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Unit 1: What is Biology?

Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of Life

Unit 2: Ecology

Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology

Chapter 3: Communities and Biomes

Chapter 4: Population Biology

Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and Conservation

Unit 3: The Life of a Cell

Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Life

Chapter 7: A View of the Cell

Chapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle

Chapter 9: Energy in a Cell

Unit 4: Genetics

Chapter 10: Mendel and Meiosis

Chapter 11: DNA and Genes

Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics

Chapter 13: Genetic Technology

Unit 5: Change Through Time

Chapter 14: The History of Life

Chapter 15: The Theory of Evolution

Chapter 16: Primate Evolution

Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity

Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi

Chapter 18: Viruses and Bacteria

Chapter 19: Protists

Chapter 20: Fungi

Unit 7: Plants

Chapter 21: What Is a Plant?

Chapter 22: The Diversity of Plants

Chapter 23: Plant Structure and Function

Chapter 24: Reproduction in Plants

Unit 8: Invertebrates

Chapter 25: What Is an Animal?

Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and

Roundworms

Chapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented Worms

Chapter 28: Arthropods

Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate

Chordates

Unit 9: Vertebrates

Chapter 30: Fishes and Amphibians

Chapter 31: Reptiles and Birds

Chapter 32: Mammals

Chapter 33: Animal Behavior

Unit 10: The Human Body

Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and Locomotion

Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems

Chapter 36: The Nervous System

Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion

Chapter 38: Reproduction and Development

Chapter 39: Immunity from Disease

What is Biology?

Biology: The Study of Life

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Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of Life

1.1: What is Biology?

1.1: Section Check

1.2: The Methods of Biology

1.2: Section Check

1.3: The Nature of Biology

1.3: Section Check

Chapter 1 Summary

Chapter 1 Assessment

What You’ll Learn

You will identify the characteristics of life.

You will recognize how scientific methods are used to study living things.

• Recognize some possible benefits from studying biology.

Section Objectives:

• Summarize the characteristics of living things.

• The concepts, principles, and theories that allow people to understand the natural environment form the core of biology, the study of life.

• A key aspect of biology is simply learning about the different types of living things around you.

The Science of BiologyThe Science of Biology

• Life on Earth includes not only the common organisms you notice every day, but also distinctive life forms that have unusual behaviors.


• When studying the different types of living things, you’ll ask what, why, and how questions about life.

• The answers to such questions lead to the development of general biological principles and rules.


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• One of the most general principles in biology is that living things do not exist in isolation; they are all functioning parts in the delicate balance of nature.

Biologists study the interactions of lifeBiologists study the interactions of life

• Living things interact with their environment and depend upon other living and nonliving things to aid their survival.

Biologists study the interactions of lifeBiologists study the interactions of life

• Through your study of biology, you will come to appreciate the great diversity of life on Earth and the way all living organisms fit into the dynamic pattern of life on our planet.

Biologists study the Diversity of LifeBiologists study the Diversity of Life

• Because no living things, including humans, exist in isolation, the study of biology must include the investigation of living interactions.

• The study of one living thing always involves the study of the others with which it interacts.

Biologists study the interactions ofthe environmentBiologists study the interactions ofthe environment

• The study of biology will teach you how humans function and how we fit in with the rest of the natural world.

• It will also equip you with the knowledge you need to help sustain this planet’s web of life.

Biologists study problems andpropose solutionsBiologists study problems andpropose solutions

• Biologists have formulated a list of characteristics by which we can recognize living things.

• Only when something has all of them can it then be considered living.

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things

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• Anything that possesses all of the characteristics of life is known as an organism.


All living things:

• have an orderly structure

• produce offspring

• grow and develop

• adjust to changes in the environment


• When biologists search for signs of life, one of the first things they look for is structure. That’s because they know that all living things show an orderly structure, or organization.

• Whether an organism is made up of one cell or billions of cells, all of its parts function together in an orderly, living system.

Living things are organizedLiving things are organized

• One of the most obvious of all the characteristics of life is reproduction, the production of offspring.

Living things make more living thingsLiving things make more living things

• Reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual organism, but it is essential for the continuation of the organism’s species.

• A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature.

Living things make more living thingsLiving things make more living things

• Growth results in an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures.

• All organisms grow, with different parts of the organism growing at different rates.

• All of the changes that take place during the life of an organism are known as its development.

Living things change during their livesLiving things change during their lives

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• Organisms live in a constant interface with their surroundings, or environment, which includes the air, water, weather, temperature, any other organisms in the area, and many other factors.

Living things adjust to their surroundingsLiving things adjust to their surroundings

• Anything in an organism’s external or internal environment that causes the organism to react is a stimulus.

• A reaction to a stimulus is a response.


• Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival is called homeostasis.

• Living things reproduce themselves, grow and develop, respond to external stimuli, and maintain homeostasis by using energy.

• Energy is the ability to cause change.


• Any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring is called an adaptation.

• Adaptations are inherited from previous generations.

• The gradual change in a species through adaptations over time is evolution.

Living things adapt and evolveLiving things adapt and evolve

Question 1

How does society benefit from the study of biology?

Benefits include advances in medical treatments and disease prevention, learning more about how the human body functions, increasing knowledge of human relationships and better understanding of how to sustain the web of life on Earth.

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Question 2

What is the origin of the term "biology"? "Biology" comes from two Greek words, "bios" meaning life, and "logos" meaning study. Biology is the study of life.

Question 3

What are some characteristics of living things?

All living things have an orderly structure, produce offspring, grow and develop, and adjust to changes in the environment. Sometimes nonliving things have one or more of these characteristics, but unless something has all of them it is not considered to be a living thing.

These plants are called Lithops from the Greek lithos, meaning “stone.” Although they don’t appear to be so, Lithops are just as alive as elephants. Both species possess all of the characteristics of life.

Question 4

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is a(n) __________.

D. niche

C. environment

B. species

A. organization

The answer is B, species.

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Question 5

What is the importance of homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival. An example is the adjustment an organism makes in the amount of water in its cells; without the ability to make such adjustments, organisms die.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of an adaptation?

D. all the changes that take place during

the lifetime of an organism

C. possessing large eyes for efficient night vision

B. changing only one condition at a

time during an experiment

A. the gradual change in a species over time

The answer is C. A structure, behavior or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to reproduce is an adaptation. Evolution is the gradual change of a species over time and occurs through adaptations.

• Compare different scientific methods.

Section Objectives:

• Differentiate among hypothesis, theory, and principle.

• The knowledge obtained when scientists answer one question often generates other questions or proves useful in solving other problems.

Observing and HypothesizingObserving and Hypothesizing

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• The common steps that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer questions are collectively known as scientific methods.

The methods biologists useThe methods biologists use

• Scientific methods usually begin with scientists identifying a problem to solve by observing the world around them.

• A hypothesis is an explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested.

• Hypothesizing is one of the methods most frequently used by scientists.

• A hypothesis is not a random guess.


• Eventually, the scientist may test a hypothesis by conducting an experiment.

• The results of the experiment will help the scientist draw a conclusion about whether or not the hypothesis is correct.


• To a scientist, an experiment is an investigation that tests a hypothesis by the process of collecting information under controlled conditions.

ExperimentingExperimenting

• Some experiments involve two groups: the control group and the experimental group.

What is a controlled experiment?What is a controlled experiment?

• The control is the group in which all conditions are kept the same.

• The experimental group is the test group, in which all conditions are kept the same except for the single condition being tested.

• In a controlled experiment, only one condition is changed at a time.

Designing an experimentDesigning an experiment

• The condition in an experiment that is changed is the independent variable, because it is the only variable that affects the outcome of the experiment.

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• While changing the independent variable, the scientist observes or measures a second condition that results from the change.


• This condition is the dependent variable, because any changes in it depend on changes made to the independent variable.

• Controlled experiments are most often used in laboratory settings.


• However, not all investigations are controlled.

• An investigation such as this, which has no control, is the type of biological investigation most often used in field work.

• Biologists use a variety of tools to obtain information in an investigation.

Using toolsUsing tools

• Common tools include beakers, test tubes, hot plates, petri dishes, thermometers, balances, metric rulers, and graduated cylinders.

• More complex tools include microscopes, centrifuges, radiation detectors, spectrophotometers, DNA analyzers, and gas chromatographs.

Using toolsUsing tools

• Safety is another important factor that scientists consider when carrying out investigations.

Sharp Object Safety This symbol appears when a danger of cuts or punctures caused by the use of sharp objects exists.

Clothing Protection Safety This symbol appears when substances used could stain or burn clothing.

Eye Safety This symbol appears when a danger to the eyes exists. Safety goggles should be worn when this symbol appears.

Chemical Safety This symbol appears when chemicals used can cause burns or are poisonous if absorbed through the skin.

Maintaining safetyMaintaining safety

• A safety symbol is a symbol that warns you about a danger that may exist from chemicals, electricity, heat, or procedures you will use.





Maintaining safetyMaintaining safety

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• Information obtained from investigations is called data.

Data gatheringData gathering

• Often, data are in numerical form.

Data gatheringData gathering

• Numerical data may be measurements of time, temperature, length, mass, area, volume, or other factors. Numerical data may also be counts.

• Sometimes data are expressed in verbal form, using words to describe observations made during an investigation.

After careful review of the results, the scientist must come to a conclusion:

Thinking about what happenedThinking about what happened

• Was the hypothesis supported by the data?

• Was it not supported?

• Are more data needed?

• After results of an investigation have been published, other scientists can try to verify the results by repeating the procedure.

Verifying resultsVerifying results

• When a hypothesis is supported by data from additional investigations, it is considered valid and is generally accepted by the scientific community.

• In science, a hypothesis that is supported by many separate observations and investigations, usually over a long period of time, becomes a theory.

Theories and lawsTheories and laws

• A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations.

• Results and conclusions of investigations are reported in scientific journals, where they are available for examination by other scientists.

Reporting resultsReporting results

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• In addition to theories, scientists also recognize certain facts of nature, called laws or principles, that are generally known to be true.

Theories and lawsTheories and laws

What is the difference between a hypothesis and an observation?

Question 1

A hypothesis is an explanation for a question or problem and can be formally tested. An observation is something that has been noticed, often generating questions that lead to the formation of a hypothesis.

A scientist conducts an experiment to test the effect of light on plant growth. In each experiment, three plants of the same variety are each given 10 mL of water. One plant is exposed to full sunlight for 8 hours, one is exposed to full sunlight for 4 hours, and one plant is kept in a dark room. Plant height is measured after two weeks. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Question 2

What is the independent variable in this experiment?

D. amount of water

C. plant height

B. amount of sunlight

A. soil volume

Question 2 The answer is B. The independent variable is the condition that is changed. In this case, the amount of sunlight is changed for each plant. Plant heights are measured results of the experiment, so plant height is the dependent variable.

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Which of the following is the group in an experiment in which all conditions are kept the same?

Question 3

D. control

C. experimental

B. independent variable

A. standard

The answer is D. Conditions are kept the same in the control group. The experimental group is the test group.

Compare the terms "theory" and "principle".

Question 4 A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence. A principle is a fact of nature, generally known to be true, such as the law of gravity.

• Compare and contrast quantitative and qualitative information.

Section Objectives:

• Explain why science and technology cannot solve all problems.

• Scientific information can usually be classified into one of two main types, quantitative or qualitative.

Kinds of Information

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• Biologists sometimes conduct controlled experiments that result in counts or measurements—that is, numerical data.

Quantitative information

• These kinds of experiments occur in quantitative research. The data are analyzed by comparing numerical values.

• Quantitative data may be used to make a graph

or table.


Paramecium Survival Rates

Temperature

Nu

mb

er o

f p

ara

mec

ia s

urv

ivin

g

• Graphs and tables communicate large amounts of data in a form that is easy to understand.

Paramecium Survival Rates

Temperature

Nu

mb

er o

f p

ara

mec

ia s

urv

ivin

g


• Scientists always report measurements in a form of the metric system called the International

System of Measurement, commonly known as SI.

Measuring in the International System

SI Base Units

Measurement Unit Symbol

Length meter m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Electric current ampere A

Temperature kelvin K

Amount of substance mole mol

Intensity of light candela cd

Measuring in the International System

In biology, the metric units you will encounter most often are:

• meter (length),

• gram (mass),

• liter (volume),

• second (time), and

• Celsius degree (temperature).

• Observational data—that is, written descriptions of what scientists observe—are often just as important in the solution of a scientific problem as numerical data.

Qualitative information

• When biologists use purely observational data, they are using qualitative information.

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• Ethics refers to the moral principles and values held by humans.

• Society as a whole must take responsibility for the ethical use of scientific discoveries.

Science and Society

• Some questions are simply not in the realm of science.

Can science answer all questions?

• Such questions may involve decisions regarding good versus evil, ugly versus beautiful, or similar judgements.

• Scientific study that is carried out mainly for the sake of knowledge—with no immediate interest in applying the results to daily living—is called pure science.

Can technology solve all problems?

• Other scientists work in research that has

obvious and immediate applications.


• Technology is the application of scientific research to society’s needs and problems.

• Science and technology will never answer all of the questions we ask, nor will they solve all of our problems.


Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative information.

Question 1

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Quantitative information can be expressed numerically, and may also be used to generate graphs or tables in order to communicate data clearly. Qualitative information is not expressed numerically. Observational data and written descriptions of what scientists observe, are qualitative information.

U.S. Students Enrolled

in Physical Education

Male

Female Why is the SI system important to scientists?

Question 2

SI is the International System of Measurement. The use of SI enables scientists anywhere in the world to understand data reported by other scientists, and makes peer review of results easier.

SI Base Units


Length meter m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s





Which of the following is an SI unit?

Question 3

D. yard

C. second

B. pound

A. foot

The answer is C. Second is the SI unit of time.

SI Base Units


Length meter m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s





Explain how ethics are part of scientific discoveries.

Question 4

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Ethics are a system of moral values or principles of right conduct. The knowledge gained through scientific research is not good or bad, but some applications of scientific knowledge may be considered unacceptable to some people. It is the responsibility of society as a whole to determine the ethical use of scientific discoveries.

How does technology benefit a society?

Question 5

Technology is the application of scientific research to society's needs and problems. It can result in improvements in such areas as food production, waste and pollution reduction, and medical care. While technology has provided numerous benefits, sometimes problems result as well.

• Biology is the organized study of living things and their interactions with their natural and physical environments.

• All living things have four characteristics in common: organization, reproduction, growth and development, and the ability to adjust to the environment.

What is biology?

• Biologists use controlled experiments to obtain data that either do or do not support a hypothesis. By publishing the results and conclusions of an experiment, a scientist allows others to try to verify the results. Repeated verification over time leads to the development of a theory.

The Methods of Biology The Methods of Biology

• Scientific methods are used by scientists to answer questions or solve problems. Scientific methods include observing, making a hypothesis, collecting data, publishing results, forming a theory, developing new hypotheses, and revising the theory.

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• Biologists do their work in laboratories and in the field. They collect both quantitative and qualitative data from their experiments and investigations.

• Scientists conduct investigations to increase knowledge about the natural world. Scientific results may help solve some problems, but not all.

The Nature of BiologyQuestion 1

What results in an increase in the amount of living material in an organism?

D. energy

C. stimuli

B. development

A. growth

The answer is A. Growth results in an increase of living material; development refers to the changes that take place during the life of the organism.

Question 2

Which of the following enables an organism to maintain homeostasis?

D. experimentation

C. energy

B. environment

A. evolution

The answer is C. Homeostasis is the regulation of an organism's internal environment. Living things maintain homeostasis, as well as grow and develop and reproduce themselves, by using energy from food.

Question 3

Compare the developments of unicellular and multi-cellular organisms.

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Both types of organisms grow. However, multi-cellular organisms undergo more changes during their lives, therefore greater development, than do unicellular organisms.

Question 4

Compare the energy sources of plants and animals.

Organisms get their energy from food. Plants make their own food using energy from the Sun. Animals get their energy from plants or from organisms that consume plants.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of observational data? What type of data are the other examples?

D. average number of panda offspring per adult female

C. temperature at which bees cease flying

B. number of bees that visit a flower per day

A. description of panda behavior

The answer is A. The other examples are numerical data.

Question 6

Which of the following is an appropriate question for science to consider?

D. What birds prefer nesting in low shrubs?

C. Does breaking a mirror cause bad luck?

B. What brand of fertilizer should farmers use?

A. Which type of rose produces the most

pleasing scent?

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The answer is D. Questions that involve judgments about beauty or matters of opinion are not in the realm of science.

Question 7

In a controlled experiment, the __________ is the observed condition that results from the change of the __________.

D. independent variable, hypothesis

C. dependent variable, control group

B. dependent variable, independent variable

A. independent variable, dependent variable

The answer is B. In a controlled experiment, the condition that is changed is the independent variable. The scientist then observes or measures the dependent variable that results.

Question 8

Define the term "evolution".

Evolution is the gradual change in a species through adaptations that are inherited from previous generations.

Camel EvolutionCamel EvolutionAge

Organism

Skull and

teeth

Paleocene 65 million years ago

Eocene 54 million years ago

Oligocene 33 million years ago

Limb

bones

Miocene 23 million years ago

Present

Question 9

Why are safety symbols important?

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It is the responsibility of persons conducting scientific investigations to minimize hazards to themselves and others working around them. Safety symbols warn of any dangers that may exist.





Question 10

Is technology always beneficial? Give examples to support your answer.

Technological advances have benefited humans in numerous ways but have also resulted in some serious problems. For example, fertilizer that boosts crop production can also pollute water. Value judgments must be made as to how to utilize technology while protecting the environment.

Photo CreditsPhoto Credits

• Corbis

• Dan Pitillio

• Digital Stock

• PhotoDisc

• Alton Biggs

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