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The last section The last section of revisionof revision

The AntarcticThe Antarctic

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Summary of mapsSummary of maps

So Qu 1 is the map question – 15 marks – All of Europe, in particular the EU countries – there are 25 of them, you will get 7 – of which 3 are likely to be sneaky!(the list of the countries are on the classwork sheet)In addition the following other countries:

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AbbreviationsEst – EstoniaLat – LatviaLith - LithuaniaBelg – BelgiumNeth – NetherlandsSlov – SlovakiaAust – AustriaHung – HungaryBul – BulgariaPort – PortugalSlo - Slovenia

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The rest of the listThe rest of the list

Africa: Kenya, Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Ethiopia, SomaliaSouth/Central America: Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, ColumbiaAsia/ Australasia (or Oceania): Australia, New Zealand, China, India, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Bangladesh and the Tiger economies – see overYou will get 8 of these – no sneaky ones just these!!

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The Tiger economiesThe Tiger economies

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These are where the countries These are where the countries are!!are!!

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The other 3 questionsThe other 3 questions

I gave a hint about GCSE type questions – how they are ‘levelled’.Level 1 ( 1 or 2 marks) – basic not explainedLevel 2 (3 or 4 marks) – with a bit of explanationLevel 3 (5 or 6) really well explainedSo the general layout will be factual questions for qu2 - qu4 - for 12 marksAnd 2 levelled qus from one the sections only

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Example – rocks and glaciationExample – rocks and glaciation

Factual: What are the labels on the diagram of the earth sectionComplete this table using these words to fill in about types of rock and how they are formed.Label 3 items on the diagram of a glaciated uplandLevelled question: as part of the process of forming sediments, rock is often weathered. Name all types of weathering and explain how 2 of them occur.Explain and give examples of how one agent of change alters the landscape by erosion, transportation and deposition.

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Example – working worldExample – working world

Factual: Complete this table using these words to fill in about the different kinds of economic activity.What are 2 factors that would influence the siting a of factory producing …..In the UK, the number of people involved in secondary industry has halved between 1900 and 2000 – give 2 reasons for this.Levelled question: What caused South Korea to be able to develop so fast? [or explains the poor (or adverse) consequences …. ]

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Revising Antarctica

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The Treaty from 1961The Treaty from 1961

Key ideas – any country can carry out scientific researchAll testing of nuclear weapons and the dumping of radioactive waste is forbidden in AntarcticaNo military activities are allowed in Antarctica – the continent must be used for peaceful purposes onlyClaims to slices of Antarctica by individual countries are set aside so long as the Treaty exists

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The Treaty from 1961The Treaty from 1961In addition, there have been additions that protect the flora and fauna of AntarcticaIn particular the Antarctic seals - both Ross and Antarctic fur seals are fully protected – the killing of other seals is tightly controlled – no hunting for skins of any type.Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1982) controls the amount of fishing that is allowed in Antarctic waters by giving licences to fish up to a certain agreed limit (a quota).

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Many countries have bases in Many countries have bases in AntarcticaAntarctica

As we know the only real justification is for scientific researchWhat kind of things to you think they research? Besides researchers what other jobs are people needed for in Antarctica?If you were on a base, can you think of the problems that might arise, especially if you stay over the winter?

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The Natural Greenhouse Effect at The Natural Greenhouse Effect at workwork

The Earth is covered by a blanket of gas. The energy from the Sun reaches the Earth’s surface, where some it is converted to heat energy.Most of the heat( blue arrows) is re-radiated towards space, but some is trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This natural effect allows the Earth’s temperature to be kept at a level necessary to support life.

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The Natural Greenhouse Effect at The Natural Greenhouse Effect at workwork

The main Greenhouse Gas is Carbon Dioxide. Until the last 200 years, the amount of CO2 has remained stable.This is why

Key IdeaThe natural greenhouse effect helps the Earth stay warm/get

hotter. The carbon dioxide/oxygen in the air traps enough of the Sun’s heat to do this. The CO2 stays the same

because animals breath it in/out and plants take it in/out

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But then there is the Enhanced But then there is the Enhanced Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Look how this is different!Much more of the heat from the sun gets trapped in the atmosphereSo the Earth gets hotter

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Why is more heat getting trapped?Why is more heat getting trapped?

We are taking the stored carbon from the ground (oil and coal and gas) and burning itThis releases the CO2 and so the main greenhouse gas is increasing

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So these are the things that can So these are the things that can happen if we increase the amount of happen if we increase the amount of

greenhouses gasesgreenhouses gases

Some places will be

wetter

colder

drierWindier

Hotter

Key IdeaThe enhanced greenhouse effect helps the Earth stay warm/get

hotter. The CO2 stays the same/increases because we are burning fossil fuels

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Why is the Antarctic so cold?Why is the Antarctic so cold?

The angle of the sun in the

sky

The albedo of snow is about

90%

Then air is clean

So why do all these make it colder then?

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What is the ozone layer?What is the ozone layer?Ozone is 3 atoms of oxygen joined

together

The ozone layer is a layer high above the

earth containing ozone

The ozone layer protects the earth from UV light from the Sun getting through - UV

damages living tissue

Why are CFCs so

important?

So where do CFCs fit

in?

What is so bad about UV light?

Will it ever get better?

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What are the issues of human What are the issues of human impact on Antarctica?impact on Antarctica?

There are a lot of natural resources but so far no-one has shown interest in mining etc as it just too difficult. There is commercial fishing and there are pirates who are not obeying the rules Flotsam is an issue as it is hurting the wildlifeBut waste/rubbish/oil are all tightly controlledHowever tourism is a growing issue as more people want to visit.So sticking with tourism – what are the concerns?

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Example – AntarcticaExample – Antarctica

Factual: what is ozone? What chemical group destroy it? What damage does reduced ozone cause? Etc or similar questions about global warming – or about why Antarctica is so coldLevelled question:Explain the main points of the Antarctic treaty of 1961 – orExplain the concerns about Antarctic tourism and suggest ways they could taken account of