The Civil War

Chapter 16

1861 - 1865

Section 1

The Confederacy

7 States had formed the Confederacy Georgia Florida Texas Mississippi South Carolina Louisiana Alabama

Border States

Missouri Kentucky Maryland Delaware

Why was it important to have control of these border states?

How West Virginia came to be

Not everyone was in favor Eastern TN and western VA supported

the Union Appalachian region Area move to secede 48 VA counties West Virginia admitted in 1863

Who’s got more (or less) The North

Good points Larger population More industry More abundant resources Better banking system-finance the war Had more ships-old Regular navy loyal to the Union More and better RR system

Who’s got more (or less) The North Bad points Bringing South back would be difficult Public opinion about the war shaky

The South’s Strength’s

Strong support of its white population Fighting in familiar territory Leadership was superior to North

Jefferson Davis- West Point grad

South’s Disadvantages

Smaller population of free men Few factories-weapons Produces ½ food as North ½ RR tracks than North, fewer trains State’s rights hampered Confederate

power

Gotta have a plan

The North Main Goal- bring Southern states back

into the Union Ending slavery – secondary goal,

changed to a primary goal later

North’s Strategies

Navy Blockade of Southern ports No in, no out

Gain control of MS river Cut supply lines Split confederacy

Capture Richmond

South’s Goals

Win recognition as an independent nation Preserve their way of life

South’s strategies

Be defensive, tire out the North Expected pressure from Britain/France

against North Tricked by going on the offensive

occasionally- attacking in the north psyche them out

Blood was not thicker than water!

Lincoln’s wife had family that fought on the confederate side

Senator John Crittenden – 2 sons 1 on each side

Jefferson Davis, Robert E Lee, George McClellan & William Sherman – West Point

Actual fights against family

Call to duty

young, inexperienced average 25, 40% 21 or younger most were farmers, 50% in North, 60%

in South no African/Americans in North initially 90-day service, then 3 year service in

North

UNEVEN SIDES

1861

YANKEES

187,000

1861

REBELS

112,000

END OF WAR- # WHO FOUGHT – YANKEES

2.1 MILLION

END OF WAR- # WHO FOUGHT – REBELS

850,000

IN IT FOR THE LONG RUN

BOTH SIDES ENVISIONED A QUICK VICTORY

GENERAL SHERMAN “I think it is to be a long war—very long—

much longer than any politician thinks.” He was right

What do you know?

Where was the Confederate capital? What were the Union and Confederate

soldiers called? Where did most of the soldiers from both

sides come from? What was the most important “border”

state? What “newly formed state” entered the

Union in 1861?

Answers

Richmond Yankees and Rebels Farms Maryland West Virginia

Section 2Section 2

Who, When, WhereWho, When, Where

11stst major battle- July 1861 major battle- July 1861

Northern VA – Manassas JunctionNorthern VA – Manassas Junction

30,000 inexperienced Union troops30,000 inexperienced Union troops– General Irvin McDowellGeneral Irvin McDowell

Confederate troops-inexperiencedConfederate troops-inexperienced– General PGT BeauregardGeneral PGT Beauregard

Jackson gets his nameJackson gets his name

Yankees rallied firstYankees rallied first

Rebels came backRebels came back– Inspired by Gen.Thomas Jackson (?) Inspired by Gen.Thomas Jackson (?)

Held out like a “stonewall”Held out like a “stonewall”

Forward surge-strange yellForward surge-strange yell– Rebel yellRebel yell

Scared Yankees, turned and ran in panicScared Yankees, turned and ran in panic

New General for the NorthNew General for the North

Bull Run opened North’s eyesBull Run opened North’s eyes

No easy defeatNo easy defeat

Lincoln requests 1 million soldiers/3 yearsLincoln requests 1 million soldiers/3 years

Gen. George B. McClellan, new head of Gen. George B. McClellan, new head of Union army – Army of the PotomacUnion army – Army of the Potomac

By land and By SeaBy land and By Sea

Naval BlockadesNaval Blockades

North wants to shut down supply North wants to shut down supply lines/exportslines/exports

3500 miles of coastline- daunting task3500 miles of coastline- daunting task

South had “blockade runners”South had “blockade runners”– Ships sailing in/out of portsShips sailing in/out of ports

Forces North to build more shipsForces North to build more ships

Blockade reduces trade by Blockade reduces trade by 2/3rds2/3rds – Guns, ammo, coffee, shoes, nails, saltGuns, ammo, coffee, shoes, nails, salt

MonitorMonitor VS VS MerrimackMerrimack

South fights the blockadeSouth fights the blockadeRedesigns the MerrimackRedesigns the Merrimack– Abandoned wooden, Yankee ship from a confederate Abandoned wooden, Yankee ship from a confederate

seizeseize– Covers it- ironcladCovers it- ironclad– Renamed the Renamed the VirginiaVirginia– Yankee ships can’t penetrate itYankee ships can’t penetrate it

North pits its ironclad Monitor against itNorth pits its ironclad Monitor against itEven match- no longer a theatEven match- no longer a theat11stst battle between 2 metal covered ships battle between 2 metal covered ships

War in the WestWar in the West

Gaining control of MS Gaining control of MS RiverRiver– Split the confederacySplit the confederacy

Ulysses S. Grant

Captures Forts Henry and Donelson

Opens path for UnionTo march into TN, MS,AL

Battle of ShilohBattle of ShilohGeneral Grant40,000 Union Troops

Corinth, MS-importantRR junction

1st Strike-South, before Yankee Reinforcements arrival

Shiloh- Church near Union encampment

South led by Generals *Johnston, Beauregard

2 – day “bloodiest”*20,000 casualties

Union victoryControl of Memphis follows

Capture of New OrleansCapture of New Orleans

April 26, 1862April 26, 1862Union Naval forcesUnion Naval forces– David FarragutDavid Farragut

Plan workedPlan workedNew Orleans cut offNew Orleans cut off

no longer carry crops to sea via riverno longer carry crops to sea via riverGrant’s Northern victoriesGrant’s Northern victories

control of the river- splitting the confederacycontrol of the river- splitting the confederacy

Back in the EastBack in the East

General McClellan took time to train General McClellan took time to train inexperienced troopsinexperienced troopsMarch, 1862- Army of the Potomac readyMarch, 1862- Army of the Potomac ready11stst stop – Richmond, VA stop – Richmond, VAPeninsula CampaignPeninsula Campaign– McClellan to Army by shipMcClellan to Army by ship– Between York & James RiversBetween York & James Rivers– Spent time “evaluating” Rebel forcesSpent time “evaluating” Rebel forces– Agitated President Lincoln- “You Must Act”Agitated President Lincoln- “You Must Act”

Seven Days BattlesSeven Days Battles

McClellan slowly reached Richmond-McClellan slowly reached Richmond-CapitolCapitol

Confederates led by Robert E. LeeConfederates led by Robert E. Lee

Calvary leader J.E.B. StuartCalvary leader J.E.B. Stuart– Led 1200 troops around Yankees- gather infoLed 1200 troops around Yankees- gather info– Allowed Lee to counter Yankee advancesAllowed Lee to counter Yankee advances

Drove Yankee troops back to James RiverDrove Yankee troops back to James River

Southern Strategy WorkingSouthern Strategy Working

President Lincoln calls for 300,000 new President Lincoln calls for 300,000 new volunteersvolunteers

Slow response compared to first callSlow response compared to first call

Strategy of “weariness” workingStrategy of “weariness” working

22ndnd Battle of Bull Run Battle of Bull Run

Lincoln orders McClellan North to join force Lincoln orders McClellan North to join force with Major General John Popewith Major General John Pope

General Lee sends Stonewall Jackson to General Lee sends Stonewall Jackson to Manassas/PopeManassas/Pope– Attack supply baseAttack supply base

– Walk 50 miles – 2 days- meet Lee’s troopsWalk 50 miles – 2 days- meet Lee’s troops

Pope begins attackPope begins attack

Confederate victoryConfederate victory

Confederates 20 miles from Washington DCConfederates 20 miles from Washington DC

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam

PresidentDavis orders Rebels

To Maryland

McClellan-80000Follow them

Lee gathers army near

Sharpsburg, MAAntietam Creek

September 17Single Bloodiest Battle

Lee withdraws

Lee’s orders found

6000 dead, 17000 wounded McClellan Does not pursue

Replaced by General Ambrose Burnside

A Call for Freedom Recap

main goal-Preserve the Union

secondary goal- stop expansion of slavery end slavery

Reading between the lines Slavery = helping war effort in South 3.5 million Slaves = backbone of Southern

economy Slaves raised crops = fed Confederates did heavy work= fortified Confederate

in trenches camps

Put a hole in slavery = Putting a hole in South

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln felt slavery allowed the South to fight

1862 – after Northern win at Antietam

signed Emancipation Proclamation

“…all persons held as slaves within any state…in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”

Its Effects Applied only to areas controlled by the

Confederates didn’t really free anyone hoped it would cause slaves to runaway Northern African/Americans cheered 1864-65 13th Amendment – abolished

slavery- passed

African/Americans and the War 3.5 million slaves in South Southerners afraid of uprising

wouldn’t use them in military/weapons North

Army would not take volunteers Navy did used as guides, spies underground railroad-Harriet Tubman

Law passed-Army must accept them 10% of army, 20% of navy separated from white troops received lower pay at first 54th Massachusetts-huge battle – ½ lost

lives or wounded – new respect

Section 4Section 4

Life During The Life During The Civil WarCivil War

Beginning- rush of volunteersBeginning- rush of volunteers lived in campslived in camps

songs, stories, baseball, letterssongs, stories, baseball, letters drills, marches, bad fooddrills, marches, bad food

Reality of WarReality of War suffered great lossessuffered great losses new guns-better accuracynew guns-better accuracy trench warfaretrench warfare overwhelmed hospitals-soldiers lay dyingoverwhelmed hospitals-soldiers lay dying

Women & the WarWomen & the War

lots of new jobslots of new jobs teachers, office workers, sales clerks, factory teachers, office workers, sales clerks, factory

workers, government workers,workers, government workers, losses-husbands, sons, brothers, fatherslosses-husbands, sons, brothers, fathers wove blankets, rolled bandages, made ammowove blankets, rolled bandages, made ammo collected food, clothing, meds, $collected food, clothing, meds, $ spies- Rose O’Neal Greenhow, Belle Boyd, spies- Rose O’Neal Greenhow, Belle Boyd,

Loretta VelazquezLoretta Velazquez

Served as nursesServed as nurses improperimproper too delicatetoo delicate Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton organized Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton organized

nurses, latter former American Red Crossnurses, latter former American Red Cross

Not Everyone on Board Not Everyone on Board

some in favor in Northsome in favor in North some opposed – Copperheads- “like some opposed – Copperheads- “like

poisonous snakes”poisonous snakes” suspected of aiding Confederacysuspected of aiding Confederacy

President suspends President suspends habeas corpus – habeas corpus – right to a hearing before being jailedright to a hearing before being jailed keep people from aiding the enemykeep people from aiding the enemy

Wanted: men willing to Wanted: men willing to diedie

volunteers almost gonevolunteers almost gone draft initiated in Southdraft initiated in South

3 year term, 18yr – 35 yr3 year term, 18yr – 35 yr could hire a subcould hire a sub slave holders with 20 or more did not have to serve “rich slave holders with 20 or more did not have to serve “rich

mans war, poor mans fight”mans war, poor mans fight”

bounties in Northbounties in North $100 to volunteers – didn’t work$100 to volunteers – didn’t work went to draft, 25-45 yr oldswent to draft, 25-45 yr olds

hire a sub or pay government $400hire a sub or pay government $400

War and the EconomyWar and the Economy

Strained both sidesStrained both sides North better equipped than SouthNorth better equipped than South Both raised money by:Both raised money by:

borrowing money-$2 billion in war bonds-North, borrowing money-$2 billion in war bonds-North, $700 million in South$700 million in South

raising taxesraising taxes printing paper moneyprinting paper money

Greenbacks – NorthGreenbacks – North South printed 2X as muchSouth printed 2X as much

Up, Up, Up . . .Up, Up, Up . . .

Prices rose higher than wages = inflationPrices rose higher than wages = inflation more prosperous in Northmore prosperous in North South suffered moreSouth suffered more

more fighting occurred in Southmore fighting occurred in South land ruinedland ruined thousands homelessthousands homeless cities burnedcities burned blockades – shortage of suppliesblockades – shortage of supplies

Do the mathDo the math

NorthNorth 80% Inflation80% Inflation Cost of Cost of

BreadBread

.10.10

NowNow

CostCost

.18.18

SouthSouth 9000% Inflation9000% Inflation Cost of Cost of

BreadBread

.10.10

NowNow

CostCost

$9.10$9.10

used for example only to show the marked difference

The Way to VictoryThe Way to Victory

1862-1863 – looked in favor of South1862-1863 – looked in favor of South• Battles of Fredericksburg, ChancellorsvilleBattles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville• North and General Burnside-larger armyNorth and General Burnside-larger army• South was entrenched-set up in strong South was entrenched-set up in strong

positionspositions• Burnside resigns post- Joseph HookerBurnside resigns post- Joseph Hooker• Confederate troops fire upon Stonewall Jackson Confederate troops fire upon Stonewall Jackson

by mistake-amputate arm-dies 1 wk by mistake-amputate arm-dies 1 wk

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg

Lee moves North – 75000 troopsLee moves North – 75000 troops Lincoln replaces Hooker with George Lincoln replaces Hooker with George

Meade for not going after Meade for not going after Confederates aggressivelyConfederates aggressively

North/South met by accident in North/South met by accident in GettysburgGettysburg• 3 day battle3 day battle• Confederates were there raiding town Confederates were there raiding town

for shoes for shoes

The BattleThe Battle North is outnumberedNorth is outnumbered finally have to retreat to Cemetery finally have to retreat to Cemetery

Ridge (South of Gettysburg)Ridge (South of Gettysburg) Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge

• 33rdrd day day• Lee’s boldness-brings him downLee’s boldness-brings him down• Lee’s plan-create a panic and destroy the Union Lee’s plan-create a panic and destroy the Union

armyarmy• led 13000 troops across an open fieldled 13000 troops across an open field• picked off by Union soldierspicked off by Union soldiers• Lee took full blame-retreated to VALee took full blame-retreated to VA• Meade did not chase him, Lincoln disappointedMeade did not chase him, Lincoln disappointed

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address November 19, 1863November 19, 1863 Dedicating a cemetery at GettysburgDedicating a cemetery at Gettysburg 2-minute speech2-minute speech ““It is for us the living…to be here It is for us the living…to be here

dedicated to the great task remaining dedicated to the great task remaining before us…that these dead shall not have before us…that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation, under God, died in vain-that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-and shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.”from the earth.”

helped re-focus ideals helped re-focus ideals

General ShermanGeneral ShermanGeneral GrantGeneral Grant

Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant• early career had a drinking problemearly career had a drinking problem• fierce fighter – impressed Lincolnfierce fighter – impressed Lincoln• named commander of the Union armiesnamed commander of the Union armies• his plan – attack all fronts at oncehis plan – attack all fronts at once

Army of Potomac – crush Lee in VAArmy of Potomac – crush Lee in VA Sherman & western army – take AtlantaSherman & western army – take Atlanta

The Virginia BattlesThe Virginia Battles

3 battles near Richmond3 battles near Richmond 115,000 Northern troops115,000 Northern troops 65,000 Lee’s Southern troops65,000 Lee’s Southern troops Battles of the WildernessBattles of the Wilderness Spotsylvania CourthouseSpotsylvania Courthouse Cold HarborCold Harbor many casualties – 60000 (N)many casualties – 60000 (N)

Re-Election TimeRe-Election Time

1864- people growing tired of war1864- people growing tired of war Democrats want to make peace with Democrats want to make peace with

SouthSouth Lincoln was determined to restore UnionLincoln was determined to restore Union needed morale boosterneeded morale booster David Farragut took Mobile BayDavid Farragut took Mobile Bay Sherman took AtlantaSherman took Atlanta Lincoln won re-electionLincoln won re-election

General ShermanGeneral Sherman

Marches to SavannahMarches to Savannah Total WarTotal War

• cut off from Northern supply linescut off from Northern supply lines• lives off land, devastating land lives off land, devastating land • takes Savannahtakes Savannah

Richmond FallsRichmond Falls

After long siege, Petersburg and After long siege, Petersburg and Richmond fall to Union.Richmond fall to Union.• South set fire to it to keep it from falling South set fire to it to keep it from falling

into their handsinto their hands

War nears and endWar nears and end

Lee tries to meet up with ShermanLee tries to meet up with Sherman blocked by Union advancesblocked by Union advances realizes it is hopelessrealizes it is hopeless surrender at Appomattox Courthousesurrender at Appomattox Courthouse Grant generous in his termsGrant generous in his terms

• keep horses- get home, put in a cropkeep horses- get home, put in a crop• 3 days rations3 days rations• few days later Sherman, Davis capturedfew days later Sherman, Davis captured

May 10, 1865 May 10, 1865

Civil War Is OverCivil War Is Over

credits

web.syr.edu/~rlriefle/Civil%20War%20Battle.jpg

http://americancivilwar.com/statepic/va61.html http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/book_images/high/

v2_c7_s02_ss01_02.jpg http://www.americancivilwar.com/statepic/tenne

ssee.html http://americancivilwar.com/statepic/

mississippi.html