1. , Carolyn Wilson Alton Grizzle Ramon Tuazon Kwame Akyempong Chi-Kim Cheung

2. 1: 2:

3. : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France www.unesco.org/webworld UNESCO 2011 All rights reserved ISBN 978-92-3-001242-7 UNESCO , , , . , UNESCO . : Alton Grizzle, Carolyn Wilson , UNESCO 2014 / : : / : ( , ): 1. iStockphoto 2. CC BY Rodrigo Galindez 3. iStockphoto 4. 2008 Edson E. Whitney, Courtesy of Photoshare 5. 2005 Adnan Kabir, Courtesy of Photoshare 6. iStockphoto 7. iStockphoto 8. 2007 Rajal Thaker, Courtesy of Photoshare 9. iStockphoto 10. iStockphoto 11. iStockphoto 12. 2005 Alain B. Labrique/JHSPH, Courtesy of Photoshare .13 43 ( , ): 1. CC BY Video Volunteers(VV) 2. 2009 Dr Urvish Joshi, Courtesy of Photoshare 3. 2006 Hugh Rigby/CCP, Courtesy of Photoshare 4. CC BY Video Volunteers(VV) 5. 2008 Bob Msangi, Courtesy of Photoshare 6. 2009 Frederick Noronha, Courtesy of Photoshare : UNESCO : UNESCO CLD 491.11 7. CC BY C G-K 8. 1997 CCP, Courtesy of Photoshare 9. 2007 Rajal Thaker, Courtesy of Photoshare 10. 2001 CCP, Courtesy of Photoshare 11. 2007 Arup Haldar, Courtesy of Photoshare 12. 2008 Edson E. Whitney, Courtesy of Photoshare p. 58: CC BY Rodrigo Galindez p. 77: UN Photo/Martine Perret p. 90: 2008 Edson E. Whitney, Courtesy of Photoshare p. 100: OSCE/Stephan Weixler/Austria p. 106: CC BY Gorski p. 117: 2003 Justin Fahey, Courtesy of Photoshare p. 125: 2006 Hugh Rigby/CCP, Courtesy of Photoshare p. 133: 2006 Sara Feldman, Courtesy of Photoshare p. 144: 2007 William Ongala, Courtesy of Photoshare p. 152: CC BY Video Volunteers(VV) p. 157: 2009 Dr Urvish Joshi, Courtesy of Photoshare p. 170: CC BY Video Volunteers(VV) p. 174: 2007 Alfredo L. Fort, Courtesy of Photoshare p. 176: CC BY Paul Keller

4. UNESCO , , , , ...

5. Wijayananda Jayaweera Vladimir Gai . , : : Irmgarda Kasinskaite-Buddeberg, Programme Specialist, UNESCO Paris Andrew Puddephatt, Director, Global Partners and Associates, London, United Kingdom Fackson Banda, Programme Specialist, UNESCO Paris Boyan Radoykov, Chief of Section, Section for Universal Access and Preservation, UNESCO Paris Indrajit Banerjee, Director, Information Society Division, UNESCO Paris Ralph Catts, Senior Research Fellow, Schools and Social Capital Network Scottish Applied Educational Research Scheme (AERS) Jaco Du Toit, Communication and Information Advisor, UNESCO Windhoek Misako Ito, Communication and Information Advisor, UNESCO Rabat Abel Caine, Programme Specialist, UNESCO Paris Toby Mendel, Executive Director, Centre for Law and Democracy : Jutta Croll, Managing Director, Stiftung Digitale Chancen, Berlin, Germany 1 Kwame Akyempong, Deputy Director, Centre for International Education, Sussex University, Brighton, United Kingdom Evelyne Bevort, Deputy Director, Centre de Liaison de lEnseignement et des Moyens dInformation (CLEMI), Paris, France Fackson Banda, SAB Limited UNESCO Chair of Media and Democracy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. Albert K. Boekhorst, Visiting Professor, Department of Information Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa C. K. Cheung, Teacher Trainer, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, China Noel Chicuecue, National Professional Officer, UNESCO Mozambique Bandula P. Dayarathne, Graduate Teacher and Curriculum Developer, National Institute of Education, and Visiting Lecturer of Media Education, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Carmilla Floyd, writer, journalist and media trainer, Stockholm, Sweden Divina Frau-Meigs, Vice-President, International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR), University of Paris Sorbonne, France

6. Martin Hadlow, Director, Centre for Communication and Social Change, School of Journalism & Communication, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Jesus Lau, Director, USBI VER Library, Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico Maria Ester Mancebo, Professor of Educational Policies, Universidad de la Repblica, Montevideo, Uruguay Penny Moore, Educational Research Consultant & Executive Director, International Association of School Librarianship, Wellington, New Zealand Renato Opertti, International Bureau of Education, UNESCO Geneva Caroline Pontefract, Chief of Section for Teacher Education, UNESCO Paris Rasha Omar, Director, Science Technology Track, Palestinian Curriculum Development Centre, Ministry of Education and Higher Education, Ramallah, Palestinian Territories Jos Manuel Perez Tornero, Vice-President, European Association for Viewers Interest (EAVI), General Secretary, International Association for Media Education (MENTOR), Universidad Autnoma de Barcelona, Spain Manuel Quintero Quintero, Director-General, Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicacin Educativa, Mexico Samy Tayie, President, International Association for Media Education (MENTOR), Cairo, Egypt Toussaint Tchitchi, Universit dAbomey-Calavi, Bnin Jordi Torrent, Project Manager, Media Literacy Education, Alliance of Civilizations, United Nations Ramon R. Tuazon, Chairman, Technical Committee for Communication, Commission on Higher Education (CHED), and President, Asian Institute of Journalism and Communciation, Philippines Carolyn Wilson, President, Association for Media Literacy (AML), Ontario, Canada and Instructor, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada 2 Clement Lambert, Lecturer, Language Arts/Literacy Education, Institute of Education, University of the West Indies, Jamaica Susan Moeller, Director, International Center for Media and the Public Agenda (ICMPA), Salzburg, Austria Roxana Morduchowicz, Directora del Programa Escuela y Medios del Ministerio de Educacin de la Nacin, Buenos Aires, Argentina Jutta Croll, Managing Director, Stiftung Digitale Chancen, Berlin, Germany Per Lundgren, Member, Board of Directors, World Summit on Media for Children and Youth, Karlstad, Sweden Mouna Benslimane, Teacher, School of Information Science, Morocco Ana Naidoo, Deputy Dean, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, South Africa Asim Abdul Sattar, Dean, Faculty of Education, Maldives College of Higher Education, Maldives Ramon R. Tuazon, Chairman, Technical Committee for Communication, Commission on Higher Education (CHED), and President, Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication, Philippines Carolyn Wilson, President, Association for Media Literacy (AML), Ontario, Canada and Instructor, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada C. K. Cheung, Teacher Trainer, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, China Kwame Akyempong, Deputy Director, Centre for International Education, Sussex University, Brighton, United Kingdom Jordi Torrent, Project Manager, Media Literacy Education, Alliance of Civilizations, United Nations Renato Opertti, Programme Specialist, International Bureau of Education, UNESCO Geneva

7. , Phindile Maureen Nxumalo, Head of Education Department, William Pitcher College, Swaziland Wandile Sifundza, Editor of SNAT Newsletter, Swaziland National Teachers Association Musa Hlophe, Mathematics Curriculum Designer, Responsible for Information at the NCC National Curriculum Centre, South Africa Mafata Paul Mafata, Lesotho College of Education, Lesotho Mabataung Metsing, National Curriculum Development Centre, South Africa John Nyambe, National Institute of Educational Development, Namibia Gerhard Ngalangi, Lecturer, Rundu College of Education, Namibia Allen Chaida, Lecturer, Caprivi College of Education, Namibia Tulonga Henoch, Lecturer, Ongwediva College of Education, Namibia Elizabeth Brown, Lecturer, University of Namibia, Namibia Andrew Stevens, Lecturer, Rhodes University, South Africa Pentecost Nkhoma, Lecturer, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa Les Meiring, Lecturer, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa Mandie Uys, Lecturer, North-West University, South Africa Gerrit Stols, University of Pretoria, South Africa Ana Naidoo, Deputy Dean, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, South Africa Mary Anne Hood, Lecturer, University of Fort Hare, East London, South Africa Sikhonzile Ndlovu, Media training manager, Gender Links, Johannesburg, South Africa Maryna Roodt, Lecturer, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa Van Heerden, Lecturer, University of Western Cape, South Africa Marianne Hicks, Lecturer, International Studies, Monash University, South Africa Ina Fourie, Associate Professor, Department of Information Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa Johan van Wyk, Librarian, University of Pretoria, South Africa Joseph Mckenzie, Senior Lecturer, Moneague Teachers College, Jamaica Lorraine Jeanette Campbell, Director of Education, Edna Manley College of the Visual & Performing Arts, Kingston, Jamaica Hirfa Morrison, College Librarian, Excelsior Community College, Kingston, Jamaica Zellyne Jennings-Craig, Director, School of Education, University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica Sonia Bennet-Cunningham, Principal Director, VTDI, HEART Trust/NTA, Kingston, Jamaica

8. Deborah Francis, Senior Lecturer, St Josephs Teachers, Kingston, Jamaica Dahlia Palmer, Lecturer, Shortwood Teachers College, Kingston, Jamaica Barbara Foster, Coordinator, University of West Indies, Mona, Jamaica Catherine Gibson, Business Studies Tutor, Erdiston Teachers Training College, Barbados Linda Rozenbald, Teacher Educator, Advanced Teacher Trainer College, Leysweg, Suriname Jennifer Palmer Crawford, HoD, Teacher Education, Clarence Fitzroy Bryant College, Guadeloupe Royston Emmanuel, Lecturer, Sir Arthur Lewis Community College, Saint Lucia Jacqueline Morris, Lecturer, University of Trinidad and Tobago Lionel Douglas, Assistant Professor, University. of Trinidad and Tobago Valentine Telemaque, ICT Tutor, Northeast Comprehensive School, Wesley, Dominica Erika Vasquez, Director, Basic Educational Department, National University of Costa Rica Sylvia James-Mitchell, Lecturer, T.A. Marryshow Communication College, Grenada Bob Harris, Freelance Journalist, PBC TV, Kingston, Jamaica Marlon Dixon, Cameraman, PBC TV, Kingston, Jamaica Gillian Bernard, Consultant, UNESCO Kingston, Jamaica Elizabeth Terry, Chair, ICT4D Jamaica, and Director, Projects and Partnerships, HEART Trust/NTA Isidro Fernandez-Aballi, Adviser Information and communication for the Caribbean, UNESCO Kingston, Jamaica Erika Walker, National Programme Officer for Communication and information, UNESCO Kingston, Jamaica Melody Palmer, Programme Manager and Network Coordinator, ICT4D Jamaica Braza Gopal Bhowmick, Secretary, National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka, Bangladesh Rayhana Taslim, Assistant Professor, Teachers Training College, Dhaka, Bangladesh Shameem Reza, Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication and Journalism, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Jigme Choden, Ministry of Information and Communication, Thimphu, Bhutan Yeshey Yang, Policy and Planning Officer, Ministry of Information and Communications, Thimphu, Bhutan Mohammad Akhtar Siddiqui, Chairperson, National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), New Delhi, India Arul Selvan, Associate Professor, School of Journalism and New Media Studies, IGNOU, New Delhi, India Mahalakshmi Jayaram, Former Faculty, Asia College of Journalism, Chennai Shuhudha Rizwan, Education Development Officer, Centre for Continuing Education, Ministry of Education, Male, Maldives Abdul Rasheed Ali, Dean, Faculty of Arts, Maldives College of Higher Education, Male, Maldives Ima Naryan Shrestha, Training Officer, National Centre for Educational Development (NCED), Nepal Shreeram Lamichhane, Teacher Training Institute, Nepal Anjum Zia, Chairperson, D/O Mass Communication, Lahore College University for women Lahore, Pakistan

9. Anthony DSilva, Notre Dame Institute of Education, Karachi, Pakistan Pradeepa Wijetunge, Director, National Institute of Library & Information Sciences (NILIS), Colombo, Sri Lanka Premila Gamage, Librarian, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS), Colombo, Sri Lanka

10. 11 1: 13 2: 43 181

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12. , . , , , , . UNESCO . : . , , . , . Janis Karklins UNESCO 12

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14. 16 & 18 & 20 & 21 22 24 15 25 27 28 29 & : 35 : & 39

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17. & UNESCO : ( ) , (media and information literacy). , , 1,1 , , . 1: / & & 18 2 , ( ) , . , , . . , . , . , , , , 1 2 Ralph Catts & Jesus Lau, 2008. , . , UNESCO , 2008.

18. , . , UNESCO . : / & , (. 2), . , ( 1) UNESCO. To , , , , . , , , , . , , . UNESCO . UNESCO . UNESCO , . , , ( ) . 2: : 19

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20. . , . , . , . , , , : , . . . , , . . , . ( ), , , ( , ). ( , ). . , . . , , . . , , , , . , , . , , . 21

21. 3 UNESCO , . : 1. . 2. ( ( . 3. . 22 -, , (. 2 ). . , UNESCO , 19 . , , . , , , , . , . . 3 UNESCO , 2008.

22. 1: 4 & & & & , , , , , & 4 - ; - , , , , , . - , , (, .) & , 4 & 6 . UNESCO , 2008. 23

23. . , , , , . , : ; , ; ; ; , , , . . , . 24

24. , , , , , , , , . 3 . , : , , , , , (. ) (. ) , ( ) , ( UNESCO - , 2008) 25

25. . , . T . : , . , . , . . , . . , , . 3: 26

26. . . , , , , . , . , , . , . , . 27

27. , . . , / , . , , () . () , . (learning by doing) 21 . () , . . 28 , . , . : N , . () , . , .

28. 2 , . . , 2 . 2: UNESCO & ( ). . . . , . . . , , , . . , , , , . , . y , , , . , , , , . 29

29. . , . , . , , . , . 1: : 30 1, , , , . 2, , , 9, , - . : , . , , , 19 . , () . , . . . .

30. 2: : 2, , , 3, , 4, , 10, , 5, . O , , . : , . (. , ). , . , . . 3 : : 1, , , , , 7, , 8, . O . : . - . 31

31. . . 4: : 3, , 5, , 7, , Module 8, , 9, , - . . : 32 , , , , . (. , , , , ) (. , , , ). , . , . , . , , . , , . (. , , , , ). 5: : 6, , 7, , 3, 5,

32. /, 4, , . : , , . (. , , , .). . . 6: : 1, , , , , 2, , 3, , 11, . . : . . . , . (. , , , .). 33

33. 7: : 1, , , , , 9, , -, , , . O , . : 34 . . (. ) . , . , - , . , . . , . . . . , .

34. & : I. , . , , : , , : , : , . . : , , (cyber-bullying) . II. , . McMaster University . , . , , . 35

35. . III. . , : , , , , , , , , . . : , . IV. 36 (case study) . Harvard Business School . . , , , . . , () . , , best seller, , . V. . , , , , , , , , , . . : wiki.

36. VI. . -. , . , . , , . : . , YouTube, . , , , / . VII. , - , , . : : , , . VIII. - . , podcast ( ). (storyboard) , , . : , , . . IX. . . , 37

37. , . . : , / podcast, . X. (learn by doing), 21 . . . (.. , , ), , . : iMovie Moviemaker ( , ) . 38

38. : & 1. : , , , UNESCO. O MENTOR UNESCO . . . : ; ; ; , ; , ; ; , , , , . link: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001492/149278e.pdf 2. UNESCO: , , . : , , , , . link: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001631/163102e.pdf 39

39. 3. , , Grnwald: ; ( 2007) UNESCO UNESCO, . linkt: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/Synthesis_en.pdf 4. NORDICOM, , UNESCO. , 2007 (, UNESCO) , , Grnwald: ; 2007. 40 , . , , . , , , , , . , . , , . , - , . , . linkt: http://www.nordicom.gu.se/clearinghouse.php?portal=publ&main=info_ publ2.php&ex=258&me=3

40. 5. , UNESCO (IFAP) , - . , , , (HR) - . : , , , , , [...] . , , , , , . link: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001570/157020e.pdf 6. . , , , . . 2005, ( ) : , , , . , , . . link: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001587/158723e.pdf 41

41. 7. () , UNESCO CISCO, Intel Microsoft, , (International Society for Technology in Education - ISTE) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), (CST). CST , . : , , , 42 , CST , , / . links: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001562/156207e.pdf http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001562/156209E.pdf http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001562/156210E.pdf

42. 2 &

43. : 51 51 52 : 53 54 57 1: , , , 58 59 1: : 60 61 44 60 61 2: 65 65 65 65 3: , , 69 69 69 70 4: , 72 72 73 73 76 2: , 77 77 1: 78 78

44. 79 79 80 80 2: , 80 80 81 81 83 83 3: - 84 84 84 84 86 86 4: : 6 (, , , , )86 86 86 87 88 88 88 3: & 90 90 1: & 91 91 92 92 93 94 2: 94 94 95 95 95 3: , , 96 96 96 96 98 45

45. 4: 98 98 98 98 99 100 4: 101 101 1: 102 102 102 103 103 2: : 104 104 105 46 104 105 3: 105 105 105 106 106 106 5: 108 108 1: , 110 110 110 110 111 2: 112 112 112 112 114 3: : 115 115

46. 115 115 116 4: 117 117 117 117 118 118 6: 120 120 1: 121 121 121 121 2: 122 122 123 123 3: , 125 125 125 125 127 7: 128 128 1: 129 129 129 129 2: 131 131 131 132 47

47. 8: 136 136 1: 137 137 138 138 2: 141 141 141 141 3: 144 144 144 144 146 9: , - -147 48 147 1: , 148 148 148 148 2: 150 150 150 150 3: 151 151 151 152 153 154 10: 156 156

48. 157 157 158 159 159 11: , 161 161 1: 163 163 163 164 165 165 2: - 165 165 166 166 167 167 3: 168 168 168 168 169 169 4: 170 170 170 171 172 172 172 ENOTHTA 3, 5: / 173 173 173 174 174 49

49. 4, 4: 175 175 175 176 178 5, 5: 179 179 179 180 180 50 181

50. : () , , , . , , . , , . , , , , . , , . , , , . . . , . , ( ) . , , , . , , . 51

51. , . , , , , , , . . - , . . : - 52 . , . , , . , . , . . . , . . , UNESCO . . , , . , , . , .

52. A : , : , , . . . , . , . . , . , , . (. ). - : ; ; ; , ; ; , ; ; . , , . UNESCO, (OER - www.unesco.org/webworld/en/oer) . Creative Commons, (. ). , . . , , . , , (. ). , . , (case studies) . 53

53. : : . . , . : , , , 2-3 . , . : , . , , , . . , . : , . . , . , . 54 , . , . , , .

54. UNESCO UNESCO (www.unesco.org/webworld/en/oer) UNESCO , (). Creative Commons*, . UNESCO (), , , , . () , , , , , . , . , , UNESCO . 2011, UNESCO (), Creative Commons* . * Creative Commons , . (http://creativecommons.org) 55

55. 57

56. 1 58 1: , , , , , , . New London Group

57. 1 () () . . . , , . , (, ) , . , . 1 ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database, 2009, 1,3 ( 3/4) 1,7 , 4,9 , , 0,6 ( 1/3) 1,9 , /, 4,6 2009. 2,5 . (World Association Newspapers) 1,4 2007. UNESCO 1 . . , , , , , , , , , , , . , . , , , , , . , (, ) , , , , , . , 21 . , , . , , . , , , , , , . , , , , , , , (. , 2005). 1 , , , . , , , , , , . 59

58. 1 : , . , : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 1. . , : - 2. , 3. , 4. , . . 60 1: : : 2

59. , : / , , 1 , , , . , . , ( ) , , , . , , , , , , . : , , , , , 2 2 UNESCO MDIs 61

60. 1 , , , , , . , , , , , . , (. , , , ), (portals), , , , , ... , , . , . . - : ; , , , ; , , , . , : 62 ( , , , ) , . , . / , , , . : ; ; ; ; ( ). . . . , ;

61. 1 , , , , . ; , , , . , , , , , ; , , ; ; . ( ) . ; ; ; , 19 ;3 , (. ). ; , . ; ; , ; , . ; , , ; ; . . ; , , . , , , . : ; , ; ; - - ; ; . 3 . , . 63

62. 1 , . : ) ) ) ) ) , , , . , . 1 ( 1). . . ; , , ; 64 : / / , . ; .

63. : 2 1 2: , , , , , , , : , , , , . , - , , . , - , : , , , , . , . , 65

64. 1 , (. ) (, email, forum) , , , . , . ( Fackson Banda, UNESCO, 2009) . . . , , . 66 , (T). . , , , . , , . , : , , , . , , , ,

65. , 5 10 . . - ; , . 1 . . . ; ; , ; ; ; ; . : ; ; , , . , . , , . , . , (. UNESCO). . . . , , . , , , . , . . . , , . 67

66. 1 (, , ), (, ) - . , . , . . , , . - . , , . 68 , . . , ; . . . ; , ; , 19, , , . . , , . , , , .

67. 1 , , , , . , , . , . . . 3: , , , : 2 : , , , , , . , , , : - / 69

68. 1 , , , . , . , . , , , , . , : , ; ; ; 70 , , ,4 , , . ; ; ; ; , ; , , , ; 4 McLuhan & Fiore, 1967. The Medium is the Message: An Inventory of Effects. Penguin Modern Classics.

69. ; , 1 / , , (, , , .) / - / , / , , / , , , , , , - / ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; , ; ; , , ; 71

70. 1 - . , ; . . , . : ; . , , , . : ; ; , , . , ; . , . . 72 4: , : 2

71. , : 1 , . , , : , , : , : , . . : , , (cyber-bullying) . , . McMaster University . , . , , . . 73

72. 1 . , : , , , , , , , , . . : . 74 (case study) . Harvard Business School . . , , , . . , () . , , best seller, , , . . , , , , , , , , , . . : wiki. . -. ,

73. : . , YouTube, . , , , / . 1 . , . , , . , - , , . : : , , . - . , podcast ( ). (storyboard) , , . : , , . . . . , , . . : , / podcast, . 75

74. 1 (learn by doing), 21 . . . (.. , , ), , . : iMovie Moviemaker ( , ) . 10 , . , . 76 Civic Education for Media Professionals: A Training Manual, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ images/0018/001804/180402e.pdf Understanding Informational Literacy: images/0015/001570/157020e.pdf A Primer, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ Big6, www.big6.com Media Development Indicators: A framework for assessing media development, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001631/163102e.pdf Committee of Concerned Journalists, www.concernedjournalists.org/tools/principles/rights Journalism.org, http://www.journalism.org/resources/principles Media Education: A Kit for Teachers, Students, Parents http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001492/149278e.pdf and Professionals, Towards Information Literacy Indicators: Conceptual Framework Paper, www.uis.unesco. org/template/pdf/cscl/InfoLit.pdf

75. 2 2: , Jack Fuller, News Reporting and Writing , (, ) , . , , ( ) , , . ( ) , , . , , , , . 77

76. 2 , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , , . 1. 2. , 3. : 4. : 6 78 1: : 2 (. , , ) 21 (. , , , ) ,

77. , : 2 , , . , , . . Bill Kovach Tom Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism , , . , , . , . , . , : . , : / , . , . 79

78. 2 , , , . / (blog) , (. , ...) 80 2: , : 2 , , , : ( , , / ) :

79. , : , , 2 , , - OBJE , Bill Kovach Tom Rosentiel, The Elements of Journalism , . , , , . ( , BBC). 81

80. 2 , , (. , ) , , , , , (. , ) Freedom House (www. freedomhouse.org) , . , ) ) . : 82 , (. ) - . , , 19 . . , , , . , . ( ) / . , .

81. . () (. // / ) . 2 . , . . , , , - , , : 19 / : , , , ( , , ) , , 83

82. 2 3: : 3 , : , , 84 ... , , . Bill Kovach Tom Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism , . ( ) . , ( ) . .

83. ( ), . : / 2 , . : : ( ) ( ) , , / ( , ) , , . CNN Al Jazeera ( /) , (. ) (. , ) . - . ( , ). 85

84. 2 / / , . , (-, , ) (CNN, Al Jazeera, BBC, Fox News) 86 4: : 6 (, , , , ) : 3 ( ) , : , , , ,

85. , , , , , , . 2 Walter Lippmann, News Reporting and Writing ( ) , . , , . ( ) : ) , ( ) ) ( ) . . , : (6 : , , , , ) : ( , , , , ) : , , . The teacher will check for verifiability, based on the core principles of verification: do not add; do not deceive the audience; be transparent as possible about methods and motives; rely on own original reporting; and exercise humility , : , , , ... (: Kovach Rosentiel, The Elements of Journalism) 87

86. 2 ( ) / . , . () (. , , , ) . , 88 , , . , ( ) Joseph, Ammu. (2005): Media Matters - Citizens Care. 17 2011 http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/19137/11164945435advocacy_brochure.pdf/advocacy_ brochure.pdf 19. (1999 ). : . . 27 2009 www.article19.org/pdfs/standards/righttoknow. pdf ASLIB Training Suite. . (2004). 15 2004 http:// www.aslib.com/training Bertrand, Claude-Jean. (2003). Media Ethics and Accountability Systems. New York: Hampton Press Coblenz, W. () and Goldman, W. (). (1976). (). Warner Bros.

87. Dominick, J. R. (2007). The Dynamics of Mass Communications. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw- Hill Humanext. Ethics Trainings. (2009). Ankerstar and Dalkes Balancing Personal and Professional Ethics ( , , , -); Dr. Louis V. Larimers Seminar on Ethical Reasoning ( ). 22 2009 http://www.newtrainingideas.com/ethics-training.html 2 , http://www.cpj.org Kovach, B. and Rosenstiel, T. (2001). The Elements of Journalism: What News people Should Know and the Public Should Expect. New York: Three Rivers Press of Random House; Mencher, Melvin. (2006). News Reporting and Writing (10th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Mendel, Toby. (2008). Freedom of Information: A Comparative Legal Survey (2nd Ed.). Paris: UNESCO, http:// unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001584/158450e.pdf Poynter Institute, http://www.poynter.org , http://www.rsf.org Rosenstiel, Tom A. Mitchell (eds). (2003). Thinking Clearly: Cases in Journalistic Decision-Making. New York: Columbia University Press State of the News Media, http://www.journalism.org Ward, S.J.A. (2005). Philosophical Foundations of Global Journalism Ethics. Journal of Mass Media Ethics 20:1, 3-21 Woodward, Bob Carl Bernstein. (1974). All the Presidents Men. New York: Simonand Schuster; UNESCO. (2009) Guidelines for Broadcasters on Promoting User Generated Content and Media and Information Literacy. Paris: UNESCO, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001871/187160e.pdf UNESCO. (2007). Model Curricula for Journalism Education for Developing Countries and Emerging Democracies. Paris: UNESCO, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001512/151209e.pdf University of Kansas. History of American Journalism. (2009). 22 2009 http:// ehub.journalism.ku.edu/history/1920/1920.html 89

88. 3 Module ENOTHTA 3: 90 : , Richard Dyer, The Matter of Images . , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , - , , , , . , , . , .

89. , , . , . . 3 /. , (, ). , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , . ( ) , . , , , , , . - : ; ; , ; 1. 2. 3. , , 4. 1: : 3 : 91

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