GRAMMAR BOOKBy: Carla Shockey

TABLE OF CONTINENTS

Preterite Imperfect Por/Para Possesive Adjectives and Pronouns Usted/Ustedes Command Present Subjuntivos Subjuctive with Verbs of Will and Influence Subjunctive with Verbs of Emotion Subjunctive with Verbs of Doubt, Disbelief,

and Denial Subjunctive with Conjunctions

When can you use Imperfect?-To speak about how old someone is-To say what time it is-To talk about something you do as a habit-To speak about background events in a story

POR/PARA Por is used in several idiomatic expressions. por aqui- around here Por ejemplo- for example Por fin- finally Por eso- that’s why

* When giving an exact time, de is used instead

of por before la manana, la tarde, and la noche. *•Often, either por or para can be used in a sentence. •The meaning of the sentence changes, depending •on which one is used.* Para Destination Deadline or specific time in future Purpose of goal Recipient of something Comparison or opinions ( for, considering) Employment

USTED/USTEDES COMMAND Put in the “yo” form Drop the “o” and change to opposite vowel (ar >e,

er/ir>a) Answer the question of Affirmative or Negative? If Affirmative……

- Attach the pronoun to affirmative command If Negative…

- Place the pronoun in front of the negative verb

- Then the negatives are formed the same was as affirmative but put “no” in front.

- For affirmative usted or ustedes command you replace –ar verbs with e/en and –er/ir with a/an

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVES

What are the Characteristics of Present Subjunctives?

2 clauses, special verbs, que, two different subjects

Examples Es importante que lo arregles y es bueno que

sucudas los muebles tambien.

Es bueno que…

Es necesario

que…

Es malo que…

Es urgente que…

Es mejor que…

Es importante

que…

SUBJUNCTIVES WITH VERBS OF WILL AND INFLUENCE

A direct pronoun is always used before a verb of will and influence.

When using verbs of will and influence, you still need all the factors.

However, you use verbs that will influence the subject.

Importar: to be

important

Insistir(en):to insist

on

Aconsejar: to

advise

Mandar:to order

Prohibir:to

prohibit

Recomender(e:ie): to recommen

dSugerir(e:ie):

to sugges

t

Rogar(o:ue):to

beg,plead

SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF EMOTION

When feeling of emotions, such as hope or fear, are used in the main cause of a sentence, the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.

The infinitive is used when there is no change in subject from the first verb to the second.

The verbs ojalar is always followed by subjunctive and que is optional.

Verb

Alegrarse

Soprender

Ojalar

Sentir(e:ie)

Temer

Es Triste

SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF DOUBT, DISBELIEF, AND DENIAL Indicative is used when there is no doubt or

uncertainty. The subjunctive is used in a sentence where there are

two subjects and the main clause shows negation or uncertainty.

The word quizas and tal vez are followed by the subjunctive because they suggest doubt.Subjunctiv

e

No es cierto

Es improbable

Es imposible

Negar (e:ie)

Dudar

Indicative

Es cierto

Estar seguro

Creer

No negar

No dudar

SUBJUNCTIVE WITH CONJUNCTIONS Subjunctive is used with conjunctions when a sentence provides

-A hypothetical situation

-Uncertainty about an action

-Unfulfilled condition When there are usually gerunds, the verb is replaced with a subjunctive Use the indicative if the main clause expresses a habitual action or a past

action When using conjunctions from the “both” category, only use subjunctive if

the main clause uses a future action or command.Always Subjunctive

A menos que

Antes de que

Con tal de que

En caso de que

Para que

Sin que

Both

Cuando

Despues de que

En cuanto

Hasta que

Tan pronto como

Preposition> infinitive

Antes de

Para

Sin