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07.12.2011.

: ISBN 978-86-6055-026-4

150

2

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)

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1. - ................... 6 1.1. ............................................................. 9 1.2. ... 11 1.3. ......................................... 12 1.4. PC - ................ 16 1.5. ................................ 17 1.6. .................................. 18 1.7. ................................................. 19 1.8. ......................... 20 1.9. .......................... 21

1.9.1. ..................................................................... 22 1.9.2. ......................................................................... 22 1.9.3. ................................................................................ 23

2. ............................................................... 24 2.1. ......................................... 25

2.1.1. ............................................................. 25 2.1.2. ............................................................ 26 2.1.3. ............................................................................ 26

3. ..................................... 27 3.1. ............................................................................... 27 3.2. ........................................................... 29 3.3. ... 30 3.4. .................................................. 30

3.4.1. ......................................................... 33 3.5. .................................... 33

3.5.1. .............................................................. 34 3.5.1. - ................................................................ 34

3.6. .......................................................... 36 3.7. ....................................................... 36 3.8. .............................................................. 40

4. .................................................. 41 4.1. ........................................................ 44

4.1.1. ......... 45 4.2. ........................................... 46

5. ............................... 48 5.1. ....................................................... 50 5.2. ......................................................... 51 5.3. Lift-off ............................................................................ 52 5.4. ....................................... 52

4

5.4.1. - ......................................................... 53 5.4.2. ...................................................... 54

5.5. ...................................................................................... 54 6. ........... 56

6.1. ............................................................................. 56 6.2. ............................................................................... 60 6.3. ........... 61

7. .............................................................. 63 7.1. ........ 65 7.2. ................................................................ 66 7.3. ................................................... 67 7.4. ................................................ 73 7.5. ......................................... 75

8. ................................................... 77 8.1. ............................................ 79 8.2. ........................................................... 92 8.3. ......................................................... 99 8.4. ................................................ 104 8.5. .............................................. 106

9. ............................................. 109 9.1. ................................. 111 9.2. ...................................................... 114 9.3. .............................. 114 9.4. .................... 119 9.5. ....................................................... 121

10. ......................................................... 122 10.1. , , .......... 123 10.2. .............................................................. 123 10.3. ............................................................... 124 10.4. .................................................. 125 10.5. .............................................................. 126 10.6. ................................................. 130 10.7. .......................... 131 10.8. ........................................................................... 131 10.9. ........................................................ 132 10.10. ....................................................................... 133 10.11. .............................. 133 10.12. .................................................. 134 10.13. ................................................................. 135 10.14. ................................................. 135 10.15. ......................................................... 136

5

10.16. ........................................................... 136 10.17. ........................................................ 137 10.18. ............................................................... 137 10.19. ..................... 138 10.20. ISO ................... 141

6

1. -

- . , . . - , 1.1., .

1.1.

, , . , , . , , , , , , , .

7

, . , . . , , . , .

, 1.2. , , . x() Y1().

1.2.

, , , , , ., , . , , . 1.3. .

1.3.

8

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, ().

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1.4.

9

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,

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1.1.

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10

1.5. -

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11

1.2.

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, .

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1.6. PC

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.

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12

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1.7.

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1.8.

1.3.

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13

. . , .

1.9. -

, , . , . . - 1.9., , , . - , .

14

- , , , . - : 1. : , , . , .

1.10.

2.

15

: (), , ( ). , , , 1.10.

1.11.

1.12, IEEE-488 . Local Area Network (LAN), Ethernet . , IEEE-488 - Ethernet .

16

1.12.

, : . 1.11. - , , , .

1.4. PC -

, , . , , PC . , , , . , , . ,

17

, - . LabView, National Instruments. LabView PC MS Win . LabView , . LabView -232/422, IEEE 488,2 (GPIB VHI VISA (Virtual Instrument Software Architecture) DAQ board- (data acquisition). , . . , . , , . , :

,

,

,

.

1.5.

. PGA (Programmable Gain Amplifier).

, , , , , , .

18

. : . , , . , , . - , , .

1.6.

, . , . / , , . . , , , . . , , . , . 5 10 . . , , , .

19

, , . - "" ( 1.13).

1.13.

, , .

1.7.

, . , . . /

65.

20

1.14.

, . , /, (=1, 2, ...), ( 1.14).

1.8.

( ): Y = aX + b. a b . , , , , . . , , , . / , ( ). . ( ) ,

21

, . , . , . . , , . . , . . , , . / ,

65. , , . , . , , , , .

1.9.

, . . , . , , , , , .

22

1.9.1.

, ( 1.15). .

1.15.

. ( , , ). , , .

1.9.2.

, , ( 1.16).

: -

, -

.

23

1.16: ,

1.9.3.

, , , , ( 3.10). , .

24

2.

, . . , , . , . , , . ., , , . , . , , . , . . . , . . () . . . , . , , ,

25

. . , .

2.1.

, , . , . , , . . , . :

( )

2.1.1.

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: , , , , .

. . , .

26

, . : , , , , . : , , , , , (, )

2.1.2.

, () . . , . , , . 150-300 kHz . < 100 kHz. . 1000 V/mm,

1 m 100 mV. , , .

2.1.3.

. . PC :

, online offline , , ( ), .

27

3.

, , . . , . .

3.1.

, , , . , , , . (. 3.1).

. 3.1. ,

28

, , (. , ) . ( 1,7 1,9 , 1600 ). :

, . , , , (); ,

. .

, (. 3.2). , (. 3.3). . . , 4 . - , . :

, .

. (360 ), 90 (. ). .

29

3.2.

3.3.

3.2.

( 3.4).

3.4.

30

3.3.

( ) . 5 32 , 200 . , . . .

3.4.

, . . . , : , , . 3.6. , , , . , , , . , . , ( ), ( ), ( ). , - . ( , , .) . , ,

31

. , , .

3.6.

, , , , , , . : , , . : , , ,, , . , . , (. ), . , . . . , . ,

32

, . :

, ,

. , , . .

: , . . , , . , , () , , . . , () . , 90 . . , , , ( ). .

33

3.4.1.

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3.5.

, . :

dx

dHHVE 0

: V0- - H - ,

dx

dH

- .

. , . , . , , . . , , . . , .

34

( ), , 6/4 ( ). . . , , , . , . , , , , . , 15 30 p/l . . , (),

3OFe ()

3OFe .

3.5.1.

, . , . -, 3 - 5 . , . , .

3.5.1. -

, - , . ,

35

- -. , - , ( -). , , . . , (- ) , , , . , , . , , . , . - . , - --, . , , , . - . , , , , . - , , , . , - . , , .

36

3.6.

" " . , , , , . . , , .

3.7.

. , . , ( ), . : , , , . , , . , , , . , . , , . , ( 3.7). , . . , .

37

3.7.

, (), , . , (), . , ( -) , . , . . . , , . .

38

, "" , "". , "". , : , , . :

.

: ( ) . : . , . , . . , . , , . , . , . , "" , , , . , . , . , , . , , .

39

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, :

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40

3.8.

, . , - . , . . () . . , , , . , , . , , . , , X- . . . . , .

: (), ( ,

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, , ( , )

41

4.

( ), . , . , . , . 20 kHz, . . , (Hz) . 1000 Hz, ( ) 10 Hz . 1 3 Hz . . (. ), . (. ), . , .

42

, . , , . 4.1 4.2.

4.1.

- . , . , "" , , . , , ( ) . , , , , - , . ( ) , ( , ) .

43

4.2. - ( ) , , , . , . 4.1.

4.1.

. . 6.3

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, 2 Hz - 50 Hz -

/ .. . . ,

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44

/

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,

-

, 0,01

, , , , 200 ,

4.1.

() , . ( ), . ( ), 1 4.3. , , 0 1 , , - , - . - : - , - , .

45

4.3.

4.1.1.

(, , , , .). , , ( .). , , . - - 0,7. 70 % , , . 70 % 70 % . , 49 % (0,7 x 0,7 x 100) , . , - , , , . , - - (

46

, , "" , 0,0000004 % . , - , - - , - - . , - - " " 0,1 % . , , , , .

4.2.

: , .

( ). , , . , . - , , . ( ). , . ( ) , . . , . , , (, , ) , .

47

, 10 . . , , . 90 . 90, , , . , . , . , , . , (), , , . , . , , . , , , , . , , , . 1,2 300 , 0,1 . :

, , , .

48

5.

: ( ) , . . . . , , . . , . . .

49

5.1.

. , ,

/

/

,

/ ./. . . .

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/

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/

0,2 ,

, , , ,

, , 5.1. .

50

5.1. -

: ,

, , ,

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.

5.1.

. , . IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard)

51

5.2.

5.2.

(, , ,...) . , . 5.2.

5.2.

. . (, , ) . .

()

(% IACS)

17,2 100

28,2 61

46 37

700 2,5

548 3,1

52

5.3. LIFT-OFF

, . , . , , "Lift-off ". . Fill "Lift-off " , . Edge ( ) , . , ; "Skin" 5.3.

5.3.

5.4.

, , . , :

( ) Maxwell-Wien (

) 5.4.

53

5.4. Maxwell-Wien

:

-, ,

5.4.1. -

, , 5.5., lift-off .

5.5. (() ()

)

54

5.4.2.

, . , . lift-off, .

5.5.

: , , ( 5.6.).

5.6. : , ,

( 5.7.), :

.

5.7. () ()

55

. . , .

56

6.

, (, X - ). , . , 250 .

6.1.

( X ) ( ). . , . 6.1. , . . (), .

6.1.

57

6.1.

.

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,

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() 10% , ,

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58

6.2.

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,

, .

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oA105,1 , "" (

oA5,1 ) .

:

d0 eII

59

: I - , I0- , d - ,

- ( ).

. , , , - (AgBr) . , ( ). ( 6.3).

6.3.

60

6.2.

, . ( ) , , , . , 10-10 10-11 cm, . , () :

() , ,

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, :

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.

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61

192 20 , 60 . . . , . , , .

6.3.

, . - (m) (mc), 1 1g . . , , . () , , . , . :

- ,

, ,

() ,

62

-, -.

, . , 100, (), . , , , , . .

63

7.

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,

64

, .

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(, , ),

( , )

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65

7.1.

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66

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67

. , , . , . , . , : .

7.3.

, , , . , . , , , . . . , . 300 C, 360 C , , - 20 , . 625C. 750C ( ). . () , . . . , , . ,

68

, . , , , , .

, , , . :

, , , , , , .

, . . , . . ( ) . , , . . , . , .

. . ( , , , , .).

, . 7.1. , , 1

69

2 . 1821. , 1 2 .

7.1.

1600C. . , , - 2600C. , . , Fe, . , , . , 150C, , , 700C, . . , , . , , . , , . , . 3.59. , , mV,

0tt . "

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70

7.2.

, 1600 C . , , , . - , , . ,

0,4 0,8 m

, , . , , - .

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m 65,0 .

. , . 7.3. .

71

7.3.

. , , . , , .

: , 1000 C, , , . , , .

. . . .

, .

72

- . , . , .

, : (0.75 3 ), (3 6 ), (6 15 ) ( 15 100 ).

- ( ). ( ), . , , . , , . , . . , , . . , , . ( ) . , . ( ), , , . , (),

73

. , , . , (, ). , .

7.4.

. , " condition monitoring" " ". , :

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:

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1. ,

74

2. , .

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, .

7.1.

, , , , , .

, , ; ; ; ; .

, , .

; ; ; ;

, ; ; ; ; ; .

; ; ; ; ; ; ; .

75

7.5.

(). , online . . , , , , , , , , , , . . .

7.2.

, , , , ,, , , , , ,.

; ; (), ; ; , , .

( ) ; ; , ; ; .

, , ; ; ; .

; ; .

: , .

; ; .

, . C .

76

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, . :

,

,

.

77

8.

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78

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79

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:

2A

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:

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l

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dd

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21

l

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dl

ld

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. . Poisson- . , -120 120.

81

: :

3.0 4.01

d = 2.0

:

5.0 4.01

d = 2.0

, . .

, . . . . , (, , , , ...), , .

8.1.

+6,10

ISO - +3,60

- +2,63

+(2,00 2,15)

+5,00

-12,10

- +(100 120)

- -(100 120)

82

8.2.

, (. , , ), , . , . 8.2. , . . , . 120, 300

600 , 10. 0.05 0.2. 0.8 500 , 4 20 . 3

5 % 10%. 70, ,

600 , . :

,

.

83

( ) . R t0, t1 :

t1RR1 : - ; t = t1 t0 , , () . :

ta

l

lta1l

l

ll11

tbl

ltb1l

l

ll22

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tbaKRR , , :

baKtR

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84

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85

. ( ) . , 98% , 2% ( , 25% , ).

, (120 200), . . , ( ). . 8.3. 8.4. .

8.3.

8.4. 0,6 150

86

. , , . . . ,

45, 135 . , , . 8.5.

8.5.

, . , , , . 8.6.

8.6.

, . .

87

Wheatston . . , . , , , . 8.7. Wheatston .

8.7. Wheatston

R1 R4. 2 3, , UE ( , ), 1 4, UA ( ), R1:R2 R4:R3.

Wheatston :

EUiRiR

2211 E

UiRiR 4433

AUiRiR

4411 A

UiRiR 3322

W UA=0, :

4411iRiR 3322iRiR ,

88

i1=i2 i3=i4 :

3

4

2

1

R

R

R

R

, . , i1=i2 i3=i4, :

4321

4231

43

4

21

1

RRRR

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RR

R

RR

R

U

U

E

A

.

, UA=0, :

4321 RRRR 4321 :: RRRR

R1 R4 , UA=0, :

4433

44

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11

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RR

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U

U

E

A

( ), ii RR ,

, , :

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

4

1

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

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U

E

A

, R1, R2 R3, R4, R1 R4, , .

: kR

R

, : -

(), :

4321

4

k

U

U

E

A

89

8.8.

8.8.

: . , . , , , . , , , , , , 8.9. .

8.9. , - -

90

- R3 R4 :

2

2

1

1

4

1

R

R

R

R

U

U

E

A

- , :

01R , 02 R , 03 R 04 R ,

1

1

4

1

R

R

U

U

E

A

UA/UE . . :

E

A

U

U

k

4

, , , , , . k=2 . k 2, :

ink

2

k .

:

in ,

in - (

mm -

) . , ,

, B. :

E

A

U

U

k

4

B

1

in

k

2

B

1

in

B

1

91

, B=1, B=4. , . B=0 ( -

). B0, , .

Wheatston :

4321

4

k

U

U

E

A

, . , .

, . , , :

n

t

:

tn

kR

R

0

( ), :

tn

E

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U

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, (

92

), . ( ):

nttn

E

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44 .

, , :

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.

8.2.

. , .

:

di

dNL

: L- ,

N-

di

d- .

. ( ). .

93

, :

mz

NL

2

: N - zm .

:

A

l

A

lz

v

v

F

F

m

e

e

:

eFl - ( 8.10.),

eF - ,

vl - ,

v -

.

8.10.

94

, :

A

lz

v

v

m

( ).

8.11. ) ; ) ; )

; )

8.11. ) ) 8.11. . . . . (

95

). (0.5 0.2 ) 8.11 ).

) (5 50 ) ) ( ). , , . . , , . , - . 8.11. ) ). ( ) . d, :

ddLAN

L

r

Fe

0

0

2

1

2

ddLAN

L

r

Fe

0

0

2

2

2

8.12.

96

, . d, Ui ( 8.12), , :

021

1

22

1

dL

du

LjLj

Ljuu

r

Fe

i

, . . (0-0.01) (0-1) , 1 ( 8.13. ).

) )

8.13. ) ; )

8.13. ) . . (5-30) V (50-10000) Hz. , , , .

97

, ( ). , .

, , . , .

, , . . , . 8.14 ). .

) )

8.14. ) )

pU , U

Uc1 Uc2.

, Uc1 Uc2 , iU

, .

98

, .

iU .

, iU .

, 8.15. :

221

1 xKxKuie

K1 K2 , , .

122 xK , xKuie 1 .

8.15.

) ; )

K1. , . , . 50-20000 Hz. , 5-10 . ,

99

. (. -), , 1%, 0.14LFe, LFe . , , . , , . (

), , .

8.3.

8.16.

8.16.

) ; ) ; )

; )

100

d

AC ,

, . :

, d .

8.16. . . C1 d0, C2 (d0+d), :

dd

d

d

A

ddd

ACCC

1

1

1

0

21

. d

101

.

, 1. , .

8.18.. , . , =0 =b. :

d

xbC

d

abC ;

max

: x (0

102

( ) , ( ) , . ,

0/ dd :

2

00

2

0

2

0

341

24

d

d

Cd

dR

d

d

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m

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, , , .

103

, . RM. , , . . , Blumlein- ( 8.18.), . , . , , k=1 L12=kL=L. , :

2

2

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1

1;

1ILj

CjLIjuLIjILj

Cju

8.18. Blumlein-

, :

1)(

)(2

21

2

12

2

CCL

CCLuu

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104

021 2CCC .

02/1 LCm .

m,

. LC2/1 , .

20

CC

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2

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CC

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; ) x ; ) y

105

, . , , , , , , . 8.19. . , z , . . , . , , , . :

FdQ : d F .

:

EAl

lAF

AEl

ldQ

, , :

C

QU

:

l

AC

:

- , l .

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43 Veg A., Miladinovi Lj., Stoimenov M.: Inkrementalni nkoder u savermenno rezolucii, Vestnik Mainostroeni, ISSN 0042-4633 , 08/2006, str.87 - 90

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