gangliozuri uj-

redebi axdenen recepto-

rebidan da bipolaruli uj-

redebidan momavali signalis

integrirebas. maTi aqsonebi

warmoqmnian optikur nervebs,

romlebic mxedvelobis

jvaredinTan xvdebian

erTmaneTs.

vizualuri informacia gana-

wilebulia tvinis sxvadasxva

ubnebSi, sadac muSavdeba

vizualuri garemos

sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, rogo-

ricaa sagnebis garegnuli

saxe da maTi mdebareoba.

sinaTlis talRis sigrZe war-

moadgens gamRizianebels

ferTa SegrZnebisaTvis.

feris SegrZnebebi gansxvavdebatoniT, simaZRriTa da

sikaSkaSiT.

ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi

aerTianebs sami feris Sem-

grZnebi receptoris triqro-

matul Teorias da sawinaaR-

mdego procesebis Teorias,

romelic sawinaaRmdego ele-

mentebis kompoziciis ideas

eyrdnoba.

gamRizianeblis TvisebaTa aR-

moCena baduris ujredebisa

da ufro maRali donis vi-

zualuri centrebis moqmede-

biT xdeba.

smena

smenis SegrZneba warmoiqmnebabgeriTi talRiT, romelsac

gaaCna sixSire, amplituda da

sirTule.

lokokinaSi bgeriTi talRebi

transformirdebian siTxis

moZraobad, romelic amoZ-

ravebs ZiriTad membranas. Zi-

riTadi membranis bewvebi ner-

vul impulsebs gadascemen

smeniT qerqs.

adgilis Teoria saukeTesod

xsnis maRali sixSireebis ko-

direbas, sixSiris Teoria ki

_ dabali sixSireebis kodi-

rebas.

bgeris warmoSobis mimarTu-

lebis gansazRvrisaTvis moq-

medebs ori tipis nervuli

meqanizmi _ bgeraTa intensi-

vobisa da im drois Sedareba,

romelic bgeriT signals Ti-

Toeul yurTan misaRwevad

sWirdeba.

sxva SegrZnebebi

ynosvisa da gemos SegrZnebebinivTierebaTa qimiur Tvisebeb-

ze reagireben da erTad

moqmedeben, roca adamiani

eZebs da irCevs sakvebs.

ynosva cxviris RruSi ganla-

gebuli, sunisadmi mgrZno-

biare ujredebiT xorciel-

deba.

gemos receptorebi gemos

bolqvebia, romlebic mo-

Tavsebulni arian gemos

dvrilebSi, ZiriTadad, ena-

ze.

Sexebis SegrZneba gulis-

xmobs dawolisa da tem-

peraturul SegrZnebebs.

wonasworobis SegrZneba gaZ-levT informacias sxeulis

moZraobis mimarTulebisa da

siswrafis Sesaxeb.

kinesTetikuri SegrZneba gaZ-levT informacias sxeulis

nawilebis mdebareobis Se-

saxeb da gexmarebaT moZ-

raobis koordinirebaSi.

tkivili aris organizmis

dacviTi reaqcia poten-

ciurad mavne zemoqmedebis

mqone gamRizianebelze.

tkivilis fiziologiuri

reaqcia moicavs sensorul

reaqcias tkivilis gamom-

wvevi gamRizianeblis mxares

da nervul impulsebs,

romlebic moZraoben Tavis

tvinsa da zurgis tvins

Soris.

tkivili aris nawilobriv

fsiqologiuri reaqciac. is

SeiZleba Seicvalos mkur-

nalobiT, romelic aqcents

akeTebs fsiqikur procesebze

da gadaaqvs yuradReba.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

absoluturi zRurbli

akomodacia

amakrinuli ujredebi

adgilis Teoria

badura

bgeris siZliere

bgeris tonis simaRle

bipolaruli ujredebi

gangliozuri ujredebi

erogenuli zonebi

absoluturi zRurbli

veberis kanoni

zalpis principi

kanis SegrZnebebi

karibWis kontrolis Teoria

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kinesTetikuri SegrZneba

kolbebi

lokokina

mxedvelobis qerqi

nevropaTiuri tkivili

nocicefTuri tkivili

odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba

optikuri nervi

pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma

receptoruli veli

sawinaaRmdego procesebis

Teoria

sensoruli adaptacia

sensoruli receptorebi

sensoruli fiziologia

sibnelisadmi adaptacia

signalis SemCnevis Teoria

sikaSkaSe

feris toni

sixSiris Teoria

smeniTi nervi

smeniTi qerqi

sxvaobis zRurbli

tembri

tkivili

transformacia

triqromatuli Teoria

fantomuri kiduris fenomeni

feris simaZRre

feromonebi

fovea

fotoreceptorebi

fsiqometruli funqcia

fsiqofizika

ynosvis bolqvi

SegrZneba

Semavsebeli ferebi

Cxirebi

ZiriTadi membrana

wonasworobis SegrZneba

sa

kv

an

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sa

ki

Tx

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142

a R q m aa R q m aa R q m aa R q m aa R q m a

5 SegrZneba, organizeba,

identifikacia da cnoba

••••• proqsimaluri da

distaluri stimulebi

••••• realoba, orazrov-

neba da iluziebi •••••aRqmis Semswavleli

midgomebi

fsiqologia XXI

saukuneSi: virtualuri

realoba

yuradRebis procesebi

••••• seleqciuri (SerCe-

viTi) yuradReba

••••• yuradReba da sagnebigaremoSi

aRqmis organizaciis

procesebi

••••• figura, foni dadasrulebuloba

(Sevsebuloba)••••• perceptuli dajgu-

febis principebi

••••• sivrciTi da droiTi

integracia

••••• moZraobis aRqma••••• siRrmis aRqma••••• aRqmis konstantoba

fsiqologia Cvens

cxovrebaSi: rogor

iWerT mfrinav burTs

identifikacia da cnoba

••••• aRmavali da daRmava-

li procesebi

••••• sagnebis cnoba••••• molodinis da kon-

teqstis gavlena

••••• bolo gakveTili

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

••••• ZiriTadi cnebebi

143

me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom garemo savsea sinaTlisa

da bgeris talRebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,

maTi saxiT mainc ar ganicdiT samyaros. Tqven

sinaTlis talRas ki ar `xedavT~, aramed _

plakats kedelze, bgeris talRa ki ar ̀ gesmiT~,

aramed musika iqve myofi radiodan. SegrZnebiT

iwyeba sinamdvilis uSualo asaxva, magram kidev

meti raRac sxvaa saWiro, rom stimuli azriani

da saintereso gaxdes da, rac mTavaria, sa-

Sualeba mogeceT, efeqturad upasuxoT mas. aRqma

aris im procesebis erToblioba, romlebic

sensorul xatSi awesrigeben informacias da

am informaciis, rogorc gare sinamdviliT

warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen. es

procesebi interpretaciis umaRles dones

uzrunvelyofs, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs,

warmatebiT gaverkveT garemoSi.

SegrZnebasa da aRqmas Soris kavSiris ukeT

gagebis mizniT gTavazobT martiv, TvalsaCino

magaliTs. daiWireT xeli saxis win, rac SeiZ-

leba Sors. Semdeg is nela miuaxloveT saxes.

saxesTan miaxloebisas xeli sul ufro da ufro

met vizualur vels faravs. Sedegad, SeiZleba

veRar dainaxoT plakati xelis ukan, kedelze.

rogor faravs xeli plakats? xeli gadidda

aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul

xatSi awesrigeben informacias da am informa-

ciis, rogorc samganzomilebiani garesinam-

dviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.

anvixiloT kengis SemTxveva, ro-

melic ekvatoruli afrikis fij-

mis kulturidan iyo. kengs mTeli

cxovreba xSir tropikul tyeebSi

hqonda gatarebuli. erT dRes mas SesaZlebloba

mieca, pirvelad emogzaura manqaniT gaSlil

velze anTropolog kolin tarnbulTan (Colin

Turnbull) erTad. mogvianebiT tarnbulma aRwera

kengis reaqciebi:

kengma gadaxeda velebs da im adgils, sadac

ramdenime milis moSorebiT asiode bizoni Zovda.

man mkiTxa, ra mwerebi iyvnen isini, razedac

vupasuxe, rom isini bizonebi iyvnen, Tanac misTvis

cnobil tyis bizonebze orjer ufro didebi.

kengma xmamaRla gaicina da miTxra, rom es si-

sulele aRar meTqva da kvlav igive kiTxva da-

misva. mere, radgan sakmaod Wkvian kompanionad

ar mimiCnia, TavisTvis laparakobda da cdi-

lobda, bizonebi sxvadasxva WianWvelebisa da

xoWoebisaTvis miemsgavsebina, romlebic mas

manamde enaxa.

amasobaSi manqanaSi CavsxediT da im adgili-

saken daveSviT, sadac cxovelebi Zovdnen. kengi

akvirdeboda, ufro da ufro rogor diddebodnen

isini da, Tumca, yvela fijmelis msgavsad,

Tavadac guladi iyo, mainc CemTan axlos

gadmojda da Caibutbuta, rom es raRac

jadoqroba iyo... bolos, roca kengi mixvda, rom

cxovelebi marTla bizonebi iynen, ukve aRar

eSinoda, Tumca, kvlav afiqrebda, ratom iyvnen

isini ase patarebi, an marTla patarebi iyvnen

da uceb gaizardnen, Tu es yvelaferi raRac

oini iyo (Turnbull 1961, gv. 305).

kengis ambavi sakmaod naTlad gviCvenebs

gamocdilebis gavlenas aRqmaze. radgan kengma

cxovreba tropikul tyeebSi gaatara, mas ar

hqonda saTanado codna, raTa dauyovnebliv moex-

dina sensoruli informaciis _ Sori manZiliT

daSorebuli obieqtebidan TvalebSi areklili

sinaTlis _ interpretacia. am TavSi SeiswavliT,

rogor moqmedebs codna adamianis SesaZleb-

lobebsa da aRqmaze.

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Tu plakati dapataravda? Tqveni pasuxi iqneba:

`ra Tqma unda, ara!~ es magaliTi gviCvenebs

SegrZnebebs da aRqmas Soris gansxvavebas. xeli

imitom faravs plakats, rom saxesTan miaxlo-

ebisas is SedarebiT did gamosaxulebas qmnis

baduraze. es aRqmis procesebia, romlebic, ba-

duraze miRebuli gamosaxulebis zomebis cvli-

lebis miuxedavad, saSualebas gaZlevT gaigoT,

rom xelis da plakatis realuri zomebi ar

icvleba.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqma SegrZnebas aZlevs

azrs. perceptuli procesebi mniSvnelobas iReben

mudmivad cvalebadi, xSirad qaoturi Semavali

sensoruli informaciidan (input) da mas sta-

biluri, mowesrigebuli perceptuli xatebis

saxiT awesrigeben. perceptuli xati aris is, rac

aRqmulia (fenomenologiuri an gancdiTi), aRqmis

procesis Sedegi. is fizikuri sagani an recep-

torSi sagnis xati ki ar aris, aramed perceptuli

aqtivobis fsiqologiuri Sedegia. amrigad, xelis

aRqma, retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis

cvlilebis miuxedavad, ucvleli rCeba, radgan

interpretacia ucvleli perceptuli aqtivobiT

mimdinareobs. umetesad, aRqma da SegrZneba imdenad

Zaldautaneblad, uwyvetad da avtomaturad xdeba,

rom mas TavisTavad procesad miviCnevT. Cveni

mizania, am TavSi gagacnoT procesebi, romlebic

saSualebas gvaZleven, saTanadod avxsnaT samyaro

aseTi aSkara ZaldautaneblobiT. Tavdapirvelad

vizualur sferoSi mimdinare perceptul pro-

cesebs ganvixilavT.

SegrZneba, organizeba,

identificireba da cnoba

termini aRqma, misi farTo mniSvnelobiT,

niSnavs garemoSi sagnebis da movlenebis wvdomis

zogad process, raTa SevigrZnoT isini, gavigoT,

movaxdinoT identifikacia, mivakuTvnoT raime

kategorias da movemzadoT maTze reagirebi-

saTvis. aRqmis procesebis ukeT gagebis mizniT

maT sam safexurad yofen: SegrZneba, perceptuli

organizacia da identifikacia/sagnebis cnoba.

rogorc me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, SegrZneba niSnavs

nervul kodebSi fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas,

romelsac tvini acnobierebs. magaliTad, Segr-

ZnebiT viRebT vizualuri velis Sesaxeb bazisur

monacemebs. baduris ujredebi imgvarad arian

mowyobilni, rom gaarCion sagnis konturebi da

kontrastebi, Tumca, mxolod sustad reagireben

ucvlel, mudmiv stimulirebaze (gaRizianebaze).

tvinis qerqis ujredebi sawyis niSnebs retinis

Semavali informaciidan iReben.

perceptuli organizacia Semdegi safexuria,

rodesac sagnis Sinagani gamosaxuleba formir-

deba da garegani stimulis aRqma yalibdeba.

Sinagani gamosaxuleba gvawvdis samyaros

zedapirul monaxazs. mxedvelobis SemTxvevaSi

perceptuli procesebiT xdeba obieqtis sava-

raudo zomis, formis, moZraobis, daSorebis da

orientaciis Sefaseba. es Sefasebebi efuZneba

goniT gaTvlas, romelic adamianis warsul

codnas mocemul grZnobad realobasa da

stimulTan aerTianebs, misi (stimulis) per-

ceptuli Sinaarsis farglebSi. aRqmisas xdeba

sagnis perceptSi iseTi martivi sensoruli

niSnebis sinTezi (integracia da kombinacia),

rogoricaa sagnis feri, konturebi da xazebi.

sagnis amocnoba Semdgom xdeba. es fsiqikuri

aqtivobebi swrafad da mizanmimarTulad,

gacnobierebis gareSe xorcieldeba.

Aam or safexurs Soris gansxvavebis ufro

naTlad gasagebad ganvixiloT doqtor riCar-

dsis avadmyofobis SemTxveva, romlis tvinis

dazianebam perceptuli procesebi daamaxinja,

Tumca SegrZneba ucvleli darCa.

saidan

viciT

SegrZnebis da perceptuli organizaciis

darRveva

doqtori riCardsi iyo ganaTlebuli

da didi gamocdilebis mqone fsiqologi.

samwuxarod, mas tvinis dazianeba hqonda,

romelmac vizualuri gancdis Secvla

gamoiwvia. rogorc Cans, ar dazianda tvinis

metyvelebis centrebi, ase rom, mas SeeZlo

sakmaod naTlad aRewera Tavisi sakmaod

perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _procesebi, romlebic sensorul informacias aer-

Tianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe vi-

zualur velSi.

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uCveulo vizualuri gamocdileba. mokled

rom vTqvaT, tvinis dazianebam imoqmeda

sensoruli monacemebis sworad gaerTi-

anebis unarze. magaliTad, doqtor ri-

Cardsi aRwerda, rom, Tu igi xedavda rTul

(kompleqsur) obieqts, rogoricaa adamiani

da mis vizualur velSi axlomaxlo kidev

ramdenime adamiani iyo, igi zogjer ada-

mianis nawilebs gancalkevebulad xedavda,

romlebic ar erTiandebodnen erT gamo-

saxulebaSi. mas, aseve, uWirda erTi da

imave movlenis xmisa da gamosaxulebis

gaerTianeba. rodesac vinme mReroda, mas

SeeZlo daenaxa piris moZraoba da gaegona

xma, magram ise, TiTqos xma dublirdeboda

araswori CanaweriT, raime ucxo filmSi.

movlenis nawilebi rom erTianobaSi dae-

naxa, doqtor riCardss sWirdeboda raime

Cveulebrivi faqtori, romelic `webos~

msgavsad imoqmedebda. magaliTad, Tu da-

nawevrebuli adamianis yvela nawili erTi

mimarTulebiT imoZravebda, riCardsi nawi-

lebs kvlav gaerTianebulad, dasru-

lebuli adamianis saxiT aRiqvamda. Tumca,

perceptul ̀ webos~ zogjer SeiZleba raime

absurduli konfiguracia Seeqmna. doqtor

riCardsi erTnairi feris obieqtebs, ro-

goricaa, magaliTad, banani, limoni, kanaris

Citi, gaerTianebulad dainaxavda maSinac

ki, Tu isini sivrceSi gancalkevebulni

iqnebodnen. brboSi adamianebi Serwymulad

moeCveneboda, Tu isini erTnairi feris tan-

sacmelSi iqnebodnen gamowyobilni. doq-

tor riCardsi garemos danawevrebulad,

fragmentulad da ucnaurad ganicdida,

rac absoluturad gansxvavdeboda norma-

luri gancdisagan (Marcel, 1983).

problema doqtor riCardsis TvalebSi ar

iyo, arc stimulis niSnebis analizis unarSi –

igi zustad xedavda sagnis nawilebs da Tvi-

sebebs. misi problema sinTezSi iyo, anu mas ar

SeeZlo sensoruli informaciis nawilebis ise

gaerTianeba, rom mxedvelobis velSi calkeuli

movlena erTianad, TvalsaCinod aReqva. doqtor

riCardsis SemTxveva naTels xdis aRqmasa da

SegrZnebis procesebs Soris gansxvavebas. is,

aseve, giCvenebT, rom sensoruli analizi da

perceptuli organizacia uwyvetad mimdinareobs,

miuxedavad imisa, rom ver acnobierebT maT

moqmedebas.

identifikacia da cnoba am klasifikaciaSi

mesame safexuria, rodesac perceptul xats

mniSvneloba eZleva. mrgvali sagnebi burTebad,

monetebad, saaTebad, forToxlebad an mTvareebad

`gadaiqceva~. adamianebi SeiZleba identifi-

cirdnen qalad an kacad, megobrad an mtrad,

naTesavad an rok-varskvlavad. am etapze per-

ceptuli SekiTxva: ̀ ras hgavs es sagani?~ icvleba

identifikaciis SekiTxviT: `ra aris sagani?~

dabolos, cnobis SekiTxviT: _ `ra aris sagnis

funqcia?~ imisTvis, rom raimes identifikacia

movaxdinoT, vicnoT da gavarkvioT, ra ewodeba

mas, anda rogor SeiZleba vireagiroT masze,

maRali donis kognituri procesebia saWiro,

romlis mimdinareobaze gavlenas axdens Cveni

Teoriebi, mexsiereba, Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi,

obieqtTan dakavSirebuli atitudebi.

amrigad, mokled mimovixileT informaciis

gadamuSavebis safexurebi, romlebic perceptuli

samyaros azriani gagebis saSualebas gvaZleven.

radgan me-4 Tavi SegrZnebebs Seexeboda, am TavSi

met yuradRebas davuTmobT aRqmis aspeqtebs

fizikuri energiis sawyisi transformaciis Sem-

deg. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aRqma sruliad

Zaldautaneblad mimdinareobs. Semdegi qveTavis

dasawyisSi SevecdebiT, dagarwmunoT, rom rea-

lurad sakmaod daxvewil informaciis gadamu-

Savebas, did gonebriv samuSaos asrulebT, raTa

sabolood ̀ siadvilis~ am iluziamde mixvideT.

proqsimaluri da distaluri

stimulebi

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT 5.1.A suraTze

gamosaxuli pirovneba, romelic oTaxs moxer-

xebuli skamidan akvirdeba. oTaxSi moTavsebuli

sagnebidan areklili sinaTlis nawili Tva-

lebamde aRwevs da Tvalis baduraze qmnis gamo-

saxulebebs. suraTi 5.1.B gviCvenebs, Tu ras davi-

naxavdiT oTaxSi yofnisas marcxena TvaliT

(marjvniv CanaWdevi aris Tqveni cxviri, qvemo

identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition)_ perceptuli xatisaTvis azris micemis gzebi.

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kideze ki _ xeli da muxli). ramdenad Seesabameba

retinaluri gamosaxuleba garemos, romelmac

is Seqmna?

erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maT

Soris isaa, rom baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-

leba organzomilebiania maSin, roca Tavad

garemo samganzomilebiania. am gansxvavebas bevri

Sedegi mohyveba. magaliTad, SevadaroT sur. 5.1.A-

ze mocemuli obieqtebis formebi baduraze

miRebuli gamosaxulebebis formebs (sur. 5.1.C).magidas, noxs, fanjaras da suraTs realur

samyaroSi marTkuTxa forma aqvs, magram

retinaluri gamosaxulebebidan mxolod

fanjras aqvs aseTi forma. suraTis xati aris

trapecia, magidis Tavis xati _ arawesieri

oTxkuTxa figura da xaliCis xati, faqtobrivad

_ sami gancalkevebuli regioni ocze meti

gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT! da, kvlav, Cveni

Tavdapirveli perceptuli Tavsatexi _ rogor

aRviqvamT yvela am obieqts, rogorc erTian,

standartul marTkuTxa formis sagnebs?

situacia aq cota ufro rTulia. Tqven, albaT,

SeniSnavT, rom bevri ram, rasac oTaxSi aRiqvamT,

ar aris mocemuli retinalur gamosaxulebebSi.

magaliTad, Tqven aRiqvamT vertikalur zRvars

or kedels Soris, romelic mTel iataks mihyveba,

magram zRvris retinaluri gamosaxuleba magidis

TavTan wydeba; aseve, retinalur gamosaxulebaze

noxis nawilebi magidiTaa dafaruli, Tumca,

miuxedavad amisa, Tqven noxs aRiqvamT, rogorc

erTian, daunawevrebel marTkuTxeds. faqtob-

rivad, rodesac ganixilavT yvela gansxvavebas

garemos obieqtebsa da baduraze maT Sesabamis

gamosaxulebebs Soris, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT,

rom Tqven samyaros amdagvarad aRiqvamT.

samyaroSi fizikur sagansa da baduraze mis

optikur gamosaxulebas Soris gansxvaveba im-

denad didia da mniSvnelovani, rom fsiqologebi

maT aRqmis or gansxvavebul stimulad miiCneven.

rogorc es sur. 5.2-zea mocemuli, garemoSi mo-

cemul fizikur sagans ewodeba distaluri sti-

muli (damkvirveblidan daSorebuli), xolo

baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas _ proqsima-

luri stimuli (damkvirvebelTan axlos).

Cveni msjelobis ZiriTadi azri ufro mka-

fiod SeiZleba Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: risi

aRqmac gvsurs, aris distaluri stimuli –

garemoSi mocemuli `realuri~ sagani, xolo

stimuli, romlidanac informacia unda miviRoT,

aris proqsimaluri stimuli – baduraze miRe-

buli sagnis gamosaxuleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa proqsimalur stimulSi

mocemuli informaciidan distaluri stimulis

gansazRvra. es exeba aRqmis sxvadasxva mo-

dalobas. _ smenas, Sexebas, gemos da a.S. aRqma

moicavs procesebs, romlebic iyeneben proqsi-

maluri stimulebis informacias, raTa mogvawo-

don informacia distaluri stimulis Tvise-

bebze.

rom vnaxoT, distaluri da proqsimaluri

stimulebi rogor ergebian aRqmis me-3 safexurs,

ganvixiloT sur. 5.1-ze gamosaxuli erT-erTi

obieqti, kedelze dakidebuli suraTi. sensorul

safexurze es suraTi Seesabameba baduras

gamosaxulebaze organzomilebian trapecias;

misi zeda da qveda kideebi marjvniv erTmaneTs

uaxlovdebian da marjvena da marcxena kideebi

sxvadasxva sigrZisaa. es proqsimaluri stimulia.

perceptuli organizaciis safexurze am tra-

pecias xedavT, rogorc samganzomilebian sivr-

ceSi gadaxril marTkuTxeds. mis zeda da qveda

kideebs aRiqvamT, rogorc paralelurs, rom-

lebic marjvna mxares daxrilebi arian, marjvena

distaluri stimuli (Distal stimulus) _ proqsimaluri

stimulisagan, anu baduraze optikuri gamo-

saxulebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRqmis procesSi

samyaroSi mocemuli fizikuri sagani.

proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ dis-taluri stimulisagan, anu samyaroSi fizikuri

sagnisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli op-

tikuri gamosaxuleba.

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da marcxena kideebs ki _ tolad. perceptuli

procesebi qmnis hipoTezebs distaluri stimulis

fizikuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg ukve saWiroa

stimulis identifikacia. cnobis etapze am

marTkuTxa obieqtSi amoicnobT suraTs. 5.3suraTze mocemulia blok-sqema, romelic am

movlenebis Tanmimdevrobas gviCvenebs. procesebi,

romelTac informacia erTi safexuridan

meoreze gadaaqvT, blokebs Soris isrebiTaa

gamosaxuli. am TavSi ganvixilavT yvela

interaqcias, romelic naxazzea mocemuli.

realoba, orazrovneba da

iluziebi

aRqmis funqcia ganvsazRvreT, rogorc

proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimulis

identifikacia. am funqciis Sesabamisi percep-

tuli meqanizmebis gacnobamde ganvixiloT

garemoSi mocemuli stimulebis is aspeqtebi,

romlebic aRqmas kompleqsurs xdian. esenia:

orazrovani stimulebi da iluziebi.

orazrovneba

aRqmis ZiriTadi amocana samyaroze zusti

warmodgenis Seqmnaa. swori reaqcia garemoSi

sagnebisa da movlebis zust aRqmazea damo-

suraTi 5.1

retinaluri gamosaxulebebis interpretacia

vizualuri aRqmis mTavari amocanaa proqsimaluri stimulidan

(sagnisagan Seqmnili retinaluri gamosaxuleba) moaxdinos

distaluri stimulis (garemoSi arsebuli realuri sagani)

interpretacia da identifikacia.

suraTi 5.2

distaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi

distaluri stimuli aris garemoSi arsebuli

fizikuri stimuli, proqsimaluri ki _ sensoruli

aqtivobis forma, romelic distaluri stimuliTaa

gansazRvruli, rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi, proqsi-

maluri stimuli SeiZleba hgavdes distalur stimuls,

magram isini gansxvavebuli movlenebi arian.

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kidebuli. magaliTad, xeze moZravi arseba

vefxvia? es yovelTvis advili gasarkvevi ar

aris. daakvirdiT TeTr da Sav laqebs 5.4suraTze. ra figuraa es? SeecadeT stimuli

figura gamoyoT fonidan da dainaxoT mimavali

dalmatineli. ZaRli Zneli dasanaxia, radgan

is ereva fons da konturebic gamokveTili ar

aris (SeniSvna: ZaRli naxatis marjvniv aris, Tavi

centrisaken aqvs mimarTuli). es stimuli

orazrovania, radgan kritikuli informacia

aklia, misi nawilebi uCveulodaa ganlagebuli

da Cveuli struqtura ar Cans. orazrovneba

aRqmis gagebisTvis mniSvnelovani cnebaa. is

gviCvenebs, rom sensorul safexurze mocemuli

calkeuli xati SeiZleba mravalnairad inter-

pretirdes aRqmisa da identifikaciis safe-

xurebze.

5.5 suraTze mocemulia orazrovani figurebis

sami magaliTi. TiToeuli maTganis ornairad

interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. daakvirdiT

TiToeul gamosaxulebas, sanam ar dainaxavT or

alternatiul figuras. aseve, SevniSnavT, rom

mas Semdeg, rac orive figuras dainaxavT,

orazrovani figuris yurebisas am alternativebs

SenacvlebiT (xan erTs, xan meores) aRiqvamT.

orazrovani figurebis es perceptuli labiloba

suraTi 5.3

SegrZnebis, perceptuli

organizaciis da

identifikacia/cnobis

safexurebi

diagrama gviCvenebs procesebs,

romlebic Semosuli informa-

ciis transformacias axdenen

SegrZnebis, perceptuli orga-

nizaciis da identifikacia/cno-

bis safexurebze. aRqmis aRma-

vali procesebi (qvemodan zem-

oT) maSin erTvebian, rodesac

Semosuli sensoruli infor-

maciidan perceptuli gamosa-

xuleba yalibdeba; daRmavali

procesebi (zemodan qvemoT) im

SemTxvevaSi moqmedeben, rodesac

perceptul gamosaxulebaze gav-

lenas axdens warsuli codna,

motivacia da fsiqikuri fun-

qcionirebis sxva aspeqtebi.

orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptu-li obieqti, romelsac SeiZleba erTze meti

interpretacia hqondes.

suraTi 5.4

orazrovani suraTi

ras xedavT suraTze? SeecadeT, dainaxoT mimavali

dalmatineli.

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(arastabiloba) maTi erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-

vnelovani maxasiaTebelia.

larkani/profilebi da nekeris kubi oraz-

rovani figurebis nimuSebia perceptuli orga-

nizaciis safexurze. am erTi da igive figurebs

Tqven orgvarad aRiqvamT. larkani/profilebi

SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc Savi fonis centrSi

moTavsebuli TeTri sagani, an ori Savi sagani

maT Soris gamyofi TeTri sivrciT. nekeris

kubi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc samganzomi-

lebiani carieli kubi an Tqvengan qvemoT da

marcxniv kuTxiT an Tqvengan zemoT marjvniv

kuTxiT. cxadia, kubisa da larnaki/profilebis

orazrovani alternativebi erTi da imave sti-

muli xatiT arian gamowveulni, Tumca sti-

mulebis orazrovnebas samganzomilebian sivr-

ceSi figurebis specifikuri wyoba ganapirobebs.

kurdReli/ixvi figura orazrovnebis nimuSia

cnobis etapze. orive SemTxvevaSi is erTi da

igive fizikur figurad aRiqmeba. Tumca, vinaidan

figura Sereuli tipis informacias moicavs,

SesaZlo alternativebis gamoyofa da klasi-

fikacia mis orazrovnebas iwvevs.

bevrma gamoCenilma mxatvarma gamoiyena aRqmis

orazrovneba, rogorc mniSvnelovani Semoq-

medebiTi saSualeba Tavis namuSevrebSi. maga-

liTad, salvador dalis monaTa bazari vol-

teris uCinari biustiT (ix. sur. 5.6). es namuSevari

kompleqsur orazrovnebas gviCvenebs. suraTis

mTeli nawili radikalurad gansxavevebulad

unda interpretirdes, raTa davinaxoT frangi

filosofosis volteris `dafaruli~ biusti.

TeTri ca qveda TaRis qveS volteris Subli da

Tmaa. ori qalbatonis kabis TeTri nawili _

misi loyebi, cxviri da nikapia. rogorc ki

dainaxavT volteris biusts dalis am suraTze,

gagiCndebaT survili imis codnisa, Tu sadaa

frangi filosofosis figura damaluli.

normaluri aRqmis erT-erTi yvelaze funda-

menturi Tvisebaa garemos orazrovnebis da

gaurkvevlobis naTeli interpretaciiT Secvla,

raTa Tavdajerebuli moqmedeba SevZloT. cvli-

lebebiTa da aramdgradobiT savse samyaroSi

perceptuli sistema unda akmayofilebdes

mdgradobis da stabilobis miRwevis moTxov-

nilebas.

suraTi 5.5

perceptuli orazrovneba

TiToeuli nimuSis orgvari interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli, magram orives erTdroulad gancda ar

SegiZliaT. amCnevT, rogor enacvlebian es SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs?

suraTi 5.6

orazrovneba mxatvrobaSi

salvador dalis am naxats ewodeba `monaTa bazari

volteris uCinari biustiT~. xedavT volters? dali

erT-erTi im Tanamedrove mxatvarTagania, romlebmac

Tavis namuSevrebSi orazrovneba gamoiyenes.

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iluziebi

orazrovani stimulebi perceptul sistemebs

rTul amocanas uyeneben _ ramdenime SesaZleb-

lobidan amoicnon erTi unikaluri figura.

orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciis siswore

an simcdare, Ceveulebriv, konteqstzea damo-

kidebuli. rodesac perceptuli sistema sti-

mulis struqturas mkveTrad amaxinjebs da

cvlis, Tqven iluzias ganicdiT.

sityva `iluzia~-s igive fuZe aqvs, rac `Seu-

sabamo~-s, ̀ uazro~-s, ̀ sasacilo~-s (ludicrous). ori-

ve warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan illudere, rac

naSnavs dacinvas, masxrad agdebas. erTnair

iluziebs ganicdis adamianTa umetesoba erTsa

da imave perceptul situaciaSi, sensoruli

sistemis msgavsi fiziologiis da samyaroSi

sagnebis msgavsad gancdis gamo (rogorc me-6

TavSi vnaxavT, iluziebi gansxvavdeba haluci-

naciebisagan halucinacia aris aragavrcelebuli

suraTi 5.7

xuTi iluzia gonebis savarjiSo

TiToeuli nimuSi gviCvenebs aRqmis iluziebis gamomwvev pirobebs. mkvlevrebi xSirad iyeneben iluziebs

TavianTi Teoriebis Sesamowmeblad. es Teoriebi xsnian, perceptul sistemebSi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, sakmaod

zustad muSaoben, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi rogor warmoiqmneba iluziebi.

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perceptuli damaxinjeba, rac adamianis uCveulo

fizikuri an fsiqikuri mdgomareobiTaa gamowve-

uli). ganvixiloT 5.7 suraTze warmodgenili

klasikuri iluziebi, Tumca, CvenTvis ufro ad-

vilia, vizualuri iluziebis ganxilva. iluzi-

ebi arsebobs sxva iseT sensorul modalobebSic,

rogoricaa smena (Bregman 1981; Saberi 1966; Shepard

& Jordan,1984) da gemo (Todrank & Bartoslu, 1991).

mas Semdeg, rac 1854-55 wels j. opelma (J.J.Oppel)iluziebis pirveli mecnieruli analizi gamo-

aqveyna, aTasobiT statia daiwera iluziebze

bunebaSi, SegrZnebebSi, aRqmasa da xelovnebaSi.

opelis mokrZalebuli wvlili iluziebis Ses-

wavlaSi iyo xazebis ubralo rigi, romelic

ufro grZeli Canda, roca segmentebad iyo da-

yofili (varianti a), vidre maSin, roca mxolod

bolo xazebi iyo mocemuli (varianti b).

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a)

| | (b)

opelma Tavis naSroms geometriuli optikuri

iluziebis Seswavla uwoda. iluziebi miuTiTebs

perceptul xatsa da realobas Soris gan-

sxvavebaze. maT SeiZleba gviCvenon abstraqtuli

konceptualuri gansxvaveba SegrZnebebs, per

ceptul organizacias da identifikacias Soris

da dagvexmaron aRqmis garkveuli fundamenturi

Tvisebebis gagebaSi.

mkvlevrebi xSirad igoneben axal iluziebs

an iyeneben Zvels, raTa perceptuli gadamuSavebis

mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gviCvenon. ganvi-

xiloT miuler-laieris iluziis sxvadasxva

versia, romelic 5.8 suraTzea mocemuli. versia

A pirvelad franc miuler-laierma (Muller-Lyer)

1889 wels ganixila naSromSi optikuri ilu-

ziebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi versiebi miulerma da

misma kolegebma 1900 wlamde Seqmnes. TiToeul

SemTxvevaSi monakveTebis sigrZe (an B versiaSikuTxeebis wveroebs Soris manZili) Tanabaria.

adamianebs xSirad ukvirT es faqti, Tqven ki

gadasamowmeblad SegiZliaT gazomoT. imis miu-

xedavad, rom es iluzia sakmaod didi xnis

winaa aRmoCenili da mkvlevrebmac mravaljer

suraTi 5.8

miuler-laieris iluziis variaciebi

miuler-laieris iluziis yvela mocemuli variacia 1900 wlamde Seiqmna. aRiqvamT

sigrZeebs Soris gansxvavebas TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? aRqmis mkvlevrebma iluziebis

axsna Teoriebis SeqmniT scades.

iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda,

romelic aSkarad mcdaria, Tumca, igives ganic-

dian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul gare-

moSi.

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scades axsna, misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb Teoriebi

icvleba (Green & Nelson, 1997). misi simtkice, racufro didi sigrZis iluziis advilad SeqmnaSi

gamoixateba, vizualuri gadamuSavebis sferoSi

Teoretikosebs axal problemebs uqmnis. es

magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom iluziebi ubralod

ucnauroba ar aris. isini fsiqologiuri Teo-

riebisaTvis mniSvnelovan monacemebs iZlevian.

amrigad, mkvlevrebs mxolod iluziebi ki ar

ainteresebT, aramed im garemoebebis Seswavlac,

romlebSic aRqma samyaroze zust informacias

iZleva.

ai, saukunis dasawyisis te-

leSouebisa da filmebisTvis

tipuri siuJeti: qali da mama-

kaci personaJebi xvdebian ko-

mpiuteriT Seqmnil virtualur

samyaroSi, rasac dramatuli

Sedegebi mosdevs. magaliTad,

`matricaSi~ (Tu filmi ar

gaqvT nanaxi, azri ara aqvs

Semdegi winadadebis wakiTxvas)

mTavari personaJi aRmoaCens,

rom yvelaferi , rac

`realurad~ miaCnia, sinam-

dvileSi superkompiuterebis

mier Seqmnili detalurad

damuSavebuli virtualuri

realobaa da es superkompiu-

terebi akontroleben pla-

netas. sabednierod, CvenTvis

xelmisawvdomi virtualuri

realobis versiebi jerjero-

biT sakmaod uwyinaria _ Cven

sakmaod iolad SegviZlia vir-

tualuri garemosgan Tavis

daRweva atraqcionebsa da ga-

sarTob centrebSi. virtua-

luri realobis gancdis xa-

risxis gaumjobeseba xSirad

damokidebulia mkvlevrebis

unarze, Seqmnan perceptuli

sistemis SecdomaSi Sesayvani

axali saSualebebi. virtua-

luri realobis Semqmnelebi

cdiloben, perceptuli pro-

cesebis mniSvnelovani kvleve-

bidan miRebuli codna sru-

liad axali samyaros cxovel

gancdebSi gadmoitanon.

mravali virtualuri rea-

lobis sistemis mizani monawi-

leTaTvis virtualur samya-

roSi yofnis gancdis Seqmnaa.

yofna ramdenime ganzomilebaze

ganisazRvreba, maT Soris aris

monawilis CarTva socialurad

mdidar an interaqciul ambavSi

(Lombard & Ditton, 1997), Tumca,

aRqmis TvalsazrisiT, vir-

tualur samyaroSi yofnis

SegrZneba, rogorc wesi, damo-

kidebulia virtualur sam-

yaroSi CaZirvaze, rac percep-

tulad realurad aRiqmeba.

bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma

daiwyes im perceptuli infor-

maciis sistematuri Seswavla,

romelic saWiroa virtualur

samyaroSi TiTqmis srulyo-

filad yofnis uzrunvelsa-

yofad. yofnis Sesafaseblad

mkvlevrebi xSirad zomaven, ram-

denad kargad SeuZlia adamians

amocanis Sesruleba sxvadasxva

perceptuli konfiguraciis mqo-

ne virtualur samyaroSi (Nashet al., 2000; Nichols et al., 2000).

ganvixiloT proeqti, romel-

Sic ikvlies vizualuri gamosa-

xulebis zemoqmedeba simula-

torSi manqanis marTvis unarze.

am amocanas mkvlevrebma gzis sa-

vali nawilis SenarCuneba (lanekeeping ) uwodes (Kappe et al., 1999).monawileebi ukeT inarCunebdnen

gzis saval nawils, rodesac

ekrani perceptuli gada-

muSavebisaTvis saintereso

realur samyaroseul monacemebs

iZleoda. gavixsenoT, rom

realuri samyaros gancdisas

informacias iRebT rogorc

yuradRebis centridan, ise _

periferiidan. sainteresoa,

rogor xdeba es virtualur

samyaroSi? mkvlevrebma aRmoa-

Cines, rom monawileebi ukeT

inarCunebdnen gzis saval na-

wils, rodesac ekrani perife-

riul informacias iZleoda,

Tumca, ar iyo saWiro, rom es

periferiuli informacia, rea-

luri samyaros gancdis analo-

giurad, Zalze detaluri

yofiliyo. es aRmoCenebi

vizualuri ekranebis

dizainisTvis mniSvnelovan

informacias iZleva. am tipis

eqsperimenti gvarwmunebs, rom

mxolod vizualuri velis

centri saWiroebs Zlier deta-

lizacias. periferiuli in-

formacia mniSvnelovania, mag-

ram misi Sevseba SeiZleba glo-

baluri vizualuri struq-

turiT.

ueWvelia, rom ramdenime we-

liwadSi virtualuri samyaro

kidev ufro mimzidveli gax-

deba _ mkvlevrebsa da gamom-

goneblebs ukeT ecodinebaT,

rogor daarwmunon Tqveni

perceptuli sistemebi

kompiuteriT Seqmnili samya-

ros `realurobaSi~.

Web siteswww.hitl.washington.ed/

projects/knowlege-base/onthenet. html,(veb-gverdi, romelic vir-

tualur realobaze moicavs

monacemebs)

www.vrs.org.uk (virtualu-

ri sazogadoebis veb-gverdi)

virtualuri realoba

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

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iluziebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli nawilia.

ganvixiloT Cveni planeta `dedamiwis~ yovel-

dRiuri gamocdileba~ . Tqven xedavT

mzis `amosvlas~ da `Casvlas~, Tumca iciT, rom

mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTav-

sebuli. albaT, gasagebia, ratom iyo udidesi

simamacis gamovlena qristefore kolumbis da

sxva zRvaosnebis mxridan, rom uareyoT

dedamiwis sibrtyelis aSkara iluzia da misi

erT-erTi kidisaken gaecuraT. aseve, roca savse

mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda

waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT, Tumca, iciT, rom es

ase ara aris. esec iluziaa, romlsac Tqven

Tvalebsa da mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi

manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridan

areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis

mimarTulebis mimarT ZiriTadad paraleluri

da perpendikularuli rCeba, mniSvneloba ara

aqvs, Tu sad midixarT.

adamianebs SeuZliaT iluziebis kontroli

sasurveli efeqtebis misaRwevad. arqiteqtorebi

da interieris dizainrebi aRqmis principebs

iyeneben sivrceSi sagnebis Sesaqmnelad, rom-

lebic maT realur zomebze ufro didad an

mcired gamoiyurebian. mcire zomis bina ufro

farTod gamoCndeba, Tu mas naTeli ferebiT

SeRebaven, avejiT ar gadatvirTaven da patara

dabal taxtebs, skamebs da magidebs kedlis

gaswvriv ki ar ganalageben, aramed _ oTaxis

centrSi. nasaSi (NASA) sivrciT programebSi

momuSave fsiqologebma aRqmaze garemos gavlena

gamoikvlies, raTa kosmosuri xomaldis Sida

sivrce ise moewyoT, rom mas sasiamovno

sensoruli Tvisebebi hqonoda. dekoraciebisa

da ganaTebis reJisorebi kinosa da Teatralur

xelovnebaSi ganzrax qmnian iluziebs filmebsa

da scenaze. am iluziebidan zogi ufro sasur-

velia, vidre sxvebi. Cven, Cveulebriv, mogvwons

kargad mowyobili garemo. mkvlevrebi swored

imitom ikvleven iluziebs, rom ukeT axsnan

aRqmis moqmedebis kanonzomiereba. iluziebi ki,

Tavis mxriv, gvarwmuneben, rom perceptuli

sistemebiT yovelTvis srulyofilad ver miiReba

proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimuli.

aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi

Tqven ukve gaecaniT aRqmis ramdenime arsebiT

kiTxvas: rogor aRadgens perceptuli sistema

informacias garemos struqturis Sesaxeb?

rogor xdeba perceptuli orazrovnebis

problemis gadaWra? ratom Cndeba iluziebi? am

kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemamde, saWiroa ukeT

gaverkveT im TeoriebSi, romelTac mniSvnelovani

adgili ukaviaT aRqmis kvlevaSi.

am Teoriebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis

danaxva SesaZlebelia me-3 TavSi, sadac saubaria

Tandayolilis (nativizmis) da SeZenilis

(empirizmis) urTierTgamijvnaze. sakiTxi ase dgas:

ra raodenobis sawyisi SesaZleblobebis

matarebelia Tqveni genotipi. rogorc nativistma

SeiZleba amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi garkveuli

tipis Sinagani codniT an tvinis struqturebiT

SedixarT, romelic samyaros interpretaciaSi

gexmarebaT; an, rogorc empiristma, SeiZleba

amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi SedixarT, rogorc

sufTa dafa, mzad imisaTvis rom SeiswavloT

perceptuli samyaro. Tanamedrove Teoritikosebis

umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom samyaros

gancdisTvis mniSvnelovania Tandayolilisa da

SeZenilis kombinacia, Tumca, vnaxavT, rom isini

ver Tanxmdebian am kombinaciis balansze.

helmholcis klasikuri Teoria

1866 wels herman fon helmholci (Hermann von

Helmholtz) aRqmaSi gamocdilebis, anu SeZenilis

mniSvnelovnebis pozicias icavda. misi Teoriis

mixedviT, nervul sistemaze moqmedi, xSirad

orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciisas

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba fsiqikur procesebs

eniWeba. garemos Sesaxeb warsulSi miRebuli

codnis safuZvelze damkvirvebeli qmnis hipo-

Tezebs, anu varaudebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogoria

esa Tu is sagani sinamdvileSi. magaliTad, tyeSi

moulodnelad danaxul oTxfexa arsebas, albaT,

ZaRlad ufro miiCnevT, vidre _ mglad. amdenad,

aRqma induqciuri procesia – konkretuli, sava-

raudo kerZo xatidan daskvnis gakeTeba sagnebis

an movlenebis zogad klasze xdeba, romelsac

SeiZleba es konkretuli xati miekuTvnebodes.

radgan es procesi cnobierebis monawileobis

gareSe mimdinareobs, helmholcma mas aracno-

bieri daskvna (unconscious inference) uwoda. es

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daskvniTi procesi, Cveulebriv, zustad

muSaobs, Tumca, SeiZleba perceptuli iluziebi

warmoiqmnas, rodesac uCveulo garemoeba erTi

da igive stimulis mravalnairi interpretaciis

saSualebas iZleva, an, rodesac axlis nacvlad

Zveli da nacnobi gziT xdeba interpretacia.

helmholcis Teoria aRqmas or etapad yofs.

pirvel, analitikur etapze grZnobis organoebi

fundamenturi SegrZnebebis doneze axdenen

samyaros analizs; meore, sinTezis, safexurze

xdeba am sensoruli elementebis gaerTianeba

da sinTezireba obieqtebis da maTi Tvisebebis

aRqmis saxiT. helmholcis Teoriis mixedviT,

Cven SegrZnebebis interpretacias garemodan

miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze vaxdenT.

Cveni interpretaciebi, faqtobrivad, Cveni

percepciis (aRqmis) Sesaxeb informirebul vara-

udebs warmoadgens.

geStaltmidgoma

geStaltfsiqologia, romelic XX saukunis

II naxevarSi germaniaSi Camoyalibda, did

yuradRebas uTmobda perceptul gamocdilebaSi

Tandayolili struqturebis rols. geStalt-

fsiqologiis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi:

kurt kofka (Kurt Koffka, 1935), volfgang keleri

(Wolfgang Kohler, 1947) da maqs verThaimeri (Max

Wertheimer, 1923) amtkicebdnen, rom fsiqologiuri

fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris SesaZle-

beli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul

mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT

primitiul, martiv perceptul elementebad.

germanuli termini geStalti miaxloebiT

`formas~, ̀ mTlians~, ̀ konfiguracias~ an ̀ arss~

niSnavs. geStaltistebma uaryves fsiqologiaSi

arsebuli atomisturi Tvalsazrisi. isini amtki-

cebdnen, rom mTeli gacilebiT metia, vidre

misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri jami. magali-

Tad, roca musikas vusmenT, mTlian melodias

aRviqvamT, miuxedavad imisa, rom is calkeuli

bgerebisagan Sedgeba. geStaltfsiqologiis

mixedviT, samyaros holsturi aRqmis Camoya-

libeba ganpirobebulia Tavis tvinis qerqis

(korteqsis) funqcionirebis TaviseburebiT. Cven

CvenTvis Cveuli gziT imitom vawesrigebT sen-

sorul informacias, rom es Semomavali

sensoruli informaciis organizebis umar-

tivesi da yvelaze ekonomiuri gzaa, tvinis

struqturidan da fiziologiidan gamomdinare

(Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT geStaltistebis

mier SemoTavazebul, perceptuli organizaciis

magaliTebs).

gibsonis ekologiuri optika

jeims gibsonma (James Gibson, 1966, 1979) da

elinor gibsonma (Eleanor Gibson) aRqmisadmi

Zalze mniSvnelovani midgoma SemogvTavazes.

gibsoni aRqmas organizmis struqturis Sedegad

ki ar miiCnevda, aramed fiqrobda, rom misi

ukeT gageba uSualo garemos (anu misi ekolo-

giis) analiziT iyo SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi

avtoris TqmiT, gibsonis midgoma aseTi iyo:

`ar ikiTxoT, ra aris Tqvens TavSi, ikiTxeT _

ris SigniTaa Tqveni Tavi~ (Mace, 1977). gibsonis

ekologiuri optikis Teoria garegani stimu-

lebis Tvisebebs ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda,

vidre im meqanizmebs, romliTac am stimulebis

aRqma xdeba. es midgoma radikalurad gan-

sxvavdeboda manamde arsebuli yvela Teo-

riisgan. gibsonis koncefciaSi aRqma gagebulia,

rogorc garemos aqtiuri gamokvleva. rodesac

damkvirvebeli garemoSi moZraobs, baduraze

stimulaciis paterni mudmivad icvleba drosa

da sivrceSi. ekologiuri optikis Teoria

cdilobda, ganesazRvra garemos Sesaxeb is

informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneboda

moZravi damkvirveblis TvalisaTvis. gibsonis

mimdevari Teoritikosebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom

perceptuli sistemebi ganuviTardaT organiz-

mebs, romlebic rTul da cvalebad garemoSi

aqtiurebi iyvnen _ moipovebdnen sakvebs, wyals,

aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helm-

holcis termini, romelic gacnobierebis gareSe

mimdinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.

geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqo-logiuri skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom fsiqo-

logiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris

SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul

mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT pro-

mitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.

ekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecologicaloptics) _ aRqmis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams

sastimulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da

aRqmas garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.

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mewyvilesa da TavSesafars (Gibson, 1979; Greeno,1994; Nakayama, 1994).

gibsonis mixedviT, kiTxvaze _ `rogor swav-

lob garemos?~ pasuxi sakmaod advilia. Tqven

garemodan pirdapir iRebT informacias senso-

ruli informaciis invariantuli anu stabi-

luri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi araa

saWiro perceptuli daskvnis maRali donis

sistemebis hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna _

aRqma pirdapir, uSualod xdeba. miuxedavad

imisa, rom garemoSi arsebuli TiToeuli sagnis

retinaluri zoma da forma icvleba damkvir-

veblidan sagnis daSorebulobisa da xedvis

kuTxis mixedviT, cvlilebebi SemTxveviTi ar

aris. metic, es cvlilebebi sistematuria da

sagnidan areklili sinaTlis ZiriTadi Tvi-

sebebi ar icvleba (invariantulia) aRqmis

kuTxisa da daSorebis aseTi cvlilebis piro-

bebSic ki. vizualuri sistema isea mowyobili,

rom amCnevs am invariantulobas. adamianebi iseT

garemoSi viTardebodnen, sadac swored inva-

riantobis aRqmas hqonda sasicocxlo mniS-

vneloba.

amrigad, Tqven ukve gaecaniT im Teoriebs,

romlebic mkvlevrebma perceptuli procesebis

asaxsnelad Seqmnes. am procesebis gacnobamde

ganvixiloT, rogor xdeba samyaroSi xel-

misawvdomi informaciis mcire nawilis SerCeva

da misTvis yuradRebis mipyroba.

Sejameba

aRqmis mTliani procesi SeiZleba sam safe-

xurad daiyos: SegrZneba, perceptuli organi-

zacia da identifikacia/cnoba. vizualuri

aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa distaluri stimulis

(garemoSi arsebuli realuri obieqtis) identi-

fikacia da interpretacia, proqsimaluri

stimulidan (obieqtis retinaluri gamosaxule-

bidan) miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze.

orazrovan figurebs mxolod erTi interpre-

tacia aqvs sensorul doneze, mravali SesaZlo

interpretacia ki _ organizaciis da identifi-

kaciis doneze. iluziebi SezRudvebs uqmnian

perceptuli procesebis Sesaxeb Teoriebs.

aRqmis Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, Tanxmdebian

imaze, rom perceptuli unari Tandayolili da

SeZenili procesebis Sedegia, Tumca, ver Tan-

xmdebian maT Soris balansze. helmholci xazs

usvamda gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnebas da

varaudobda, rom aRqmis didi nawili ara-

cnobier daskvnas efuZneboda. geStalt-midgoma

aRniSnavda, rom perceptuli gamocdileba

ganxilul unda yofiliyo, rogorc mTeli da

aRqmaSi Tandayolili procesebis rols uWerda

mxars; jeims gibsoniseuli midgoma ki xazs

usvamda damkvirveblis, rogorc aqtiuri

subieqtis rols da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda

garemodan wamosul invariantul informacias.

yuradRebis procesebi

SeecadeT, Tqvens irgvliv aRmoaCinoT aTi

ram, romelic am momentamde ar SegimCneviaT.

SeamCnieT laqa kedelze? saaTis wikwiki? Tu

garemos Zalze yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT,

aRmovaCenT, rom aTasobiT sagania irgvliv,

romlisTvisac yuradRebis miqceva SeiZleboda.

zogadad, rac metad mivaqcevT yuradRebas sagns

Tu movlenas, metis aRqmasa da gagebas SevZlebT

masze. amitom aris yuradReba aRmis Seswav-

lisas mniSvnelovani Tema. yuradRebis fokusi

gansazRvravs, ra tipis informacia iqneba yve-

laze xelmisawvdomi perceptuli procese-

yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli

informaciis romelime nawilze cnobierebis

fokusireba.

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bisaTvis. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mkvlevrebi

Seecadnen gaerkviaT, Tu garemodan momdinare

ra tipis stimulebs eqceva Cveni yuradReba

da ra wvlili Seaqvs yuradRebas stimulebis

gancdaSi. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, rogor

funqcionirebs yuradReba seleqciurad, raTa

garemoSi garkveul sagnebsa da movlenebs meti

mniSvnelovneba mianiWos.

seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba

am qveTavis dasawyisSi gTxoveT, yuradReba

migeqciaT ramdenime sagnisaTvis, romlebic

manamde ar SegimCneviaT. es eqsperimenti gviCve-

nebs yuradRebis mniSvnelovan funqcias, rac

Semavali sensoruli masalis garkveuli nawilis

SerCevaSi gamoixateba. es nawili Semdeg gada-

muSavdeba. vnaxoT, rogor virCevT, samyaros ro-

mel nawils (subset) mivaqcioT yuradReba da raSedegi mosdevs am gadawyvetilebas CvenTvis io-

lad xelmisawvdomi informaciis TvalsazrisiT.

yuradRebis faqtorebi

rogor virCevT sagnebs, romlebic Cveni

yuradRebis centrSi eqcevian? am kiTxvaze pasuxs

ori komponenti aqvs. maT mizniT marTul seleq-

cias (goal-derected) da stimuliT gamowveul

yuradRebis mipyrobas (stimulus-driven capture)uwodeben1 (Jantis, 1993). mizniT marTuli SerCevi-

sas Tqveni miznebidan gamomdinare irCevT, Tu

romel obieqts miaqcioT yuradReba. cxadia, rom

SegiZliaT eqspliciturad airCioT calkeuli

obieqtebi Sesaswavlad. stimuliT gamowveuli

SerCeva maSin xdeba, rodesac stimulis _

garemoSi arsebuli obieqtebis _ maxasiaTeblebi

TavisTavad, avtomaturad iqceven yuradRebas,

Tqveni, rogorc damkvirveblis, miznebisagan

damoukideblad. stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva

iqneba, magaliTad, Tu saWesTan mjdomi SuqniSanze

gaCerdebiT da ocnebebSi waxvalT; SuqniSnis

moulodneli cvlileba _ wiTeli Suqidan

mwvaneze _ gansakuTrebuli koncentraciis

gareSec miiqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas.

sainteresoa, ra kavSiria am or process

Soris. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom garkveul pi-

robebSi mainc, stimuliT gamowveuli yuradReba

Warbobs mizniT marTul seleqcias.

saidan

viciT

konkurencia procesebs Soris, romlebic

yuradRebis fokusirebasac gansazRvraven

mkvlevrebma Seqmnes vizualuri ekranebi,

romlebic mizniT marTul SerCevasa da

stimuliT gamowveul yuradRebas konku-

renciul pirobebSi ayenebdnen (Theeuwes et

al., 1998). rogorc 5.9 suraTis A nawilzea

mocemuli, eqsperimentis TiToeuli sinjis

dasawyisSi cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen vi-

zualur ekrans, romelzedac mocemuli

iyo 6 nacrisferi wre SigniT Cawerili

cifriT 8. erTi wamis Semdeg ekrani icv-

leboda. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc

B nawilzea mocemuli, erTi wris garda

yvela wre wiTeli feris gaxda. cdis

pirebis amocana iyo, SeexedaT darCenili

nacrisferi wrisTvis da eTqvaT, masSi

Cveulebrivi C ewera, Tu Sebrunebuli. cdis

pirebi am amocanis Sesrulebisas mizniT

marTul SerCevas iyenebdnen. maT ganzrax,

mizanmimarTulad gadahqondaT yuradReba

darCenil nacrisfer wreze. axla ganvixi-

loT 5.9 suraTis C nawili. am SemTxvevaSi,

romelic cdebis meore naxevars war-

moadgens, vizualur mwkrivs axali ele-

menti daemata _ wiTeli wre. axali

obieqtebi im saxis stimulebs miekuTvneba,

romlebic, Cveulebriv, stimuliT gamow-

1 qarTul fsiqologiaSi: aRqmis subieqturi da

obieqturi faqtorebi (redaqtoris SeniSvna).

mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection)_ gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom ir-

Ceven Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac

nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva

adamianis miznebidan gamomdinare xdeba.

stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba

(Stimulus-driven capture) _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu

adamianebi ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali

informaciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSa-

vebisaTvis; xdeba maSin, rodesac stimulebis

niSnebi (sagnebi garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben

yuradRebas, adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damou-

kideblad.

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veul SerCevas iwveven. Cveulebriv piro-

bebSi mosalodneli iqneboda, rom cdis

pirebi mzeras am axal obieqtze gadai-

tandnen, Tumca, am konkretul eqsperimentSi

maT es ar moeTxovebodaT. maT isev

sTxovdnen, daefiqsirebinaT mxolod erTi

nacrisferi wris Sinaarsi. Dda ra xde-

boda? cdis pirebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas

wiTel wres? faqtobrivad, umetes Sem-

TxvevaSi axali obieqti avtomaturad

iqcevda cdis pirTa yuradRebas, miuxedavad

imisa, rom is sruliad ar Seesabameboda

eqsperimentatoris mier maTTvis dasaxul

mizans.

es fenomeni SeiZleba stimuliT gamowveul

SerCevad miviCnioT, radgan is aRmqmelis miznebis

sapirispirod moqmedebs. cxadia, monawileebi

ukeT Seasrulebdnen amocanas, Tu yuradRebas

ar miaqcevdnen wiTel wres, magram maTi ig-

norireba SeuZlebelia (miuxedavad imisa, rom

monawileebs TiTqmis yovelTvis urCevniaT, rac

SeiZleba kargad Seasrulon mkvlevris mier

dasaxuli amocana). mniSvnelovani zogadi daskvna

isaa, rom Cveni perceptuli sistema isea

mowyobili, rom yuradReba avtomaturad eqceva

garemoSi gamoCenil axal sagnebs (Yantis & Jonides,

1996).

yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia

Tu Tqven SerCeviTad miaqcieT yuradReba

perceptuli ekranis romelime nawils, sakuTari

miznebidan an stimulis Tvisebebidan gamom-

dinare, ra bedi eweva yuradRebis miRma darCenil

informacias? warmoidgineT, rom usmenT leqcias,

Tqvengan orive mxares ki adamianebi saubroben.

rogor SeZlebT mihyveT leqciis Sinaarss? ra

gesmiT saubridan? SeiZleba rame iseTs mokraT

yuri romelime saubris SinaarsSi, rac leq-

ciidan Tqveni yuradRebis gadanacvlebas

gamoiwvevs?

am kiTxvebiT pirvelad ronald broudbenTi

(Ronald Brodbent, 1958) dainteresda. igi tvins sako-munikacio arxs _ telefonis xazs an kompiuteris

kavSirebs _ adarebda, romelic aqtiurad

gadaamuSavebs da gadascems informacias. broud-

benTis Teoriis mixedviT, tvins, rogorc sako-

munikacio arxs, informaciis sruli gadamuSa-

vebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba aqvs. amis gamo

saWiroa, rom yuradRebam mkacrad daareguliros

Semavali sensoruli informaciis cnobierebaSi

gadasvla. yuradReba aviwroebs kognitur sis-

temaSi Semavali informaciis nakads, filtravs

garkveul nawils da danarCen informacias

Semdeg safexurze uSvebs. yuradRebis filtris

Teoria (filter theory) amtkicebs, rom Semomavali

informaciis seleqcia misi mniSvnelobis wvdo-

mamde xdeba.

filtris Teoriis Sesamowmeblad mkvlev-

rebma laboratoriaSi Seqmnes realuri cxov-

rebiseuli situacia, sadac Semomavali infor-

maciis mravali wyaro gvaqvs. amisaTvis maT

gamoiyenes dixotomiuri mosmenis meTodi. am

eqsperimentSi monawileebs ukeTiaT yursas-

suraTi 5.9

yuradRebis gamomwvevi procesebi

am eqsperimentis TiToeuli seriis dasawyisSi, cdis

pirebi uyurebdnen ekrans, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo

eqvsi nacrisferi wre (nawili A). rodesac ekrani

icvleboda, cdis pirebis amocana iyo, eTqvaT, darCenil

nacrisfer wreSi rogori C iyo Cawerili. seriis

naxevarSi ekranze ar iyo axali obieqtebi (nawili B),meore naxevarSi ki _ iyo (nawili C). miuxedavad imisa,rom cdis pirebis amocana iyo erTi nacrisferi wrisTvis

yuradRebis miqceva, axali obieqti gamoCenisTanave

avtomaturad ipyrobda maT yuradRebas.

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menebi, romelSic erTdroulad usmenen or

Caweril informacias. TiToeul yurSi

gansxvavebuli informacia miewodebaT.

monawileebs eZlevaT instruqcia,

eqsperimentators gadascen mxolod erT-erTi

Setyobineba da ar mousminon meore yurSi

miwodebul informacias. am proceduras

uwodeben yuradRebamiqceuli informaciis

daCrdilvas (ix. sur. 5.10).

filtris Teoriis mosazreba eWvqveS dadga,

rodesac aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi msmeneli

ixsenebda iseT momentebs, romelTa gaxsenebasac

ver SeZlebda, yuradRebas mTlianad rom

gaefiltra ignorirebuli masala (Cherry, 1953).

sanimuSod ganvixiloT sakuTari saxelis maga-

liTi. adamianebi xSirad amboben, rom yuri mok-

res sakuTar saxels xmaurian oTaxSi maSinac

ki, roca isini sxva saubarSi iyvnen CarTulni.

amas koqteilis wveulebis fenomens (cocktail partyphenomenon) uwodeben.

saidan

viciT

gvWirdeba Tu ara yuradReba sakuTari

saxelis gasagonad?

cdis pirebi erTdroulad ismendnen ori

adamianis xmas, romlebic erTmarcvliani

sityvebis mwkrivs kiTxulobdnen. maT

sTxovdnen, yuradReba mieqciaT mxolod

marjvena yurSi miwodebuli infor-

maciisaTvis da sityvebi maqsimalurad

zustad gaemeorebinaT. eqsperimentis mim-

dinareobis garkveul momentSi TiToeul

monawiles (sakontrolo jgufis garda)

sxva sityvebTan erTad asmeninebdnen sa-

kuTar saxels im yurSi, romelSic mowo-

debuli informaciisTvis yuradReba ar

unda mieqciaT. sainteresoa, gaigones Tu

ar maT sakuTari saxelebi? cdis pirTa

daaxloebiT 1/3-ma (34%-ma), romelsac

saxels ukiTxavdnen, gaigona sakuTari

saxeli, Tumca maT ver gaigones verc erTi

sxva saxeli iseve, rogorc sakontrolo

jgufis cdis pirebma (romelTac saxelebs

ar ukiTxavdnen). garda amisa, damCrdilavi

qmedebis (shadowing performance) gamo, mona-

wileebi, romlebmac sakuTari saxeli gai-

gones (da mxolod es jgufi), saxelis ga-

gonebis Semdeg maSinve ferxdebodnen (Wood& Cowan, 1995a).

es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sakuTari saxeli

aucileblobiT ar iqcevs yuradRebas, vinaidan

msmenelTa 2/3-ma ver gaigona is. miuxedevad amisa,

Sedegebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom mainc xdeba

ignorirebuli arxis garkveulwilad gaazre-

buli analizi – sxva SemTxvevaSi msmenelTa 1/3

verasodes miaqcevda yuradRebas sakuTar saxels.

aseTi tipis eqsperimentis safuZvelze mkvlev-

rebi varaudoben, rom yuradRebis miRma darCeni-

li informacia garkveulwilad mainc gadamuSav-

deba, magram imdenad ara, rom cnobierebis

sazRvrebs miaRwios (Woods & Cowan, 1995). infor-

macia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiqcevs yurad-

suraTi 5.10

diqotomiuri mosmenis amocana

cdis piri erTdroulad ismens sxvadasxva cifrebs

TiToeul yurSi: 2 (marcxena), 7 (marjvena), 6 (marcxena),

9 (marjvena), 1 (marcxena), 5 (marjvena). igi mosmenils

ambobs swor rigad _ 261 da 795. xolo, rodesac sTxoven,

mousminos mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebul masalas,

cdis piri ambobs mxolod 795-s.

diqotomiuri mosmena (Dichotic listening) _ eqsperi-mentuli meTodi, rodesac gansxvavebuli audia-

luri stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.

yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive process-ing) _ sensoruli informaciis gadamuSaveba,

romelic yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze

mimarTavs.

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Rebas, Tu yuradRebis miRma darCenili infor-

maciis maxasiaTeblebi sakmarisad gamodiferen-

cirebuli iqneba, magaliTad, Tu es iqneba msme-

nelis saxeli (yuradRebasa da cnobierebas

Soris kavSirs me-6 TavSi davubrundebiT). zogadi

principi isaa, rom yuradRebis miRma darCenili

informaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi viciT.

amrigad, gasagebia, ratomaa saxifaTo yuradRebis

gadanacvleba mocemul momentSi aqtualuri

amocanidan, an miznidan. Tu yuradRebas ver

miaqcevT garkveul informacias, magaliTad,

profesoris leqcias, masala TavisTvis darCeba

da Tqven ver moismenT mas!

axla vnaxoT, ra roli ekisreba yuradRebas

garemoSi sagnebis moZebnasa da maT sworad

identificirebaSi.

yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi

yuradRebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa xma-

urian vizualur garemoSi konkretuli obieq-

tebis moZebna. am meqanizmis sanaxavad sakmaod

martivi eqsperimentis Catareba SeiZleba. dadeT

wigni erTi wuTiT da SeecadeT:

moZebnoT rame wiTeli. axla scadeT, ipovoT

rame alisferi;

moZebnoT rame oTxkuTxedi. axla scadeT,

ipovoT rame mrgvali;

moZebnoT rame lurji, Semdeg scadeT, ipo-

voT rame, rac mrgvalic iqneba da lurjic.

TiToeul SemTxvevaSi risi povna ufro gagiZ-

neldaT? mkvlevrebi irwmunebian, rom alisfris

povna ufro advilia, vidre wiTlis (Treisman &Gormican, 1988); oTxkuTxedis ufro advilia,

vidre _ mrgvalis (Kim & Cave, 1995) da rame erTi

niSniT gansazRvruli ufro advilia, vidre ori

_ niSniT gansazRvrulis (Treisman & Sato, 1990). ro-

gor fiqrobT, ratom aris ase? Tqven es-esaa

gaecaniT yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis (preatten-tive processing) zogierT maxasiaTebels, rac gan-

sxvavdeba gadamuSavebis im procesebisagan, rom-

lebic yuradRebas saWiroeben.

miuxedavad imisa, rom cnobieri mexsiereba

da sagnebis cnoba yuradRebas saWiroebs, infor-

maciis sakmaod rTuli gadamuSaveba yuradRebisa

da cnobierebis gareSec xdeba (Kubovy et al., 1999).

gadamuSavebis am adreul etaps yuradRebamdeli

gadamuSaveba ewodeba, radgan is Semomaval

suraTi 5.11

yuradReba da vizualuri

Zebna

(A) ipoveT erTi gamorCeuli niS-

niT gansxvavebuli sagani, SegiZ-

liaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri Zeb-

na (gadasinjva).

(B) ipoveT sagani niSnebis erTob-liobis mixedviT, unda gamoiyenoT

seriuli Zebna.

(C) vinaidan paraleluri Zebna

gamoiyeneba, moZebnas erTnairi dro

sWirdeba yuradRebis gamfantvelis

raodenobis miuxedavad.

(D) seriul Zebnaze yuradRebis

gamfantvelebis raodenoba axdens

gavlenas. D nawilSi Zebna ufro

swrafad xdeba, vidre B-Si.

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sensorul masalaze yuradRebis miqcevamde,

sensoruli receptorebidan tvinSi Sesvlis-

Tanave, moqmedebs.

yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis saSualebiT

advilad vpoulobT mxolod erTi niSniT

gamorCeul sagnebs (Treisman & Sato, 1990; Wolfe, 1992).SexedeT 5.11 suraTis A nawils. SegiZliaT,

ipovoT TeTri T? es aris oTaxSi, Tqvens irgvliv,

lurji obieqtebis povnis msgavsi amocana.

yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZ-

levT, paralelurad gadasinjoT garemo erTi

calkeuli gamorCeuli niSnis mixedviT. es

niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT erTdroulad gada-

sinjoT ekranis mTeli zedapiri. am paraleluri

gadasinjvis Sedegad yuradReba erT saTanado

obieqtze koncentrirdeba, Tumca, yuradReba

miaqcieT, rom yvela calkeuli niSani Tanabrad

gamorCeuli ar aris. bevri adamianisaTvis kvad-

ratis povna ufro advilia, vidre _ wris, albaT

imitom, rom marTkuTxedis kuTxeebi gamokve-

Tilia (Kim & Cave, 1995). adamianebis umetesobaufro advilad poulobs ZiriTadi ferisgan

gansxvavebul fers, rogorc, magaliTad, alis-

feri gansxvavdeba wiTlisagan, albaT imitom,

rom aseTi feri gansxvavebulia garemos nor-

misagan (Treisman & Gormican, 1988 ).

calkeul niSnebs Soris aSkara gansxvavebis

miuxedavad, mainc gagiWirdebaT maTi kombina-

ciebis aRmoCena. ganvixiloT 5.11 suraTis Bnawili. kidev erTxel scadeT TeTri T-s povna.ar geCvenebaT, rom es ufro Znelia? am

SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis sistema ar aris aRWur-

vili imisaTvis, rom paraleluri gadasinjvisas

(Zebnisas) TeTri T TeTri L-gan gamoyos. Tqvenkvlav SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri

gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba da ugulvelyoT

yvela Savi T, magram Semdeg mogiwevT yvela TeTri

simbolos saTiTaod an seriulad gadasinjva.

es gamocdileba gansxvavdeba garemoSi erT-

droulad wiTeli da wriuli sagnis povnis

gamocdilebisgan. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba

saSualebas gaZlevT, swrafad ipovoT wiTeli

feris an mrgvali formis sagnebi; igi garemos

marTuli gadasinjvis saSualebas iZleva (Wolfe,

1994; Wolfe & Gancarz, 1996). am TvalsazrisiT, Tqven

mainc gWirdebaT TiToeul saganze indi-

vidualurad yuradRebis miqceva, raTa gansazR-

vroT, Seesabameba Tu ara is ori niSnis kom-

binacias _ wiTelsa da mrgvals.

mkvlevrebi ganasxvaveben paralelur da

seriul Zebnas imis gansazRvriT, Tu ramdenad

Znelia samiznes povna, romelic yuradRebis

gamfantvelebis (distractors) raodenobis funqcias

warmoadgens. davuSvaT, gTxovT, moZebnoT ekranze

TeTr T xuTi Savi T-s garemocvaSi (rogorc 5.11suraTis C nawilSia) da 34 Savi T-s garemocvaSi(rogorc A nawilSia). radgan Tqven am ori

amocanis Sesruleba paralelulad SegiZliaT,

TiToeul SemTxvevaSi TeTri T-s povnas daax-

loebiT erTnairi dro dasWirdeba. meore mxriv,

rodesac am suraTze B nawilidan D nawilze

suraTi 5.12

orferiani sagnis moZebna

(A) moZebneT yviTeli da lurji sagani.

(B) moZebneT yviTeli saxli lurji

fanjrebiT.

(A) moZebna Zalian mouxerxebelia,

rodesac sagnis ori nawilis ori feris

erTobliobaa mosaZebni.

(B) moZebna ufro advilia, rodesac

mTeli sagnis feris da misi erT-erTi

nawilis feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.

marTuli gadasinjva (Guided search) _

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gadaxvalT, igrZnobT, rom D nawilSi ufro

advilad poulobT TeTr T-s. Tqven TiToeuli

TeTri elementisaTvis seriulad yuradRebis

miqceva giwevT, ase rom, TiToeuli TeTri

elementi, romelsac uyurebT (sanam sasurvels

ipoviT) damatebiT dros garTmevT.

mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT am logikis gamoyeneba

perceptuli samyaros sxva iseTi aspeqtebis

aRmosaCenad, romlebic SeiZleba yuradRebamdel

gadamuSavebas saWiroebdnen. ganvixiloT 5.12

suraTis A nawili: SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli

da Savi sagnebi. B nawilSi SeecadeT, ipovoT

yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT. meore amocana

ufro advili ar iyo vidre pirveli? davalebis

Sesrulebze nakleb gavlenas axdenen yuradRebis

damatebiTi gamfantvelebi (extre distractors),

rodesac ori feri CarTulia sagnis nawilebsa

da mTlianSi (Wolfe et al., 1994). am saxis magaliTebi

gvarwmunebs, rom yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba

garemoSi sagnebis sapovnelad SedarebiT daxve-

wil (kargad damuSavebuli meqanizmis mqone)

daxmarebas gvTavazobs.

axla ukve SegviZlia martivi niSnebis gadamu-

Savebidan mTliani sagnebisa da garemos aRqmis

ganxilvaze gadavideT.

Sejameba

garemoSi stimulebs SerCeviTad (seleqci-

urad) aqcevT yuradRebas mizniT marTuli

seleqciis gamo an imitom, rom stimulebidan

raRac iqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas, esaa stimuliT

gamowveuli SerCeva. yuradRebis filtris Teo-

riis mixedviT, tvins SezRuduli SesaZleblo-

bebi aqvs. yuradRebis miRma darCenili infor-

macia iSviaTad cnobierdeba. yuradRebamdeli

gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZlevT, garemoSi

ipovoT sagnebi, romlebic SeiZleba erTi gamor-

Ceuli niSniT identificirdnen.

aRqmis organizaciis

procesebi

warmoidgineT ramdenad uwesrigo iqneboda

samyaro, rom ar SegvZleboda milioni retina-

luri receptoridan miRebuli informaciis

Tavmoyra da organizeba. TvalebTan moZravi da

mbrunavi ferebis daukavSirebeli nawilebis

kaleidoskopi geqnebodaT. procesebs, romlebic

sensorul informacias aerTianebs Tanmimdev-

ruli aRqmis misaRebad, perceptuli organiza-

ciis procesebi ewodeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom,

rasac adamiani aseTi perceptuli gadamuSavebis

Sedegad ganicdis, percepti (aRqmis xati)

ewodeba.

magaliTad, 5.13 suraTze mocemuli organzomi-

lebiani geometriuli kompoziciis perceptuli

suraTi 5.13

organzomilebiani geometriuli

figuris percepti

rogoria am geometriuli figuris Tqveni

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162

xati, albaT, sam diagonalur rigad ganlagebuli

figurebia, romelTagan I rigi kvadratebisgan

Sedgeba, II – isrebisgan da III– rombebisgan. amaSi

TiTqos araferia ucnauri, Tumca, rogorc wina

TavSi aRvniSneT, aRqmis yvela es, erTi SexedviT,

TavisTavadi procesi daxvewili, natifi

gadamuSavebiT aris gaadvilebuli. mravali

organizaciuli procesi, romelsac am qveTavSi

ganvixilavT, pirvelad geStaltistebma aRweres.

isini amtkicebdnen, rom aRqma damokidebulia

organizaciis kanonebze, anu im martiv princi-

pebze, romelTa saSualebiTac sagnis formebs

an gamosaxulebebs aRviqvamT.

figura, foni da

dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)

ratom aRviqvamT 5.13 suraTs CvenTvis Cveuli

gziT? am gamosaxulebis aRqmisas organizaciuli

procesi mas figurad da fonad yofs. figura

Cans, rogorc sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are,

xolo foni _ rogorc sivrce, romelzec figura

devs. 5.13 suraTze muq adgilebs, albaT, figurad

aRiqvamT, naTel adgils _ fonad. Tumca, es

stimuli SeiZleba sxvagvaradac dainaxoT

figurisa da fonis SenacvlebiT, rogorc amas

orazrovani larnaki/profilebis SemTxvevaSi

akeTebdiT. amisaTvis, SeecadeT, dainaxoT TeTri

sivrce, rogorc didi TeTri furceli, romel-

zedac ganlagebuli 9 amoWrili figuridan Savi

foni moCans.

figuris fonidan win wamoweulad danaxvis

tendencia Zalze Zlieria. faqtobrivad, es

maSinac xdeba, rodesac figura realurad ar

arsebobs. 5.14 suraTis pirvel gamosaxulebaSi

Tqven, albaT, xedavT naZvis xes fonze, romelic

TeTr zedapirze mocemul ramdenime Sav wres

warmoadgens. Tumca, SevniSnavT, rom aq aranairi

naZvis xe ar arsebobs. figura Sedgeba mxolod

3 gancalkevebuli Savi figurisa da xazebisagan.

Tqven iluzorulad xedavT win wamoweul TeTr

samkuTxeds, radgan Savi gamosaxulebebis kideebi

isea ganlagebuli, rom mTliani TeTri sam-

kuTxedi geCvenebaT. 5.14 suraTis meore gamosa-

xuleba qmnis erTi dasrulebuli samkuTxedis

iluzias, romelic meores adevs, Tumca, realu-

rad arc erTi arsebobs.

am magaliTSi, rogorc Cans, figura-fonis

organizaciis sami donea: TeTri naZvis xe, Savi

wreebi da ufro farTo TeTri zedapiri am

yvelafris ukan. aRvniSnavT, rom stimulSi TeTr

ares Tqven perceptulad yofT or gansxvavebul

regionad: TeTr samkuTxedad da TeTr fonad. am

gayofis adgilze aRiqvamT iluzorul kon-

turebs. isini realurad arseboben ara dis-

talur stimulSi, aramed _ mxolod Tqvens

subieqtur gamocdilebaSi. iluzoruli

konturebi pirvelad 1900 wels aRweres, magram

yvela saidumlo jer mainc ar aris amoxsnili

(Lesher, 1995).am suraTebze TeTri samkuTxedis aRqma kidev

erT mZlavr organizaciul process – dasru-

lebulobas (Sevsebulobas) _ gviCvenebs. dasru-

figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag-

nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.

foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro-

melzec figura devs

suraTi 5.14

subieqturi konturebi,

romlebic kuTxeebs avseben

xedavT am suraTze gamosaxul

naZvis xes da or, erTmaneTze

dadebul samkuTxeds?

samkuTxedebi rom ararealuria

amaSi darwmunebiT, Tu or kuTxes

cera TiTebiT dafaravT.

subieqturi konturebis SeqmniT,

perceptuli organizebis procesebi

stimulSi figurasa da fons

gamoyofs.

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lebuloba (Sevsebuloba) daumTavrebel figu-

rebs damTavrebulad, dasrulebulad (Sevse-

bulad) gvanaxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sti-

mulSi mxolod kuTxeebia mocemuli, Cveni

perceptuli sistema avsebs kuTxeebs Soris

arsebul sivrces (qmnis konturebs), rac figuras

dasrulebul naZvis xed aqcevs. dasrulebu-

lobis procesis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia

stimulebis dasrulebulad, balansirebulad

da simetriulad aRqma, maSinac ki, rodesac

saxezea gansvla, disbalansi da asimetria.

perceptuli dajgufebis

principebi

5.13 suraTze mocemuli gamosaxuleba Tqven

aRiqviT 9 figurad, romlebic rigebadaa

dajgufebuli. TiToeuli maTgani agebulia

diagonaluri xazebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli 3

identuri gamosaxulebisagan. rogor ajgufebs

vizualuri sistema am obieqtebs da ra faqtorebi

gansazRvraven mas?

dajgufebis sakiTxi pirvelad farTod

geStaltfsiqologma maqs verThaimerma (1923)

Seiswavla. verThaimeri damkvirveblebs uCvenebda

martivi geometriuli figurebis wyebas. cvlida

ra calkeul faqtors da akvirdeboda, rogor

moqmedebda is figuraTa struqturis aRqmaze,

verThaimerma SeZlo dajgufebis wesebis

Camoayalibeba. 5.15 suraTze mocemulia ramdenime

wesis ilustracia. A nawilSi mocemulia Tanab-

rad daSorebuli wreebis mwkrivebi, romlebic

SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdes. Tqven

SeiZleba erTnairi warmatebiT dainaxoT am

wreebis svetebi an rigebi. Tumca, rodesac

intervali mcirediT icvleba ise, rom wreebs

Soris horizontaluri intervali vertikalur

intervalze naklebia (rogorc es B nawilzea

mocemuli), Tqven erTmniSvnelovnad horizon-

talur mwkrivebad organizebul wreebs xedavT.

rodesac intervalebis cvlilebisas vertika-

luri intervali ufro naklebia (rogorc Cnawilzea mocemuli), Tqven wreebs vertikalur

svetebad ganlagebulad aRiqvamT. es 3 saxis

dajgufeba verThaimeris siaxlovis kanonis

ilustracias warmoadgens. rodesac sxva

danarCeni pirobebi ucvlelia, erTmaneTTan

yvelaze axlos ganlagebuli elementebi

(yvelaze proqsimalurebi) erTad jgufdeba.

geStaltistebma aseTi Sedegebi imiT axsnes,

rom mTliani stimulis paterni garkveulad

gansazRvravs misi nawilebis ganlagebas. sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani percepti

gansxvavdeba misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri

jamisgan.

5.15 suraTis D nawilSi, intervalis nacvlad

feri icvleboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom wreebs

Soris intervali Tanabaria, vizualuri sistema

figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag-

nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.

foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro-

melzec figura devs

suraTi 5.15

dajgufebis fenomeni

TiToeul mwkrivs, B nawilidan

G-mde, garkveuli saxiT daj-

gufebulad aRviqvamT,

geStaltis dajgufebis

sxvadasxva principebidan

gamomdinare.

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avtomaturad ganalagebs stimuls rigebad, fe-

rebis msgavsebis gamo. E nawilSi wreebs svetebad

ganlagebuls xedavT, msgavsi zomebis gamo, FnawilSi ki _ rigebad ganlagebuls, formisa

da orientaciis msgavsebis gamo. dajgufebis es

efeqtebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes msgavsebis ka-

noniT, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva Tanabar

pirobebSi, msgavsi elementebi erTad jgufdeba.

rodesac vizualur velSi elementebi

moZraoben, erTnairi mimarTulebiT moZraoba

elementebis dajgufebas iwvevs. saerTo bedis

kanonis mixedviT, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,

erTnairi mimarTulebiTa da tempiT moZravi ele-

mentebi erTad jgufdeba. Tu G nawilSi yvela

svetis wertili zeviT imoZravebda, gamosa-

xulebebs Tqven svetebad daajgufebdiT, moZ-

raobis mimarTulebis msgavsebis gamo. igive

efeqtia baletis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime

mocekvave sxvebisagan gansxvavebulad moZraobs.

gavixsenoT doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva _ sagani

mis vizualur velSi sworad organizdeboda,

rodesac igi moZraobda, rogorc erTi mTliani.

misi SemTxveva naTels xdis saerTo bedis mZlavr

organizaciul gavlenas.

sivrciTi da droiTi integracia

geStaltis yvela wesi, romelic aqamde gan-

vixileT, dagarwmunebdaT, rom aRqma, umetes-

wilad, warmoadgens samyaros `sworad~

gaerTianebul nawilebs, Tumca, xSirad Tqven

ar SegiZliaT aRiqvaT mTliani movlena Tvalis

erTi SevlebiT an fiqsaciiT (gaixseneT saubari

yuradRebis Sesaxeb). rasac mocemul momentSi

aRiqvamT, xSirad yvela mimarTulebiT ganvr-

cobili, Tvaluwvdeneli vizualuri samyarodan

miRebuli SezRuduli, SemWidroebuli STa-

beWdilebaa. garemoze sruli warmodgenis Sesaq-

mnelad, sivrciTi da droiTi integraciaa sa-

Wiro, anu Tqven unda SekriboT sivrcis sxva-

dasxva adgilidan fiqsirebuli informacia

drois sxvadasxva momentSi.

SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram vizualuri

sistema ar qmnis (`Tavs ar iwuxebs~) TiToeuli

momentis zustad amsaxvel, Tanamimdevrul,

integrirebul suraTs. mkvlevrebi irwmunebian,

rom garemoze TiToeuli fiqsaciiT vizualur

mexsierebaSi ar inaxeba zusti, mciredi deta-

lebi (Carlson-Radvansky & Irwin, 1995; Irwin, 1991,Simons, 2000). faqtobrivad, damkvirveblebi

xandaxan ver afiqsireben, rodis icvleba

mTliani obieqti erTi fiqsaciidan meore

fiqsaciaze.

saidan

viciT

ra dainaxeT axlaxan

eqsperimentis erT-erT seriaSi cdis

pirebi ori wamis ganmavlobaSi uyurebdnen

suraTze 5 nacnobi obieqtis mwkrivs.

daaxloebiT 4 wm-is Semdeg isini uyu-

rebdnen meore mwkrivs. seriebis naxevarSi

meore mwkrivi pirvelis identuri iyo.

seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc es 5.16

suraTis A nawilzea mocemuli, meore rigi

pirvelisgan sami variantidan erT-erTi

saxiT gansxvavdeboda: erTi sagani Tvi-

sobrivad icvleboda (magaliTad, pirvel

mwkrivSi stepleri Seicvala gasaRebiT),

orma saganma Seicvala mdebareoba da

sagnebis mTeli wyeba axali konfiguraciiT

ganlagda. cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, rigebi

iseTive iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. Tqven

SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ioli amocanaa.

rogor SeiZleba ver SeniSnoT, rom step-

leri gasaxsneliT Seicvala? miuxedavad

amisa, rogorc naCvenebia 5.16 suraTis Bnawilze, aRmoCnda, rom identurobisa da

gadanacvlebis cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi

amocnobis maCvenebeli Zalze dabali iyo.

cdis pirebi ver `xedavdnen~ mTel rig

Zalze aSkara cvlilebebs (Simons, 1996).

bevr adamians aocebs aseTi Sedegi. warmoud-

genelia, rom Cven informaciis gadamuSavebis

imdenad mwir resurss vflobT situaciis deta-

lebis Sesanaxad, rom verc ki SevniSneT, rogor

Seicvala stepleri gasaxsneliT. pasuxi, nawi-

lobriv, SeiZleba is iyos, rom samyaro Tavad

aris, zogadad, informaciis mudmivi, stabiluri

wyaro (O’Regan, 1992). ubralod, ar aris saWiro

iseTi informaciis damaxsovreba, romelic mud-

mivad xelmisawvdomia garemoSi; amitom arc

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mogvepoveba procesebi, romelebic, Cveulebriv,

amis saSualebas mogvcemda.

erT-erTi saintereso Sedegi, romelic sxvada-

sxva fiqsaciidan miRebul informacias SeiZleba

mohyves, iluziebia, romelTac `SeuZlebel~

sagnebs uwodeben (5.17 suraTze mocemuli obieq-

tebi). magaliTad, sagnis kuTxeebisa da gverdebis

TiToeuli fiqsacia samganzomilebiani samkuTxe-

dis interpretacias iwvevs (gamosaxuleba A),

Tumca, rodesac cdilobT mis erT mTlianobaSi

gaerTianebas, nawilebi kargad ver ergeba

erTmaneTs (gamosaxuleba B). C gamosaxulebas

ori ganStoeba aqvs, romelic, sanam kargad ar

daakvirdebiT, rogorRac gadaiqceva samkbilad;

D gamosaxulebaze perceptuli kibe dausru-

leblad adis da Camodis.

moZraobis aRqma

aRqmis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic samyarodan

miRebuli sxvadasxva, swrafad cvalebadi STabeW-

dilebebis urTierTSedarebas saWiroebs, moZra-

obis aRqmaa. ganvixiloT 5.18 suraTze mocemuli

ori gamosaxuleba. davuSvaT, es individi idga,

sanam Tqven uaxlovdebodiT mas. Tqvens baduraze

miRebuli misi gamosaxulebis zoma miaxlo-

ebasTan erTad izrdeba. retinaluri gamosaxu-

lebis zrdis xarisxi individTan miaxloebis

temps giCvenebT (Gibson, 1979).

axla, davuSvaT, Tqven garda yvela sxva sagani

moZraobs. moZraobis aRqma, formisa da

orientaciis aRqmis msgavsad, xSirad aTvlis

sistemazea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven dajdebiT

Cabnelebul oTaxSi da mzeras daafiqsirebT

sinaTlis umoZrao laqaze, romelic ganaTebul,

win da ukan Zalian nela moZrav oTxkuTxedzea

moTavsebuli, Tqven umoZrao oTxkuTxedze win

da ukan moZrav wertils aRiqvamT. es iluzia,

romelsac moCvenebiTi moZraoba (induced motion)ewodeba, maSinac xdeba, rodesac mzeras

sakmaod uZravad afiqsirebT wertilze.

moZraobis deteqtori ujredebi saerTod ar

aRigzneba uZravi wertiliT, Tumca sakmaod

mZlavrad Riziandeba oTxkuTxedis moZravi

xazebiT. imisaTvis, rom wertili moZravad

suraTi 5.16

cvlilebis SeumCnevloba

(A) eqsperimentis monawileebs ekiTxebodnen, meore gamosaxuleba pirvelis msgavsi iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. (B)roca gamosaxulebaze sagani icvleboda an ori sagani akldeboda, cdis pirebi xSirad ver afiqsirebdnen

cvlilebebs. isini TiTqmis yovelTvis sworad mxolod maSin miuTiTebdnen, roca mTliani konfiguracia icvleboda.

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dainaxoT, saWiroa perceptuli organizaciis

umaRlesi done, romelzec wertili da misi

nagulisxmevi moZraoba oTxkuTxedis aTvlis

sistemaSi aRiqmeba.

rogorc Cans, vizualur sistemas axasiaTebs

Zlieri tendencia, didi, SemosazRvruli

figura aiRos aTvlis sistemad masSi mocemuli

SedarebiT patara figurisaTvis. Tqven, albaT,

codnis gareSec bevrjer geqnebaT gancdili

moCvenebiTi moZraoba. xSirad gveCvenebaT, rom

mTvare (romelic TiTqmis uZravia) moZraobs

RrublebSi maSin, roca, faqtobrivad, Rrub-

lebi moZraoben. mTvaris irgvliv Tavmoyrili

Rrublebi iseve qmnian mTvaris moCvenebiTi

suraTi 5.17

SeuZlebeli figurebi

rodesac am pobieqtebs uyurebT,

TiToeuli calkeuli fiqsacia

garwmunebT, rom is samganzomilebiani

figuraa. mxolod, Tu ecdebiT sxvadasxva

fiqsaciebis gaerTianebas , maSin

aRmoaCenT, rom isini SeuZlebeli

sagnebia.

suraTi 5.18

kaci, romelic

giaxlovdebaT

stimulTan miaxloebisas

erTad izrdeba misi

gamosaxulebis zoma

Tqvens baduraze.

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moZraobis iluzias, rogorc oTxkuTxedi

wertilis moZraobisas (Rock, 1983; 1986). yofil-

xarT odesme matarebelSi, romelic Zalian nela

iwyebs moZraobas? ar mogCvenebiaT, TiTqos

sadguris baqanze filebi an Tqven gverdiT

gaCerebuli matarebeli sawinaaRmdego mimar-

TulebiT moZraobs?

moZraobis kidev erT iluzias, romelic moZ-

raobis aRqmaSi umaRlesi donis organizaciuli

procesebis CarTulobas adasturebs, aSkara/

TvalsaCino moZraobas (apparent motion) uwodeben.

aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi formaa

ΦΦΦΦΦ fenomeni (phi phenomenon). es fenomeni maSin

SeiniSneba, rodesac vizualuri velis sxvadasxva

adgilze sinaTlis ori uZravi laqa monac-

vleobiT inTeba da qreba daaxloebiT 4-5-jer

wamSi tempiT. igive efeqtia gare sareklamo

niSnebsa da diskoganaTebis ekranebze. sinaTlis

Senacvlebis am SedarebiT dabali tempis

miuxedavad, gveCveneba, rom erTi sinaTle win

da ukan moZraobs or pozicias Soris. traeq-

toria, romelic erT wertils meoresTan aer-

Tebs, SeiZleba mravalgvarad warmovidginoT.

Tumca, adamiani, Cveulebriv, xedavs umartives

traeqtorias _ or wertils Soris swor xazs

(Gutting& Proffitt, 1982; Shepard, 1984). unda aRiniSnos,

rom pirdapiri xazis es principi Tavsmoxveulia,

rodesac damkvirvebels monacvleobiT uCveneben

moZravi adamianis sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas;

Semdeg vizualuri sistema Tavad aRadgens

adamianis normaluri biologiuri moZraobis

traeqtorias (Shiffar, 1994; Stevens et al., 2000).

siRrmis aRqma

aqamde mxolod sibrtyeze mocemul organzo-

milebian paternebs ganvixilavdiT, yoveldRiuri

aRqma ki sagnebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi

moicavs. samive sivrciTi ganzomilebis aRqmas

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis, raTa

mivuaxlovdeT sasurvel obieqtebs, magaliTad,

saintereso adamianebs an karg sakvebs da Tavi

avaridoT imas, rac saSiSia, magaliTad, manqaniT

swrafad siaruls an waqceul roials. sivrcis

aRqma saWiroebs zust informacias rogorc

siRrmeze (manZili Cvengan obieqtamde), ise _

mimarTulebaze. smena gvexmareba mimarTulebis

gansazRvraSi, magram _ ara siRrmis gansa-

zRvraSi.

siRrmis aRqmis ganxilvisas unda gaviTva-

liswinoT, rom vizualuri sistema iyenebs

retinalur gamosaxulebas, romelsac mxolod

moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, ro-

desac moZrav aTvliT sistemaSi uZravi wertili

moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _

uZravad.

aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti

wertilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav

wertilad aRiqmeba. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis

umartivesi formaa ΦΦΦΦΦ fenomeni.

ΦΦΦΦΦ fenomeni (Phi phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino

moZraobis umartivesi forma, moZraobis ilu-

zia, rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle,

romelic uwyvetad qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav

sinaTled aRiqmeba.

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ori ganzomileba aqvs _ vertikaluri da

horizontaluri. imis saCveneblad, Tu ra

problemas qmnis organzomilebiani badura

samganzomilebiani aRqmisas, ganvixiloT 5.19

suraTi. rodesac sinaTle aRizianebs baduras

a wertilSi, Cven ar viciT, is a1 poziciidan ecema,Tu a

2-dan. faqtobrivad, is SeiZleba dacemuliyo

A wrfeze arsebuli nebismieri wertilidan,

radgan sinaTle am wrfis yvela wertilidan

erTsa da imave retinalur ujredze aisaxeba.

aseve, B wrfis yvela wertili erTsa da imave

retinalur wertilze _ b wertilze _ proeq-

cirdeba. metic, monakveTi, romelic A wrfis

nebismier wertils B wrfis nebismier wertil-

Tan aerTebs (magaliTad, monakveTi a1b2 an a2b1),

baduraze erTi da igive gamosaxulebas Seqmnis.

Sedegad, baduraze miRebuli gamosaxuleba

siRrmis TvalsazrisiT orazrovania: is SeiZleba

warmoqmniliyo sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli

nebismieri obieqtisgan.

5.5 suraTze gamosaxuli nekeris kubis ori

SesaZlo xedi, aseve, siRrmis TvalsazrisiT,

orazrovnebis Sedegia. is faqti, rom garkveulma

pirobebma SeiZleba aRqmis orazrovneba gamo-

iwvion, gviCvenebs, rom siRrmis aRsaqmelad saWi-

roa Semomavali sensoruli masalis inter-

pretacia da rom es interpretacia zogjer

SeiZleba mcdari iyos (TqvenTvis es gasagebi

iqneba, Tu erTxel mainc mogiqneviaT Cogani

burTisTvis da mxolod haerisTvis mogixved-

rebiaT). siRrmis interpretacia manZilis Sesaxeb

informaciis mraval wyaros eyrdnoba (maT

xSirad siRrmis maniSneblebsac uwodeben), ro-

melTa Sorisaa binokularuli maniSneblebi,

moZraobis maniSneblebi da piqtoruli (gamosa-

xulebis) maniSneblebi.

binokularuli da moZraobis

maniSneblebi

odesme dainteresebulxarT, ratom gaqvT ori

Tvali da ara erTi? meore Tvals saTadarigoze

meti funqcia aqvs _ is siRrmis Sesaxeb saukeTeso,

fasdaudebel informacias gvawvdis. binokula-

ruli siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia ori wyarodan

miiReba: retinaluri disparati (disparaty) da

konvergencia.

vinaidan Tvalebi daaxloebiT 5-6 santimetriT

aris erTmaneTisagan horizontalurad daSore-

buli, isini samyaros odnav gansxvavebul suraTs

iReben. amaSi dasarwmuneblad, scadeT Semdegi

eqsperimenti. jer daxuWeT marcxena Tvali da

gaaxileT marjvena, raTa ori saCvenebeli TiTi

patara daSorebul sagans gausworoT. erTi TiTi

daikaveT mklavis sigrZeze, meore _ saxesTan

daaxloebiT 30 sm–is daSorebiT; axla daxuWeT

marjvena Tvali da gaaxileT marcxena, Tan

ganagrZeT daSorebul saganze fiqsacia. ra

mouvida TiTebis pozicias? meore TvaliT ver

xedavT TiTebs daSorebul obieqtze gaswo-

rebulad, radgan is odnav gansxvavebul suraTs

iRebs.

Tvalebis baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-

lebebis horizontalur poziciebs Soris

Seusabamobas retinaluri disparati ewodeba.

is siRrmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias, radgan

Seusabamobis, anu gansxvavebis odenoba Cvensa

da obieqts Soris manZilzea damokidebuli (ix.

sur. 5.20). magaliTad, rodesac Tvali daxuWeT,

ufro axlos myofi TiTi daSorda mklavis

sigrZeze gaCerebul TiTs.

rodesac orive TvaliT iyurebiT, Tqven mier

danaxul saganTa umravlesoba Tvalebis baduras

sxvadasxva adgils aRizianebs. Tu erTi da igive

obieqtis orive baduraze miRebul gamosaxu-

lebebs Soris Seusabamoba sakmaod mcirea,

vizualuri sistema maT erTi obieqtis siRrmiT

aRqmaSi aerTianebs (Tumca, Tu Tvalebis gadak-

veTisas ori gamosaxuleba Zalian gansxvavdeba

suraTi 5.19

siRrmis orazrovneba

A wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze erTi da igive

a wertilze proeqcirdeba. B wrfis nebismieri wer-tili baduraze b wertils qmnis. aseve, A da B wrfeebisSemaerTebeli nebismieri monakveTi identur gamo-

saxulebas Seqmnis baduraze. am suraTidan SeiZleba

davinaxoT, ratom iqmneba siRrmis orazrovneba: _

sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebi erTnair

retinalur gamosaxulebebs qmnian.

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erTmaneTisgan, realurad gaorebul gamosa-

xulebas dainaxavT). Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT,

rom Cveni vizualuri sistema sruliad gasaocar

rames akeTes: iRebs or gansxvavebul retinalur

gamosaxulebas, adarebs maT erTmaneTs Sesabamisi

nawilebis horizontaluri wanacvlebis dasad-

genad (binokularuli disparati) da qmnis sagnis

erTian percepcias siRrmeSi. faqtobrivad, vi-

zualuri sistema or gamosaxulebas Soris Seu-

sabamobas samganzomilebiani samyaros siRrmed

(mesame ganzomilebad) aRiqvams.

siRrmeze sxva binokularul informacias

konvergencia iZleva. obieqtze fiqsaciisas

Tvalebi, garkveulwilad, SigniT brundeba (ix.

sur. 5.21). rodesac sagans Zalian axlos _

saxesTan ramdenime santimetrze _ vuyurebT,

Tvalebi erTmaneTisken sakmaod unda Sebrundes,

raTa orive TvalSi dafiqsirdes erTi da igive

gamosaxuleba. Tqven realurad SegiZliaT

Tvalebis konvergenciis naxva, Tu daakvirdebiT

megobars, romelic koncentrirdeba jer sakmaod

daSorebul saganze da Semdeg _ ramdenime

santimetriT daSorebulze. Tvalis kunTebidan

miRebul informacias tvini siRrmeze daskvnis

gasakeTeblad iyenebs, Tumca, Tvalebis kunTe-

bidan konvergenciaze miRebuli informacia

siRrmis aRsaqmelad daaxloebiT 3.5 metrzea

mxolod gamosadegi. rodesac ufro did

manZilze daSorebul sagans uWvretT, kuTxuri

gansxvaveba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia, radgan am

dros Tvalebi TiTqmis paralelur mdgomare-

obaSia.

retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) - Tvalebis

baduraze gamosaxulebebis horizontalur pozi-

ciebs Soris Seusabamoba.

konvergencia (Convergence) - saganze fiqsaciisasTvalebis SigniT, erTmaneTisken Sebruneba.

suraTi 5.20

retinaluri disparati

retinaluri disparati

or sagans Soris siRrmeSi

daSorebasTan erTad iz-

rdeba.

suraTi 5.21

siRrmis konvergenciuli maniSnebeli

rodesac sagani TqvenTan axlosaa, Tvalebi metad

unda Sebrundes, vidre Zalian daSorebuli sagnis

SemTxvevaSi. tvini iyenebs Tvalebis kunTebidan

miRebul informacias, raTa konvergencia siRrmis

maniSneblad gamoiyenos.

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imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor gvawvdis moZ-

raoba (kidev erTi wyaro) siRrmeze informacias,

vcadoT Semdegi: wina SemTxvevis msgavsad, axlac

daxuWeT erTi Tvali da ori saCvenebeli TiTi

gausworeT daSorebul sagans; Semdeg Tavi

gadaswieT gverdze, amasTan, SeinarCuneT obieq-

tze fiqsacia da TiTebis uZravi pozicia. Tavis

moZraobisas TiTebsac moZravad xedavT, magram

axlos myofi TiTi ufro Sors inacvlebs da

swrafad, vidre _ daSorebuli TiTi. fiqsire-

buli obieqti ki saerTod ar moZraobs. siRrmeze

informaciis am wyaros fardobiTi moZraobis

paralaqsi (relative motion parallax) ewodeba. moZra-obis paralaqsi imitom gvawvdis siRrmeze infor-

macias, rom moZraobisas sagnebis fardobiTi

daSoreba gansazRvravs maTi retinaluri gamo-

saxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimar-

Tulebas. Semdeg, manqaniT mgzavrobisas SegiZ-

liaT fanjridan moZraobis paralaqss daakvir-

deT. moZravi manqanidan daSorebuli sagnebi uf-

ro uZravad mogeCvenebaT, vidre _ SedarebiT

axlos myofni.

piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis)

maniSneblebi

davuSvaT, xedavT mxolod erTi TvaliT.

SeZlebdiT siRrmis aRqmas? faqtobrivad,

siRrmeze informacia erTi TvaliTac miiReba.

am wyaroebs piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniS-

neblebi ewodebaT, radgan isini naxatebSi aRmo-

Cenili siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciis matareblebi

arian. mxatvrebi, romlebic samganzomilebian

gamosaxulebebs qmnian (organzomilebian

qaRaldze an tiloze), daxelovnebulni arian

piqtoruli maniSneblebis gamoyenebaSi.

gadafarva (interposition) an okluzia (occlusion)Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac gaumWvirvale obieqti

faravs meore obieqtis nawils (sur. 5.22). gada-

farviT viRebT informacias, rom gadafaruli

sagani ufro Sorsaa, vidre _ gadamfaravi.

gadamfaravi zedapiri, aseve, axdens sinaTlis

blokirebas da warmoqmnis Crdilebs, rac siRr-

meze informaciis damatebiT wyarod SeiZleba

iqnes gamoyenebuli.

piqtoruli informaciis damatebiTi sami

wyaro ukavSirdeba meTodebs, romliTac sinaTle

samganzomilebiani samyarodan organzomilebiani

baduras zedapirze proecirdeba. esenia: fardo-

biTi sidide, wrfivi perspeqtiva, teqsturis

gradientebi. fardobiTi sidide eyrdnoba sinaT-

lis proeqciis ZiriTad princips _ erTi da

igive zomis, magram sxvadasxva manZiliT daSo-

rebuli sagnebi gansxvavebul gamosaxulebebs

qmnian baduraze. uaxloesi sagani qmnis yvelaze

did gamosaxulebas, yvelaze daSorebuli ki _

yvelaze mcires. am wess sididisa da manZilis

urTierTmimarTebis wesi ewodeba. rogorc 5.23

suraTidan Cans, Tu erTnairi obieqtebis mwkrivs

uyurebT, yvelaze patara obieqtebs yvelaze

daSorebulad aRiqvamT.

wrfivi perspeqtivac siRrmis maniSnebelia,

romelic, aseve, sididisa da manZilis urTierT-

fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative motionparallax) _ siRrmeze informaciis wyaro, rodesacdamkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba

gansazRvravs Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxu-

lebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.

suraTi 5.22

siRrmis maniSnebeli

ra vizualuri maniSneblebiT askvniT, rom

es qali gisosebs miRmaa?

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mimarTebazea damokidebuli. rodesac para-

leluri xazebi (gansazRvrebis mixedviT, ragind

grZeli xazebi, romlebic mTel sigrZeze Tana-

brad arian daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan) siRr-

misken midian, retinalur gamosaxulebaSi

horizontis wertilisken ixrebian da erTdebian

(ix. sur. 5.24). am mniSvnelovani faqtis gamoxatvis

meTodi pirvelad, klasikuri epoqis Semdeg,

renesansis epoqis italielma mxatvrebma xel-

axla 1425 wels aRmoaCines, riTac siRrmis

srulad gamoxatva SeZles (Vasari, 1568; 1967). amaRmoCenamde isini iyenebdnen gadafarvas, Crdi-

lebs da fardobiT sidides, magram ar SeeZloT

realisturi scenebis gamoxatva, sadac obieqtebi

sxvadasxva siRrmeSi iqneboda ganlagebulni.

vizualuri sistemis mier konvergirebuli

xazebis interpretacia ponzos iluzias qmnis

(rac, aseve, naCvenebia 5.24 suraTze). zeda xazi

ufro grZeli Cans, vinaidan konvergirebuli

gverdebi, wrfivi perspeqtivis mixedviT, siRrmeSi

gadaxril paralelur xazebad aRiqmeba (inter-

pretirdeba). amitom siRrmeSi mimavali zeda xazi

Tqven ufro daSorebuli geCvenebaT da

Sesabamisad, grZelic. baduraze erTnair gamosa-

xulebebs warmoqmnis ori obieqti, Tu SedarebiT

daSorebuli obieqti ufro didi zomis iqneba,

vidre _ axlos myofi.

teqsturis gradientebic siRrmis maniSneb-

lebs iZleva, radgan zedapiris siRrmeSi

ganvrcobasTan erTad izrdeba teqsturis sim-

kvrivec. 5.25 suraTze gamosaxuli xorblis yana

teqsturis siRrmis maniSneblis magaliTia. es

SeiZleba sididisa da manZilis urTierTmi-

marTebis kidev erT gamovlinebad miviCnioT. am

magaliTSi, erTeulebi, romlebic teqsturas

qmnian, miT ufro mcirdebian, rac ufro Sors

gadadian siRrmeSi, vizualuri sistema ki am

Semcirebul marcvlebs samganzomilebian sivr-

ceSi ufro daSorebulad gvawvdis. gibsons

(Gibson, 1966, 1979) miaCnda, rom teqsturisa dasiRrmis urTierTmimarTeba perceptul garemoSi

arsebuli erT-erTi mudmivaa.

TqvenTvis, albaT, ukve naTelia, rom siRrmis

aRqmisaTvis informaciis mravali wyaro arse-

bobs. normaluri mxedvelobis pirobebSi, am

wyaroebidan miRebuli informacia garemos erT

mTlian, TvalsaCino gamosaxulebaSi erTian-

deba. Tqven aRiqvamT siRrmes da ara siRrmis

proqsimalur stimulSi mocemul, sxvadasxva

maniSnebels. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vizu-

aluri sistema avtomaturad, cnobierebisgan

damoukideblad iyenebs sivrcis iseT maniS-

suraTi 5.23

fardobiTi sidide, rogorc siRrmis maniSnebeli

axlos myofi sagnebi ufro did gamosaxulebas

qmnian baduraze; amitom rodesac erTnairi sagnebis

rigs uyurebT, SedarebiT patara sagnebs ufro Sors

myofad aRiqvamT, vidre SedarebiT dids.

suraTi 5.24

ponzos iluzia

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neblebs, rogoricaa: _ diferencialuri

moZraoba, gadafarva da fardobiTi sidide

rTuli gaTvlis sawarmoeblad, rac samgan-

zomilebian garemoSi siRrmis aRqmas uzrun-

velyofs.

aRqmis konstantoba

vizualuri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

Tvisebis gamosavlenad, gTxovT, gamoiyenoT es

saxelmZRvanelo. dadeT saxelmZRvanelo magi-

daze da Tavi ramdenime santimetris manZilze

miuaxloeT mas. Semdeg aswieT Tavi da daub-

rundiT kiTxvis normalur mdgomareobas. xom

ver SeniSneT wignis zomis cvlileba, miuxedavad

imisa, rom axlo manZilidan is baduras ufro

did nawils aRizianebda, vidre Sori manZilidan?

axla wigni vertikalurad daiWireT da Tavi

saaTis isris mimarTulebiT amoZraveT. am dros

baduraze wignis gamosaxuleba saaTis sawinaaR-

mdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, Tumca, mas kvlav

vertikalurad aRiqvamT.

zogadad, SegrZnebis receptorebSi stimu-

laciis cvlilebis miuxedavad, Tqven samyaros

xedavT, rogorc ucvlels, mdgrads da sta-

bilurs. fsiqologebi am fenomens aRqmis (per-

ceptul) konstantobas uwodeben. uxeSad rom

vTqvaT, Tqven aRiqvamT distaluri stimulebis,

Cveulebriv, mdgrad Tvisebebs da araproqsi-

maluri stimulebis Tvisebebs, romlebic Tavisa

da Tvalebis moZraobisas mudmivad icvleba.

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs samyaroSi arse-

buli obieqtebis mudmivi da stabiluri Tvi-

sebebis aRqmas, sinaTlis paternebis Tvisebebis

im uTvalavi variaciis miuxedavad, romelic

Tvalebis stimulirebas axdens. aRqmis umTav-

resi amocanaa, garemos ucvleli (invariantuli)

Tvisebebis aRmoCena, maTi retinaluri gamosa-

xulebebis variaciebis miuxedavad. axla vnaxavT,

rogor xdeba es sididis, formisa da orientaciis

SemTxvevaSi.

sididis da formis konstantoba

ra gansazRvravs sagnis sididis aRqmas? sagnis

realur sidides, nawilobriv, baduraze misi

Sesatyvisi gamosaxulebis sididis safuZvelze

aRviqvamT. Tumca, wigniT Catarebuli eqsperi-

menti gviCvenebs, rom baduraze gamosaxulebis

zoma damokidebulia rogorc wignis realur

suraTi 5.25

teqsturis, rogorc siRrmis maniSneblis, magaliTebi

perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _sagnis xatis ucvlelad darCena, retinaluri

gamosaxulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.

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sidideze, ise _ Tvalidan mis daSorebaze. ro-

gorc iciT, daSorebaze informacias siRrmis

sxvadasxva maniSnebliT viRebT. sagnis sididis

aRsaqmelad vizualuri sistema am informacias

aerTianebs xatis sididis Sesaxeb retinalur

informaciasTan. sagnis sidide, Cveulebriv,

distaluri stimulis zomas Seesabameba. sididis

konstantoba niSnavs sagnis realuri sididis

aRqmis unars, baduraze misi gamosaxulebis

cvlilebisda miuxedavad.

Tu sagnis sidide manZilis maniSneblebis

gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba, maSin manZilze zusti

informaciis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas yovelTvis

damaxinjebulad aRviqvamT. erT-erTi aseTi

iluzia xdeba eimsis oTaxSi, romelic 5.26

suraTzea mocemuli. Tavis 120 sm simaRlis

gogonasTan, tania zimbardosTan SedarebiT, 180

sm simaRlis Tqveni avtori Zalze dabali Cans

oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi, Tumca, uCveulod

maRalia marjvena kuTxeSi. am iluziis mizezi

isaa, rom Tqven oTaxs oTxkuTxedad aRiqvamT,

romelsac Tqvengan Tanabari manZiliT daSore-

buli ori ukana kuTxe aqvs. amdenad, tanias

realur simaRles orive SemTxvevaSi baduraze

gamosaxulebis konsistenturad aRiqvamT. rea-

lurad tania ar aris Tanabari manZiliT da-

Sorebuli, radgan eimsis oTaxi gonebamaxvilur

iluzias qmnis. is gveCveneba marTkuTxa formis

oTaxad, sinamdvileSi ki agebulia aramarTkuTxa

zedapirebiT, romlebic siRrmesa da simaRleSi

araTanabari zomis kuTxeebs qmnian, rogorc es

fotos Tanmxleb naxazzea mocemuli. oTaxis

marjvena kuTxeSi myofi nebismieri adamianis

retinaluri gamosaxuleba ufro didi iqneba,

radgan igi orjer ufro axlos iqneba damkvir-

vebelTan, vidre oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi myofi

adamiani (iluziis misaRebad ekrans erTi TvaliT

unda SexedoT saWvretidan. suraTi 5.26 swored

aqedan aris gadaRebuli. Tu Tqven oTaxis

yurebisas mis irgvliv imoZravebT, vizualuri

sistema zust informacias miiRebs oTaxis

uCveulo struqturaze).

kidev erTi saSualeba, romliTac perceptuli

sistema sagnis realur sidideze gvawvdis

informacias, msgavsi formis obieqtebis

sididis Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebaa.

magaliTad, saxlis, xis, an ZaRlis formis

aRqmisTanave, warmodgena geqmnebaT TiToeuli

maTganis zomaze, Tumca, SeiZleba arc ki

icodeT, ra manZili gaSorebT maTTan. rodesac

sididis konstantoba (Size constancy) _ sagnis

realuri sididis aRqma, misi retinaluri gamo-

saxulebebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.

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warsuli gamocdileba Zalze daSorebul nacnob

obieqtebze ver gawvdiT informacias, sididis

konstantoba SeiZleba dairRves. am problemas

waawydebiT, rodesac adamianebs caTambjenis

saxuravidan gadaxedavT da isini WianWvelebad

mogeCvenebaT.

swored es gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad am

Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul ambavs kengis Sesaxeb.

SegaxsenebT, rom kengma, romelmac mTeli

cxovreba xSir tyeebSi gaatara, ver aRiqva

moSorebiT mobalaxe bizonebis gamosaxulebebi.

ucnob perceptul garemoSi kengi Tavdapirvelad

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odesme gqoniaT aseTi gamoc-

dileba: Tqven dgaxarT Sors

marcxena mindorze, gesmiT Cog-

nis dartymis xma da xedavT

beisbolis burTs, romelic

Tqvenken mofrinavs? saidan

iciT, Tu saiT unda gaiqceT

burTis dasaWerad? Tu Tavad

arasodes giTamaSiaT autfil-

dze, jer kidev gaqvT saSualeba,

gaocdeT romelime moTamaSis

STambeWdavi TamaSiT.

sainteresoa, rogor xvdeba igi

saWiro adgilas saWiro dros?

agdebuli burTis daWeris

situacias aRqmis mkvlevrebi,

sruliad samarTlianad, rTul

percepciaTa rigs miakuTvneben:

`burTis moaxloebis paterni

moicavs yvela ZiriTad sivr-

ciTi mdebareobas da siRrmis

maniSnebels, romlis gaTvalis-

wineba ar xdeba traeqtoriis

bolo monakveTamde~ (McBeath etal., 1995, gv.569). amis miuxedavad,adamianebi sakmaod kargad

iWeren burTebs. mkvlevrebis

amocana iyo iseTi Teoriis

Seqmna, romelic erTmaneTTan

daakavSirebda gamoTvlebiT

miRebul sirTulesa da praq-

tikul siadviles (gavixsenoT,

rom Tavis dasawyisSi miznad

davsaxeT, agvexsna, Tu rogor

qmnis perceptuli procesebi

siadvilis iluzias).

ra tipis vizualuri maniS-

neblebis safuZvelze ikvlevT

gzas burTisaken? mkvlevrebma

gamoyves invariantuli maniS-

neblebis 2 tipi, romelsac

moZravi burTi warmoqmnis (ix.

zemoT: invariantobis ganxilva

gibsonis midgomaSi). mkvlevarTa

erTi jgufi irwmuneba, rom mo-

TamaSeebi sirbilis dros im

gzas irCeven, romelzec verti-

kalur ganzomilebaSi burTis

moZraobis vizualuri aRqma

konsistenturi rCeba (Dannemilleret al., 1996). mkvlevarTa meore

jgufis mixedviT ki, moTamaSeebi

irCeven gzas, romelic sirbilis

dros im kuTxis SenarCunebis

saSualebas aZlevs, romliTac

burTi fonTan mimarTebSi

konsistenturad moZraobs

(McBeath et al., 1995, 1996). rogorxdeba am Teoriebis Semowmeba?

rogorc wesi, mkvlevrebi video-

kameriT iweren, rogor iWeren

moTamaSeebi maT mier gaSvebuli

burTebs. kvlevis Semdegi etapia

moTamaSeebis moqmedebisTvis

maTematikuri funqciebis morgeba,

raTa vnaxoT, burTis frenis

vizualuri aRqmis ra aspeq-

tebis konsatantobis Senar-

Cunebas cdilobdnen isini

(Tqven, albaT axla gixariaT,

rom realur cxovrebaSi am

amocanis gadasaWrelad ar

gWirdebaT aRqmis perceptuli

problemis maTematikis gageba).

mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom

moTamaSeebis umetesoba burTis

daWeras or fazad yofs (Jacobset al, 1996; McBeath, 1996); I fazaaxlaxan ganvixileT _ swrafadgaqceva saWiro adgilas mosax-

vedrad; II fazaze moTamaSeebianeleben moZraobas da

SeiZleba saerTod gaCerdnen

kidec. TamaSis II fazaSi

adgilmdebareobisa da siRrmis

maniSneblebi erTveba, radgan

burTi swrafad uaxlovdeba

xelTaTmans. rodesac mo-

TamaSes burTi ukve xel-

TaTmanSi aqvs, moqmedeba xSi-

rad jer kidev ar aris dam-

Tavrebuli: man rac SeiZleba

swrafad unda Seagdos burTi

ukan infildze, rom mowi-

naaRmdegem qula ar miiRos da

ar dawinaurdes. amrigad,

moTamaSeebi xSirad asruleben

burTis daWeris kompleqsur

moqmedebas da, amave dros,

yuradRebas aqceven garemos

mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.

SegiZliaT, cota xniT mowy-

deT swavlas da burTiT iTa-

maSoT? es aRqmis am speci-

fikuri problemis Sesaxeb

sakuTari Sexedulebebis Camo-

yalibebaSi dagexmarebaT

rogor iWerT mfrinav buraTs

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

175

Seecada, misTvis ucxo aRqma cnobili konteq-

stisTvis moergo da ivarauda, rom pawawina

daSorebuli wertilebi mwerebi iyo. vinaidan

mas ar hqonda Sori manZilidan bizonebis aRqmis

warsuli gamocdileba, ar hqonda sididis

konstantobis safuZvelic da radgan swrafad

moZravi manqana cxovelebs uaxlovdeboda da

retinaluri gamosaxulebebi TandaTan did-

deboda, kengi ganicdida SemaSfoTebel iluzias,

rom cxovelebi zomaSi icvlebodnen. Cven

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi

kengi, tarbulis msgavsad, SeZlebda bizonebis

danaxvas. miRebuli codna mas sensoruli gamoc-

dilebis saTanado perceptuli interpretaciis

SesaZleblobas miscemda.

formis konstantoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba

sididis konstantobas. Tqven sworad aRiqvamT

obieqtis realur formas maSinac ki, rodesac

sagani Sebrunebulia da Tavad obieqtisagan

arsebiTad gansxvavebuli saxis retinalur gamo-

saxulebas qmnis. magaliTad, daxrili oTx-

kuTxedi baduraze trapeciis formis gamosa-

xulebas qmnis, daxrili wre _ elifsis formis

gamosaxulebas (ix. sur. 5.27). miuxedavad amisa,

Tqven zustad aRiqvamT maT formebs _ sivrceSi

daxril wres an oTxkuTxeds. rodesac siRrmeze

swori informaciaa xelmisawvdomi, vizualur

sistemas obieqtis realuri formis gansazRvra

Tqvengan obieqtis sxvadasxva nawilebis daSo-

rebis gaTvaliswinebiTac SeuZlia.

suraTi 5.26

eimsis oTaxi

eimsis oTaxi isea agebuli, rom erTi TvaliT saWvretidan xdeba misi dakvirveba;

fotoebic am moxerxebuli adgilidanaa gadaRebuli. eimsis oTaxi agebulia ara-

marTkuTxa zedapirebiT, romlebic araTanabar kuTxeebs qmnian siRrmesa da

simaRleSi. saWvretidan dakvirvebisas vizualuri sistema mas Cveulebriv oTaxad

aRiqvams da tania da filip zimbardoebis simaRleebis uCveulo aRqmas iwvevs.

suraTi 5.27

formis konstantoba

monetis brunvisas misi xati icvleba _ gadaiqceva elifsad, Semdeg TandaTan

viwrovdeba da Txel marTkuTxeds emsgavseba, Semdeg kvlav elifsad

gadaiqceva da dasasrul _ wred. am cvlilebebisda miuxedavad, igi

yovelTvis mrgval monetad aRiqmeba.

formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebisrealuri formis aRqmis unari retinaluri

gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.a

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orientaciis konstantoba

Tu wignis yurebisas Tavs gverdze gadaxriT,

garemo gadaxrilad ar mogeCvenebaT. orientaciis

konstantoba aris sayaroSi sagnebis realuri

orientaciiis aRqma, baduraze maTi orientaciis

cvlilebis miuxedavad. orientaciis konstan-

toba eyrdnoba Sida yuris vestibularuli

sistemidan miRebul informacias (ganxilulia

me-4 TavSi) Tavis daxrilobaze. vestibularuli

sistemidan miRebuli informaciisa da reti-

naluri orientaciis kombinirebiT, Cveni vizu-

aluri sistema, Cveulebriv, garemoSi arsebuli

obieqtis zust aRqmas ayalibebs.

nacnob garemoSi warsuli gamocdileba rea-

lur orientaciaze damatebiT informacias iZ-

leva. Tumca, Tqven SeiZleba gagiWirdeT rTuli

da ucnobi figurebis amocnoba, Tu isini

uCveulo orientaciiTaa mocemuli (ix. sur. 5.

28). rodesac figura rTulia da sxvadasxva

nawilebisagan Sedgeba, orientaciis aRsaqmelad

TiToeuli nawilis mimarTuleba cal-calke

unda moawesrigoT (Rock, 1986). ase rom, sanam

erT nawils saTanado mimarTulebiT abrunebT,

danarCen nawilebs jer kidev moubruneblad

aRiqvamT. SexedeT popvarskvlavis _ madonas or

Semobrunebul fotosuraTs. Tqven, albaT,

amCnevT, rom erTi-erTi maTgani odnav aris

Secvlili pirsa da TvalebTan, magram suraTebi

sakmaod hgavs erTmaneTs. axla wigni SemoabruneT

da kvlav SexedeT fotosuraTebs. igive foto-

suraTebi absoluturad gansxvavebulad gamoi-

yureba. erTze isev madonaa, meoreze ki _

amazrzeni monstria, romelic sakuTar dedasac

ar eyvareboda! Tqven ver SeniSneT es aSkara

gansxvaveba wignis amobrunebamde, SesaZloa

imitom rom ver SeZeliT saxis yvela nawilis

erTdroulad amobruneba. amobrunebuli

samyaros sworad danaxvas da saxeebis uCveuli

orientaciaSi aRqmas wlebis manZilze

perceptuli treiningi sWirdeba.

feris konstantoba

ganvixiloT suraTi 5.29. rodesac suraTze

gamosaxul aguris kedels uyurebT, zog agurs

ufro muq wiTlad da zogs Ria wiTlad ki ar

aRiqvamT, aramed aRiqvamT kedels, romelSic

yvela aguri erTnairi ferisaa da zogierTi

maTgani CrdilSia moqceuli (Goldstein, 1959). esaa

feris konstantobis magaliTi: feris kon-

stantoba aris ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad

pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an

siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis tendencia.

orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orien-

tation constancy) _ samyaroSi sagnebis realuri

mimarTulebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri gamo-

saxulebis mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.

feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebisxarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis si-

TeTris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis

tendencia.

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madonas gancdas mas Semdeg, rac

MTV-m uari Tqva misi ukanaskneli

klipis gaSvebaze?

177

adre ganxiluli yvela sxva konstantobis

msgavsad, feris konstantobasac sakmaod xSirad

ganvicdiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magaliTad,

davuSvaT, gacviaT TeTri maisuri da bneli

oTaxidan naTel, mzis SuqiT ganaTebul quCaSi

gadixarT. mzis sinaTleze maisuridan gacilebiT

meti sinaTle airekleba Tqvens Tvalebze, vidre

_ bnel oTaxSi, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi is

TiTqmis erTnairad naTlad geCvenebaT. aq,

faqtobrivad, feris konstantoba moqmedebs,

radgan sagnidan areklili sinaTlis procen-

tuli raodenoba daaxloebiT igive rCeba, sinaT-

lis absoluturi odenoba ki icvleba. naTeli

TeTri maisuri ireklavs arsebuli sinaTlis

80-90%-s, Savi jinsi – daaxloebiT 5%-s, amitom,

rodesac maT erTi da igive situaciaSi vxedavT,

maisuri yovelTvis ufro naTeli Cans, vidre

jinsi.

amrigad, am qveTavSi ganvixileT mTeli rigi

organizaciuli procesebi, romlebic aRqmis

procesSi monawileoben. am Tavis bolo qveTavSi

ganvixilavT identifikaciisa da cnobis pro-

cesebs, romlebic mniSvnelobas aZleven garemos

sagnebsa da movlenebs.

Sejameba

figuris fonis win aRqmis tendencia imdenad

Zlieria, rom iluzorul konturebis aRqmas

iwvevs. geStaltfisqologebma perceptuli daj-

gufebis ramdenime principi Camoayalibes, maT

Soris, siaxlovis, msgavsebis da msgavsi bedis

principebi.

perceptuli procesebi samyarodan axal

informacias yoveli calkeuli fiqsaciiT iRe-

ben. baduras stimulaciis paterni moZraobis

maniSneblebs iZleva. siRrmis aRqma informaciis

mravali konvergenciuli wyarodan yalibdeba.

binokularuli disparati da konvergencia

siRrmis binokularuli maniSneblebia, romel-

Tac Tvalebis horizontaluri mdgomareoba

iwvevs. fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi sagnebis

fardobiT daSorebulobaze iZleva informacias.

mxatvrebi iyeneben iseT piqtorul maniSneblebs,

rogoricaa: gadafarva, wrfivi perspeqtiva da

teqsturis gradientebi, raTa organzomilebian

naxatebze samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba

Seqmnan.

zomis konstantobas aRviqvamT daSorebis

maniSneblebisa da nacnobi sagnebis sididis

Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebiT; formis

konstantobas xels uwyobs siRrmis Sesaxeb

informacia. orientaciis konstantoba efuZneba

vestibularul SegrZnebebsa da sagnis realuri

orientaciis Sesaxeb warsul codnas; feris

konstantoba imitom arsebobs, rom nebismieri

ganaTebis pirobebSi sagnebi maTze dacemuli

sinaTlis met-naklebad erTi da igive procen-

tul raodenobas ireklaven.

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suraTi 5.28 suraTi 5.29

90 gradusiT Semobrunebuli afrika

cnobiT Semobrunebul afrikis kontinents?

xSirad, sakmaod Znelia naklebad nacnobi

figurebi uCveulo orientaciaSi icnoT.

feris konstantoba

feris konstantoba gexmarebaT imis gagebaSi,

ratom aRiqvamT kedels erTnairi agurebiT

agebuls.

178

identifikacia da cnoba

aqamde aRwerili perceptuli procesebi

distaluri stimulis fizikuri Tvisebebis _

samganzomilebian sivrceSi sagnebis poziciis,

zomis, formis, teqsturisa da feris _ Sesaxeb

sakmaod zusti informaciis wyarod SeiZleba

miviCnioT. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod am infor-

maciis safuZvelze mainc ar gecodinebodaT,

ra sagnebTan gaqvT saqme, an ginaxavT Tu ara

isini odesme; garemos imitom aRiqvamT nacnobad,

rom SegiZliaT adre nanaxi sagnebis cnoba da

identifikacia. ase rom ar iyos, Tqveni gamoc-

dileba ucxo planetaze mogzaurobas daem-

sgavseboda, sadac yvelaferi ucxo iqneboda _

ar gecodinebodaT, ra geWamaT, ra dagexuraT

Tavze, ras gasclodiT an rogor ageTvalaT

dro. identifikacia da cnoba perceptul xats

mniSvnelobas, sazriss aZleven.

aRmavali da daRmavali

procesebi

sagnis identifikaciisas amJamad nanaxi war-

sulSi miRebul, Senaxul codnas unda

SeadaroT. sensoruli monacemebis garemodan

miRebas da tvinSi gadagzavnas amorCevisa (ex-traction) da analizisaTvis aRmavali gadamuSaveba

(`qvemodan zemoT~) ewodeba. aRmavali

gadamuSaveba empiriul realobas efuZneba da

informaciis mcire nawilebs Seexeba. is

stimulis konkretul fizikur niSnebs abstraq-

tul xatebad gardaqmnis. am tipis gadamuSavebas

monacemebiT aRZrul gadamuSavebasac (data driven

processing) uwodeben, radgan identifikaciis

sawyis wertils garemodan miRebuli monacemebi

warmoadgens.

bevr SemTxvevaSi, perceptuli identifikaciis

gasaioleblad, SesaZlebelia ukve xelT arse-

buli informaciis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, zoo-

parkSi namdvilad icnobT zogierTi saxeobis

cxovels. iq metad geqnebaT vefxvis naxvis

molodini, vidre Tqveni saxlis ukana ezoSi.

rodesac molodinebi gavlenas axdens aRqmaze,

fenomens daRmavali gadamuSaveba (`zemodan qve-

moT~) ewodeba. daRmaval gadamuSavebas samyaros

aRqmaSi warsuli gamocdileba, codna, motivebi

da kulturuli foni Semoaqvs. daRmavali

gadamuSavebisas umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqcio-

nireba gavlenas axedns sagnebisa da movlenebis

gagebaze. daRmaval procesebs konceptualurad

(anu cnebebis doneze, an hipoTeziT) aRZrul

gadamuSavebasac uwodeben, radgan mexsierebaSi

Senaxuli cnebebi gavlenas axdens sensoruli

monacemebis interpretaciaze. daRmavali proce-

sebis mniSvnelovnebis Cveneba SeiZleba naxatebiT,

romelTac `drudlebi~ (droodles) ewodeba (Price,

1953, 1980). dasaxelebebis gareSe es naxatebi

yovelgvar azrs moklebulia; Tumca, rogorc

ki moxdeba maTi identificireba, advilad

davinaxavT maTSi Cadebul azrsac (ix. sur. 5.30).

aRmavali da daRmavali procesebis ukeT gar-

Cevis mizniT, metyvelebis aRqmas mivubrundeT.

Tqven uTuod geqnebodaT SemTxveva, rodesac

gicdiaT saubris gagrZeleba Zalian xmaurian

wveulebaze. aseT situaciaSi Tqven mier war-

moTqmuli yvela sityva erTmniSvnelovnad ver

aRwevs mosaubris yuramde. Tqveni naTqvamis

aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ gare-moSi xelmisawvdom sensorul informaciaze da-

fuZnebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Se-

degebi aRmavali gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul rep-

rezentaciebisken miemarTeba.

daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ per-ceptuli procesebi, rodesac adamianis warsuli

gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da

konteqsti gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis

interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze.

suraTi 5.30

`drudlebi~

(Droodles)

es ra cxovelia? xedavT

(A) gamosaxulebaSi Cits,

romelmac mozrdili Wia-

yela daiWira (B)-Si ki _Jirafis kisers? es orive

suraTi SeiZleba Tqven-

Tvis raRac Zalian nacno-

bis gamosaxulebad miviC-

nioT, Tumca, maT, rogorc

wesi, ver cnobT saiden-

tifikacio informaciis

arqonis gamo, Tumca sak-

marisia am informaciis

mowodeba, rom iolad

amoicnoT isini.

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nawils uTuod dafaravs Caxveleba, xmauriani

musika da sicili. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi

iSviaTad acnobiereben, rom isini fizikur sig-

nalebs xarvezebiT iReben. am fenomens fonemuri

rekonstruqcia ewodeba (Warren, 1970). rogorcme-11 TavSi vnaxavT, fonema aris bgeris mini-

maluri, Sinaarsiani erTeuli enaSi. fonemuri

rekonstruqcia xdeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi

daRmaval gadamuSavebas gamotovili fonemebis

Sesavsebad iyeneben. msmenelebs xSirad uWirT

gansazRvra, maT xmauriT nawilobrivad dafa-

ruli sityvebi esmiT, Tu sityvebi esmiT xmaur-

Tan erTad, romelic zed edeba mTel signals,

Tumca, ar faravs mas.

davuSvaT, xmaurian wveulebaze Tqveni megob-

ris naTqvami ise wydeba, rom Tqven yuramde

mxolod aRwevs _ ̀ saxlSi unda wavide (xmauri)

aRli myavs gasaseirnebeli~. Tu xmauri faravs

bgera `Z~-s, mosalodnelia, ifiqroT, rom mar-

Tlac srulad gaigoneT sityva `ZaRli~. sain-

teresoa, ratom? Cven gvaqvs calkeuli bgerebi,

romlebic sityvebs qmnian da Tavad sityvebi.

roca bgerebi /a/, /R/, /l/ da /i/ Sedian am

sistemaSi, isini aRmavali gziT, sityvis doneze,

gvawvdian informacias. amis safuZvelze gviya-

libdeba versiebi, Tu ra SeiZleboda eTqva mego-

bars. Semdeg ukve daRmavali procesebi erTveba.

konteqsti gexmarebaT, arsebuli versiebidan

`ZaRli~ SearCioT, rogorc am frazisTvis

yvelaze Sesaferisi sityva. vinaidan es yve-

laferi sakmaod swrafad xdeba _ savaraudo

sityvebis aRmavali identifikacia da yvelaze

albaTuri swori variantis daRmavali SerCeva

– Tqven veRar igebT, rom bgera `Z~ gamoto-

vebulia. perceptuli sistema garwmunebT, rom

sityva dasrulebuli iyo (Samuel, 1997). Semdgom,

xmaurian garemoSi moxvedrisas, kmayofili iqne-

biT, rom perceptuli procesebi ase efeqturad

avseben bgerebs!

informaciis gadamuSavebis daRmavali proce-

sebis bolo magaliTad 5.31 suraTze gamosaxuli

adamianebi ganvixiloT. Tu maTi popularoba

xanmokle ar iyo, Tqven SeZlebT maT cnobas,

magram aseTebi arian isini realurad? albaT,

ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, saukeTeso wlebSi mainc.

am karikaturebis identifikaciis unari mowmobs,

rom samyaros aRqma mxolod sensoruli recep-

torebidan Semosul aRmaval informaciaze ar

aris damokidebuli. Tqveni codnis _ daRmavali

informaciisa da danaxulis _ aRmavali infor-

maciis gaerTianebis unari am karikaturebSi

edi merfisa da hilari klintonis cnobis saSua-

lebas gaZlevT. faqtobrivad, kvleva gviCvenebs,

rom karikaturebis amocnoba ufro advilia,

vidre cnobili adamianebis ufro ̀ zusti~ gamo-

xatulebebisa, radgan karikaturebSi is maxa-

siaTeblebia gamokveTili, romlebic adamians

gamorCeuls xdis (Mauro & Kubovy, 1992; Rhodes

et al., 1997).

suraTi 5.31

rogor cnobT am cnobil

adamianebs?

cnobT TiToeul maTgans? am

adamianebis saxeebis nacnobobis

safuZvelze _ daRmavali

gadamuSaveba _ am karikaturebSi

`realur~ adamianebs amoicnobT.

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sagnebis cnoba

metyvelebis aRqmis magaliTidan SeiZleba

gadavideT zogad midgomaze, romelic mkvlev-

rebma sagnis cnobis aRmaval procesebSi Semoi-

tanes. maT gamoyves safexurebi, romelTac per-

ceptuli sistemebi mTliani perceptuli xatis

cnobisaTvis iyeneben. enis SemTxvevaSi, metyve-

lebisas aRqmis procesebi, calkeuli sityvebis

amosacnobad, aerTianebs bgeraTa Tanmimdev-

robebis Sesaxeb garemodan miRebul informacias.

ra erTeulebiT agebT samyaroSi arsebuli

obieqtebis reprezentaciebs? magaliTad, rogor

wyvetT, rom nacrisferi ucnauri formis, saSua-

lo zomis bewviani arseba namdvilad kataa?

savaraudod, Tqven gaqvT katis mexsierebiTi xati.

identifikaciis procesi gulisxmobs perceptSi

mocemuli informaciis Sedarebas katis mexsie-

rebiT xatTan, magram rogor xorcieldeba es

Sedareba? erT-erTi variantia, rom sxvadasxva

sagnebis mexsierebiTi xatebi moicaven sagnis

Semadgenel komponentebs da informacias am

komponentebis urTierTkavSirze (Marr & Mishihara,1978). irvin bidermanis mixedviT (Irvin Biederman,

1987; Hummel & Biederman, 1992), yvela obieqti

SeiZleba Sedgebodes geometriuli ionebis anu

geonebisagan. geonebi ar aris formebis didi an

SemTxveviTi erToblioba. bidermani irwmuneboda,

rom yoveli 36 geonis erTianoba Semdegi wesiT

SeiZleba ganisazRvros: TiToeuli samganzomi-

lebiani geoni qmnis organzomilebiani baduras

stimulaciis unikalur paterns. es unikalurobis

wesi saSualebas unda gvaZlevdes, sensoruli

stimulaciis paternidan mivxvdeT, ra sagania

garemoSi mocemuli. 5.32 suraTze naCvenebia, Tu

rogor aris SesaZlebeli standartuli nawile-

bisgan obieqtebis ageba.

mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom aseT nawilebs

realuri mniSvneloba aqvT sagnis cnobisaTvis.

amisaTvis isini cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen

danawevrebuli sagnebis suraTebs, sadac srulad

iyo, an ar iyo mocemuli Semadgeneli nawilebi

(Biederman, 1987; Biederman & Cooper, 1991). 5.33 suraTis

pirvel svetSi mocemulia Cveulebrivi sagnebis

konturebi. Sua svetSi igive obieqtebi

xarvezebiTaa mocemuli, rac jer kidev iZleva

nawilebis cnobis da maTi urTierTkavSiris

gagebis saSualebas. marjvena svetSi xarvezebi

xels gviSlis komponentebisa da maT Soris

kavSiris aRmoCenaSi. gveTanxmebiT, rom mesame

svetSi mxolod monaxazis saxiT mocemuli

obieqtebis cnoba yvelaze Znelia? kontrasti

gvarwmunebs, rom obieqtis cnoba SezRuduli

informaciiTac SesaZlebelia (fonemebis aRdgenis

msgavsad), magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

informacia aucilebel komponentebs Seicavs.

miuxedavad amisa, mxolod komponentebis

amocnoba yovelTvis ver iqneba sakmarisi

obieqtis sacnobad (Hayward & Williams, 2000; Tarr,1994). erT-erTi siZnele, rogorc es 5.34 suraTzea

mocemuli, isaa, rom obieqtebs xSirad sruliad

gansxvavebuli persepeqtivebidan xedavT. sagnis

Semadgeneli nawilebi SeiZleba sruliad

gansxvavebulad Candes sxvadasxva perspeqtividan.

am siZnelis dasaZlevad calkeuli ZiriTadi

suraTi 5.32

cnoba komponentebis safuZvelze

suraTze mocemulia samganzomilebiani obieqtebis

Semadgeneli nawilebi da maTi gaerTianebis nimuSebi.

figuris zeda naxevarSi mocemuli obieqtebi

sxvadasxva zomis cilindrebiTaa agebuli; figuris

qveda naxevarSi ki, ramdenime sxvadasxva nawilis

gaerTianebiT nacnobi obieqtebia agebuli.

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perspeqtivisaTvis unda SeinaxoT calkeuli

mexsierebiTi xatebi, romelTac standartuli

sagnebis ganxilvisas gamoiyenebT (Tarr & Pinker,1989). rodesac garemoSi romelime obieqts

xedavT, SeiZleba gonebaSi perceptis transfor-

mireba mogiwioT, raTa gaarkvioT, zustad

Seesabameba Tu ara is romelime am xats. amrigad,

nacrisfer, ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis

bewvian cxovelSi rom kata amoicnoT, is unda

amoicnoT, rogorc garkveuli rakursiT moce-

muli geonebis Sesatyvisi kombinacia.

molodinis da konteqstis

gavlena

nacrisfer, saSualo zomis, ucnauri formis

bewvian arsebas ufro advilad icnobT, Tu mas

Cveul adgilas, Tqven saxlSi naxavT. es aRqmis

daRmavali aspeqtia: molodinebma SeiZleba

gavlena moaxdinon aRqmaze da danaxulis

interpretaciaze. odesme, SemTxveviT, ginaxavT

nacnobi adamianebi moulodnel adgilas,

magaliTad, sxva qalaqSi, an sxva socialur

jgufSi? gacilebiT meti droa saWiro maT

sacnobad am situaciaSi da xandaxan arc ki

xarT darwmunebuli, rom Nnamdvilad isini arian.

saqme is ki ar aris, rom isini gansxvavebulad

gamoiyurebian, aramed konteqstia sxva _ Tqven

ar eliT maT am situaciaSi. sivrciTi da droiTi

konteqsti, romelSic sagnebi amoicnoba,

mniSvnelovan informaciul wyaros warmoadgens.

konteqstidan gamomdinare, Tqven geqmnebaT

molodini, Tu ra obieqtebis naxvaa mosalod-

neli, an moulodneli irgvliv.

perceptuli organizacia damokidebulia

rogorc molodinze, ise _ sagnis xilvad Tvi-

sebebze. sagnis cnoba aris konstruqciuli

suraTi 5.33

nawilebis gavleba obieqtis cnobaze

Sua svetSi vizualuri informaciis xarvezebi

nawilebs ar azianebs, marjvena svetSi ki _ azia-

nebs. gveTanxmebiT, rom Sua svetSi ufro advilia

obieqtebis cnoba?

suraTi 5.34

erTi da igive obieqti sxvadasxva

perspeqtividan

sxvadasxva perspeqtividan Tqven sagnis sxvadasxva

nawils xedavT. am sirTulis dasaZlevad Tqven rTuli

figuris mraval xats inaxavT mexsierebaSi.

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interpretaciis procesi _ identifikacia

SeiZleba Seicvalos imis mixedviT, rac ukve

iciT, Tu sad xarT da ras xedavT irgvliv.

waikiTxeT Semdegi sityvebi:

THE CAT sworia? axla isev SexedeT TiToeuli

sityvis Sua asos. es ori aso zustad erTnairia,

Tumca, pirvels aRiqvamT rogorc H-s da meores,

rogorc A-s, ratom? naTelia, rom aRqmaze

gavlena moaxdina inglisuri sityvebis codnam.

konteqsti, romelsacqmnis T_E, metad SesaZ-

lebels xdis H-s da naklebad SesaZlebels _

A-s maSin, roca C_T konteqstisTvis sawinaaRmde-

goa swori.

mkvlevrebma araerTxel daasabuTes aRqmaze

konteqstisa da molodinis gavlena setis Ses-

wavliT. seti (set) aris stimulis garkveuli saxiT

aRqmis da masze reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.

arsebobs sami tipis seti: motoruli, fsi-

qologiuri da perceptuli. motoruli seti aris

mza, swrafi pasuxis gasacemad mzaoba. morbenali

varjiSobs motoruli setis daxvewaze, raTa

sastarto gasrolis xmaze rac SeiZleba swrafad

gamovides sastarto blokidan. fsiqologiuri

seti aris mzaoba. ganixiloT iseTi situacia,

rogoricaa amocanis gadaWra, an TamaSi, das-

wavlili wesebis, instruqciebis, molodinebis,

an Cvevebis daxmarebiT. fsiqologiurma setma

SeiZleba Tavidan agvaridos amocanis gadawyveta,

roca Zveli wesebi ver ergeba axal situacias.

amas me-9 TavSi vnaxavT, problemis gadawyvetis

procesis Seswavlisas. perceptuli seti aris

mocemul konteqstSi garkveuli stimulis

SeniSvnisTvis mzaoba. magaliTad, axalbeda

dedisaTvis es SeiZleba bavSvis tirilis

gagoneba iyos.

xSirad seti gvaiZulebs, SevcvaloT orazro-

vani stimulis interpretacia. SexedeT sityvaTa

am or rigs:

bebia, babua, da, Zma, deda, ma?a

ana, sofo, nino, Tea, nata, ma?a

waikiTxeT CamonaTvali? ra sityva mogividaT

TavSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi ̀ ma?a~-s wakiTxvisas?

Tu Tqven ̀ mama~ da ̀ maia/maka~ gaifiqreT, es imitom

moxda, rom sityvaTa CamonaTvaliT SegimuSavdaT

seti, romelmac sityvebis Zebnisas garkveuli

mimarTulebiT warmarTa Tqveni mexsiereba.

saxeldebam SeiZleba Seqmnas konteqsti, ro-

melic orazrovani figurisTvis perceptul sets

iZleva. Tqven ukve naxeT, azrs moklebuli ̀ dud-

lebi~ (doodles) rogor gadaiqca azrian obieq-

tebad. yuradRebiT SexedeT qalis gamosaxulebas

5.35 A suraTze. Tqvenma megobarma (da ara Tqven)naxos suraTi 5.35 B. Semdeg erTad SexedeT 5.35CsuraTs. ras xedavs TiToeuli Tqvengani? iqonia

Tu ara raime gavlena mocemuli saxeldebuli

orazrovani gamosaxulebebis naxvam am gamo-

saxulebis aRqmaze? Tqven SegiZliaT, eqsperi-

menti sxvebze gaimeoroT da naxoT, iRebT Tu

ara igive Sedegebs.

suraTi 5.36A

suraTi 5.36B

axalgazrda lamazi

qali

xandazmuli qalbatoni

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imisaTvis, rom konteqstma aRqmaze moaxdinos

gavlena, saWiroa: mexsiereba ise iyos organi-

zebuli, rom konkretul situaciebTan dakav-

Sirebuli informacia saWiro dros xdebodes

xelmisawvdomi. sxva sityvebiT, saTanado (an

arasaTanado) molodinebis Camosayalibeblad

Tqven unda SegeZloT mexsierebaSi Senaxuli

codnis gamoyeneba. zogjer ̀ mexsierebiTac~ iseve

xedavT, rogorc TvalebiT. me-8 TavSi ganvixi-

lavT mexsierebis Tvisebebs, romlebic SesaZle-

bels xdis aRqmaze konteqstis gavlenas.

bolo gakveTili

am TavSi naswavlis Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT

SexedeT 5.3 suraTs. Tqven ukve gaqvT mTeli sqemis

gasagebad saWiro codna. 5.3 suraTis ganxilva,

aseve, dagarwmunebT, rom mniSvnelovani daskvna,

romelic aRqmis Seswavlidan unda miiRoT, isaa,

rom mastimulirebeli movlenis sapasuxo

perceptuli gamocdileba pirovnebis, rogorc

mTelis, reaqcias warmoadgens. sensoruli

receptorebis gaRizianebiT miRebuli infor-

maciis garda, saboloo aRqma damokidebulia

imaze, Tu vin xarT, visTan erTad xarT, ra gindaT,

ras eliT da ra Rirebulebebi gaqvT. aRmqmeli

suraTi 5.36C

axla ras xedavT?

xSirad asrulebs or gansxvavebul rols,

romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT azartul TamaSsa

da interieris dizains. rogorc azartuli

moTamaSe, aRmqmeli mowadinebulia, niZlavi

dados, rom mocemul Semaval sensorul masalas

warsuli gamocdilebisa da personaluri

Teoriebis terminebiT gaigebs. rogorc mgznebare,

sakuTar saqmeze Seyvarebuli interieris

dizaineri, aRmqmeli mudmivad cdilobs

stimulebis ise organizebas, rom isini ukeT

moergon situacias da metad urTierTdakavSi-

rebulad gamoiyurebodnen. araTavsebadi da

mouwesrigebeli xatebi ukuigdeba da naTeli,

sufTa da Tanmimdevruli xazebiT Canacvldeba.

aRqmis procesi rom mTlianad aRmavali

yofiliyo, Tqven erT, aq da amJamad mocemul

konkretul realobas iqnebodiT mijaWvu-

li.…SegeZlebodaT Tqveni gancdebis fiqsireba,

magram ver gadaitandiT maT momavalSi, verc

samyaros dainaxavdiT gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva

situaciaSi. perceptuli gadamuSaveba mxolod

daRmavali procesi rom yofiliyo, Tqven

daikargebodiT sakuTari molodinebisa da

imedebis, fantaziis samyaroSi. am or ukidu-

resobas Soris saTanado balansiT miiRweva

aRqmis ZiriTadi mizani: samyaros iseTi gancda,

romelic optimalurad emsaxureba adamianis,

rogorc biologiuri da socialuri arsebis

(romelic moZraobs da egueba socialur da

fizikur garemos), moTxovnilebebs.

Sejameba

identifikacia da cnoba moicavs aRmaval da

daRmaval procesebs, romlebic erToblivi

moqmedebiT samyaros naTel, TvalsaCino gagebas

uzrunvelyofen. sagnis amocnoba iwyeba sagnis

Semadgenel nawilebad, anu geonebad dayofiT.

obieqtis amosacnobad nawilebis codna xSirad

rakursis, anu xedvis kuTxis codnasac saWiroebs.

sivrciTi da droiTi konteqsti, romelSic

sagania mocemuli, ayalibebs molodins; is

gavlenas axdens sagnis cnobis unarze. mkvlev-

rebma aRqmaze konteqstis gavlena setis

efeqtebis SeswavliT daasabuTes.

seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli

saxiT reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.

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SegrZneba, organizeba,

identificireba da

cnoba

perceptuli sistemebi ubra-

lod ki ar iReben gare

samyaroze informacias, ara-

med aqtiurad axdenen mis

intepretaciasa da orga-

nizacias.

aRqma samsafexuriani pro-

cesia. is Sedgeba SegrZne-

bis, perceptuli organi-

zaciisa da identifikacia-

cnobis safexurebisgan.

gadamuSavebis sensorul sa-

fexurze fizikuri energia

gardaiqmneba nervul ener-

giad da sensorul gancdad.

organizaciis safexurze per-

ceptuli procesebi Segr-

Znebebs TvalsaCino xatebad

aerTianebs da sagnebis da

paternebis aRqmas ganapiro-

bebs.

identifikaciisa da cnobis

safexurze sagnebis percep-

tebi dardeba mexsierebiT

xatebs, raTa isini amovic-

noT rogorc nacnobi da az-

riani sagnebi.

aRqmis amocanaa distaluri

(eqsternaluri) stimulis

gansazRvra proqsimaluri

(sensoruli) stimuliT mo-

wodebuli informaciidan.

orazrovneba iqmneba maSin,

rodesac SesaZlebelia er-

Ti da igive sensoruli in-

formaciis sxvadasxva per-

ceptebSi (xatebSi) organi-

zeba.

perceptuli iluziebis Se-

saxeb codnam SeiZleba Se-

zRudos Cveulebrivi percep-

tuli procesebi.

sakvanZo

sakiTxebi

yuradRebis procesebi

yuradReba aris Semavali

sensoruli informaciis

nawilis SerCevisa da danar-

Cenis ignorirebis unari.

pirovnuli miznebi da ga-

remoSi arsebuli sagnebis

Tvisebebi gansazRvraven Cve-

ni yuradRebis mimarTule-

bas.

yuradRebis miRma darCenili

informacia Zalze mcired

moqmedebs mimdinare gamoc-

dilebaze.

yuradRebamdeli gadamuSave-

ba vizualuri garemos efeq-

turad gadasinjvis saSua-

lebas iZleva.

organizaciuli

procesebi aRqmaSi

organizaciuli procesebi

sensoruli monacemebis Se-

sabamis aRqmis xatebs qmni-

an.

es procesebi perceptebs fo-

nidan win wamoweul figu-

rebad aerTianebs.

TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia

dausrulebeli figurebis

dasrulebulad danaxvisa

da calkeuli obieqtebis

msgavsebis mixedviT dajgu-

febis tendencia.

TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia

tendencia _ aq da amJamad

mocemuli sivrciTi da

droiTi konteqstidan ga-

momdinare _ moaxdinoT sag-

nis nawilebis organizeba da

interpretireba.

Tqven, aseve, gaxasiaTebT

realuri sensoruli sti-

mulis miuxedavad, aTvlis

sistemis uZravad da masSi

mocemuli nawilebis moZ-

ravad aRqmis tendencia.

baduras organzomilebiani

informaciis samganzo-

milebiani siRrmis aRqmad

gardasaqmnelad vizu-

aluri sistema iyenebs

iseT informacias, rogo-

ricaa: obieqtis zoma da

obieqtamde manZili.

Tqven gaxasiaTebT obieq-

tebis zomis, formis,

orientaciisa da feris

mixedviT ucvlelad aR-

qmis tendencia.

identifikacia da cnoba

perceptuli gadamuSavebis

bolo safexurze, rodesac

xdeba obieqtis identi-

fikacia da cnoba, per-

cepti mniSvnelobas iZens

aRmavali da daRmavali

gadamuSavebis erToblivi

moqmedebiT.

konteqstma, molodinebma,

perceptulma masalam

SeiZleba gansazRvros

dausrulebeli orazro-

vani monacemebis erTi

mimarTulebiT amocnoba,

meore, Tanabrad SesaZleb-

lis, nacvlad.

amgvarad, aRqma eyrdnobarogorc warsul codnas

da molodins, ise _ sen-

sorul stimuls.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

aracnobieri daskvna

aRmavali gadamuSaveba

aRqma

aRqmis konstantoba

Ta

vi

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aR

qm

a

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sa

kv

an

Zo

sa

ki

Tx

eb

i

aSkara moZraoba

konvergencia

daRmavali gadamuSaveba

dasrulebuloba

(Sevsebuloba)

distaluri stimuli

diqotomiuri mosmena

ekologiuri optikis

Teoria

Φ fenomeni

figura

foni

formis konstantoba

ganaTebis konstantoba

geStalt-fsiqologia

identifikacia da cnoba

iluzia

iluzoruli konturebi

marTuli gadasinjva

mizanmimarTuli SerCeva

moCvenebiTi moZraoba

msgavsebis kanoni

msgavsi bedis kanoni

orazrovneba

orientaciis konstantoba

perceptuli organizeba

proqsimaluri stimuli

retinaluri disparati

fardobiTi moZraobis

paralaqsi

seti

siaxlovis kanoni

stimuliT aRZruli

seleqcia

yuradReba

yuradRebamdeli

gadamuSaveba

sididis konstantoba

186

goneba, cnobiereba da Secvliligoneba, cnobiereba da Secvliligoneba, cnobiereba da Secvliligoneba, cnobiereba da Secvliligoneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili

mdgomareobebimdgomareobebimdgomareobebimdgomareobebimdgomareobebi

6 cnobierebis Sinaarsi

••••• gacnobiereba dacnobiereba

••••• cnobierebisxelmisawvdomoba

••••• cnobierebisSinaarsebis kvleva

cnobierebis funqciebi

••••• cnobierebisgamoyeneba

••••• cnobierebis fun-qciebis kvleva

fsiqologia Cvens

cxovrebaSi: rodis

uyalibdebaT bavSvebs

cnobiereba

Zili da sizmari

••••• cirkaduli ritmebi

••••• Zilis cikli

••••• ratom Zili?

••••• Zilis darRvevebi

••••• sizmari: gonebisTeatri

fsiqologia XXI

saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis

stili da Zili

cnobierebis Secvlili

mdgomareobebi

••••• dakvirvebadi sizmrebi••••• hipnozi••••• meditacia••••• halucinaciebi

••••• religiuri eqstazi

••••• cnobierebis Semc-vleli nivTierebebi

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

••••• ZiriTadi cnebebi

187

anvixiloT N.N-is SemTxveva _

axalgazrda kanadeli mamakaci,

romelsac avtokatastrofis Se-

degad Tavis tvini dauzianda. fsi-

qolog endel tulvingis (Endel

Tulving, 1985) aRweris mixedviT, N. N-ma am travmisSedegad mravali iseTi gamocdilebis miRebis

unari dakarga, rasac qvemoT aRvwerT da

cnobierebas vuwodebT. magaliTad, miuxedavad

imisa, rom N. N-ma „mcire ram icis Tavisi war-

sulidan, vTqvaT, romel wels gadavida misi ojaxi

amJamindel sacxovrebel adgilas; im skolebis

saxelebi, romlebSic swavlobda anda sad

atarebda zafxuls skolis periodSi, mas ar

SeuZlia gaixsenos romelime konkretuli movlena

Tavisi warsulidan~ (gv. 4). tulvingi wers:

N.N-s ar hqonda problemebi qronologiur

drosTan dakavSirebiT. is kargad erkveoda

drois erTeulebsa da maT Soris arsebul

mimarTebebSi. zedmiwevniT SeeZlo qrono-

logiuri drois grafikulad gamosaxva, Tumca,

drois Sesaxeb abstraqtuli codnis sruliad

sapirispirod, ukiduresad darRveuli hqonda

subieqturi drois cnobiereba. rodesac wina

dRis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ekiTxebodnen, is

pasuxobda, rom ar icoda. Tu hkiTxavdnen, ras

apirebda SemdgomSi an ras gaakeTebda xval,

misi pasuxi igive iyo _ man ar icoda...

rodesac sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi sTxovdnen

NN. N-s, aRewera is „sicariele~, romelic mis

gonebaSi isadgurebda „xvalis~ Sesaxeb fiq-

risas, is ambobda, rom es „Zilismagvari mdgo-

mareobaa~ anda „didi sicarielea~. Tu sTxov-

dnen analogiis terminebiT aRewera es mdgo-

mareoba, igi ambobda, rom „es hgavs situacias,

rodesac cariel oTaxSi moxvedril adamians

oTaxSi ararsebuli skamis povnas sTxoven~.

sxva SemTxvevaSi is ambobda, rom „es tbis

SuagulSi curvas hgavs, sadac araferia

irgvliv xelCasaWidi~. rodesac guSindeli

saqmianobis Sesaxeb fiqrisas gonebaSi Seqmnili

mdgomareobis aRweras sTxovdnen, is ambobda,

rom „raRacnairi sicarielea~. N.N amas mSvidad

da uSfoTvelad akvirdeba yovelgvari emociis

gareSe. mxolod maSin, rodesac ekiTxebodnen

ratom ar ukvirs, rom „iq araferia~, rodesac

is fiqrobs guSindelsa Tu xvalindelze, is

amJRavnebda mcireoden, xanmokle aJitacias da

sustad aRmoxdeboda gaocebis SeZaxili.

g

SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi warmoidginoT N.N-is

adgilze, rodesac sakuTari warsulisa an mo-

mavlis Sesaxeb fiqrs cdilobT da mxolod

„sicarieles~ awydebiT? modiT, erTi wuTiT

ifiqreT raime erT-erT mniSvnelovan movlenaze

Tqveni warsulidan; axla dafiqrdiT, Tu ra

SeiZleba moxdes xval an zeg? saidan modis

warsulis es mogonebebi an warmodgenebi mo-

mavlis Sesaxeb? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens

tvinSi didi informacia inaxeba, naklebad al-

baTuria, rom es azrebi iseve mogvdiodes

„gonebaSi~, TiTqosda visxdeT da teqsts vki-

TxulobdeT. metic, Tavs ukeTesad vigrZnobT,

Tu vityviT, rom azrebi Cveni cnobierebidan da

tvinis iseTi ubnebidan momdinareobs, romelic

manamde ar iyo cnobieri, magram mainc ibadeba

kiTxva: mainc rogor mogvdis garkveuli azrebi

TavSi (gonebaSi)? ganvixilavT ki realurad

sxvadasxva mogonebebs an momavlis variantebs?

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, cnobierad vaxorcielebT

arCevans? Tu azrebi garkveuli aracnobieri

operaciebis meSveobiT rogorRac Cndebian Cvens

cn

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188

cnobierebaSi? ra SesaZleblobebi gagvaCnia Cven,

romelic N.N-ma ase tragikulad dakarga?

Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, ras warmoad-

gens normaluri individisaTvis azrebis Camo-

yalibebis martivi aqti, intuiturad ukve Segveq-

mneba warmodgena am meeqvse Tavis ZiriTadi

Temebis Sesaxeb. am TavSi SevecdebiT vupasuxoT

Semdeg kiTxvebs: ra aris Cveulebrivi gac-

nobiereba? ra ganapirobebs Cveni cnobierebis

Sinaarsebs? risTvis gvWirdeba cnobiereba?

SeuZliaT Tu ara realuri zegavlenis moxdena

aracnobier fsiqikur movlenebs Cvens azrebze,

emociebsa da qcevaze? rogor icvleba cnobiereba

dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi da rogor SegviZlia

mizanmimarTulad vcvaloT Cveni cnobierebis

mdgomareoba? imedismomcemi fsiqologi, aseve,

dainteresdeba, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli

gonebis aspeqtebis mecnieruli Seswavla, rogor

xdeba Sinaganis gareT gamotana da, piriqiT,

sazogadoebrivis pirovnulad qceva (interna-

lizacia) da rogor aris SesaZlebeli subieq-

turi gamocdilebis zedmiwevniTi gazomva?

Cven analizs cnobierebis Sinaarsebisa da

funqciebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, amasTan, yurad-

Rebas gavamaxvilebT adamianis gonebaze. Seve-

cdebiT dagexmaroT filosofosTa, fsiqologTa

da neiromecnierebebisTvis uZvelesi problemis

gagebaSi: ra damokidebulebaa Tavis tvinsa da

gonebas Soris. Semdeg gadavinacvlebT im regu-

larul cvlilebebze, romelsac ganvicdiT oc-

nebis, fantaziis, Zilisa da sizmrebis dros.

dabolos, vnaxavT, Tu rogor icvleba cnobiereba

hipnozis, meditaciis, religiuri ritualebisa

da narkotikebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.

cnobierebis Sinaarsi

Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom termini

„cnobiereba~ orazrovania. is SeiZleba gamo-

viyenoT rogorc gonebis zogadi mdgomareobis,

ise misi specifikuri Sinaarsebis aRsaniSnad.

zogjer vambobT, rom „cnobier~ mdgomareobaSi

viyaviT „aracnobieris~ sapirispirod (magali-

Tad, anesTeziis an Zilis dros); sxva SemTxvevaSi

vambobT, rom cnobier mdgomareobaSi varT. anu

vacnobierebT konkretul informacias an moq-

medebas. aq naTlad Cans garkveuli Tanmimdevroba

_ imisaTvis, rom vacnobierebdeT raime konkre-tul informacias, cnobier mdgomareobaSi unda

vimyofebodeT. am TavSi, rodesac visaubrebT

cnobierebis Sinaarsebze, mxedvelobaSi gveqneba

is informacia, romelsac vacnobierebT, romlis

Sesaxebac viciT.

gacnobiereba da cnobiereba

adreul fsiqologiur kvlevaTa nawili cno-

bierebis Sinaarsebs eZRvneboda. XIX saukunis

dasawyisSi TandaTanobiT daSorda ra fsiqo-

logia filosofias, is Camoyalibda, rogorc

cnobierebis, gonebis Sesaxeb mecniereba. vundti

da titCeneri introspeqciis meTods iyenebdnen

cnobieri fsiqikis Sinaarsebis sakvlevad, ui-

liam jemsi ki sakuTari cnobierebis nakadis

kvleviT iyo dakavebuli (ix. Tavi 1). faqtobrivad,

misi klasikuri naSromis _ „fsiqologia~ (1892w.)

pirvel gverdze jemsi fsiqologias ganmartavs,

Ta

vi

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go

ne

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i

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i

189

rogorc „mecnierebas cnobierebis, rogorc ase-

Tis, mdgomareobebis aRwerisa da axsnis Sesaxeb.~

Cveulebrivi fxizeli cnobiereba moicavs

Cvens aRqmebs, azrebs, grZnobebs, warmodgenebsa

da survilebs mocemul momentSi, anu mTel

mentalur aqtivobas, razec vaxdenT yuradRebis

koncentracias. Cven vacnobierebT Tavad moqme-

debas, romelsac vaxorcielebT da im faqtsac,

rom vaxorcielebT am qmedebas. xandaxan imasac

vacnobierebT, rom sxvebi akvirdebian, afaseben

da reagireben Cven mier ganxorcielebul qce-

vebze. sakuTari Tavis SegrZneba modis gamoc-

dilebidan, romelsac privilegirebuli „Sina-

gani~ poziciidan sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebiT

viRebT. es sxvadasxvagvari gonebrivi aqtivobebi,

erTad aRebuli, qmnian cnobierebis Sinaarss _

yvela am gamocdilebas cnobierad aRviqvamT

drois garkveul momentSi (Natsouias, 1998).

axla ufro zustad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT

cnobierebis sami sxvadasxva done. isini pirobi-

Tad Seesatyviseba: (1) bazisuri done _ Sinagani

da garegani samyaros cnobiereba; (2) meore done_ imis asaxva, gaazreba, rasac vacnobierebT da

(3) mesame, umaRlesi done sakuTari Tavis, rogorc

cnobieri, moazrovne individis, gacnobiereba.

bazisur doneze cnobiereba warmoadgens imis

gacnobierebas, rom Cven aRviqvamT da vreagirebT

xelmisawvdom perceptul informaciaze. am do-

neze Cven vacnobierebT saaTis wikwiks da

SimSilis odnav SesamCnev SegrZnebas. meore

doneze cnobiereba simbolur codnas eyrdnoba,

romelic gvanTavisuflebs realur obieqtebsa

da mimdinare movlenebze mijaWvulobisgan. am

doneze SegviZlia vimsjeloT da movaxdinoT

manipulireba obieqtebiT maTi aryofnis piro-

bebSi, warmovisaxoT axali formebi da gamo-

viyenoT ukve nacnobi formebi an paternebi, dav-

gegmoT/SevqmnaT utopiebi. cnobierebis umaRlesi

donea TviTcnobiereba, Semecneba (gacnobiereba)

imisa, rom pirovnulad gancdil movlenebs

avtobiografiuli xasiaTi aqvs. TviTcnobiereba

gvaZlevs pirovnuli istoriisa da identurobis

SegrZnebas. cnobierebis am doneze, Tu Cvens

gamocdilebaSi samyaro arsebobs, rogorc

naTeli, Tanmimdevruli da prognozirebadi ram,

maSin TandaTanobiT gviyalibdeba amis Sesatyvisi

molodinebi da es molodinebi aRgvWuravs

awmyoSi saukeTeso mimdinare qmedebiT da momav-

lis dagegmvas axdens. gavixsenoT N.N-is Sem-

Txveva, riTac daviwyeT saubari, romelic Tavis

dazianebis Sedegad TiTqmis mTlianad TviT-

cnobierebis gareSe darCa (tulvingi, 1985). mas

ar gaaCnda rogorc pirovnuli drois per-

speqtiva, ise _ droSi ganfenili sakuTari av-

tobiografiis cnobiereba.

cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa

da garemos pirobebis cnobierad aRqmis mdgo-

mareoba (gacnobiereba).

TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebisumaRlesi done, pirovnulad gancdili movlene-

bis avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.

cn

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190

cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba

Cven ganvsazRvreT informaciis zogadi ti-

pebi, romelic SesaZloa gacnobierdes garkveul

adgilze da garkveul droSi, magram ra gana-

pirobebs imas, Tu ra cnobierdeba swored am

momentSi? magaliTad, am wuTSi acnobierebT Tu

ara Tqvens sunTqvas? albaT, ara. sunTqvis kon-

troli aracnobieri procesebis nawilia. fiq-

robT Tu ara Tqvens bolo Svebulebaze an

„hamletis~ avtorze? albaT, isev ara. aseTi az-

rebis kontroli winarecnobieri mexsierebis na-

wilia. acnobierebT Tu ara iseT fonur xma-

urebs, rogoricaa saaTis wikwiki, transportis

moZraobis xma an naTuris zuzuni? sakmaod

rTuli iqneba am yvelafris gacnobiereba (aRqma)

da Tan sruli koncentraciis SenarCuneba am

Tavis Sinaarsze. yvela es stimuli yuradRebis

miRma darCenili informaciis nawilia. dabolos,

arsebobs aracnobieri informacia, romelic

Znelad xelmisawvdomia cnobieri aRqmisaTvis.

aseT informacias miekuTvneba, magaliTad, gra-

matikuli wesebi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis

winadadebis mniSvnelobis gagebas. axla cal-

calke ganvixiloT cnobierebis TiToeuli tipi.

aracnobieri procesebi

es aris mTeli rigi aracnobieri sxeulebrivi

aqtiobebisa, romlebic Zalze iSviaTad Tu iWreba

cnobierebaSi. aracnobieri procesebis muSaobis

magaliTia sisxlis wnevis regulacia. nervuli

sistema adevnebs ra Tvalyurs fiziologiur

informacias, uwyvetad afiqsirebs mimdinare

cvlilebebs da Sesabamisad reagirebs maTze

yovelgvari gacnobierebis gareSe. garkveul

SemTxvevebSi, zogierTi Cveulebrivi aracnobieri

aqtivoba SeiZleba cnobieri gaxdes. magaliTad,

SeiZleba miznad davisaxoT sunTqvis cnobieri

gakontroleba. miuxedavad amisa, nervuli sistema

mraval mniSvnelovan funqcias uzrunvelyofs

cnobierebis yovelgvari procesis gareSe.

winarecnobieri mexsiereba

mogonebebi, romlebic mxolod mas Semdeg

xdeba cnobierebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi, rac

raRac warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas maTze, wina-

recnobieri mogonebebis saxeliT aris cnobili.

mogonebebi uzarmazari moculobis mqone in-

formaciasTan erTad inaxeba, rogoricaa, maga-

liTad, enebis, sportis an geografiis zogadi

codna da mogonebebi pirovnulad gancdili

movlenebis Sesaxeb. winarecnobieri mexsiereba

SeumCnevlad arsebobs Cvens gonebaSi manam, sanam

ar Seiqmneba maTi cnobierad arsebobis

saWiroebis situacia (rogorc maSin, rodesac

mniSvnelovani warsuli movlenis mogoneba

gTxoveT). mexsierebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT me-

8 TavSi visaubrebT.

yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia

nebismier mocemul momentSi uricxvi

raodenobis stimuliT varT garSemortymulni.

rogorc me-5 TavSi iTqva, Cven mxolod maT mcire

nawilze SegviZlia yuradRebis fokusireba. raze

movaxdenT fokusirebas da, amasTanave, romeli

mogonebebi gacocxldeba, mniSvnelovnad aris

damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra gvaqvs cnobierebaSi.

Tumca, xandaxan SeiniSneba iseTi informaciis

aracnobieri reprezentacia, romelic ar xvdeba

yuradRebis fokusSi. gavixsenoT magaliTi me-5

Tavidan: xmaurian wveulebaze cdilobT yurad-

Rebis koncentrirebas TqvenTvis mimzidvel

TariRze da am dros uyuradRebod stovebT iqve

mimdinare saubars manam, sanam Tqvens saxels ar

mohkravT yurs. moulodnelad aRmoaCenT, rom,

rogorRac, gaucnobiereblad usmendiT am

saubars da xmaurSi gaarCieT kidec garkveuli

konkretuli signali (Wood & Cowan, 1995a).

aracnobieri

Cven, Cveulebisamebr, vafiqsirebT aracnobieri

informaciis arsebobas, rodesac ver vxsniT

zogierT qcevas cnobieri Zalebis moqmedebiT

qcevis mimdinareobis momentSi. aracnobieri

Zalebis Sesaxeb pirveli Teoria zigmund fro-

ids ekuTvnis, romlis Tanaxmadac, garkveuli

aracnobieri (Nonconscioes) _ informacia, rome-lic, Cveulebriv, xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebi-

saTvis an mexsierebisaTvis.

winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories)_ mexsiereba, romelic mocemul momentSi ar aris

cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba aucileblobis

SemTxvevaSi.

191

cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba _ travmuli mogo-

nebebi da tabuirebuli survilebi _ imdenad

SiSis momgvrelia, rom specifikuri mentaluri

procesebi (romelTac me-14 TavSi ganvixilavT),

permanentulad devnian maT cnobierebidan.

froidis mixedviT, rodesac originaluri, miuRe-

beli ideebi da motivebi gandevnilia, anu cnobi-

erebis farglebs miRmaa, azrebTan asocirebuli

Zlieri gancdebi isev inarCuneben TavianT Zalas

da zegavlenas axdenen qcevaze. aracnobieris

froidiseuli „aRmoCena~ ewinaaRmdegeba dasav-

luri azris xangrZliv tradicias. ingliseli

filosofos lokis (1690/1975) gonebis Sesaxeb

dawerili klasikuri naSromis „ese adamianis

Semecnebis Sesaxeb~ _ gamoqveynebis Semdeg, mo-

azrovneTa umravlesoba miiCnevda, rom raci-

onaluri arsebebis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari

gonebis yvela aqtivobaze xelmisawvdomoba. fro-

idis pirveladi hipoTeza aracnobieri mentaluri

procesebis arsebobis Sesaxeb Seuracxmyofelad

da aRmaSfoTeblad iTvleboda mis Tanamed-

roveTa Soris (Dennett, 1987). (Cven kvlav davub-

rundebiT froidis ideebs me-14 TavSi, rodesac

visaubrebT pirovnebis unikalurobis Sesaxeb).

dResdReobiT mravali fsiqologi iyenebs

termins aracnobieri, im informaciisa da pro-

cesebis aRsaniSnad, romelic ufro sasurveli

da misaRebia, vidre azrebi, romelic, froidis

Tanaxmad, gandevnas eqvemdebareba. magaliTad,

mravali enobrivi procesi aracnobier procesebs

eyrdnoba. ganvixiloT winadadeba (Vu et al., 2000):

She investigated bark.1 rogor movaxdenT am wina-

dadebis interpretirebas? warmovidgenT qals,

romelic ZaRls akvirdeba Tu qals, romelic

xes aTvalierebs? vinaidan sityva bark oraz-

rovania da winadadebis konteqsti didad ver

gvexmareba, Cven mxolod SegviZlia vivaraudoT,

Tu risi Tqma undoda avtors. axla ganvixiloT

igive winadadeba ufro farTo konteqstSi: The

botanist looked for a fungus. She investigated bark.2 amCnevT,

rom winadadebis gageba ufro gaadvilda am

konteqstSi? Tu gaiolda, es imitom, rom Cvenma

aracnobierma enobrivma procesebma gamoiyena

damatebiTi konteqsti da Zalze swrafad gaakeTa

arCevani sityva bark-is or mniSvnelobas Soris.

am magaliTiT kargad Cans, rom cnobieri donis

miRma moqmedi procesebi xSirad axdenen gavlenas

Cvens qcevaze; am SemTxvevaSi, amis ilustraciaa

is simsubuqe, romliTac mivediT winadadebis

swor gagebamde. amgvarad, Cven TandaTanobiT

gadavinacvleT cnobierebis Sinaarsis ganxil-

vidan cnobierebis funqciebis ganxilvaze. sanam

detalurad ganvixilavT am sakiTxs, mokled

aRvwerT or gzas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cno-

bierebis Sinaarsis Seswavla.

cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva

cnobierebis Seswavlis mizniT mkvlevrebs

unda SeemuSavebinaT meTodologia, romlis

saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba Rrma piradu-

li gamocdilebis gazomva. erTi meTodi vundtisa

da titCeneris introspeqciis meTodis axali

versiaa: eqsperimentis monawileebs eZlevaT

mTeli rigi davalebebi da moeTxovebaT xmamaRla

msjeloba da laparaki am davalebaTa Ses-

rulebis procesSi. isini SesaZleblobis fa-

rglebSi maqsimalurad detalurad aRweren

davalebis Sesrulebisas TavSi mosuli azrebis

Tanmimdevrobas. cdis pirTa angariSebi, e.w.

xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi, gamoiyeneba mentaluri

strategiebisa da codnis reprezentaciebis

dokumentirebisaTvis, romelTac monawileebi

davalebis Sesrulebisas iyeneben. es oqmebi, aseve,

davalebis aRqmasa da masTan gamklavebas Soris

1 bark inglisuri sityva, romelsac ori mniSvneloba

aqvs: (1) yefa da (2) merqani. vinaidan qarTulad am sityvas

ori sxvadasxva mniSvneloba Seesabameba, SeuZlebeli iyo

am etapze winadadebis Targmna. amitom mizanSewonilad

miviCnieT originaluri variantis motana.

2 botanikosi aTvalierebda xavss, is ikvlevda

xis merqans.

xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) -angariSi, romelic iqmneba Tavad cdis pirTa

mier da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da

strategiebs, romelTac isini mimarTaven dava-

lebis Sesrulebisas.

gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi (Ex-perience-sampling method) - eqsperimentuli meTodi,

romelic exmareba mkvlevrebs cnobierebis ti-

puri Sinaarsebis aRweraSi; cdis pirebs eva-

lebaT signalis miRebisTanave daafiqsiron Ta-

vianTi azrebi da grZnobebi.

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arsebuli ganxsvavebebis dafiqsirebis saSua-

lebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs (Ericsson & Simon, 1993).gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodSi

monawileebi aRWurvilni arian mowyobilobiT,

romliTac iReben signals imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis

unda daiwyon angariSis keTeba TavianTi azrebisa

da grZnobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, erT-erT

SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eleqtronul peijerebs

aZleven. radiogadamcemi sxvadasxva SemTxveviT

SerCeuli drois SualedebSi axdens peijeris

aqtivizacias dReSi erTxel an ufro xSirad.

rodesac modis peijeris signali, cdis pirebs

evalebaT iseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, rogo-

ricaa, magaliTad, „ramdenad axerxebdiT kon-

centrirebas?~ am gziT mkvlevrebi axerxeben cdis

pirTa azrebis, cnobierebisa da yuradRebis kon-

centrirebis mimarTulebebis yoveldRiuri,

Cveuli paternebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis mopovebas

(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).

saidan

viciT

ras fiqroben mozardebi

gaixseneT Tqveni mozardobis periodi.

ra Temebi ikavebdnen, ZiriTadad, Tqvens

cnobierebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad

mkvlevarTa jgufma 218 moswavle eleqtro-

nuli peijerebiT aRWurva, romelic Sem-

TxveviT signalebs iZleoda azrebisa da

grZnobebis aRweris dasawyisis maniSneb-

lad (Richard et al., 1998) . moswavleTa

gamocdilebidan nimuSi sul orjer SeirCa

oTxi wlis manZilze. pirveli periodi iyo

V-dan VIII klasis CaTvliT, meore _ IX-danXII klasis CaTvliT. eqsperimentis aseTi

gegma asakis matebasTan erTad mozardTa

cnobierebis Sinaarsis cvlilebebis dafiq-

sirebis saSualebas iZleoda. mkvlevrebs

gansakuTrebiT ainteresebdaT wyvilSi

urTierTobebi mozardobis periodSi,

amitom detalurad ikvlevdnen, Tu ras

fiqrobdnen mozardebi megobrebis Sesaxeb.

kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, asakis

matebasTan erTad azrebi, ZiriTadad,

sapirispiro sqeszea mimarTuli. Tu me-5-6

klaselebis mxolod 1% fiqrobs sapiris-

piro sqesze, merve klasSi es ricxvi 5.8%-

mde izrdeba. kvlevaSi, aseve, saintereso

gansxvavebebi dafiqsirda gogonebsa da

vaJebs Soris: Tu peijeris signalis miRebis

momentSi ar imyofebodnen megobrebis

wreSi, gogonebTan ufro meti iyo orive

sqesis megobrebze fiqris albaToba, vidre

vaJebTan. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom

sqesTa Soris es gansxvavebebi miuTiTebs

da prognozirebs im faqts, rom qalebi

mozrdil asakSi mets iReben inter-

personaluri urTierTobebidan.

am magaliTidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor SeuZ-

liaT mkvlevrebs gamocdilebiT SerCevis

meTodis gamoyeneba cnobierebis calkeuli

tipuri Sinaarsebis gasaerTianeblad.

Sejameba

cnobiereba SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros:

Sinagani da garegani samyaros gacnobiereba, imis

gaazrebis SesaZlebloba, rasac vacnobierebT

(aRviqvamT) da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc cnobieri,

moazrovne arsebis gancda. mravali sxeulebrivi

procesi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sunTqva, Cve-

ulebriv, aracnobieria. Cven vflobT uzarmazar

informacias, romelic inaxeba mexsierebaSi; es

ukanaskneli ki winarecnobiers warmoadgens,

saidanac moTxovnisTanave SeiZleba gadavides

saWiro informacia cnobierSi. yuradRebis miRma

darCenili informacia aris garemoSi arsebul

stimulTa didi raodenoba, romelsac cnobierad

ar vaqcevT yuradRebas. Tu froidi aracnobiers

gandevnil mogonebebTan akavSirebda, Tanamedrove

mkvlevrebi afarToeben aracnobieris cnebas da

masSi informaciisa da procesebis mraval sa-

xeobas moiazreben. fsiqologebi cnobierebis

Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad iyeneben iseT teqnikebs,

rogoricaa xmamaRali fiqris oqmebi da gamoc-

dilebiT SerCevis meTodi.

cnobierebis funqciebi

rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas cnobierebis fun-

qciebis Sesaxeb, vcdilobT gavigoT, Tu risTvis

gvWirdeba cnobiereba _ ras matebs is Cvens ada-

mianur gamocdilebas? am Tavis dasawyisSi gan-

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xiluli N.N-is SemTxveva ramdenime mniSvnelovan

miniSnebas iZleva dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis

gacemis mimarTulebiT. warsulisa da momavlis

gancdis gareSe N.N-is cxovrebis mniSvnelovani

aspeqtebi ubralod sicarieliT icvleba. am

qveTavSi ufro srulad ganvixilavT cnobierebis

mniSvnelovnebis sakiTxs adamianis gadarCenisa

da socialuri funqcionirebisaTvis.

cnobierebis gamoyeneba

adamianis cnobiereba evoluciur garemoSi

yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobil ZalasTan _ sxvaadamianebTan Widilsa da SejibrSi gamoiwrTo.

adamianis goneba, SesaZloa, ganviTarda, rogorc

adamianTa winaprebis ukiduresi sociobilu-

robis Sedegi, rac, savaraudod, mtaceblebisgan

jgufuri Tavdacvisa da resursebis ufro

efeqturad mopovebis ZiriTad saSualebas

warmoadgenda. Tumca, mWidro jgufuri cxovreba

axal moTxovnebs qmnis rogorc TanamSromlobis,

ise konkurenciisaTvis. bunebrivi gadarCeva

wyalobda maT, vinc azrovnebda, gegmavda da

warmoisaxavda alternatiul realobebs, rac

naTesaobis erTad Sekvrisa da mtrebze gamar-

jvebis winapirobas qmnida. isini, visac ufro

adaptirebuli goneba aRmoaCnda da vinc Seqmna

sametyvelo ena da Sromis iaraRebi, gamar-

jvebulni gamovidnen gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi

da moipoves udidesi jildo _ gadarCnen,

SeinarCunes sicocxle da, sabednierod, is

Cvenamdec moitanes (Donald, 1995; Mcphail, 1998).

vinaidan cnobierebam evolucia ganicada, ar

unda gagvikvirdes, rom is uzrunvelyofs sa-

xeobis gadarCenisTvis saWiro mTel rig fun-

qciebs (Baars, 1997; Baars & McGovern, 1994; Cheney &

Seyfarth, 1990; Ornstein, 1991). cnobiereba, aseve,

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pirovnuli da

saerTo kulturuli realobebis SeqmnaSi.

gadarCenaSi daxmareba

biologiuri TvalsazrisiT, savaraudod, cno-

bierebis ganviTareba miznad isaxavda indivi-

disaTvis garemodan momdinare informaciis

miRebasa da am informaciaze dayrdnobiT moq-

medebis saukeTeso da maqsimalurad efeqturi

gegmis SedgenaSi daxmarebas. Cveulebisamebr, Cven

informaciuli gadatvirTvis safrTxis winaSe

vdgavarT. uiliam jemsi aRwerda informaciis

did raodenobas, romelic SegrZnebis recep-

torebs ejaxeba, rogorc yvela mxridan mom-

dinare „mozuzune, mzardi qaosi~. gvarkvevs ra

stimulTa mravalferovnebaSi, cnobiereba

garemosTan adaptaciaSi gvexmareba. amas is sami

sxvadasxva gziT axorcielebs:

pirveli. cnobiereba amcirebs Semaval sti-

mulTa nakads SemCneuli da yuradRebis centrSi

moxvedrili stimulebis raodenobis SezRudviT.

cnobierebis es SemzRudavi funqcia gamoricxavs

imwuTieri miznebisa da amocanebisaTvis Seusa-

bamo informaciis did nawils. yvelaferi, rac

fasdeba, rogorc „Seusabamo~, gadaiqceva fonur

xmaurad da ignorirdeba, cnobieri aRqma ki

„relevantur~ gamRizianeblebze, anu im signa-

lebze fokusirdeba, romelTac viRebT da

vpasuxobT.

meore. cnobiereba axorcielebs seleqciuri

(SerCeviTi) Senaxvis funqcias. mas Semdeg, rac

mTeli Semavali sensoruli masala gadamu-

Savdeba perceptul doneze da gardaiqmneba ufro

mcire raodenobis cnobad paternebad da

kategoriebad, cnobiereba saSualebas gvaZlevs

SevarCioT da SevinaxoT is stimulebi, romelTa

analizi, interpretacia da maTze reagireba

gvsurs momavalSi. cnobiereba movlenaTa da

pirovnuli saWiroebisTvis Sesatyvisi da

araSesatyvisi gamocdilebis klasificirebis

saSualebas gvaZlevs zogierTi maTganis arCeviTa

da zogierTis ignorirebiT.

mesame. cnobierebis mesame funqciaa SeCereba,

alternativebis gaazreba, ganxilva da sxvadasxva

SesaZlo Sedegebis warmosaxva warsul codnaze

dayrdnobiT. es damgegmarebeli anu aRmasruleb-

eli makontrolebeli funqcia Zlieri survi-

lebis daTrgunvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs,

rodesac isini ewinaaRmdegebian moralur, eTikur

an praqtikul miznebs. am saxis cnobierebis

gareSe SimSilis SegrZnebis gaCenisTanave, Se-

saZloa, pirvelive danaxuli sakvebi, magaliTad,

vaSli moviparoT. gvaZlevs ra cnobiereba farTo

droiT perspeqtivas, romelSic unda ganxor-

cieldes potenciuri qceva, Cven SegviZlia

warsulisa da momavlis abstraqtuli reprezen-

taciebis moxmoba mimdinare gadawyvetilebebze

gavlenis mosaxdenad. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan

gamomdinare, cnobiereba cxovrebis cvalebadi

moTxovnebis sapasuxod moqnili, adekvaturi

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reaqciebis ganxorcielebis did SesaZleblobas

iZleva.

realobis pirovnuli da kulturuli

konstruqtebi

ar arsebobs ori adamiani, romelic situaciis

sruliad erTnair interpretacias mogvcemda.

realobis personaluri konstruqti warmoadgens

mimdinare situaciebis Cveneul unikalur inter-

pretacias, romelic zogad codnas, warsuli

gamocdilebis mogonebebs, awmyo moTxovnebs,

Rirebulebebs, rwmenebsa da momavlis miznebs

eyrdnoba. TiToeuli pirovneba garemodan mom-

dinare stimulTa garkveul, sxvebisgan gansxva-

vebul maxasiaTeblebs uTmobs yuradRebas, rad-

ganac realobis misi pirovnuli konstruqti

unikaluri, Semosuli masalis SerCevis Sedegad

aris warmoqmnili. rodesac realobis pirovnuli

konstruqti SedarebiT stabiluria, Cveni „me~-s

gancda droSi uwyvetobas iZens.

realobis pirovnul konstruqtTa Soris in-

dividualuri gansxvavebebi ufro didia im Sem-

TxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi izrdebian gan-

sxvavebul kulturebSi, cxovroben erTi kul-

turis farglebSi gansxvavebul garemoSi an

gansxvavebuli amocanebi dgas maT winaSe da,

piriqiT, vinaidan mocemuli kulturis adamianebi

mraval msgavs gamocdilebas floben, maT xSirad

realobis amsaxveli msgavsi konstruqtebi uya-

libdebaT. realobis kulturuli konstruqtebi

warmoadgens samyaros Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa er-

Tobliobas, romelsac iziarebs mocemuli

jgufis wevrTa umravlesoba. rodesac

sazogadoebis wevri kulturuli konstruqtis

Sesatyvis realobis pirovnul konstruqts

aviTarebs, mas iRebs kultura da, amave dros,

is Tavad xdeba kulturuli konstruqti.

realobis cnobieri konstruqtebis ur-

TierTmiRebas SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebas uwo-

deben.

saidan

viciT

SeTanxmebuli mtkicebulebis funqcia

germanel moqalaqeebs aCerebdnen quCaSi

uSualod damkrZalavi biuros win, an

misgan daaxloebiT 100 metris manZilze.

mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom damkrZalavi

biuros TvalTaxedvis areSi yofna ada-

mianebSi maTi sasrulobis (mokvdaobis)

gancdas gaamZafrebda da Sedegad ufro

metad aiZulebda maT SeTanxmebul mtki-

cebulebaSi eZebnaT komforti. rodesac

adamianebi imyofebian mdgomareobaSi,

romelsac mkvlevrebi „egzistencialur

terors~ uwodeben, Teoriis mixedviT,

adamianebs saerTo, sayovelTao kul-

turuli rwmenebi da ganwyobebi aerTianebT.

am mtkicebis Sedegi isaa, rom damkrZavali

biuros xedvis pirobebi individebs maTi

ganwyobebis kulturuli normebisadmi

ufro miaxloebulad aRqmisken ubiZgebda.

am kvlevaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen

SeefasebinaT, Tu sxva germaneli moqa-

laqeebi ramdenad gaiziarebdnen maT

mosazrebebs saemigracio politikis Secv-

lis Sesaxeb. umciresobaSi myofi indivi-

debi konsensusis TavianT Sefasebas 10%-

ze metiT zrdidnen, rodesac isini uSua-

lod damkrZalavi biuros win imyofe-

bodnen, vidre am dawesebulebidan 100

metrze daSorebulni (Pyszczynski et al., 1996).

konceptualuri mtkicebuleba (Consensual validation)_ realobaze cnobieri Sexedulebebis urTierT-

miRebaa.

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didad albaTuria, rom cxov-

rebis garkveul etapze

axalSobilisaTvis, an Zalian

patara bavSvisaTvis SegexedaT

da dainteresebuliyaviT: „netav,

ra xdeba mis TavSi?~ xSirad es

kiTxva gardaiqmneba cnobie-

rebis Sesaxeb sakiTxad: rodis

iwyebs bavSvi sakuTari Tavis,

rogorc aseTis, gacnobierebas?

mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom

bavSvebi Tavdapirvelad iZenen

subieqtur „me~-s da mxolod

amis Semdeg _ obieqtur „me~-s(Lewis, 1991; 1999).

bavSvebi maSin iZenen

subieqtur „me~-s anu subieqtur

TviTcnobierebas , rodesac

maTTvis naTeli xdeba, rom

isini gamocalkevebulni arian

sxvebisgan. bavSvs aqvs SesaZ-

lebloba imisa, rom gare sam-

yaro aqcios cnobieri dakvir-

vebis obieqtad.

bavSvebi maSin iZenen obi-

eqtur „me~-s anu obieqtur

TviTcnobierebas, rodesac maT

eZlevaT saSualeba imisa, rom

TavianTi cnobiereba mimarTon

sakuTar Tavze anu, rodesac

SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis

cnobieri analizis obieqtad

qceva. bavSvebs SeuZliaT ga-

iazron, rom „ician, rom ician~

an „axsovT, rom axsovT~. bav-

Svebis mier obieqturi TviT-

cnobierebis SeZenis Sesaxeb

klasikuri kvleva eyrdnoba

sarkesTan qcevas. mkvlevrebs

ainteresebdaT: rodis iwyebs

bavSvi mixvedras, rom sarkeSi

asaxuli gamosaxuleba TviTon

aris? am kiTxvaze pasuxis

gasacemad mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen

dedebs, rom TavianTi Svile-

bisaTvis cxvirze waesvaT pomada

ise, rom bavSvebs ar scodnodaT

amis Sesaxeb; es iyo laqiani

cxviris testi (nose dot test).bavSvebi sakmaod adreul asakSi

amCneven sarkis zogierT

Tvisebas. magaliTad, 6 Tvemde

bavSvebi cdiloben miswvdnen da

Seexon sarkeSi asaxuli gamo-

saxulebis nawilebs; mxolod 18

Tvis Semdeg bavSvebi ikideben

xels cxvirze, rodesac cxvirze

laqa aqvT (Bertenthal & Fischer, 1978).naTelia, rom am asakamde bavSvebi

ar fiqroben (nebismieri formiT):

„es me var sarkeSi; ra ucnauri

wiTeli niSani maqvs cxvirze?~

maSinac ki, roca bavSvebi war-

matebiT asruleben laqiani

cxviris tests, mainc ar aqvT

bolomde „me~-s Camoyalibebuli

gancda. maT jer kidev ar aqvT

Camoyalibebuli drois

komponentis mqone obieqturi

„me~-s Sesaxeb idea anu sakuTar

Tavze, rogorc warsulSi, aw-

myosa da momavalSi uwyvetad

arsebulze fiqris unari. la-

qiani cxviris procedurasTan

adaptaciis Seswavla mkvlevrebs

„me~-s droSi ganfenilobis

kvlevis saSualebas aZlevs

(Povinelli et al., 1996). am kvlevaSi

videofirze iRebdnen 30-42 Tvis

bavSvebs, rodesac eqsperi-

mentatori Cumad awebebda Tmeb-

ze webovan qaRalds. zogierT

bavSvs pirdapir eTerSi

aCvenebdnen TavianT Tavebs

webovanaTi: maT SeeZloT dae-

naxaT TavianTi webovanqaRal-

diani Tma im saqmianobis pro-

cesSi, riTic iyvnen dakave-

bulni. danarCenebi ki sam-

wuTiani Sualedis Semdeg

uyurebdnen Canawers: isini

naxulobdnen sakuTar Tavs

Tmaze webovani qaRaldiT uax-

loesi warsulidan. pirvel

jgufSi bavSvebis orma mesa-

medma moikida Tavze xeli

maSin, rodesac meore jgufSi

mxolod erTma mesamedma

gaakeTa es. faqtobrivad, mxo-

lod 4 wlis asakis Semdeg

bavSvebi axerxeben, rom naxon

uaxloesi warsulis Canaweri

da daiWiron kavSiri Tmis we-

bovan qaRaldTan. rogorc Cans,

bavSvebisTvis sakmaod rTulia

awmyoSi mimdinare movlenis

Sesaxeb daskvnebis gakeTeba

warsulis, Tundac uaxloesi

warsulis, reprezentaciebze

dayrdnobiT. gagakvirvaT am

Sedegebma? Tu yofilxarT 2-3

wlis bavSvTan erTad, ge-

codinebaT, rom man mSvenivrad

icis, vin aris da ras akeTebs.

kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, Tu

ramdenad realuria bavSve-

bisTvis daswavla da, Sesa-

bamisad, ramdenad marTlac

rTulia Cveni, mozrdilebis

cnobiereba.

rodis uyalibdebaT bavSvebs cnobiereba

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

kvlevis es Sedegebi adasturebs im daSvebas,

rom individebs SeTanxmebuli mtkicebuleba maT

cnobierebaSi mokvdaobis/sakuTari sasrulobis

grZnobebis SeWris pirobebSi ufro metad esa-

WiroebaT. kulturul rwmenebTan da ganwyobebTan

cnobieri Tanxmobis miReba amsubuqebs am grZno-

bebs.

196

cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva

cnobierebis mravali funqcia moicavs im-

plicitur Sedarebebs, romelic aracnobieri

rCeba. amitom mravali cnobieri procesi xSirad

zemoqmedebs an Tavad ganicdis aracnobieri

procesebis zemoqmedebas. cnobierebis funqciebis

Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT

cnobierisa da aracnobieris mier qcevaze

ganxorcielebul zegavlenaTa Soris gansxva-

vebebi. maT mravali meTodi Seqmnes imis saCveneb-

lad, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben aracnobieri pro-

cesebi cnobier qcevaze (Nelson, 1996; Westen, 1998).

magaliTad, mkvlevrebi iyeneben laboratori-

ulad gamowveuli predispoziciis Sedegad bge-

raTa gadanacvlebis meTods _ SLIP (Spoonerisms of

Laboratory-Induced Predisposition _ laboratoriulad

gamowveuli winaswari mzaobis spunerizmi) _

imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor moqmedebs aracno-

bieri Zalebi metyvelebaSi wamocdenebis alba-

Tobaze (Baars et al., 1992). SLIP procedura eqsperi-

mentators wamocdenebis gamowvevis saSualebas

aZlevs bgeraTa garkveuli paternebis molodi-

nebis SemuSavebiT. amgvarad, iseTi sityvaTa

wyvilebis seriis warmoTqmis Semdeg, rogoricaa

ball doze, bell dark da bean deck, cdis pirma SesaZloa

darn boze-is nacvlad SecdomiT barn door war-

moTqvas. eqsperimenti amocanisgan damoukidebeli

situaciuri cvladebis Secvlis Sedegad bgeris

garkveuli saxiT cvlilebis albaTobaze cno-

bieri an aracnobieri zemoqmedebebis Sefasebis

saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, cdis pirebSi

ufro albaTuri iyo daeSvaT Secdoma bad shock

(shad bock-is nacvlad), rodesac maT sjerodaT,

rom eqsperimentis dros xandaxan mtkivneul

eleqtrul Soks miiRebdnen (Motley & Baars, 1979).aseve, mamakac cdis pirebSi meti iyo SecdomiT

good lags-is (lood gegs-is nacvlad) warmoTqmis

albaToba, rodesac maTTan mimzidveli gareg-

nobis eqsperimentatori qali muSaobda. es

Sedegebi wamocdenebis formirebaSi aracno-

bieris wvlilze miuTiTebs.

cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris

urTierTmimarTebis sakvlevi meore gzaa maTi

dapirispireba (Jecoby et al., 1999). ganvixiloT

kvleva, romelSic iqmneba aseTi dapirispireba.

suraTi 4.2

aracnobieri mogo-

nebebis zegavlena

saxelis cnobilad

aRqmaze

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saidan

viciT

cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebi

erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod

ganvixiloT 6.1 suraTze warmodgenili

eqsperimenti: am situaciaSi cdis pirebs

moeTxovebaT miakuTvnon saxeli „adrian

mari~ cnobilTa an ucnobTa kategorias.

arCevanis gakeTebamde isini xmamaRla ki-

Txuloben saxelTa grZel sias (sadac „ad-

rian maric~ aris naxsenebi) situaciaSi,

romelSic ar eZlevaT saxelebze srulad

koncentrirebis saSualeba. rodesac cdis

pirebi waradgenen Tavian daskvnebs, maT

afrTxileben, rom maT mier wakiTxuli

siidan aravin iyo cnobili pirovneba. am-

gvarad, Tu saxeli siidan nacnobi aRmoC-

ndeboda, isini iZulebulni iqnebodnen is

ucnobad CaeTvalaT. axla warmovidginoT,

rom cdis pirebi miadgnen saxels „adrian

mari~. Tu maT SeuZliaT am saxelis Sesaxeb

cnobieri mogonebis povna, maT ecodinebaT,

rom is warmodgenil siaSi imyofeboda da,

amgvarad, ityvian, rom „adrian mari~ ar

aris cnobili. Tu isini ver aRmoaCenen

cnobier mogonebas, maT savaraudod eqnebaT

zogadi grZnoba imisa, rom „sadRac gau-

goniaT es saxeli adre~ da ityvian, rom

„adrian mari~ cnobili saxelia. es fenomeni

cnobier („Tqvi ara!~) da aracnobier (Tqvi

diax!) procesebs Soris dapirispirebaa.

faqtobrivad, cdis pirebi metad midre-

kilni arian Tqvan, rom „adrian mari~

cnobili personaa da amiT naTels xdian,

rom aracnobieri mexsiereba gavlenas ax-

dens maT msjelobaze (Jacoby et al., 1989).

Sejameba

cnobiereba gadarCenaSi gvexmareba imiT, rom

_ amcirebs Semomavali stimulebis nakads;

gansazRvravs, Tu romeli stimuli unda iqnes

Senaxuli da SesaZlo Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT

iZleva moqmedebebis dagegmvis saSualebas.

cnobiereba, aseve, adamianis realobis pirovnul

da kulturul konstruqtebs Soris amyarebs

mimarTebas. ikvleven ra cnobierebis funqciebs,

mkvlevrebi xSirad qmnian paradigmebs cnobier

da aracnobier procesebs Soris urTierTobebis

Sesafaseblad da sakvlevad.

Zili da sizmari

TiTqmis yoveldRe Tqven ganicdiT cno-

bierebis Rrma cvlilebebs: rodesac gadawyvetT,

rom Tqveni dRe dasrulda, Tqven ganewyobiT

ZilisaTvis da sanam gZinavT, ueWvelad xedavT

sizmrebs. cxovrebis mesameds ZilSi vatarebT,

rodesac kunTebi „paralizebulia~, tvini ki

sxvadasxva aqtivobebiT aris dakavebuli. am

nawils Zil-RviZilis zogadi biologiuri rit-

mis ganxilviT daviwyebT. Semdeg ufro deta-

lurad visaubrebT Zilis fsiqologiaze. bolos

ganvixilavT ZilTan Sewyvilebul ZiriTad

gonebriv aqtivobas _ sizmars da SevecdebiT

gavarkvioT, Tu ra rols asrulebs sizmari ada-

mianis fsiqologiaSi.

cirkaduli ritmebi

yvela cocxali arseba ganicdis dRe-Ramis

bunebrivi ritmis zemoqmedebas. Cveni sxeuli

sinqronizdeba drois ciklTan, romelic cir-

kaduli ritmis saxeliT aris cnobili: sisxlis

wneva, metaboluri procesebi, guliscemis six-

Sire, sxeulis temperatura da hormonaluri

aqtivoba Sinagani saaTis mixedviT icvleba

(Moore-Ede et al., 1982). es aqtivobebi, umeteswilad,

dRis ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebisamebr, SuadRiT

aRweven cxovelqmedebis piks da maqsimalurad

mcirdebian RamiT Zilis dros. kvlevebi aCvenebs,

rom organizmSi arsebuli saaTi zustad ar

emTxveva saaTs kedelze: garegani saaTis yovel-

gvari miniSnebebis gareSe, adamianis Sinaganma

„tempis momcemma~ daamkvidra 24.18-saaTiani cikli

(Czeisler et al., 1999). mzis amosvla yoveldRiurad

gvexmareba 24-saaTian ciklTan SeguebaSi. mzis

sinaTlis Sesaxeb informacias TvaliT viRebT,

cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmisaqtivobis Sinagani saaTiT determinirebuli

mdgradi paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24an 25 saaTs grZeldeba.

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magram cirkaduli ritmis maregulirebeli re-

ceptori ar aris igive, romelic samyaros

danaxvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs cxovelebi Cxi-

rebisa da kolbebis gareSec (ix. Tavi 4) grZnoben

sinaTles, rac maT cirkaduli ritmis Senar-

Cunebis saSualebas aZlevs (Freedman et al., 1999).biologiur da garemos saaTebs Soris gan-

svlis gamomwvevi cvlilebebi moqmedebs imaze,

Tu rogor vigrZnobT Tavs da rogor moviqceviT

(Moore-Ede, 1993). aseTi gansvlebis warmoqmnis yve-

laze dramatuli magaliTebi xangrZlivi mogzau-

robebis dros xdeba. rodesac adamianebi ga-

dafrindebian sxvadasxva drois sartyelSi, maT

SeiZleba ganicadon e.w. Jet lag3, anu daerRveT

dReRamuri ritmi; es aris mdgomareoba, romel-

sac axlavs gadaRliloba, dauZleveli Zilia-

noba da Sedegad Zil-RviZilis uCveulo ganrigi.

Jet lag Tavs iCens, radganac Sinagani cirkaduli

ritmi vardeba Cveuli droiTi garemos fazidan

(Redfern et al., 1994). magaliTad, Cveni sxeuli ambobs,

rom Ramis 2 saaTia da, Sesabamisad, mravali

fsiqologiuri parametris mixedviT funqcioni-

rebis yvelaze pasiuri periodia, rodesac ad-

gilobrivi dro Cvengan SuadRis Sesabamis aqti-

vobas moiTxovs. Jet lag pilotTa gansakuTrebuli

problemaa _ mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs

pilotTa mier daSvebul SecdomebSi, romelic

ubeduri SemTxvevebis mizezi xdeba (Coleman, 1986).

ra cvladebi zemoqmedeben Jet lag-ze? yvelaze

mniSvnelovani cvladia mogzaurobis mimarTu-

leba da gadakveTil droiT sartyelTa rao-

denoba. aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba met Jet lag-

s qmnis, vidre dasavleTisken, radganac Cveni

biologiuri saaTi ufro iolad SeiZleba

gaxangrZlivdes, vidre Semcirdes, rogorc amas

aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba iTxovs (RviZilis

mdgomareobaSi xangrZlivad yofna ufro advi-

lia, vidre adre daZineba). rodesac janmrTeli

moxaliseebi gadaafrines evropidan aSS-Si da

ukan, Cveuli qcevebis aRdgena dasavleTis

mimarTulebiT mogzaurobis Semdeg oridan oTx

dRemde gaxda SesaZlebeli maSin, roca aRmosav-

leTisken mogzaurobis Semdeg amas 9 dRe das-

Wirda (Klein & Wegmann, 1974).

Zilis cikli

cirkaduli ritmis erTi mesamedi qceviT

uZraobas eTmoba, romelsac Zils vuwodebT.

bevri ram, rac Zilis Sesaxeb aris cnobili,

tvinis eleqtrul aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. Zilis

kvlevaSi meTodologiuri gardatexa 1937 wels

moxda, rodesac gamoiyenes teqnologia, romelic

mZinare adamianis Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aq-

tivobis eleqtroencefalogramis (eeg) saxiT Ca-

weris saSualebas iZleoda. eeg uzrunvelyofs

Zilisa da RviZilis periodebSi adamianis Tavis

tvinis aqtivobis cvlilebebis obieqtur da

mimdinare gazomvas. eeg-s saSualebiT mkvlevrebma

aRmoaCines, rom Tavis tvinis talRebi icvleba

Zilis ganmavlobaSi da es cvla sistematur,

Tanmimdevrul da prognozirebad xasiaTs ata-

rebs (Loomis et al., 1937). Zilis sferoSi Semdegi

mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo Tvalebis swrafi

moZraobis (REM – rapid eye movement) dafiqsireba,

romelic garkveuli intervalebiT periodulad

iCens Tavs Zilis ganmavlobaSi (Aserinsky &Kleitman, 1953). periods, rodesac mZinare adamians

ar aReniSneba REM-i, Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis

gareSe Zils (non-REM anu NREM) uwodeben.

mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom REM da NREM Zili

mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben Ramis erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi aqtivobisaTvis _ siz-mrisaTvis.

3 dReRamuri ritmis darRveva ramdenime droiTi

sartylis swrafad gadakveTis, magaliTad, gadafrenis

Sedegad.

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axla Tvali gavadevnoT Cveni Tavis tvinis

aqtivobas Ramis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc ki da-

saZineblad mzadebas daviwyebT, eeg daafiqsirebs,

rom Tavis tvinis talRebis sixSirea daaxloebiT

14 cikli wamSi (cw/herci). rodesac komfor-

tulad movewyobiT sawolSi da movdundebiT,

Tavis tvinis talRebi Senelebas daiwyebs 8-12

cw/hercamde. rodesac CagveZineba, iwyeba Zilis

cikli, romlis TiToeuli faza gansxvavebul

eeg-is paterns aCvenebs. pirvel fazaze eeg 3-dan

7 cw/hercamde Tavis tvinis talRebs aCvenebs.

meore fazis manZilze miRebuli eeg-is Zilis

RerZs uwodeben, rodesac eleqtruli aqtivoba

wuTSi 12-16 cw/hercia. Zilis Semdeg or fazaze

(faza 3 da 4) gadavdivarT relaqsirebuli Zilis

Zalian Rrma mdgomareobaSi anu Zalze Rrmad

gvZinavs. Tavis tvinis talRebi neldeba 1-2 cw/

hercamde, mcirdeba, aseve, sunTqvisa da gulis-

cemis sixSire. bolo fazaze isev matulobs

Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba da eeg-is Cana-

weri 1 da 2 fazebis Canawers emsgavseba. swored

am fazaze aqvs adgili REM Zils da vxedavT

sizmars (ix. sur. 6.2). (vinaidan REM Zilis dros

Cawerili eeg mRviZari adamianis Canawers hgavs,

REM Zils paradoqsalur Zilsac uwodeben).

Zilis pirveli oTxi fazis gavlas, romelic

mTlianobaSi NREM Zils qmnis, daaxloebiT 90

wT sWirdeba, REM Zili ki daaxloebiT 10 wT-s

grZeldeba. Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi am 100

wT-ian cikls 4-6-jer gavdivarT (ix. sur. 6.3).

TiToeul ciklSi Rrma ZilisTvis (3 da 4 faze-

bisTvis) gankuTvnili dro mcirdeba, xolo REMZilze daxarjuli dro izrdeba. bolo ciklSi

ukve TiTqmis 1 sT-s vuTmobT REM Zils. mTlia-

nobaSi Zilis 75-80% NREM Zils eTmoba, 20-25%

ki - REM Zils.

yvelas ar sZinavs erTnairi xangrZlivobiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebisaTvis arsebobs

Zilis genetikurad ganpirobebuli saWiroeba,

Zilis realuri `raodenoba~, romelsac iRebs

TiToeuli individi, cnobieri qmedebebis mniS-

vnelovan zegavlenas ganicdis. adamianebi aq-

tiurad akontroleben Zilis xangrZlivobas

sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, rogoricaa gvian

daZineba an maRviZaris gamoyeneba. Zilis xan-

grZlivobas, aseve, akontrolebs cirkaduli

ritmi; amitom aris, rom daZinebis dro (anu

rodis viZinebT) gavlenas axdens Zilis xangrZli-

vobaze. NREM da REM Zilis adekvaturi, sakma-

risi raodenobis miReba mxolod maSin aris

SesaZlebeli, rodesac standartirebuli gvaqvs

daZinebisa da gaRviZebis dro mTeli kviris

manZilze, dasvenebis dReebis CaTvliT. am Sem-

TxvevaSi metia albaToba imisa, rom sawolSi

gatarebuli dro uaxlovdeba Cveni cirkaduli

ritmis Zilis fazas.

Cveni interesis Semdgomi sagania Zilis pa-

ternis is TvalSi sacemi cvlilebebi, romelsac

adgili aqvs individis cxovrebis manZilze (ix.

Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement –REM) _ im fazis qceviTi gamovlineba, romlis

drosac mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv

aqtivobas axorcielebs.

Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-REM anu NREM sleep) _ periodi, rodesac mZinareadamianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi

moZraoba; xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT

naklebi sizmrisebri aqtivobiT.

suraTi 6.2

eeg-is paterni gansxvavebulia Ramis

Zilis sxvadasxva fazaze

Zilis TiToeuli stadia Tavis tvinis aqtivobis

Taviseburi paterniT xasiaTdeba.

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sur. 6.4). am qveyanaze cxovrebas dReSi 16 saaTiani

ZiliT viwyebT, romlis TiTqmis naxevars REM

ZilSi vatarebT. 50 wlis asakSi SeiZleba mxo-

lod 6 sT eZinos adamians da mTeli am drois

mxolos 20% eTmobodes REM Zils. axalgazrdebs,

Cveulebriv, 7-8 saaTi sZinavT, romelSic 20%

REM Zils ukavia.

ratom Zili?

adamianebsa da cxovelebSi Zilis fazebis

Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom

arsebobs Zilis evoluciuri safuZveli da

biologiuri saWiroeba. adamianebi sakmaod

kargad funqcionireben, rodesac 7-8 saaTi

suraTi 6.3

Zilis fazebi

Zilis fazebis tipuri

paterni erTi Ramis

ganmavlobaSi.

suraTi 6.4

adamianis Zilis

paterni cxovrebis

ganmavlobaSi

grafikze naCvenebia, Tu

rogor icvleba asakis ma-

tebasTan erTad yovel-

dRiuri REM Zilisa da

NREM Zilis procentuli

Tanafardoba. yuradReba

miaqcieT, rom REM Zilis

xangrZlivoba mniSvne-

lovnad iklebs wlebis

matebasTan erTad, xolo

NREM Zilis

xangrZlivobis Semcireba

naklebad mkveTria.Ta

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sZinavT Ramis ganmavlobaSi (Harrison & Horne, 1996).ratom sZinavT adamianebs amdeni da ra funqciebs

emsaxureba NREM da REM Zilis saxeobebi?

NREM Zilis ori umTavresi funqcia SeiZleba

iyos Senaxva (konservacia) da aRdgena. Zili

cxovelebs gakveuli drois ganmavlobaSi ener-

giis dazogvis, Senaxvis saSualebas aZlevs, ro-

desac ar aris sakvebis mopovebis, wyvilis povnis

an Sromis aucilebloba (Allison & Cicchetti, 1976;

Cartwtright, 1982; Webb, 1974). meore mxriv, Zili

ramdenime gziT aRdgenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs

sxeuls. Zilis dros sinTezirdeba dRis ganmav-

lobaSi daxarjuli neirotransmiterebisa da

neiromodulatorebis saWiro raodenoba, postsi-

nafsur receptorebs ki mgrZnobelobis optima-

lur doneze dabrunebis saSualeba eZleva

(Porkka-Heiskanen et al., 1997; Rainnie et al., 1994). kvlevis

Sedegebi, aseve, mowmobs, rom Tavis tvinis ener-

giis wyaro xelaxla ivseba NREM Zilis dros

(Benington & Heller, 1995).

Tu Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganvicdiT REM Zilis

deprivacias, Semdeg Rames CveulebrivTan Seda-

rebiT xangrZlivi REM Zili gveqneba, vinaidan

REM Zilic emsaxureba garkveul aucilebel

funqciebs. mTel rig saintereso, Tumca, jerje-

robiT arasrulad warmodgenil sargebels REM

Zils miakuTvneben (Moffitt et al., 1993). magaliTad,

rogorc Cans, Cvilobis periodSi REM Zili

pasuxs agebs nervul daboloebebsa da kunTebs

Soris Tvalebis moZraobis uzrunvelsayofad

saWiro kavSiris Camoyalibebaze. REM Zili qmnis

Tavis tvinis iseT funqcionalur struqturebs,

romlebic aucilebelia motoruli Cvevebis

daswavlisaTvis. REM Zilma, aseve, SeiZleba

garkveuli roli Seasrulos ganwyobilebisa da

emociebis SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, is SeiZleba

saWiro iyos mogonebebis Senaxvisa da mimdinare

gamocdilebis ukve arsebul mogonebebTan da

ganwyobebTan TanxmobaSi moyvanisaTvis (Cartwright,1978; Dement, 1976). fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT,

mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom REM Zili aucile-

belia NREM Zilis Semdeg Tavis tvinis balansis

aRdgenisaTvis: NREM ZilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

Tavis tvinis aqtivobis Cveulma tipma SeiZleba

Secvalos Tavis tvinis balansi imgvarad, rom

aucilebeli gaxdes normasTan dabruneba REM

Zilis meSveobiT (Benington & heller, 1994).

Zilis darRvevebi

mSvenieria, rodesac yovelTvis SegviZlia Ra-

miT kargad daZineba. samwuxarod, mravali ada-

miani itanjeba Zilis darRvevebiT, rac seri-

ozulad moqmedebs maT pirad cxovrebasa da

samsaxureobriv saqmianobaze. darRveul Zils

socialuri Sedegebic SeiZleba hqondes. adamia-

nebi, romelTa samuSao ganrigi RamiT gadaad-

gilebas saWiroebs, mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi

erTxel mainc Tvlemen samuSao adgilze.

msoflioSi zogierTi yvelaze seriozuli indus-

triuli ubeduri SemTxveva. magaliTad, Cerno-

bilis katastrofa, gvian saRamos saaTebSi moxda.

ambobdnen, rom es SemTxvevebi imitom moxda, rom

Zilis ukmarisobis gamo pasuxismgebelma perso-

nalma optimalurad ver Seasrula Tavisi fun-

qcia. vinaidan Zilis darRvevebi mniSvelovania

mravali studentis cxovrebaSic, aq maTzec

visaubrebT. teqstis kiTxvisas gaxsovdeT, rom

Zilis darRveva varirebs siRrmis, simwvavis mi-

xedviT; Sesabamisad, darRvevebis mizezic vari-

rebs biologiur Tu fsiqologiur Zalebs Soris.

insomnia

rodesac adamianebi ukmayofiloni arian

TavianTi Zilis odenobiT an xarisxiT, isini

insomniisgan itanjebian. saTanadod daZinebaSi

qronikuli warumatebloba xasiaTdeba swrafad

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verdaZinebiT, Zilis ganmavlobaSi xSiri adgo-

mebiT an diliT adre gaRviZebiT. ukanasknel

gamokiTxvaSi 18 da meti wlis mozrdilebis 58%

aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlis manZilze yoveli

kviris ganmavlobaSi ramdenime RamiT an ufro

xSirad ganucdia insomnia (National Sleep Founda-tion, 2000). insomnia kompleqsuri darRvevaa,

romelsac fsiqologiuri, garemo pirobebi da

mravali biologiuri faqtori ganapirobebs

(Spielman & Glovinsky, 1997). laboratoriul piro-

bebSi insomniis mqone individebis Seswavlisas

maTi realuri Zilis xarisxi da raodenoba

mniSvnelovnad icvleboda, normaluri Zilidan

darRveulamde. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom

insomniis mqone mravali individi, romelic

uZilobas uCioda, realurad Zilis sruliad

normalur fiziologiur paterns avlenda,

Tumca, es mdgomareoba subieqturad insomniad

aRiqmeboda da aRiwereboda. aseve, kuriozulia

aRmoCena, rom Zilis darRvevis mqone zogierTi

adamiani ar uCivis insomnias (Trinder, 1988). amgvarigansvla imisa Sedegia, Tu adamianebi rogor

sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen fxizeli Zilis inter-

pretirebas, magaliTad, SeiZleba mocemul ada-

mians fxizeli Zili adrindelTan SedarebiT

ufro xSiri da stresuli eCvenebodes da ar

axsovdes Rrmad rom eZina.

narkolefsia

narkolefsia Zilis darRvevaa, romelic dRis

ganmavlobaSi perioduli ZiliT xasiaTdeba

(Aldrich, 1992). is xSirad katapleqsiasTan4 kom-

binaciaSi iCens Tavs, ris Sedegadac adamiani

moulodnelad Zirs ecema. narkoleptikebi TiT-

qmis daZinebisTanave gadadian REM ZilSi. REMZilSi aseTi swrafi gadasvla maT ganacdevinebs

da cnobierad aRaqmevinebs sizmris naTel, mkafio

xatebs, zogjer ki _ SemaSinebel halucinaciebs.

narkolefsia 2000-dan mxolod erT adamianTan

gvxvdeba. vinaidan narkolefsia gavrcelebulia

ojaxebSi, mecnierebi askvnian, rom daavadebas

genetikuri safuZveli aqvs (Mignot, 1998). surTra uecrad Zilad mivardnis gamo uxerxu-

lobisaTvis Tavis arideba, narkolefsia xSirad

uaryofiT socialur da fsiqologiur gavlenas

axdens daavadebul individebze (Broughton &Broughton, 1994). narkoleptikisTvis gamosavals

warmoadgens Tavisi daavadebis bunebis garkveva

da socialuri mxardaWeris jgufSi Sesvla.

Zilis apnoe

Zilis apnoe aris zeda sasunTq gzebTan

dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rodesac adamiani

Zilis dros wyvets sunTqvas. rodesac es xdeba,

sisxlSi mcirdeba Jangbadis raodenoba da

gamomuSavdeba damxmare (sasignalo) hormonebi,

rac, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs adamians, rom

gaiRviZos da ganaaxlos sunTqva. miuxedavad

imisa, rom umravlesobasTan iSviaTad gvxvdeba

apnoes aseTi Ramis epizodebi, Zilis apnoeTi

daavadebul zogierT adamianTan asamde aseTi

cikli meordeba yoveli Ramis ganmavlobaSi.

apnoes epizodi zogjer aSinebs mZinare adamians,

Tumca, xSirad es epizodi imdenad xanmoklea,

rom igi ver akavSirebs moWarbebul Zilianobas

am epizodebTan (Orr, 1997). magaliTisaTvis ganvi-

xiloT cnobili fsiqologis SemTxveva, romel-

sac gamouvleneli Zilis apnoes Sedegad ar

SeeZlo RviZilis mdgomareobaSi yofiliyo leq-

ciebisa da mecnieruli Sexvedrebis dros. ro-

desac mas meuRlem acnoba Ramis darRveuli

qcevis Sesaxeb, man mimarTa Zilis darRvevebis

klinikas, sadac warmatebiT imkurnala da gada-

irCina kariera (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1991).

sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi adamianebi kargaven

samuSaos, megobrebs da zogjer meuRleebsac

ki, radganac maTi qceva dRis ganmavlobaSi Zalze

darRveulia Ramis periodis darRvevis gamo.

Zilis dros apnoe xSiria naadrevad daba-

debul/dRenaklul axalSobilebSic, romlebic

xandaxan sunTqvis ganaxlebisaTvis fizikur

stimulirebas saWiroeben. srulad Camoyali-

bebuli sasunTqi sistemis arqonis gamo aseT

insomnia (Insomnia) - normalurad daZinebis qro-

nikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi Sedis sirTu-

leebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis

Semdeg CaZinebis unaris arqona, diliT adre

gaRviZeba.

narkolefsia (Narcolepsy) - Zilis darRveva, rome-

lic xasiaTdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daZinebis

dauZleveli moTxovnilebiT.

Zilis apnoe (Sleep apnea) - zeda sasunTq gzebTan

dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rac aiZulebs

adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.

4 katapleqsia _ kunTebis sisuste an kunTebze

kontrolis dakargva, rac emociur aRgznebas (sicili,

risxva, SiSi, gaoceba an SimSili) axlavs Tan.

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Cvilebs intensiuri Terapiis ganyofilebaSi

monitorze aerTeben imdeni xniT, ramden xansac

grZeldeba problemebi.

dRis Zilianoba

aSS-is Zilis darRvevebis centrebSi mosul

pacientTa umravlesoba dRis ganmavlobaSi

moWarbebul Zilianobas uCivis. aSS-Si 1154

mozrdilidan 43% miuTiTebs, rom yovelTviurad

ramdenime dRe, an ufro xangrZlivi periodi,

imdenad eZinebaT, rom irRveva maTi Cveuli dRis

aqtivobebi; 20% miuTiTebs, rom dRis Zilianoba

ramdenime dRis an yovelkvireulad negatiuri

movlenaa maTi dRis saqmianobebisaTvis (National

Sleep Foundation, 2000). moWarbebuli Zilianoba

iwvevs sifrTxilis dakargvas, reaqciis drois

gazrdas da motoruli da kognituri amocanebis

Sesrulebis xarisxis gauaresebas. adreul kvle-

vebSi moWarbebuli Zilianobis mqone pacientTa

TiTqmis naxevari aRniSnavda, rom xvdebodnen

avtosagzao SemTxvevebSi, xolo naxevarze mets

samuSaoze hqonda ubeduri SemTxveva, zog

SemTxvevaSi seriozulic ki (Roth et al., 1989).

Zilis deprivaciis darRvevis Sesaxeb doku-

menturi filmis Sleep Alert-is momzadebisas fsiqo-

logi jeims maasi aRniSnavda, rom „arseboben

adamianebi, romlebic zombebis msgavsad dadian~

(Maas, 1998). man ikvlia pilotebi, romlebic

aRniSnavdnen, rom muSaobis periodSi Tvlemdnen

xanmokle periodebiT. maasis mixedviT, damamTav-

rebeli klasebis moswavleTa 30%-mde erTxel

mainc iZinebs gakveTilze. garkveuli xarisxis

Zilianoba mosalodnelia, rodesac individebis

cxovrebis stili an samuSaos Taviseburebani

xels uSlis sakmaris Ramis Zils. Tumca, moWar-

bebul Zilianobas xSirad fiziologiuri safuZ-

veli aqvs da aseT pacientebs samedicino dax-

mareba esaWiroebaT (White & Mitler, 1997).

sizmari: gonebis Teatri

Cveni cxovrebis yoveli Cveulebrivi Ramis

ganmavlobaSi sizmrebis rTul samyaroSi

vxvdebiT. Tu sizmrebi erT dros mxolod winas-

warmetyvelebis, fizikosebisa da fsiqoanali-

tikosebis interesis sferos warmoadgenda, dRes-

dReobiT mecnieruli kvlevebis erT-erTi mniS-

vnelovani mimarTulebaa. sizmris kvlevaTa

umravlesoba Zilis laboratoriebSi daiwyo,

sadac eqsperimentatorebs SeeZloT Tvali

edevnebinaT da CaeweraT mZinare adamianis REMda NREM Zilis periodebi. miuxedavad imisa,

rom individebi ufro met sizmrebs yvebodnen,

Tu REM periodSi aRviZebdnen maT, gaRviZebulTa

80%-Si NREM Zilis drosac aqvs adgili

sizmrebs. amas mowmobs am periodSi gaRviZebulTa

54% (Foulkes, 1962). NREM mdgomareobasTan

dakavSirebuli sizmrebi naklebad xasiaTdeba

emociuri CarTulobis mqone SinaarsebiT. maTSi

Warbobs sensoruli xatebiT naklebad datvir-

Tuli dRis azrebi. Tumca, NREM Zilis siz-

mrebis raodenoba izrdeba Zilis darRvevebis

SemTxvevaSi da janmrTel mZinare adamianTan

gviani dilis saaTebSi (Kondo et al., 1989).

imis gamo, rom sizmari aseT mniSvnelovan

adgils ikavebs adamianebis fsiqikur cxovrebaSi,

faqtobrivad, yvela kultura mivida erT ki-

Txvamde: aqvs Tu ara am sizmrebs raime mniS-

vneloba? umravles SemTxvevaSi pasuxia „diax,

aqvs~. amitomac kulturaTa umravlesobaSi

arsebobs rwmena, rom ase Tu ise sizmrebs mniS-

vnelovani pirovnuli da kulturuli mniSvne-

loba aqvs. axla ganvixilavT sizmrebisaTvis

mniSvnelobis miniWebis zogierT gzas.

sizmrebis froidiseuli analizi

Tanamedrove dasavlur kulturaSi yvelaze

cnobili Teoria sizmrebis Sesaxeb zigmund

froids ekuTvnis. froidi sizmrebs „warmaval

fsiqozsa~ da „yovelRameul sigiJes~ uwodebda.

aseve is sizmrebs „aracnobierisken mimaval

samefo gzad~ miiCnevda. sizmrebis analizi

fsiqoanalizis qvakuTxedad aris warmodgenili

mis klasikur naSromSi „sizmrebis interpre-

tacia~ (1900). froidis mixedviT, sizmris Sinaarsi

Zlieri, aracnobieri, gandevnili survilebis

simboluri gamoxatulebaa. es survilebi siz-

marSi SeniRbuli, dafaruli saxiT gveZleva,

radganac maT ukan iseTi akrZaluli survilebi

imaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sapirispiro sqe-

sis mSoblisadmi seqsualuri ltolva. sizmarSi

ori dinamikuri Zala moqmedebs. esenia survili

dRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) - moWarbebuli

Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis dros; Zilis dar-

Rvevis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi

Civili.

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da cenzura, anu dacva survilisagan. cenzura

axorcielebs dafaruli mniSvnelobis, anu

latenturi (faruli) Sinaarsis gardasaxvas

sizmris manifestirebul (xilul) Sinaarsad; es

ukanaskneli ki damaxinjebis procesis Sedegad

im saxis sizmrad yalibdeba, romelsac xedavs

mZinare adamiani. Sinaarsis damaxinjebis am pro-

cess froidi sizmris muSaobas uwodebs. xiluli

Sinaarsi realuri istoriis misaRebi versiaa,

faruli Sinaarsi ki socialurad an pirovnulad

miuRebeli variantia, Tumca, ufro realisturia

yovelgvari damaxinjebis gareSe.

froidis mixedviT, sizmris interpretacia

ukumimarTulebiT muSaobas moiTxovs xiluli

Sinaarsidan faruli Sinaarsisken. fsiqoana-

litikosisaTvis, romelic sizmrebis analizs

aTi an oci wlis win cota

ram iyo, rac SeiZleboda ge-

keTebina SuaRamis Semdeg. sa-

Siano davalebis Sesrulebis

Semdeg moswavleebsa da studen-

tebs unda amoerCiaT. _ tele-

vizorisTvis eyurebinaT Tu

daeZinaT. amis sapirispirod, XX

saukunis bolo aTwleulma

moitana intenretis arseboba da

masTan erTad 24/7 stimulaciis

uzrunvelyofa. dRisa da Ramis

nebismier momentSi Cven

SegviZlia vimogzauroT an

visaubroT (Chat oTaxebSi) in-

ternetis saSualebiT. Cven Seg-

viZlia vasrulebdeT Ramis

vaxSams berlinSi, koneqtikutSi

(aSS) da vesaubrebodeT vinmes,

vinc miirTmevs adreul sauzmes

berlinSi, germaniaSi. inter-

netis gafarToeba SeiZleba da-

vaxasiaToT, rogorc Zilisadmi

adamianebis ambivalenturi (or-

magi) - siyvaruli-siZulvilis -damokidebuleba. adamianebs

uyvarT Zili, radganac das-

venebulebi kargad grZnoben Tavs

(xolo roca eZinebaT _ saSin-lad). rogorc vnaxavT am TavSi,

Cvens sxeuls efeqturad fun-

qcionirebisaTvis Zili sWirdeba.

Tumca, adamianebs sZulT Zili,

radganac uamravi sasiamovno ram

arsebobs, romliTac SeuZliaT

dakavdnen RviZilis mdgomare-

obaSi. interneti mniSvnelovnad

zrdis sasiamovno saqmianobebis

raodenobas. wignis avtorebi

mzad arian aRiaron, rom qselSi

mogzaurobis Sewyvetas mizanmi-

marTulad erCiaT uZilod yof-

na. mravali mkvlevris azriT,

internetis qseli 24/7 arsebobas

mxolod auaresebs. isini wlebis

manZilze SfoTavdnen imis gamo,

rom mozardebsa da kolejis

studentebs ar eZinaT sakmarisi

drois manZilze (Dement & Vaug-han, 1999; Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998).miuxedavad imisa, rom eqsper-

tebis Tanaxmad, nebismier ada-

mians esaWiroeba 8-saaTiani Zi-

li, Zilis nacionaluri sazo-

gadoebis mier 2000 wels Catare-

buli gamokiTxvis Sedegad

gamoirkva, rom 18-dan 29 wlamde

asakis adamianebSi saSualo maC-

venebeli arasodes Tanxvdeba am

standarts. kviris dReebis man-

Zilze am asakis individTa Zi-

lis saSualo xangrZlivobaa 6,8

saaTi; dasvenebis dReebSi, kvi-

ris bolos es maCvenebeli 7,8

saaTamde izrdeba. ueWvelia, rom

kolejis studentTa umravle-

soba gamocdebTan da sakurso

naSormebis dawerasTan dakavSi-

rebuli stresis gamo kargavs

Zils (Mutphy & Archer, 1996). Tumca,gamokiTxvaSi monawile 18-29

wlis asakis adamianTa 55%

daeTanxma debulebas: „xSirad

mRviZavs gvianobamde, radganac

vuyureb televizors, an var

internetSi.~ Tqvenc eTanxmebiT

amas?Cven ar vcdilobT, uari

gaTqmevinoT internetis moxma-

rebaze. Cven mxolod gTava-

zobT dakvirvebis Sedegebs,

romlis Tanaxmadac, axal teq-

nologiebs xSirad uZilobis

axali mizezebi sdevs Tan.

uZilobas mravali seriozuli

Sedegi mohyveba: zogierTi

maTgania dabali niSnebi, prob-

lemebi samsaxurSi da avto-

sagzao SemTxvevebi. metic,

mecnierebs SeuZliaT iseTi

abebis Seqmna, romelic Zi-

lisgan Tavis Sekavebis saSua-

lebas mogvcems, Tumca, vera-

feri gaaqrobs Zilis saWiro-

ebas. Tqven unda gansazRvroT,

Tu ra pirovnuli nabijebi

unda gadadgaT, rom XXI sau-

kune TqvenTvisac ar iqces

uZilobis saukuned.

veb-gverdebi:

www.sleepfoundation.orgZilis nacionaluri sazoga-

doebis gverdi.

www.stanford.edu/~dement, esgverdi Seqmnilia Zilis

kvlevis pioneris, uiliam de-

mentis mier, romelic gvTa-

vazobs didi raodenobiT Zi-

lis Sesaxeb ZiriTad infor-

maciasa da kavSirebs.

24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

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pacientis problemebis garkvevisa da maTi

mkurnalobisaTvis iyenebs, sizmrebi naTels xdis

pacientis aracnobier survilebs, am survilebTan

SeWidul SiSebsa da im dacviTi meqanizmebis

Taviseburebebs, romelTac iyenebs pacienti

survilebsa da SiSebs Soris warmoqmnil fsi-

qikur konfliqtTan gasamklaveblad. froids

miaCnda, rom sizmarSi warmodgenili simboloebi

da metaforebi orgvar _ idiosinkrezul _ cal-

keuli individebisTvis specifikur da univer-salur, mravali maTgani ki seqsualuri xasiaTis

mqone mniSvnelobas atarebs:

yuTebi, CanTebi, skivrebi, karadebi da

Rumelebi, aseve, carieli, CaRrmavebuli

sagnebi, gemebi da nebismieri saxis tran-

sporti ganasaxierebs saSvilosnos. siz-

marSi oTaxebi, Cveulebriv, qalis simbo-

loa; Tu sizmarSi maTSi Semavali da ga-

mavali sxvadasxva gzac aris warmodgenili,

maSin interpretacia naklebad iwvevs eWvs...

sizmarSi sadac oTaxebis mTel rigs gaviv-

liT, bordeli an haremia warmodgenili...

didad albaTuria, rom yovelgvari rTuli

manqanuri danadgari da aparatura sizmarSi

genitaliebis simbolizaciaa (da, rogorc

wesi, mamakacis genitaliebis) (Freud, 1900/

1965, gv. 389-391).

sizmrebis interpretaciis froidiseuli

Teoria sizmris simbolikas adamianis fsiqo-

logiis zogad Teorias ukavSirebs. miuxedavad

imisa, rom mkvlevrebma ver moipoves sizmris

faruli da xiluli Sinaarsis Sesaxeb am Teo-

riis damadasturebeli empiriuli monacemebi,

sizmrebis fsiqologiuri mniSvnelovnebis xaz-

gasmam mimarTuleba misca sizmris Sinaarsis

Tanamedrove kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1996; Fisher &

Greenberg, 1987).

sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi

aradasavluri midgoma

dasavlur kulturaSi adamianTa umravlesoba

arasodes fiqrobs seriozulad sizmrebis

Sesaxeb fsiqologiis fakultetze moxvedramde

an Terapiis dawyebamde; mraval aradasavlur

kulturaSi ki, piriqiT, sizmrebis interpretacia

kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia (Lewis, 1995; Ted-

lock, 1987). ganvixiloT ekvadoris arCuris tomis

indielTa yoveldRiuri cxovreba (Schlitz, 1997,

gv. 2):

sxva Cveulebrivi dReebis msgavsad,

(soflis) mamakacebi patara wreSi sxdebian...

isini wina Ramis sizmrebs uyvebian erTma-

neTs. sizmrebis gaziarebis es yoveldRi-

uri rituali arsebiTia arCuris tomis

mcxovrebTaTvis. maT swamT, rom TiToeuli

sizmari ara mxolod sizmris mnaxveli-

saTvis, aramed mTeli tomisTvis aris

mniSvnelovani. individualuri gamocdileba

koleqtivis moqmedebas emsaxureba.

aseTi dilis Sekrebebze TiToeuli individi

Tavis sizmars hyveba, danarCenebi ki TavianT

interpretacias sTavazoben im imediT, rom

miaRweven SeTanxmebas, konsensuss sizmris

mniSvnelobis gagebaSi. rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom

individi sizmars „mTeli tomisTvis~ xedavs,

ewinaaRmdegeba froidis mier SemoTavazebul

mosazrebas, rom sizmari individis aracnobi-

erisken mimavali „samefo gzaa~.

bevr kulturaSi miRebulia, rom adamianTa

garkveuli jgufi sizmrebis interpretaciis

gansakuTrebul Zalasa da unars flobs. maga-

liTisTvis maias indielebi SeiZleba ganvixi-

loT, romlebic meqsikis, gvatemalas, belazisa

da gondurasis sxvadasxva nawilebSi cxovroben.

maias kulturaSi Samanebis funqciaa sizmrebis

interpretacia. faqtobrivad, maias zogierT sub-

jgufSi Samanebs am rolisaTvis maSin irCeven,

rodesac maT esizmrebaT RvTaeba, romelic

SamanTa mowodebas amcnobs maT. am axlad

arCeuli Samanebidan momdinareobs religiuri

ritualebis Sesaxeb instruqciebic, romlebsac

isini, Tavis mxriv, sizmris xilvebidan iReben.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva religiuri

figurebi floben sizmrebis interpretaciisTvis

saWiro codnas, Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebic

faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseulsizmrebis analizSi sizmris dafaruli azri.

xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest con-tent) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris

Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic

mowodebulia sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis

SesaniRbad.

sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul siz-

mrebis analizSi procesi, romliTac Sinagani

cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Si-

naarsad gardaqmnis.

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hyvebian da ganixilaven sizmrebs. sizmris

mnaxvelebs, Cveulebriv, SuaRamisas aRviZeben

meuRleebi; zogierT tomSi dedebi diliT

ekiTxebian Svilebs sizmrebis Sesaxeb. Cvens

droSi maias tomis adamianebi samoqalaqo omis

msxverplad iqcnen sakuTar miwaze; mravali

adamiani daiRupa an devnilad iqca. anTropolog

barbara Tedlokis mixedviT, „sizmrebisa da

xilvebisadmi momatebulma yuradRebam SeaZle-

bina maT, rom SeenarCunebinaT kavSiri winapreb-

Tan da wminda miwa, romelzec cxovrobdnen~

(Tedlock,1992, gv. 471).

mraval iseT aradasavlur kulturul jguf-

Si, sadac pativiscemiT epyrobian sizmrebs,

droiTi perspeqtiva arsebiTad gansxvavebulad

moiazreba. froidis Teoria sizmris interpreta-

ciisas warsulze, bavSvobis gamocdilebasa da

gandevnil survilebzea orientirebuli; mraval

sxva kulturaSi ki sizmari momavlis winaswar-

metyvelebad iTvleba (Basso, 1987). magaliTad,

eTiopiisa da sudanis sazRvarTan arsebuli

regionis _ ingesanas maRlobis (Ingessana Hills)

xalxSi dResaswaulebis TariRebis SerCeva

sizmriseuli xilvebis safuZvelze xdeba. re-

ligiuri adgilebis mflobelebs maTi mamebi

da sxva winaprebi ecxadebaT sizmrebSi da

amcnoben, rom „dResaswaulis gamocxadebis

droa.~ sxva jgufebi sizmris simboloebsa da

maT mniSvnelobaTa Soris kulturulad ganpiro-

bebul sistemebs floben. ganvixiloT centra-

luri braziliis kapolos tomis indielTa

interpretaciebi (Jedrej, 1995, p.104):

Tu gvesizmreba, rom cecxlSi viwviT,

mogvianebiT raime veluri arseba gvikbens,

magaliTad, oboba an mkbenari mweri.

rodesac sizmarSi qalebTan gvaqvs

seqsi, cxadSi Cven Zalze warmatebulad

viTevzavebT.

rodesac biWi ganmartoebulia da mas

esizmreba, rom xeze micocavs, an meores

esizmreba grZeli gza, isini didxans ico-

cxleben. aseve iqneba maSinac, rodesac

gvesizmreba, rom tyeSi farTo mdinareze

gadavdivarT.

daakvirdiT, rom TiToeuli am interpreta-

ciaTagani momavlisken iyureba. sizmris inter-

pretaciisas momavalze orientireba mdidari

kulturuli tradiciis mniSvnelovani kompo-

nentia.

sizmris Sinaarsis fiziologiuri

Teoriebi

sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi dasavluri Tu

aradasavluri midgomis amosaval wertils war-

moadgens is faqti, rom sizmari Seicavs infor-

macias, romelsac realuri Rirebuleba aqvs

calkeuli pirovnebisTvis Tu eTnikuri jgufi-

saTvis. es mosazreba eWvqveS dgeba biologiuri

safuZvlis mqone TeoriebSi. gavixsenoT, rom

zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom arsebobs REMZilis fiziologiuri saWiroeba, raTa Tavis

tvini Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas daubrundes

NREM Zilis dros momxdari cvlilebebis Semdeg

(Benington & heller, 1994). aris Tu ara sizmari

mxolod Tavis tvinis sxva aqtivobebis gverdiTi

movlena, romelsac ar gaaCnia TavisTavadi

mniSvneloba? ganvixiloT j. alan hobsonisa da

robert makqarlis (Allan Hobsob & Robert McCarley,

1977; Hobson, 1988) mier SemoTavazebuli aqtivacia-

sinTezis modeli. am modelis mixedviT, nervuli

signali warmoiqmneba tvinis ReroSi da axdens

Tavis tvinis qerqis ubnebis stimulirebas. es

eleqtruli ganmuxtva avtomaturad xorciel-

deba daaxloebiT yovel 90 wuTSi erTxel da

30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs aqtivobas,

riTac aixsneba REM da NREM Zilis ciklebis

monacvleoba. es ganmuxtvebi aaqtiurebs

winatvinsa da qerqis mimdebare ubnebs da, aqedan

gamomdinare, acocxlebs mogonebebsa da indi-

vidis warsul gamocdilebasTan asocirebul

faqtebs. hobsonisa da makqarlis TvalsazrisiT,

ar arsebobs araviTari logikuri kavSirebi,

Sinagani mniSvnelobebi da koherentuli pater-

nebi am eleqtruli „signalebis~ SemTxveviT

amofrqvevebs Soris.

mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sizmrebi SemTxve-

viTi signalebis Sedegia, ewinaaRmdegeba siz-

mrebis Sinaarsis kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1999). am

kvlevebis mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, sizmris

Sinaarsi didi raodenobiT moicavs mZinare

adamianis dRis problemebs. magaliTisTvis

gavixsenoT zemoT ganxiluli kvleva, romelSic

naCvenebi iyo igive da sapirispiro sqesis me-

gobrebis Sesaxeb vaJebisa da gogonebis azrebs

Soris ganxsvavebebi (Richards et al., 1998). msgavsi

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sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina 9-15 wlis

mozardTa sizmrebis Seswavlamac (Strauch &

Lederpogen, 1999). sxva tipis Sedegebmac eWvqveS

daayena mosazreba sizmrebis, rogorc mxolod

SemTxveviTi signalebis Sedegebis, Sesaxeb:

mozrdil asakSi individis sizmrebis Sinaarsebi

TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba. sizmrebis eqsperti

uiliam domhofi (William Domhoff, 1999, gv. 207)

fiqrobs, rom „mozrdilebSi wlebisa da

aTwleulebis manZilze sizmrebis Sinaarsebis

ucvleloba ar Seesabameba Teorias, romelic

sizmars Tavis tvinis qerqis saukeTeso reaqciad

miiCnevs, romelic Tan sdevs tvinis Rerodan

momdinare SemTxveviTi stimulebis mier pe-

riodul dabombvas.~ Cven, albaT, Tavad unda

vzidoT Cveni sizmrebis tvirTi _ SevecadoTgaRviZebisTanave yoveldRiurad CaviweroT

sizmrebi da vnaxoT, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba

isini dRis sazrunavs da ramdenad icvleba Tu

ar icvleba maTi Sinaarsebi droTa ganmavlobaSi.

sizmrebis kidev erTi saintereso aspeqti:

drodadro mravali adamianisgan gvsmenia, rom

bevri mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyveta Tu

saintereso axali ideebi sizmarSi mouvidaT

TavSi (Shepard, 1978). gTavazobT mxolod ramdenime

magaliTs frederik kilule gvamcnobs, rom ben-

zinis qimiuri struqtura sizmarSi naxa: gvelis-

magvarma molukulurma jaWvma uecrad piri Caav-

lo sakuTar kuds da gaCnda rgoli. elas houm

naxa sizmari: mas Seuties Subebma, romelTac

wamaxvilebul mxares naxvreti hqondaT. am

sizmarma ubiZga mas, rom daesrulebina sakeravi

manqanis gamogoneba. iseTi kompozitorebi, ro-

gorebic iyvnen mocarti da Sumani, aRniSnav-

dnen, rom mniSvnelovani musikaluri ideebi

sizmrebSi mosdiodaT.

Ramis koSmarebi

Tu sizmari gvaSinebs imiT, rom umweoni

vxdebiT, an situacia Cvens kontrols aRar

eqvemdebareba, maSin Tqven Ramis koSmari dag-

sizmrebiaT. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis Ramis

koSmarebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. 220 studentisgan

Semdgar SerCevaSi, romlebic iwerdnen sizmrebs,

yoveldRiurad Ramis koSmarebis saSualo

sixSire (orkviriani periodis mixedviT) iyo daax-

loebiT 24 erTi wlis manZilze (Wood & Bootzin,

1990). Tumca, zogierTi adamiani gacilebiT

xSirad xedavs Ramis koSmars, zogjer yovel

RamiTac ki. bavSvebSi, magaliTad, ufro metia

Ramis koSmarebis gamovlenis albaToba, vidre

mozrdilebSi (Mindell, 1997). garda amisa,

adamianebs, romelTac iseTi travmuli gamoc-

dileba aqvT, rogoricaa gaupatiureba an omi,

SesaZloa ganmeorebadi koSmarebi hqondeT, rac

maT gadatanili travmuli movlenis zogierTi

aspeqtis gacocxlebas aiZulebs. kolejis

studentebTan, romelTac san-franciskos didi

miwisZvra hqondaT gadatanili, orjer meti iyo

Ramis koSmarebis arsebobis albaToba, vidre

sakontrolo jgufis studentebTan, romelTac

ar hqondaT aseTi gamocdileba. amasTan, cxadia,

rom koSmarebis umravlesoba miwisZvris daman-

grevel Sedegebs Seexeboda (Wood et al., 1992).Ramis koSmarebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Zilis,

rogorc cnobierebis yoveldRiuri cvlilebis,

zeda zRvari. qvemoT visaubrebT im garemoebebze,

romelSic individi mizanmimarTulad cdilobs

yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis farglebis miRma

gasvlas.

Sejameba

cirkaduli ritmi gulisxmobs biologiuri

saaTis muSaobas. Tavis tvinis aqtivobis

paternebi mniSvnelovnad icvleba Ramis Zilis

manZilze, rasac Tan axlavs dilasTan miax-

loebul yovel axal ciklSi REM Zilis

procentuli momateba (NREM Zilis odenobis

klebis sapirispirod). adamianisTvis sakmarisi

Zilisa da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba

asakisa da cxovrebis pirobebis mixedviT ic-

vleba. Zili emsaxureba Senaxvisa da aRdgenis

funqciebs. milionobiT adamiani itanjeba Zilis

iseTi darRvevebisgan, rogorebicaa insomnia,

narkolefsia, Zilis apnoe da dRis Zilianoba.

mraval kulturaSi swamT sizmris Sinaarsis

mniSvnelovnebis. sizmrebis interpretaciis

yvelaze cnobili dasavluri Teoria zigmund

froids ekuTvnis. sizmrebis interpretacia

Zalze gavrcelebulia aradasavlur kultu-

rebSi, sadac miRebulia, rom sizmris simboloebi

misi mnaxvelis momavlis Sesaxeb informaciis

matarebelia. zogierTi fiziologi mkvlevari

fiqrobs, rom sizmris Sinaarsi Tavis tvinis

SemTxveviTi signalebidan momdinareobs, magram

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am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba sizmris

Sinaarsebis analizis kvlevebi. Ramis koSmarebs

gansakuTrebiT SemaSinebel sizmrebs uwodeben.

cnobierebis Semcvleli

mdgomareobebi

nebismier kulturaSi adamianebs ar akmayo-

filebT fxizeli cnobierebis Cveulebrivi

cvlilebebi. maT ganaviTares garkveuli teq-

nikebi, romliTac SesaZlebeli xdeba cnobie-

rebis nacnobi mdgomareobebis miRma gasvla da

cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobebSi gadasvla.

zogierTi aseTi praqtika individualuria,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, rekreaciuli prepara-

tebis miReba; zogierTi ki, rogoricaa garkveuli

religiuri praqtika, warmoadgens cnobieri

gamocdilebis Cveuli sazRvrebidan gasvlis

jgufur mcdelobas. Cven mimovixilavT iseT

sxvadasxva gamocdilebas, romelSic cnobierebis

Secvlili mdgomareobebi mTeli rigi procedu-

rebiT miiRweva.

dakvirvebadi sizmrebi

aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, vacnobierebdeT,

rom sizmars vxedavT, rodesac vxedavT sizmars?

dakvirvebadi sizmrebis Teoriis momxreebi

gvaCveneben, rom cnobierebis SenarCuneba sizmris

xedvis procesSi swavlebadi da regularuli

praqtikiT gavarjiSebadi unaria, romelic

mZinare adamians sizmris mimarTulebis kon-

trolis saSualebas aZlevs (Gackenbach & LaBerge,

1988; LaBerge & DeGarcia, 2000).

saidan

viciT

dakvirvebadi sizmrebis eqsperimentuli

realoba

stefan labergma da misma kolegebma

ganaviTares meTodologia, romelic dak-

virvebadi sizmrebis realobis gadamow-

mebis saSualebas iZleva. demonstracia

eyrdnoba winmswreb kvlevas, romelmac

aCvena, rom REM Zilis zogierTi Tvalebis

moZraoba Tanxvdeba mZinare adamianis

mzeris mimarTulebas. aqedan gamomdinare,

mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen dakvirvebadi siz-

mrebis gamocdilebis mqone adamianebs, rom

ganexorcielebinaT Tvalebis nebismieri

(gaazrebuli, mizanmimarTuli) moZraobebis

calkeuli paternebi, rodesac isini

gaacnobierebdnen, rom sizmars xedavdnen.

dagegmili Tvalebis moZraobis signalebi

Cndeboda REM Zilis deteqtoris Cana-

werebSi da amiT xdeboda demonstrireba

imisa, rom eqsperimentis monawileni mar-

Tlac dakvirvebad sizmrebs xedavdnen REM

Zilis periodSi (LaBerge et al., 1981).

dakvirvebadi sizmrebis gamowvevis mravali

meTodi arsebobs. magaliTad, dakvirvebadi

sizmrebis zogierT kvlevaSi mZinare adamianebs

ukeTeben specialur saTvales, romelSic REMZilis dafiqsirebisas wiTeli sinaTle inTeba.

cdis dawyebamde monawileebma iswavles, rom

wiTeli sinaTlis gamoCenisas unda gaacnobieron,

rom sizmars xedaven (LaBerge & Levitan, 1995).acnobiereben ra, rom sizmars xedaven da, amasTanave,

isev sZinavT, cdis pirebi dakvirvebadi sizmrebis

mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelSic SeuZliaT

TavianTi sizmrebis gakontroleba, maTi Si-

naarsebis warmarTva pirovnuli miznebis Se-

sabamisad da TavianTi mimdinare survilebis

Sesabamisad sizmris dasruleba. dakvirvebadi

sizmris naxvis SesaZlebloba matulobs, Tu

mZinare adamians sjera, rom SesaZlebelia aseTi

sizmrebi da regularulad iyenebs maT gamomwvev

teqnikas (LaBerge & Rheingold, 1990). iseTi mkvlevari,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, stefan labergi, amtkicebs,

rom sizmrebis „arakontrolirebad~ movlenebze

kontrolis ganmtkiceba jansaRi qcevaa, radganac

es zrdis TviTdarwmunebulobis xarisxs da axdens

individisaTvis dadebiTi gamocdilebis gene-

rirebas. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti, romelic

sizmrebis analizs pacientis problemebis ukeT

gagebis mizniT iyenebs, ewinaaRmdegeba aseT pro

dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) - Teoria,romlis Tanaxmadac, sizmris xedvis procesis

cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic

iZleva sizmris mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis

kontrolis saSualebas.

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