THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONThe Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries.

Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion

• First edition front piece of A Christmas Carol (1843)

Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion

• Front piece of the first edition of Oliver Twist (1838).

Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion

• First Edition cover of David Copperfield (1850)

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• Old Ways = Domestic System or Cottage Industry; goods produced in homes by hand.

• New Ways of Working• Industrial Revolution—greatly increases output of

machine-made goods in factories. Early factories had to be next to rivers, powered by waterwheels.

• Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s.

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way• Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by fences or

hedges, allowed for experimentation of new methods.• Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by

village farmers.

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• Rotating Crops• Crop rotation—

switching crops each year to avoid depleting soil

• Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply.

Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in June 2001

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England• Industrialization—move to machine production of

goods, better mining of coal, iron.• Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harbors• Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment• Government allows for freedoms, less taxes• Britain has all needed 3 factors of production—land,

labor, capital

Inventions Spur Industrialization• Changes in the

Textile Industry• Weavers work

faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies

• Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels

Spinning Jenny

• “Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns the individual fibers so that they are more or less parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more easily spun into thread. The old method was done by hand using these tools.

carding carding machine-machine-replaces the replaces the hand process hand process of combing out of combing out the fibers the fibers before they before they can be spun can be spun into yarn or into yarn or thread.thread.

Inventions Spur Industrialization• Power loom, and spinning mule (next slide) speed up production, improve quality.

Inventions Spur Industrialization

• Factories—buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing

Inventions Spur Industrialization

• Cotton gin boosts American cotton production to meet British demand

"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving "The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving from from Harper's MagazineHarper's Magazine, 1869. This , 1869. This carving depicts a roller gin, which carving depicts a roller gin, which preceded Whitney's invention.preceded Whitney's invention.

Improvements in Transportation

• Watt’s Steam Engine• Newcomen engine used

horizontal pumping mainly to get water out of mines.

• James Watt improves by creating a rotary steam engine that could drive gears and belts

James Watt

Matthew Boulton

Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine.

Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine

Improvements in Transportation

• Water Transportation• Robert Fulton builds first

useful steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807

• England’s water transport improved by system of canals

Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont

The Railway Age Begins

• Steam-Driven Locomotives• In 1804, Richard

Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive

Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.

The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.

Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea

The Railway Age Begins

• George Stephenson builds The Rocket, a 29 mph locomotive>fast

• He is called the “Father of Railways”.

• The standard width of rails is his “guage”

The Railway Age Begins

•Liverpool-Manchester Railroad•Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester

The Railway Age Begins• Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as the best locomotive (1829)

A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket

Rocket replica

The Railway Age Begins

• Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain• Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs• Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to

cities