Grammar Book

Marcela Richards

Table of Contents

• Conditional– Irregulares

• Perfect Tenses– Present– Past– Present Irregulares – Subjunctive Perfect- Tan

y Tanto• Impersonal “s锕 Saber vs. Conocer• Los Mandatos

• Informal vs. Formal– Affirmative– Negative– Irregular– DOP and IOP placement

• Nosotros Commands– Mono Verbs

• Subjunctive and Irregulares– Trigger Phrases– Impersonal Expressions– Expressions of Emotion– Conjuctions of Time

Conditional

• To express probability, possibility, wonder, or conjecture (an inference)

• Used: to make polite requests, infer what would happen, past habitual action, conditional probability

Yo Ía

Tú Ías

El/Ella/Usted Ía

Nosotros Íamos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes ían

Conditional Irregulars

• Hacer Har• Haber Habr• Saber Sabr• Tener Tendr

• Regular conditional endings

Perfect Tense: Present

• Actions that recently or are still true in the present

• Form: Haber + Past Participle

• Irregulars– Abrir to Abierto– Cubrir to Cubierto– Decir to Dicho– Escribir to Escrito– Hacer to Hecho– Morir to Muerto– Poner to Puesto– Resolver to Resvelto– Romper to Roto– Ver to Vuelto– Ir to Ido

Haber

Yo He

Tu Has

El/Ella/Usted Ha

Nosotros Hemos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Han

Perfect Tense: Past

• Formed by using the imperfect tense of the verb “haber” (to make “had”) with the past participle

• Abrir to Abierto• Cubrir to Cubierto• Decir to Dicho• Escribir to Escrito• FreÍr to Frito • Hacer to Hecho• Morir to Muerto• Poner to Puesto• Resolver to Resuelto• Romper to Roto• Ver to Visto• Volver to Vuelto

Haber

Yo HabÍa

Tu HabÍas

El/Ella/Usted HabÍa

Nosotros HabÍamos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes HabÍan

Perfect Tenses: Tan y Tanto

• Tan– Form:

• Tan +adj./adv. + Como

– Used when you are comparing things that are the same using adjectives or adverbs

• Tanto– Form:

• Verb + Tanto + Como

– Used when you are comparing things that are the same when using nouns

Impersonal “se”

• Use “se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb– Se vende fruta en la frutería.

• When using “se”, the verb is always in the 3rd person – AquÍ se habla espanol.

• “Se” can be used in all tenses– Se hizo mucho.– Se hara mucho.– Se había mucho.

Saber vs. Conocer

• Saber– To know facts or

how to do something

• Conocer– To know people,

places, and literary works

• Preterite Fom– Conocí– Conociste– Conocio– Conocimos– Conocieron

• Preterite Form– Supe– Supiste– Supo– Supimos– Supieron

Informal Tu Commands

• Afirmativo: – Conjugate into the verb

into the tu form then drop the “s” from the ending.

– Example: • Hablar to Habla

• Negativo– Put the verb in the “yo”

form and change to the opposite vowel ending, then add an “s” to the end

– Example: • Hablar to No Hables

Informal: Irregular (TVDISHES)

From… To…

Dar Di

Hacer Haz

Ir Ve

Poner Pon

Salir Sal

Ser Sé

Tener Ten

Venir Ven

Formal Usted Commands

• Affirmative– Put the verb in the “yo”

form then change to the opposite vowel ending

– Example:• Hablar to Hable

• Negative– Put the verb into the

“yo” form and then change to the opposite vowel ending; do not forget the “no” before the verb

– Example:• Hablar to No Hable

Formal: Irreglar

From… To…

Dar Dé

Estar Esté

Ir Vaya

Ser Sea

Saber Sepa

Informal/Formal: DOP/IOP Placement

• Affirmative– DOP and IOP can

attach to the end of the verb

• Negative– DOP and IOP must go

before the verb

Nosotros Commands

• Affirmative/ Negative– Put the verb into the

“yo” form in present tense, then drop the “o” and add the opposite nosotros ending

– Example:• Hablar to Heblemos• Comer to Comamos

• Mono Vebs– For reflexive verbs, drop

the final “s” of the command form, then attach the reflexive pronoun “monos” to the end

– Exapmle:• Levantemos to

Levantémonos

Subjunctive

• WEDDING: Wishing/ Wanting, Emotions, Doubt/ disbelief, Impersonal Expressions, Negation, God/ Grief

• To make the verb Subjunctive: 1. Put it in the “yo” form, and change the vowl, 2. AR endings- “e”, “es”, “e”, “emos”, “éis”, “en”/ ER/IR endings- “a”, “as”, “a”, “amos”, “áis”, “an”

Subjunctive: Irregulars

• Dé, Des, Dé, Demos, DenDar• Esté, Estés, Esté, Estemos, EsténEstar• Haya, Hayas, Haya, Hayamos, HayanHaber• Vaya, Vayas, Vaya, Vayamos, VayanIr• Sepa, Sepas, Sepa, Sepamos, SepanSaber• Sea, Seas, Sea, Seamos, SeanSer

Subjunctive: Trigger Phrases

• Prinicple Clause + Qué + Subordinate Clause– The principle clause and the subordinate clause

are always in different tenses. This is an indicator that the subjunctive is being used

– Example: • Yo necesito qué mis estudiantes hagan la tarea.

Subjunctive: Impersonal Expressions

Examples:

conviene que ... it is advisable

that ...

es aconsejable que ... it is

advisable that ...

es bueno que ... it's good that ...

es difícil que ... it's unlikely that ...

es dudoso que ... it's doubtful

that ...

es fácil que ... it's likely that ...

es fantástico que ... it's

fantastic that ...

es importante que ... it's

important that ...

es imposible que ... it's

impossible that ...

Subjuntivo: Expressions of Emotion

• Alegrarse: to be happy• Esperar: to hope• Soprender: to be surprised• Temer: to fear• Es Triste: it’s sad• Ojala: to be hopeful

Subjunctive: Conjunctions of Time

• Cuando: when• En Cuanto: as soon as• Hasta que: until• Tan pronto como: as

soon as • A menos que: unless• Con tal (de) que: in case• En caso de que: in case• Para que: so that