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Chapter 14

Human Locomotion

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In humans, locomotion involves the interaction of:

1. Bones 2. Cartilage 3. Muscles 4. Tendons 5. Ligaments

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(I) Bones

Composed mainly of calcium

Made up of living bone cells and connective fiber tissue

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Bones provide:Support and protection of body organsAnchorage for musclesLeverage for musclesBone marrow for the production of blood cells

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Bone Marrow

Found in hollow cavities of boneThese hollow cavities are known as the Haversian canalsProduce:

red blood cells white blood cells platelets

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Joints

Where bone meets bone in an organism

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Types of Joints1. Immovable joint

2. Ball-and-socket joint

3. Hinge joint

4. Gliding joint

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Immovable Joint

Bones that are tightly fitted together

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Ball-and-Socket Joint

Can move in all directions

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Hinge Joint

Permits back and forth motion

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Gliding Joint

Provides limited flexibility in all directions

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(II) Cartilage

Unlike bone, cartilage is flexible and elastic

Found at joints, nose, and ear

Absorbs shock

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OssificationThe process by which cartilage gradually changes into bone

Ex: In humans, the skeleton of an embryo is made up of mostly cartilage. By adulthood, most of this cartilage changes into bone by the process of ossification

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(III) Muscles

Three types of muscle:

Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

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Skeletal MuscleVoluntary (can be controlled)Involved in locomotionAttached to boneStriated in appearance (striped)Function as antagonistic pairs

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Antagonistic PairsMuscles work as opposites

Ex: 1. Bicep contracts

then triceps relaxes 2. Triceps contracts

then the bicep relaxes

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SummaryWhen the bicep contracts, the arm bends upward (flexes) and therefore the bicep is known as a flexor When the triceps contracts, the arm extends outward and therefore the triceps is known as an extensor

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Smooth MuscleSmooth and not striated in appearanceInvoluntary (cannot move)Found in:

-walls of digestive organs

-walls of arteries and veins

-walls of internal organs

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Cardiac Muscle

Found only in the heart

Striated in appearance

Involuntary

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(IV) Attachments

1. Ligaments- connect bone to bone

2. Tendons- connect muscle to bone

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(V) Disorders of Locomotion

1. Arthritis- inflammation of the joints

2. Tendonitis- inflammation of a tendon, usually where it is attached to the bone