Technical Glass Products Incorporated Was Founded In
28
description
technical glass products catalog
Transcript of Technical Glass Products Incorporated Was Founded In
TECHNICAL GLASS PRODUCTS INCORPORATED was founded in 1990 as a fabricator of Fused Quartzand Borosilicate Glass. Our commitment to excellence has resulted in TGP becoming America’s fastest growing supplierof stock shapes and fabricated products in the business.We excel in technical product assistance of all types, including design, temperature ranges and purity level qualification.We are capable of the industry’s most stringent standards and tolerances because of our use of state of the artequipment and methods. In fact, our products are fully guaranteed for workmanship and quality!
NOW, WITH TWO LOCATIONS, we can more strategically support our customers’ requirements with our broadinventory of labware, flat stock, rod, and tubing, all backed by the finest engineers, machinists, and glass blowers in theindustry.
WE’RE PROUD OF OUR EXPERTISE in supporting our customers’ needs with the following requirements:• Product Design • Complete Fabrication• High Tolerance • Repair/Build• Glass Blowing • Machining and Assembly• Technical Assistance • Full Product Guarantee
TGP IS AN AUTHORIZED GENERAL ELECTRIC FUSED QUARTZ Distributor and Fabricator, backed byG.E.’s world class expertise in quartz material and fusion.
FOR PROMPT EVALUATION AND QUOTATION OF YOUR PROJECTPLEASE CONTACT:
TECHNICAL GLASS PRODUCTS, INC.881 Callendar Blvd., Painesville Twp., Ohio 44077
PHONE 440.639.6399 • FAX 440.639.1292email [email protected]
www.technicalglass.com
Technical Glass Products…Clearly The Leader!
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Properties of Fused Quartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Trace Impurities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Pressure Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Machined Quartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Machined Quartz Optical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Machined Quartz Equipment and Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Machined Quartz Standard Tolerances & Symbol Characteristics . . . . . . . .6
Machined Quartz Scratch/Dig Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Machined Quartz Flatness Reference Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Fused Quartz Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Fused Quartz Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
Precision Bore Tubing and Redrawn Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Rectangular and Square Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Custom Design, Fabrication and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fused Quartz Labware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-18
Boiling Flasks, Kjeldahl Flasks, Distilling Flasks................................................... 14
Erlenmeyer Flasks, Beakers.................................................................................. 15
Evaporating Dishes, Round Dishes, Crucibles, Test Tubes, Graded Seals............ 16
Stopcocks, Ball & Socket Joints, Ball O-Ring Joints, Flat O-Ring Connectors...... 17
Standard Taper Joints, Medium Length Standard Taper Joints .......................... 18
Conical Pipe Flanges, Quartz Screwthreads and Caps ........................................ 18
Fused Quartz Semiconductor Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Opaque Fused Quartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Opaque Labware and Trays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Low Form Crucibles, Tall Form Crucibles, Rectangular Trays,
Round Bottom Dishes, Combustion Boats
Fused Quartz Wool and Frits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fused Quartz Proper Usage Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Standard/Metric Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
1
PROPERTIES OF FUSED QUARTZ
Silica is found almost everywhere in nature, itrepresents almost 1/3 the mass of the earth’s crust.Vitreous Silica is the generic term used to describe alltypes of silica glass, with manufacturers referring to thematerial as either Fused Quartz or Fused Silica.
Manufactured by fusing naturally occuringcrystalline silica, either sand or rock crystal, a widerange of products are available. After this process, theirappearance will be either opaque, translucent ortransparent. If the silicon dioxide is syntheticallyderived, the material produced is commonly calledSynthetic Fused Silica.
Vitreous Silica, in all its forms, offers a variety ofproperties such as:
PermeabilityExtreme HardnessVery Low Coefficient of Thermal ExpansionResistance to High TemperatureHigh Chemical PurityHigh Corrosion ResistanceExtensive Optical Transmission from
Ultra-Violet to Infra-RedExcellent Electrical Insulation QualitiesRemarkable Stability Under Atomic Bombardment
DensityHardness
Design Tensile StrengthDesign Compressive StrengthBulk ModulusRigidity ModulusYoung’s ModulusPoisson’s Ratio
Coefficient of ThermalExpansion
Thermal Conductivity (20°C)Specific Heat (20°)Softening PointAnnealing PointStrain Point
Electrical Resistivity
Dielectric PropertiesConstantStrengthLoss FactorDissipation Factor
Index of RefractionConstrigence (Nu value)
Fused QuartzVelocity of Sound-Shear WaveVelocity of Sound/Compressional WaveSonic Attenuation
Permeability ConstantsHeliumHydrogenDeutriumNeon
2.2 gm/cm3
5.5–6.5 Mohs’ Scale570KHN100
7,000 psiGreater than 160,000 psi5.3 x 106 psi4.5 x 106 psi10.5 x 106 psi.17
5.5 x 10-7 cm/cm•°C(20°C – 320°C)3.3 x 10-3 gm cal•cm/cm2•sec•°C.16gm cal/gm1683°C1215°C1120°C
7(107) ohm•cm(350°C)
(20°C and 1 MHz)3.755 x 107 volts/milLess than 4 x 10-4
Less than1 x 10-4
1.4585
67.563.75 x 105 cm/sec5.90 x 105 cm/secLess than 11 db/m•MHz
2.2 x 103 kg/m3
4.8 x 107 Pa (N/m2)Greater than 1.1 x 109 Pa3.7 x 1010 Pa7.2 x 1010 Pa7.2 x 1010 Pa.17
5.5 x 10-7 m/m•°K(293°K – 593°K)1.4 W/m•°K670 J/kg•°K1956°1488°1393°
7(107)ohm-m
(293°K and 1 MHz)3.755 x 107 V/mLess than 4 x 10-4
Less than 1 x 10-4
1.4585
67.563.75 x 103 m/s5.90 x 103 m/sLess than 11 db/m•MHz
(cm•mm/cm•sec•cm of Hg – 700°C/973°K)210 x 10-10
21 x 10-10
17 x 10-10
905 x 10-10
2
PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMOF UNITS (SI) VALUE
ENGLISH & METRICSYSTEM VALUE
TRACE IMPURITIES
PRESSURE CALCULATIONS
3
GE 124®
GE 214®
NSG OZ®
14
14
40
<.002
<.002
—
<0.2
<0.2
—
0.4
0.4
2.5
<0.01
<0.01
—
<0.05
0.05
—
<0.05
<0.05
.50
0.2
0.2
0.9
0.6
0.6
1.7
0.6
0.6
.06
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.7
2.5
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
—
<5
<5
150-200
<0.05
<0.05
.03
<0.1
<0.1
—
<0.2
<0.2
—
<0.003
<0.003
—
TYPE(PPM) Al AS B Ca Cd Cr Cu Fe K Li Mg Mn Na Ni P Sb Ti Zr *OH-
Corning 7980® <150 -40 <5 n.d. <100 <14 <5 <10 <20 n.d. <10 <13<1 <15 n.d.
<21
n.d.: Not determined.
<1 <25 <10 <5 <150 <7 <100 <5 <3 <40 <10<1 <30 <30
ZrZn
Ga
U VTiSrSbPNiNaMoMnMgLiK
Ag Al As Au B Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Co Cr Cu FeTYPE(PPB)
INTERNAL PRESSURE CALCULATIONS
Because fused quartz is used in applications involvinginternal pressures, it is helpful to know the maximumpressure that can be applied to a selected fused quartztube. The formula at right can approximate thisinformation at room temperature.
Determining pressure differential is required formany applications of stressed fused quartz discs, platesand sight glasses. The formulas below can be used forroom temperature applications of parts having eitherclamped or unclamped edges.
RUPTURE FORMULA FOR TUBING
S = pr/t
Where: S = Hoop Stress in Pa
p = Working Pressure (Pa)
r0 = Inside Radius (mm)
t = Wall Thickness (mm)
This formula can not be used when internal pressureexceeds 100 psi.
A = Unsupported Area in sq/inches
T = Thickness (inches)
F = Safety Factor (7)
M = Modulus of Rupture (7,000 psi)
P = Pressure (psi)
THE ABOVE PRESSURE CALCULATIONS ARE RECOMMENDATIONS ONLY.ACTUAL PRESSURE POINTS MAY VARY DEPENDING ON USER APPLICATIONS.
RUPTURE PRESSURE CALCULATIONS FOR DISCS AND PLATES
4
MACHINED QUARTZ
TECHNICAL GLASS PRODUCTS offers a variety of grinding, lapping andpolishing services for a wide range of sizes, shapes and grades of Quartz andother glasses. Our machine capabilities include:
• Grinding & Polishing to 28" diameter• O.D. Grinding to 24" diameter• Centerless Grinding to 1-1/2" diameter• Milling Machines for special shapes
Technical Glass Products manufactures to your blueprints and specifications,offering all types of glass components in any quantities desired.
MATERIAL AVAILABLE:
Commercial Grade Fused Quartz General Electric Type 124®
Optical Grade Fused Quartz Nippon Silica Glass Co. Ltd.Type OZ®
Fused Silica Corning Glass Works Type 7980Optical Glass Schott Glass Technologies
Type BK-7®
Borosilicate Glass Corning Glass Works, Pyrex®
LENGTH OF SLIDES1" x 1"
1-1/4" x 1-1/4"1-1/2" x 1-1/2"1-3/4" x 1-3/4"
2" x 2"2-1/2" x 2-1/2"
3" x 3"3-1/2" x 3-1/2"
4" x 4"4-1/2" x 4-1/2"
5" x 5"5-1/2" x 5-1/2"
6" x 6"
DIAMETER1"
1-1/4"1-1/2"1-3/4"2"
2-1/2"3"
3-1/2"4"
4-1/2"5"
5-1/2"6"
LENGTH1"2"3"
WIDTH1"1"1"
Thickness: 1mm
Standard Thickness 1/16", 1/8", 1/4"
1" sq. x .15–.25mm Thk.1" dia. x .15–.25mm Thk.
GROUND & POLISHED PLATES GROUND & POLISHED DISCS MICROSCOPE SLIDES
COVER SLIPS
Additional sizes available upon request.
STANDARD FUSED QUARTZ • POLISHED ITEMS AVAILABLE
MACHINED QUARTZ • OPTICAL PROPERTIES
The optical properties of fused quartz lets us choosebetween various types, because the degree of transparencydefines material purity and the method of manufacture.
Certain indicators are the UV cutoff and the presenceor absence of bands at 245nm and 2.73µm. The UVcutoff varies from 155 to 175nm for a 10mm thick testsample. The presence of transition metallic impuritieswill move the UV cutoff towards longer wavelengths.
The curves in the figure below represent the averagetransmissions for a 10mm thick test sample for bothcommercial and optical grades. Fused quartz is veryefficient for the transmission of infrared radiation.Infrared transmission extends out approximately 4micrometers, with little absorption in the “water band”at 2.73µm.
5
FUSED QUARTZ AVERAGE TRANSMITTANCE CURVES
6
MACHINED QUARTZ • EQUIPMENT AND CAPABILITIES
STANDARD TOLERANCES • SYMBOL CHARACTERISTICS
O.D. & I.D. GRINDERS
GRINDING & POLISHING
CORE DRILLING
CYLINDRICAL POLISHING
CENTERLESS GRINDING
CUSTOM MACHINING
LAPPING / GRINDING
PITCH POLISHING
WIRE SAWING
SURFACE MILLS
BLANCHARDS
SLICING SAWS
FULL CNC CAPABILITIES
BORING
FLATNESS
STRAIGHTNESS
CIRCULARITY (ROUNDNESS)
CYLINDRICITY
PERPENDICULARITY (SQUARENESS)
ANGULARITY
PARALLELISM
SURFACE FINISH
STANDARD* SYMBOL CHARACTERISTICS
±.010"
±.010"
±.005"
±.010"
±.005"
.030"–.060"
.020"–.040"
<.020"
within .00011 per inch
within .005
80/50
27 microns or better
5 microns or better
LENGTH:
WIDTH:
THICKNESS:
DIAMETER:
THICKNESS:
RADIUS:
BEVEL:
MAXIMUM CHIP:
FLATNESS:
PARALLELISM:
SCRATCH/DIG:
SURFACE FINISH - FINE GRIND:
SURFACE FINISH - POLISHED:
* Special Tolerances Available
MACHINED QUARTZ • SCRATCH / DIG SPECIFICATIONS*
SCRATCHES
Scratch numbers are the apparent widths of hairlinescratches allowed in units of 0.001mm. A scratch numberof 80 is really 0.08mm wide. Additionally, the combined
DIGS
Digs represent the apparent diameters of allowabledefects such as bubbles, pinholes and inclusions on thesurface of lens or coating. Digs are specified in units of0.01mm, so a dig value of 50 is actually .5mm diameter
* Mil-0-13830B
7
80
60
40
20
10
5
.00031
.00024
.00016
.00008
.00004
.00002
.008
.006
.004
.002
.001
.0005
length of maximum-size scratches on the surface of thelens in question cannot exceed 1/4 the diameter of theusable lens area.
allowable inclusion. The allowable number of maximumsize digs within the useful area of the lens is one, and thesum of the diameters of all digs cannot exceed twice thediameter of the minimum size dig number specified.
SCRATCH NUMBER MAXIMUM WIDTH (mm) MAXIMUM WIDTH (inches)
50
40
30
20
10
5
.020
.016
.012
.008
.004
.002
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
.05
DIG NUMBER MAXIMUM WIDTH (mm) MAXIMUM WIDTH (inches)
This parameter measures the allowable defects in a coating or on the surface of an optical element, and isspecified as a numerical value. For example, a specification may read “Scratch/Dig=80/60”, explained as follows:
SCRATCHES
DIGS
.005–1/200
.01–1/100
.02–1/50
.05–1/20
.1–1/10
.2–1/5
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5 x 10-8
1 x 10-7
2 x 10-7
5.5 x 10-7
.0000011
.0000022
.0000032
.0000043
.0000054
.0000065
.0000075
.0000086
.0000097
.0000108
.0000215
.0000323
.0000430
.0000538
.0000645
.0000753
.0000860
.0000968
.0001075
0.0535
0.107
0.215
0.55
1.1
2.2
3.2
4.3
5.4
6.5
7.5
8.6
9.7
10.75
21.5
32.3
43.0
53.8
64.5
75.3
86.0
96.8
107.5
.00000136
.00000273
.00000546
.0000135
.000027
.000055
.000082
.000109
.000137
.000164
.000191
.000218
.000246
.000273
.000546
.000819
.001091
.001365
.001640
.001912
.002183
.002458
.2730
.0015
.0025
.005
.0125
.025
.050
.075
.100
.125
.150
.175
.200
.225
.250
.500
.750
1.000
12.5
25
50
125
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
5000
7500
10000
8
INTERFERENCE FRINGES INCHES MICRO INCHES MILLIMETERS ANGSTRONS (A°)MICRONS (u)
CONVERSION TABLE
MACHINED QUARTZ • FLATNESS REFERENCE CHART
9
FUSED QUARTZ RODS
FUSED QUARTZ
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
6.4
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
25.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
40.0
± .20mm
± .30mm
± .20mm
± .25mm
± .30mm
± .15mm
± .15mm
± .15mm
± .15mm
± .20mm
± .30mm
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
± 1.5%
.10mm
.12mm
.15mm
.10mm
.10mm
.10mm
.10mm
.10mm
.10mm
.10mm
.10mm
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1% max.
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
1.3mm / 1220mm long
SIZE mm O.D. TOLERANCES OVALITY BOW
FUSED QUARTZ ROD
PLEASE NOTE: Quartz Rod 26mm diameter and larger is subject to minimum case quantities. Please call 440.639.6399 for availability.
Authorized Momentive GE Fused Quartz Distributor & Fabricator
FUSED QUARTZ
Authorized Momentive GE Fused Quartz Distributor & Fabricator
10
FUSED QUARTZ TUBING
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
6.30
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
8.00
6.00
6.35
8.00
10.00
9.10
7.00
7.25
8.00
9.00
10.00
8.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
9.00
9.60
7.00
7.75
8.00
8.00
8.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.50
10.50
10.50
11.00
11.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.00
14.00
15.00
15.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
10.40
9.75
10.00
11.00
12.00
11.00
11.80
13.00
15.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
12.75
13.00
15.80
13.00
15.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
15.00
15.80
16.00
16.20
19.00
16.00
18.00
19.00
17.00
18.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
I.D. O.D. I.D. 0.D.
17.00
17.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
19.00
19.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
24.00
24.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
26.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
28.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
32.00
32.00
19.00
20.00
20.00
20.50
21.00
21.60
22.00
25.00
22.00
22.50
23.00
24.00
24.50
25.00
24.00
24.50
25.00
25.80
26.00
28.00
27.00
28.00
28.80
29.00
30.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
36.00
35.00
38.00
34.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
38.10
40.00
40.00
40.00
42.00
42.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
47.00
48.00
50.00
50.00
52.00
53.00
55.00
57.00
60.00
60.00
63.00
64.00
65.00
66.00
70.00
70.00
73.00
75.00
80.00
37.00
38.00
38.00
40.00
40.00
42.10
43.00
44.00
46.00
45.00
46.00
48.00
48.00
50.00
50.00
52.00
54.00
55.00
58.00
57.00
59.00
61.00
64.00
65.00
67.00
68.00
69.00
70.00
74.00
75.00
77.00
80.00
85.00
I.D. O.D. I.D. 0.D.
FUSED QUARTZ TUBING SIZE (mm)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.30
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.60
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.10
4.50
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
7.00
7.00
11
FUSED QUARTZ TUBING
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
O.D. INCHES O.D. MILLIMETERS
6.35
9.50
12.70
15.80
CLEAR FUSED QUARTZ TUBING FORCOMPRESSION TYPE FITTINGS
90.00
95.00
100.00
106.60
114.30
110.00
117.70
115.00
120.00
127.70
125.00
130.00
135.00
136.00
142.70
141.00
147.70
140.00
140.00
145.00
145.00
150.00
150.00
155.00
160.00
165.00
165.00
170.00
170.00
176.00
178.00
180.00
184.00
184.00
146.00
151.00
151.00
157.70
156.00
162.70
161.00
166.00
171.00
177.70
176.00
182.70
184.00
185.00
192.70
190.00
196.70
I.D. O.D. I.D. 0.D.
190.00
195.00
203.00
203.00
208.00
211.00
215.00
215.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
221.00
225.00
227.00
230.00
230.00
235.00
196.00
201.00
206.00
211.00
216.00
221.00
221.00
225.00
226.00
228.00
230.00
239.00
235.00
235.00
236.00
240.00
245.00
240.00
241.00
241.00
245.00
250.00
257.00
259.00
260.00
265.00
270.00
290.00
300.00
306.00
320.00
246.00
249.00
251.00
253.00
260.00
265.00
267.00
268.00
275.00
280.00
300.00
309.00
315.00
330.00
I.D. O.D. I.D. 0.D.
up to 5.9
6–35
35.1–79.9
80–150
150
190 UP
O.D.
O.D.
O.D.
O.D.
O.D.
O.D.
±2.5%
±2%
±2%
±2%
±2%
±3%
2%
1.5%
1.5%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
±10%
±10%
±10%
±10%
±20%
±25%
10%
10%
10%
20%
20%
20%
2
2
2
3
3
3
±3.2
±3.2
±6.4
±6.4
±9.5
±12.7
DIAMETERRANGE mm
DIAMETERREFERENCE
DIAMETERNOM. %
OUT OF RND% OF O.D.,
MAX.WALL
THICKNESSSIDING MAX.
% WALLBOW,
1200mm LENGTH mm
TUBING TOLERANCES
FUSED QUARTZ TUBING SIZE (mm)
85.00
90.00
95.00
101.60
101.60
105.00
105.00
110.00
115.00
115.00
120.00
125.00
130.00
130.00
130.00
135.00
135.00
12
PRECISION BORE TUBING • REDRAWN TUBING
RECTANGULAR AND SQUARE TUBING
PRECISION BORE TUBING
The manufacturing of Precision Bore Tubing involves the heating and softeningof standard tubing over a precision mandrel when precise tolerances arerequired. The final product is formed as the tube is pulled over the mandrel.
REDRAWN TUBING
Redrawn tubing is an economical alternative to Precision Bore Tubing whenprecise tolerances are not required. The process of heating and redrawing tubingis accepted in many engineering applications.
WHEN ORDERING
Because we provide a wide range of Precision Bore Tubing and RedrawnTubing, we cannot list all that is available. Please call or write us with your specificrequirements.
2 x 4
3 x 5
3 x 7
3 x 9
4 x 6
4 x 8
5 x 7
0.5
1
2
3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.75
5 x 9
6 x 8
6 x 10
7 x 9
7 x 11
7 x 13
8 x 12
Standard wall thickness: 1.3mm
Wall ToleranceNom. Wall ±Tolerance
0.25mm
0.50mm
0.75mm
0.90mm
1.3 mm
1.75mm
0.15mm
0.25mm
0.3 mm
0.3 mm
0.5 mm
0.5 mm
RECTANGLE SIZE I.D. mm SQUARE SIZE I.D. mm WALLmm SQUARE SIZE I.D. mm WALL
mm
SQUARE TUBINGCLEAR FUSED QUARTZ
RECTANGULAR TUBINGCLEAR FUSED QUARTZ
13
CUSTOM DESIGN, FABRICATION AND REPAIR
TECHNICAL GLASS PRODUCTS is one of America’s leading fabricators ofFused Quartz products. TGP is also a custom job shop that provides precisiontolerance fabrication and machining of custom products to your specifications.We pride ourselves on the unique methods and equipment we have developed forthe production and/or repair of quartzware. In addition, we offer our customerslow cost, time saving alternatives.
If you need help in the area of custom fabrication or repairs, please contactus for a no-obligation evaluation of your project.
We have provided this service to a number of industries, some of which arelisted below:
SEMICONDUCTOR
FIBER OPTIC
MEDICAL
LAMP MANUFACTURERS
CHEMICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING
AEROSPACE
WATER PURIFICATION
STEEL
PETROLEUM
LASER TECHNOLOGY
INFRARED HEATING
SIDE TUBEDIAMETER (mm)
14
FUSED QUARTZ LABWARE
BOILING FLASKS
BOILING FLASKS w/Ts OUTER JOINT
50100250300500650750800
1025501001251502002505007501000150020003000400050006000
50100125150200250500750100015002000
19/3824/4024/4024/4024/4024/4024/4029/4229/4229/4229/42
526569747986102124136149162
117132136141146153176231243256269
114128132136141147168223233245257
2228282828282834343434
1025501001251502002505007501000150020003000
1519191919222424262628303232
657070909496102106145160165170178190
3040526569747986109124136149169183
95100122155163170181192254284301319340373
677788889911111111
100100110110110110130130130130140140140140
65676767676767107107107107
3040526569747986102124136149162183202218230
50657795101108115126159214231249272333367393415
2025253032343640509095100110150165175185
1720222224252728343434384044445050
4762749196103110120150206221238260320353378398
4156708096104108110
171199250289308318323326
2020252730303335
130130180190190190190190
CAPACITY (cc)
CAPACITY (cc)
CAPACITY(cc)
JOINTSIZE
GLOBEDIAMETER (mm)
GLOBEDIAMETER (mm)
GLOBEDIAMETER (mm)
GLOBEDIAMETER (mm)
CAPACITY(cc)
OVERALLHEIGHT (mm)
OVERALLROUND HT. (mm)
OVERALLROUND HT. (mm)
OVERALLHEIGHT (mm)
NECKDIAMETER (mm)
NECKDIAMETER (mm)
NECKDIAMETER (mm)
NECKDIAMETER (mm)
OVERALLFLAT HT. (mm)
OVERALLFLAT HT. (mm)
SIDE TUBELENGTH (mm)
NECKLENGTH (mm)
NECKLENGTH (mm)
NECKLENGTH (mm)
NECKLENGTH (mm)
DISTILLING FLASKS
KJELDAHL FLASKS
15
FUSED QUARTZ LABWARE
ERLENMEYER FLASKS
ERLENMEYER FLASKS w/Ts OUTER JOINT
10255010015020025030040050060080010001500200025004000
1025501001502002503004005006001000
45577389102111118124140146168181
222935454954576168747792
2533455159646774808490100107132138142160
3245506276848692105112119127140152168190254
1025501001502002503005007501000150020003000400050006000
1013152224283034343740454850525456
1317212530303036405258647076808690
3040496771838493109127138152166200220236248
516785110122138146156194224232264288320360390410
50100200250300500750100015002000
129132175183187221241243269287
22282828282834343434
19/3824/4024/4024/4024/4024/4029/4229/4229/4229/42
4967838493109127138152166
65676767676769696969
BASE DIAMETER (mm)CAPACITY (cc) OVERALL HEIGHT (mm)
JOINTSIZE
CAPACITY(cc)
GLOBEDIAMETER (mm)
OVERALLHEIGHT (mm)
NECKLENGTH (mm)
NECKDIAMETER (mm)
BASEDIAMETER (mm)
CAPACITY(cc)
OVERALLHEIGHT (mm)
NECKDIAMETER (mm)
NECKLENGTH (mm)
BASE DIAMETER (mm)CAPACITY (cc) OVERALL HEIGHT (mm)
BEAKERS
BEAKERS
16
FUSED QUARTZ LABWARE
TEST TUBES w/LIP
2 x 43 x 54 x 65 x 76 x 87 x 98 x 109 x 11
10 x 1211 x 1312 x 1413 x 15
14 x 1615 x 1716 x 1817 x 1918 x 2020 x 2322 x 2525 x 2827 x 3030 x 3332 x 3535 x 38
37 x 4038 x 4140 x 4342 x 4545 x 4846 x 5048 x 5250 x 5455 x 5960 x 6465 x 6970 x 74
5065708090100110120130140150160
253335404550556065707580
255075100150200250300350400450500
12151825
100125150200
10203595
10203050100
2836435062
1417222235
3040384866
20356575100120125
55607089100110127
15151515151515
DIAMETER (mm)APPROXIMATE CAPACITY (cc) HEIGHT (mm)
DIAMETER (mm)CAPACITY (cc) HEIGHT (mm)
INSIDE DIAMETER (mm)APPROXIMATE CAPACITY (CC) HEIGHT (mm)
TOP DIAMETER (mm)CAPACITY (cc) BASE DIAMETER (mm) HEIGHT (mm)
I.D. x O.D. (mm) I.D. x O.D. (mm)I.D. x O.D. (mm)
EVAPORATING DISHES
ROUND DISHES
CRUCIBLES w/LIDS
GRADED SEALS QUARTZ TO PYREX®
17
FUSED QUARTZ LABWARE
12/212/312/518/718/928/1228/1535/2035/2540/2550/3065/4075/50
102/75
4444-1/24-1/2555555666
2 x 63 x 65 x 87 x 9.59 x 11.8
12 x 1515 x 1820 x 2325 x 2825 x 2830 x 3440 x 4550 x 5575 x 80
12121218182828353540506575102
BORE (mm) SIDE ARM O.D. (mm)
TUBE I.D. x O.D. (mm)SIZE GROUND BALL DIA. (mm) O.A.L. (inches)
12/212/312/518/718/928/1228/1535/2035/2540/2550/3065/4075/50
102/75
4444-1/24-1/2555555666
2 x 63 x 65 x 87 x 9.59 x 11.8
12 x 1515 x 1820 x 2325 x 2825 x 2830 x 3440 x 4550 x 5575 x 80
011011011112112116116120120124128137142153
TUBE I.D. x O.D. (mm)SIZE O-RING SIZE (mm) O.A.L. (inches)
579
1215202530405075100125150200
2-1102-1112-1122-1162-1162-1242-2142-2232-2262-2292-3412-3492-3552-3622-371
5 x 87 x 9.59 x 11.8
12 x 1515 x 1820 x 23.625 x 28.830 x 3440 x 4350 x 5575 x 80
101.6 x 106.6125 x 130150 x 156203 x 211
44-1/24-1/2555566666666
TUBE I.D. x O.D. (mm)SIZE O.A.L. (mm) O-RING SIZE
BALL & SOCKET JOINTS
BALL O-RING JOINTS
FLAT O-RING CONNECTORS
STOPCOCKS • STRAIGHT BORE
2468
8101216
18
FUSED QUARTZ LABWARE
1/41/23/41"
1-1/2
3/41"
1-17/641-9/162-1/8
12201525303035384042455050505060605060606060606060
4444
4.54.54.5555556666666668888
3 x 53 x 54 x 64 x 66 x 87 x 9.59 x 11.8
15 x 1818 x 21.622 x 25.825 x 28.835 x 3838 x 4242 x 4645 x 4950 x 5560 x 6575 x 8090 x 95
101.6 x 106.6115 x 120135 x 141145 x 151150 x 156160 x 166
5 x 85 x 87 x 107 x 109 x 11.8
12 x 1515 x 1818 x 21.625 x 28.830 x 3432 x 3640 x 4445 x 4950 x 5555 x 5960 x 6560 x 6575 x 8090 x 95
101.6 x 106.6115 x 120135 x 141145 x 151150 x 156160 x 166
10/1812/1814/2019/2224/2529/2634/2840/35
1818202225262835
4444
4.54.54.55
6 x 87 x 9.69 x 11.8
12 x 1518 x 21.622 x 2528 x 3232 x 35
9 x 11.812 x 1515 x 1820 x 2322 x 2528 x 3230 x 3438 x 42
1216222840
1.51.81.82.02.2
1418253245
110110110150180
1418253245
TUBE O.D. (mm)SIZE GL WALL (mm) LENGTH (mm) CAP SIZE GL
FLANGE O.D.FLANGE SIZE
INNER JOINTI.D. x O.D. (mm)SIZE
OUTER JOINTI.D. x O.D. (mm)
GROUND LENGTH(mm)
O.A.L.(inches)
INNER JOINTI.D. x O.D. (mm)SIZE
OUTER JOINTI.D. x O.D. (mm)
GROUND LENGTH(mm)
O.A.L.(inches)
STD TAPER JOINTS • MEDIUM LENGTH
STANDARD TAPER JOINTS
CONICAL PIPE FLANGE
QUARTZ SCREWTHREADS & CAPS
5/125/207/157/25
10/3012/3014/3519/3824/4029/4234/4540/5045/5050/5055/5060/5071/6086/50
103/60115/60135/60145/60155/60165/60175/60
FUSED QUARTZ
Authorized Momentive GE Fused Quartz Distributor & Fabricator
19
FUSED QUARTZ SEMICONDUCTOR WARE
SEMICONDUCTOR GRADE FUSED QUARTZ
Fused quartz, with its combination of high purity and mechanical stability athigh temperatures, makes it the ideal material used in the processing of siliconwafers. Technical Glass Products uses only the highest grade raw materials, offeringcontaminant levels less than 25 ppm. Quartz tubing is available in a number ofsizes up to 400 mm, with excellent diameter and wall thickness tolerances. Weoffer a full range of fabricated semiconductor ware. Design assistance is availablefrom our technical staff.
Below is a list of some of the items we manufacture:
PLASMA CHAMBERS
TANKS
LATTICE TRAYS
EPITAXIAL SYSTEMS
HANGER SUPPORTS
PEDESTALS
REMOVABLE BAFFLES
DIFFUSION TUBES
WHITE ELEPHANTS
END CAPS
DIFFUSION BOATS
SENSOR SHEATHS
BELL JARS
PULL RODS
STORAGE TUBES
BOAT HOLDERS
BOAT HOLDER INSERTS
QUARTZ SLEEVES
THERMOCOUPLE SLEEVES
PADDLE SYSTEMS
SLEDS
WHEELED CARRIERS
STAINLESS STEEL HANDLES
STAINLESS STEEL FORKS
STAINLESS STEEL JOINTCLAMPS
STAINLESS STEEL BALLS &SOCKETS
20
OPAQUE FUSED QUARTZ
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
THE OPAQUE QUALITY comes from the quartz sands of high purity, whenreduced to a molten state, at a temperature of approximately 2000° C. The hightemperature produces a vitreous material characterized by the presence of amultitude of gaseous micro-bubbles, which by diffracting the light, gives the materialits opacity. The term opaque silica is mainly used for molded or centrifuged parts,while the product obtained by drawing is normally referred to as translucent.
Opaque silica glass offers a number of exceptional properties, such as:
• Extreme Hardness• Low Expansion• Excellent High Temperature Resistance• Extreme Chemical Purity• Excellent Corrosion Resistance• Excellent Electrical Insulation Properties• Remarkable Stability Under Atomic Bombardment
Specific Density (according to fusion process)
Hardness (Mohs scale)
Rupture stress: traction
compression
N.m-2
N.m-2
1.98 to 2.12
7
2.107
5.108
SiO2 content
Element content (typical analysis) Fe
Ti
Al
Ca
Mg
Na
K
Li
Dielectric constants
Dielectric rigidity
Loss coefficient at 1 MHz
V.m-1
3.5
5.106
20.10-4
Linear expansion coefficient
Specific heat at 20° C
Heat conductivity at 20° C
Annealing point
Softening point
Temperature of use
°K-1
J.kg-1.°K-1
W.m-1.°K-1
°C
°C
°C
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
99.8
70
100
220
40
11
25
40
5
5.4.10-7
7.5.102
1.05
1120
1650
1800 to 2200
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
THERMAL PROPERTIES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
21
OPAQUE LABWARE AND TRAYS
CAPACITY (ML) size: DIAMETER x HEIGHT (inches)
ROUND BOTTOM DISH WITH LIP
1517255080150
1-5/8 x 11-13/16 x 1
1-7/8 x 1-1/82-1/4 x 1-15/322-5/8 x 1 3/43-1/8 x 3-3/16
size: L x W x H (inches)
size: L x W x H (inches)
size: L x W x H (inches)
CAPACITY (ML) size: DIAMETER x HEIGHT (inches)
10203050
200
1-1/16 x 1-1/41-3/8 x 1-1/2
1-11/16 x 1-1/22 x 2
2-7/8 x 3-3/16
4 x 2 x 16 x 3 x 26 x 3 x 2-1/26 x 3-1/2 x 1-1/46 x 6 x 3.93757 x 4 x 18 x 4 x 29 x 5 x 2
9.5 x 5.5 x 2.59-3/4 x 6 x 1-3/49-3/4 x 6 x 2-3/4
10 x 7 x 7/8
10-1/4 x 6 x 411 x 6 x 211 x 11 x 5
11.8 x 11.8 x 3.6412 x 7 x 312 x 12 x 2
12.8 x 12.8 x 3.913 x 6 x 114 x 8 x 416 x 10 x 318 x 9 x 220 x 6.5 x 5
CAPACITY (ML) size: DIAMETER x HEIGHT (inches)
204570100200500
3 x 5/8 x 3/84 x 3/4 x 7/16
2 x 13/162-3/4 x 13-1/4 x 1-3/163-3/4 x 1-3/84-1/4 x 1-3/45-1/8 x 2-1/2
LOW FORM CRUCIBLE WITH LID
TALL FORM CRUCIBLE WITH LID
COMBUSTION BOAT WITH HANDLE
RECTANGULAR TRAYSI.D. DIMENSIONS I.D. DIMENSIONS
22
FUSED QUARTZ WOOL AND FRITS
4–64–64–64–64–64–6
5060708090100
00 to 400 to 400 to 400 to 400 to 400 to 3
Porosity 0001234
micronmicronmicronmicronmicronmicron
200–300150–20090–15040– 9015– 404– 15
10152025303540
2–32–33–53–53–53–53–5
0 to 40 to 4
00 to 400 to 400 to 400 to 400 to 4
DIA. (mm) THICKNESS (mm) DIA. (mm) THICKNESS (mm)POROSITIES AVAILABLE POROSITIES AVAILABLE AVERAGE POROSITY
QUARTZ FRITS
FUSED QUARTZ WOOL
Fused Quartz Wool has the same properties as pure quartz glass. The fibers arenon-flammable and incombustible. The fibers maintain their usable mechanicalproperties up to 1050°C. Fused Quartz Wool is available in the following forms:
• Coarse• Fine• Wool Felts
COARSE 9 µm NOMINAL WOOL
Bulk Wool consists of woven basic fibers between 5µm and 15µm. The arrangementof the fibers gives the wool its curly appearance. This prevents compression of the padsand improves the desired insulating qualities. The fibers are flexible and have excellenttorsion and bending resistance. Standard specifications are:
Size Before Rolling & Pressing L 3700mm x W 1600mm x H 150mm
Unit Weight .5 lb. bags1.1 lb. bags
FINE 4 µm NOMINAL WOOL
Fine Wool consists of woven basic fibers between 1.5µm and 7µm. This productwas developed to meet severe technical specifications required by markets thatdemand a larger specific area, therefore, it offers more efficient thermal conductivitythan our standard bulk wool.
Unit Weight 10 grams.5 lb. bags
FELTS (MATS)
A Felt is quartz wool that has been impregnated with a starch binder toprovide a stable sheet that can be handled, cut or fabricated to exact sizes. Thebinder can be removed by heating the Felt to 900°F for 1 hour or 500°F for 24hours. Binder content on the Felt is 4–5% by weight. Standard specifications are:
Size 1000mm x 1000mm1000mm x 500mm500mm x 500mm
Thickness 5mm (0.2 in)Weight 80 g/m (2.3 oz/yd)Density 0.016 g/cm (1 lb/ft)
Other sizes available upon request; Maximum size is 3000mm x 1000mm.
FUSED QUARTZ PROPER USAGE GUIDELINES
23
CLEANING
The cleaning of fused quartz is critical before it isused in any application. The fused quartz should becleaned by placing it in a 7% maximum solution ofAmmonium Bifluoride for no more than ten (10) minutes,or a 10% volume maximum solution of Hydrofloric Acidfor no more than five (5) minutes. After cleaning, usingthe above method, the fused quartz should be rinsed indeionized or distilled water and then dried.
RUNNING IN PROCEDURE
In order to increase resistance to devitrification andsag of your quartzware, an even layer of cristobalitemust be formed on the O.D. of quartz tubes. Expose anew tube to a temperature of up to 1200°C and rotateit 90° every two (2) hours for the first 12 to 24 hours.
STORAGE
Space permitting, fused quartz should be stored inits original shipping container. If that is not practical,at least the wrapping should be retained. In the caseof tubing, the end coverings should be kept in placeuntil the product is used. This protects the ends fromchipping and keeps out dirt and moisture which couldcompromise the purity and performance of the tubing.
BECAUSE THE PRODUCTS ARE ANNEALED
Both quartz and silica glass are annealed atapproximately 1150°C. However, they reach a strainpoint at about 1120°C. These glass products, if rapidlycooled after use at temperatures above this strainpoint, will develop strain again. Special care should betaken when using large sized products.
WHEN JOINING FUSED QUARTZAND OTHER MATERIALS
Quartz and silica glass only slightly expand withincreases in temperature, in contrast with other materials.Care must be taken when these glass products areconnected to other materials and the temperaturerises, in order to avoid the development of cracks.
CARE MUST BE TAKEN DURINGFURNACE INSERTION
Quartz and silica glass feature low thermal conductivity.If the glass product comes too close to a heating element,or is put in direct contact with a flame, it may becomelocally heated and develop cracks. Long glass tubes mayalso deform at temperatures of 1100°C or higher. Careshould be taken to support both glass types, especiallylarge-sized products.
DEVITRIFICATION
Devitrification of quartz and silica glass means transitionfrom a metastable (vitrified) state to a stable crystallizedstate of cristobalite. Devitrification occurs when the productis used at high temperatures over a long period of time, orit is heated while impurities adhere to its surface. Evenvery small impurities on the surface can have a majorinfluence. Under such conditions, devitrification may evenoccur at temperatures of 1000°C or less. This hardlyever occurs at temperatures of 1150°C or less, if theglass surface is perfectly clean. Devitrification usuallystarts when the temperature rises to 1200°C or higher,then further develops as the temperature increases.
24
1 = 0.0394
2 = 0.0787
3 = 0.1181
4 = 0.1575
5 = 0.1969
6 = 0.2362
7 = 0.2756
8 = 0.3150
9 = 0.3543
10 = 0.3937
11 = 0.4331
12 = 0.4724
13 = 0.5118
14 = 0.5512
15 = 0.5906
16 = 0.6299
17 = 0.6693
18 = 0.7087
19 = 0.7480
20 = 0.7874
21 = 0.8268
22 = 0.8661
23 = 0.9055
24 = 0.9449
25 = 0.9843
1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16
5/64
3/32
7/64
1/8
9/64
5/32
11/64
3/16
13/64
7/32
15/64
1/4
.015625
.03125
.046875
.0625
.078125
.09375
.109375
.125
.140625
.15625
.171875
.1875
.203125
.21875
.234375
.25
.3969
.7938
1.1906
1.5875
1.9844
2.3813
2.7781
3.1750
3.5719
3.9688
4.3656
4.7625
5.1594
5.5563
5.9531
6.3500
17/64
9/32
19/64
5/16
21/64
11/32
23/64
3/8
25/64
13/32
27/64
7/16
29/64
15/32
31/64
1/2
.265625
.28125
.296875
.3125
.328125
.34375
.359375
.375
.390625
.40625
.421875
.4375
.453125
.46875
.484375
.5
6.7469
7.1438
7.5407
7.9375
8.3344
8.7313
9.1282
9.5250
9.9219
10.3188
10.7157
11.1125
11.5094
11.9063
12.3032
12.7001
33/64
17/32
35/64
9/16
37/64
19/32
39/64
5/8
41/64
21/32
43/64
11/16
45/64
23/32
47/64
3/4
.515625
.53125
.546875
.5625
.578125
.59375
.609375
.625
.640625
.65625
.671875
.6875
.703125
.71875
.734375
.75
13.0969
13.4938
13.8907
14.2876
14.6844
15.0813
15.4782
15.8751
16.2719
16.6688
17.0657
17.4626
17.8594
18.2563
18.6532
19.0501
49/64
25/32
51/64
13/16
53/64
27/32
55/64
7/8
57/64
29/32
59/64
15/16
61/64
31/32
63/64
1
.765625
.78125
.796875
.8125
.828125
.84375
.859375
.875
.890625
.90625
.921875
.9375
.953125
.96875
.984375
1.00
19.4470
19.8438
20.2407
20.6376
21.0345
20.4313
21.8282
22.2251
22.6620
23.0188
23.4157
23.8126
24.2095
24.6063
25.0032
25.4001
26 = 1.0236
27 = 1.0630
28 = 1.1024
29 = 1.1417
30 = 1.1811
31 = 1.2205
32 = 1.2598
33 = 1.2992
34 = 1.3386
35 = 1.3780
36 = 1.4173
37 = 1.4567
38 = 1.4961
39 = 1.5354
40 = 1.5748
41 = 1.6142
42 = 1.6535
43 = 1.6929
44 = 1.7323
45 = 1.7717
46 = 1.8110
47 = 1.8504
48 = 1.8898
49 = 1.9291
50 = 1.9685
51 = 2.0079
52 = 2.0472
53 = 2.0866
54 = 2.1260
55 = 2.1654
56 = 2.2047
57 = 2.2441
58 = 2.2835
59 = 2.3228
60 = 2.3622
61 = 2.4016
62 = 2.4409
63 = 2.4803
64 = 2.5197
65 = 2.5591
66 = 2.5984
67 = 2.6378
68 = 2.6772
69 = 2.7165
70 = 2.7559
71 = 2.7953
72 = 2.8346
73 = 2.8740
74 = 2.9134
75 = 2.9528
76 = 2.9921
77 = 3.0315
78 = 3.0709
79 = 3.1102
80 = 3.1496
81 = 3.1890
82 = 3.2283
83 = 3.2677
84 = 3.3071
85 = 3.3465
86 = 3.3858
87 = 3.4252
88 = 3.4646
89 = 3.5039
90 = 3.5433
91 = 3.5827
92 = 3.6220
93 = 3.6614
94 = 3.7008
95 = 3.7402
96 = 3.7795
97 = 3.3189
98 = 3.8583
99 = 3.8976
100 = 3.9370
mm = INCHES mm = INCHES mm = INCHES mm = INCHES
INCH • INCH • mm INCH • INCH • mm INCH • INCH • mm INCH • INCH • mm
CONVERSION TABLES
