Theoretical GrammarTheoretical GrammarThe Immediate Constituents TheoryThe Immediate Constituents Theory

Презентация подготовлена Босовой Майей,Презентация подготовлена Босовой Майей,

Студенткой РГПУ им. Герцена, группа 1а, 2011 г.Студенткой РГПУ им. Герцена, группа 1а, 2011 г.

Methods of grammatical analysisMethods of grammatical analysis

Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC analysis)analysis) was introduced by Leonard was introduced by Leonard Bloomfield (1933)Bloomfield (1933)

Combinations of units are usuallyCombinations of units are usually

structured into structured into hierarchical sets of binary hierarchical sets of binary constructions constructions

e.g.: a black dress in severe style :e.g.: a black dress in severe style : a black dressa black dress in severe stylein severe style

The The fundamental aimfundamental aim of immediate of immediate constituents analysis is constituents analysis is toto

segment a set of lexical units into two segment a set of lexical units into two maximally independent sequencesmaximally independent sequences - -

immediate constituentsimmediate constituents . . The further segmentation of immediate The further segmentation of immediate

constituents results in constituents results in ultimate constituentsultimate constituents::

““a” ,”black” ,“dress” , “ in” , “severe” , “style” . a” ,”black” ,“dress” , “ in” , “severe” , “style” .

This method is based on the This method is based on the binarybinary

principleprinciple, i.e. each stage of the procedure , i.e. each stage of the procedure involves two components the unite involves two components the unite immediately breaks into. immediately breaks into.

The analysis is completed when we The analysis is completed when we arrive at constituents incapable of further arrive at constituents incapable of further division, i.e. morphemesdivision, i.e. morphemes

DefinitionsDefinitions An immediate constituentAn immediate constituent - - is a word or a group of is a word or a group of

words that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical words that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure.structure.

The ultimate constituents -The ultimate constituents - are the smallest meaningful are the smallest meaningful units which any given construction can be broken down units which any given construction can be broken down to, consisting of, a morpheme at the morphological level to, consisting of, a morpheme at the morphological level and a word at the syntactic level.and a word at the syntactic level.

The linguistics procedure which divides sentences into The linguistics procedure which divides sentences into their component parts or constituents in this way is their component parts or constituents in this way is known as known as constituent analysis. constituent analysis.

The segmentation of the sentence up into its immediate The segmentation of the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cuttings units its ultimate constituents by using binary cuttings units its ultimate constituents are obtained is an important approach to the constituents are obtained is an important approach to the realization of the nature of language called realization of the nature of language called Immediate Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC AnalysisConstituent Analysis (IC Analysis).).

MorphologyMorphology

The concept of immediate constituents (IC's) is important The concept of immediate constituents (IC's) is important both in morphology and syntax. both in morphology and syntax.

The morphemic structure of the word can be analyzed in The morphemic structure of the word can be analyzed in a a linear waylinear way ::

W= {[Pr +(R+L)]+Gr}W= {[Pr +(R+L)]+Gr}

The method ofThe method of IC ICs is based on the fact that a word is s is based on the fact that a word is characterized by morphological divisibility.characterized by morphological divisibility.

The main opposition dealt with is the opposition of The main opposition dealt with is the opposition of stemstem and and affix. affix.

UngentlemanlyUngentlemanlyA diagram presenting the four cuts described A diagram presenting the four cuts described

looks as follows:looks as follows: 1.1. unun-- / / gentlemanlygentlemanly 2. un- / 2. un- / gentlemangentleman / - / - lyly 3. un- / 3. un- / gentlegentle / - / - manman / - ly / - ly 4. un- / 4. un- / gentlgentl / - / - ee / - man / - ly / - man / - ly

un- + {[{gent- + -le) + -man] + -ly} un- + {[{gent- + -le) + -man] + -ly}

As we break the word we obtain at any level only As we break the word we obtain at any level only two IC’s, one of which is the stem of the given two IC’s, one of which is the stem of the given word.word.

The main requirement isThe main requirement is : the analysis must : the analysis must reveal patterns observed in other words of reveal patterns observed in other words of the same languagethe same language

This analysis on the word-formation level This analysis on the word-formation level shows:shows:

The morphemic constituents of the wordThe morphemic constituents of the word the structural pattern on which it is built.the structural pattern on which it is built.

Morphemic analysis under the method of Morphemic analysis under the method of Ultimate Constituents may beUltimate Constituents may be

carried out on the basis of two principles: carried out on the basis of two principles: the so-called the so-called root-principleroot-principle

and and affix principleaffix principle..

PhrasePhrase

A phraseA phrase - is a combination of 2 or more - is a combination of 2 or more notional words connected by means of notional words connected by means of subordination: cold weather subordination: cold weather

Prof. Barkhudarov: Prof. Barkhudarov: a phrasea phrase - is a - is a combination of 2 or more notional words, combination of 2 or more notional words, connected by means of subordination, connected by means of subordination, coordination and predicative relation if it coordination and predicative relation if it cannot function as a sentence: mother and cannot function as a sentence: mother and fatherfather

SyntaxSyntax

There were two grammar theories which There were two grammar theories which sought to teach how a sentence is sought to teach how a sentence is generated. These are generated. These are the linear grammarthe linear grammar and and immediate constituent grammar immediate constituent grammar (IC grammar,(IC grammar, phrase grammar).phrase grammar).

The linear theory taught that a sentence is The linear theory taught that a sentence is generated on a very simple model generated on a very simple model consisting of three elements :S+V+O.consisting of three elements :S+V+O.

IC analysisIC analysis

Sentences are not just linear sequences of Sentences are not just linear sequences of elements, but are made up of ‘layers’ of elements, but are made up of ‘layers’ of immediate constituents, each lower level immediate constituents, each lower level constituent being part of a higher level constituent being part of a higher level constituent. constituent.

IC analysis is relevant for any level. IC analysis is relevant for any level.

SyntaxSyntax

ΣPoor John ran away

VP – V + Adv ran away

NP – Adj + N Poor John

VP

Poor John ran awayPoor John ran away

ΣΣ {NP (Adj + N) + VP (V + Adv)} {NP (Adj + N) + VP (V + Adv)}

the the ""IIСС--derivation tree"derivation tree"

{{The + [small + lady]} + {[listened + (to + me)] + attentively}.The + [small + lady]} + {[listened + (to + me)] + attentively}.

Tree structures express a fundamental insight of Tree structures express a fundamental insight of syntactic analysis. That insight is that sentences do not syntactic analysis. That insight is that sentences do not simply consist of strings of lexical categories. Rather, simply consist of strings of lexical categories. Rather, within any sentence, words are grouped together to form within any sentence, words are grouped together to form phrases, which then combine with each other to form still phrases, which then combine with each other to form still larger phrases and so on. larger phrases and so on.

Immediate constituent analysis has its Immediate constituent analysis has its limitations. It is not possible to analyze limitations. It is not possible to analyze such structures, for example, some such structures, for example, some sentences that are structurally similar but sentences that are structurally similar but semantically they are different.semantically they are different.

1. {Robert + [is easy + to flatter]}.1. {Robert + [is easy + to flatter]}.

2. {Robert + [is eager + to flatter]}.2. {Robert + [is eager + to flatter]}.

When the same string of words can be When the same string of words can be associated with more than one tree associated with more than one tree structure, it is said to be structurally structure, it is said to be structurally ambiguous.ambiguous.

““I bring new pens and pencil”I bring new pens and pencil”

I + (bring + {I + (bring + {newnew + [ + [pens and pencilpens and pencil]})]})

I + (bring + {[I + (bring + {[new pensnew pens] + [] + [and penciland pencil]}]}

Constituency testsConstituency tests SubstitutionSubstitution I don't know the man who is sleeping in the car.I don't know the man who is sleeping in the car.I don't know him who is sleeping in the car. I don't know him who is sleeping in the car.

(ungrammatical)(ungrammatical)I don't know him.I don't know him.MovementMovementHe is going to attend another language course to improve He is going to attend another language course to improve

his English.his English.To improve his English, he is going to attend another To improve his English, he is going to attend another

coursecourse The question testThe question test What did you do yesterday? - Worked on my new project. What did you do yesterday? - Worked on my new project. vs.vs.What did you do yesterday? - Worked onWhat did you do yesterday? - Worked on

ReferencesReferences Блох М. Я.Блох М. Я.Теоретическая грамматика английского Теоретическая грамматика английского

языка: Учебник. Для студентов филол. фак. ун-тов и языка: Учебник. Для студентов филол. фак. ун-тов и фак. англ. яз. педвузов. — М.: Высш. школа, 1983.фак. англ. яз. педвузов. — М.: Высш. школа, 1983.

Юлдашев Юлдашев Н.Н.Theoretical English grammar. LecturesTheoretical English grammar. Lectures РаевскаяРаевская Н. НН. Н. . Теоретическая грамматика Теоретическая грамматика

современного английского языка. Издательское современного английского языка. Издательское объединение объединение «Вища «Вища школа»школа». . Головное Головное издательствоиздательство, , 1976.1976.

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