Urethral Obstruction Jerry G. Blaivas, MD Clinical Professor of Urology Weil Cornell Medical College...
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Urethral Obstruction
Jerry G. Blaivas, MDClinical Professor of UrologyWeil Cornell Medical College
New York Presbyterian Medical Center
Adjunct Professor of UrologySUNY Downstate Medical Center
Urethral Obstruction
• Incidence: 2 - 29% of women with persistent LUTS
• Symptoms: nothing characteristic– storage 29%– voiding 8%– both 63%
B Blaivas & Groutz, , Neurourol & Urodynam 19:553, 2000; Nitti et al, J Urol, 1999
Diagnosis
• Suspect in:– all women with low Q– with grade 3 & 4 POP– sx onset after incontinence/ prolapse surgery
• Urodynamics (synchronous pdet / Q)
• Cystoscopy
Urethral obstruction
• High detrusor pressure(pdet > 20 cm H20)
• Low uroflow(Qmax < 12 ml/S)
2
Strss
High pressure
Low flow
Impaired Detrusor Contractility
• Weak & or poorly sustained detrusorcontraction (pdet < 20 cm H20)
• Low flow (Qmax < 12 ml/S)
JK
Low pressure
Low flow
Blaivas - Groutz Nomogram
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 10 20 30 40 50Free Qmax (ml/ sec)
pdet
.max
(cm
H2O)
Moderate obstruction (2)
Severe obstruction (3)
Mild obstruction (1)Unobstructed (0)
Blaivas & Groutz, Neurourol & Urodynam 19:553-564, 2000.
Diagnosis• ”…radiographic evidence of obstruction…
in the presence of a sustained detrusor contraction.”
• No specific UDS criteria
• Obstructed women had:– lower Qmax – higher Pdet@Qmax – higher PVR
• 23% of 331 women were obstructed
Nitti et al, J Urol, 1999
Caveats• A pressure flow diagnosis is usually
definitive, but
• An acontractile detrusor or impaired detrusor contractility does not rule out obstruction
• Persistent voiding dysfunction after incontinence surgery is usually due to obstruction
Etiology
Groutz et al, Neurourol Urodyn 19:213,2000; Nitti et al., 1999
Prior surgery 14 - 30%
Prolapse 29%
Stricture 15%1O bladder neck obstruction 10 - 16%
DESD 6%
Dysfunction voiding 6 - 33%
Urethral diverticulum 4%
Urethral Obstruction in women
• Anatomic
• Functional
Anatomic Urethral Obstruction• Compression
• Post surgical• Prolapse• Urethral Diverticulum• Tumor
• Urethral stricture• Post surgical• Traumatic• Idiopathic
• Atrophy
Functional Urethral Obstruction
• Primary vesical neck
• Neurogenic
• Acquired behavior
Rx Anatomic Urethral Obstruction
• Intermittent catheterization
• Surgery - depends on the cause:– correct prolapse– sling incision / urethrolysis– urethral diverticulectomy– urethroplasty
Rx Functional Urethral Obstruction
• Primary vesical neck• TUI / TUR of vesical neck• ? Alpha adrenergic antagonists
• Neurogenic• Intermittent catheterization +/-
• anticholinergics• Botox• enterocystoplasty
• Dysfunctional voiding•Bmod / biofeedback / neuromodulation
Anatomic Urethral Obstruction• Compression
• Post surgical• Prolapse• Urethral Diverticulum• Tumor
• Urethral stricture• Post surgical• Traumatic• Idiopathic
• Atrophy
MSCO
MSCO MSCO
High pressure
Low flow
Rx of Post-op Obstruction
• First 3 months – monitoring vs intervention• May experience improvement• Depends on procedure done
• After 3 months• Improvement unlikely• Definitive treatment
Mid Urethral Sling Loosening(1-2 weeks)
• Local anesthesia
• Open vaginal suture line
• Hook sling with a right-angle clamp
• Spread clamp or downward traction on
the tape will usually loosen it (1-2 cm)
• If the tape is fixed, it can be cut
Sling Incision
• Pull down on Foley and palpate sling
• Inverted U or midline incision
• Begin urethral dissection just proximal to sling
• Isolation of sling in the midline or lateral
• Incision of the sling
Nitti VW, Carlson KV, Blaivas JG, Dmochowski RR, Urology 59:47, 2002
DS
Sling Incision• Sling should spring
apart
• If not, dissect it from urethra
• +/- urethrolysis
TVT Intervention Results
N Type Success
Klutke, et al* 17 Midline Incision 100% normal emptying
Rardin, et al** 23 Midline Incision 100% normal emptying Loosening 30% complete resol. irritative sx 70% partial resol. irritative sx
* Recurrent SUI in 6%** Significant recurrent SUI 13%
26% recurrent SUI, but significantly better than prior to TVT
Sling Incision Results
N Type SuccessSUI
Klutke, et al Urology 58:697, 2001
Nitti, et al 19 Midline Incision 84% 17%
Amundsen, et al 32 Various 94% retention 9%
67% UUI
Goldman 14 Midline Incision 93% 21%
Urethrolysis
• Transvaginal• Anterior vaginal wall• Suprameatal
• Retropubic
Transvaginal Urethrolysis
• Inverted U incision
• Lateral dissection superficial to PCV
• Endopelvic fascia perforated & retropubic space entered
Transvaginal Urethrolysis• Sharp and blunt dissection • urethra freed from lateral
attachments & undersurface of the pubic bone
• Index finger placed between pubic bone and urethra
• +/- Martius flap interposition
Urethrolysis Results N Type Success SUI
Foster & McGuire 48 Transvaginal 65% 0
Nitti & Raz 42 Transvaginal 71% 0
Cross, et al 39 Transvaginal 72% 3%
Goldman, et al 32 Transvaginal 84% 19%
Petrou, et al 32 Suprameatal 67% 3%
Webster & Kreder 15 Retropubic 93% 13%
Petrou & Young12 Retropubic 83% 18%
Carr & Webster 54 Mixed 78% 14%
Retropubic Urethrolysis• Mobilization of urethra by sharp
dissection
• Restore complete mobility to anterior
vaginal wall
• Paravaginal repair
• Interposition of omentum between
urethra and pubic bone
Anatomic Urethral Obstruction• Compression
• Post surgical• Prolapse• Urethral Diverticulum• Tumor
• Urethral stricture• Post surgical• Traumatic
• Atrophy
Pdet @ Qmax = 36cm H2O
Qmax = 8 ml/S
symphysis
urethra
Pdet @ Qmax = 54 cm H2O
Qmax = 2 ml/S,
symphysis
Prolapsedbladder
Anatomic Urethral Obstruction• Compression
• Post surgical• Prolapse• Urethral Diverticulum• Tumor
• Urethral stricture• Post surgical• Traumatic
• Atrophy
FSFS
pdet@Qmax = 68 cm H20
Qmax = 5 ml/S
Tic
Anatomic Urethral Obstruction• Compression
• Post surgical• Prolapse• Urethral Diverticulum• Tumor
• Urethral stricture• Post surgical• Traumatic
• Atrophy
Anatomic Urethral Obstruction• Compression
• Post surgical• Prolapse• Urethral Diverticulum• Tumor
• Urethral stricture• Post surgical• Traumatic• Idiopathic
• Atrophy
pdet@Qmax = 25 cm H20
Qmax = 0.5 mL/S
Urethral diverticulum
Bladder diverticulum
Urethra
Anatomic Urethral Obstruction• Compression
• Post surgical• Prolapse• Urethral Diverticulum• Tumor
• Urethral stricture• Post surgical• Traumatic• Idiopathic
• Atrophy
JT
JT
pdet@Qmax = 75 cm H20
Qmax = 8 ml/SUrethral obstruction
stricture
Anatomic Urethral Obstruction• Compression
• Post surgical• Prolapse• Urethral Diverticulum• Tumor
• Urethral stricture• Post surgical• Traumatic• Idiopathic
• Atrophy
pdet@Qmax = 100 cm H20
Qmax = 0.5 mL/S
stricture
Surgical Rx of Stricture
• Urethral dilation
• Urethrotomy
• Urethroplasty• Ventral flap• Dorsal graft
Buccalgraft
Buccalgraft
Anatomic Urethral Obstruction• Compression
• Post surgical• Prolapse• Urethral Diverticulum• Tumor
• Urethral stricture• Post surgical• Traumatic• Idiopathic
• Atrophy
RSN
pdetmax = 90 cm H20
Qmax = 7 ml/S
RSN
urethra
diverticula
Functional Urethral Obstruction
• Primary vesical neck
• Neurogenic
• Acquired behavior
2
Strss
pdet@Qmax = 150 cm H20
Qmax = 1 ml/S
Rx Primary Vesical Neck Obstruction
• Alpha adrenergic blockade
• Bladder neck incision
• Bladder neck resection
Functional Urethral Obstruction
• Primary vesical neck
• Neurogenic
• Acquired behavior
PS
Involuntary detrusor contraction
Involuntary sphincter contraction
Obstruction due to sphincter contraction
CG
Involuntary detrusor contraction
Involuntary sphincter contraction
Vesical neck obstruction
Functional Urethral Obstruction
• Primary vesical neck
• Neurogenic
• Acquired behavior
Detrusor contractionSphincter contraction
Low, interrupted flow
Obstruction by sphincter
Impaired Detrusor Contractility
• Low flow
• Weak or poorly sustained detrusor contraction
• Pressure flow criteria: – Qmax < 12 ml/s– Pdet@Qmax < 20 cm H2O
Groutz et al, Neurourol Urodyn 19:213,2000
amb
pdetmax = 10 cm H20)
Qmax = 8 ml/S
Impaired Detrusor Contractility:Etiology
• Neurogenic– Thoracic, lumbar & sacral lesions– Diabetes mellitus
• Myogenic– Primary / idiopathc– Urethral obstruction– Bladder overdistension
• Urethral obstruction• Post-surgical
– Ischemia
Groutz et al, Neurourol Urodyn 19:213,2000
Impaired Detrusor Contractility:Treatment
• Observation• Double voiding• Timed voiding • Intermittent catheterization• ? Medications
– Cholinergic agonists– Alpha adrenergic antagonists
Conclusion• Urethral obstuction not uncommon• Prevalence: 2 - 29% of pts with LUTS• Symptoms – non-specific
–irritative 29%–obstructive 8%–both 63%
• Diagnosis based on p/Q studies• Rx based on underlying cause usually
effective for both voiding and OAB sx