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![Page 1: Slide 1 Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature Observations and Applications Operated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service Garry L. Schaefer, WCM.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e295503460f94b16c77/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Slide 1
Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature Observations and Applications Operated by the
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Garry L. Schaefer, WCM Branch Leader, NWCCDeborah S. Harms, Soil Scientist, NSSC
March 3-5, 2009Oak Ridge, TN
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Slide 2
Soil Moisture Monitoring
• SCAN– Soil Climate Analysis Network– Monitors lower elevation areas for climate
parameters and soil moisture monitoring nationwide
• SNOTEL– SNOw pack TELmetry– Monitors high elevation areas for snow
water content, climate parameters, and soil moisture in the Western United States
![Page 3: Slide 1 Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature Observations and Applications Operated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service Garry L. Schaefer, WCM.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e295503460f94b16c77/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Slide 3Drought Vulnerable Soil Landscapes
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Slide 4
SCAN
• SCAN – Started as a Soil Moisture/Soil Temperature Pilot
Project between the National Water and Climate Center and the National Soil Survey Center in 1991 with 21 stations in 19 states
– If funding becomes available, full implementation of SCAN would have at least 1,000 new stations and integrate 1,000 existing partner-based stations
• Goal will be to have new stations located on Benchmark soil series
– Utilizes meteor burst, line-of-sight, or GOES satellite communication technology to transmit remote station data
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Slide 5
SCAN• Currently the network has
151 stations in 39 States• Provides hourly data with
– Precipitation– Air temperature– Relative humidity– Solar radiation– Wind speed and direction– Barometric pressure– Soil moisture and soil
temperature• 2, 4, 8, 20, and 40
inches
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Slide 6
Other SCAN Data Parameters
• Snow water content• Snow depth• Net radiation• Redox• Additional soil moisture and soil
temperature measurements• Water level• Surface temperature• Water quality parameters
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Slide 7
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Slide 8
Soil Moisture/ PrecipitationUAPB Point Remove, AR
Soil Moisture vs. PrecipitationPRELIMINARY DATA SUBJECT TO CHANGE
15
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2008
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4/6/
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4/12
/200
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4/18
/200
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4/24
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5/6/
2008
5/12
/200
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6/5/
2008
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/200
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Hourly Readings
Vo
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oil
Mo
istu
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0
0.5
1
1.5
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2.5
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Inch
es o
f P
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Hourly Precipitation 2" Soil Moisture 4" Soil Moisture 8" Soil Moisture 20" Soil Moisture 40" Soil Moisture
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Slide 9
SCAN Data• All SCAN stations have full soil
characterizations complete and available on the web
• All historic and real-time SCAN data are available on the web– http:www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/scan
• Special Reports– Special “Spreadsheet” compatible reports
can be created
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Slide 10
SCAN Future
FY 2009 33 new SCAN stations will be added.– 16 Utah– 4 New Mexico– 10 Alabama– 1 Idaho– 1 Nevada– 1 California
• NRCS is looking at purchase of CONUS Meteor Burst Master Stations for full U.S. Coverage
• NRCS is looking how to fund SCAN• Collaborating on development of spatial soil moisture
modeling
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Slide 11
SCAN Cooperators• Current partners include:
– U.S.D.A.- Agricultural Research Service– Mississippi State University and Extension Service– Alabama A&M University– University of Arkansas - Pine Bluff – University of Missouri– Iowa State University– High Plains Regional Climate Center– U.S.D.A.- World Agricultural Outlook Board– U.S.D.A.- Forest Service – U.S.D.A.-Natural Resources Conservation Service– The Nature Conservancy– Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation– University of Alaska– SE Regional Climate Center– Others
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Slide 12
SNOTEL Network• Large Automated Climate Network
– Began in 1978– Over 754 remote stations– Generally in high elevation areas– Located in the 12 Western States and
Alaska– Utilizes meteor burst communication
technology to transmit data
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Slide 13
SNOTEL Network• Large Automated
Climate Network– Began in 1978– 765 remote stations– Generally in high
elevation areas– Located in the 12
Western States including Alaska
– Utilizes meteor burst communication technology to transmit data
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Slide 14
SNOTEL Parameters• Typical Sensor Array
– Snow water content– All season precipitation– Air temperature (maximum,
minimum, and average)– Snow depth– Soil moisture and soil temperature at
35% of network
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Slide 15
SNOTEL Parameters
• Additional Sensors at Enhanced SNOTEL Stations– Solar radiation– Relative humidity– Wind speed and direction – Other sensors based upon customer
requests
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Slide 16
Typical SNOTEL Station
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Slide 17
Siting Criteria
• All stations should be located on federal, state, county, or university lands. This will ensure long-term use of the land for monitoring purposes.
• All stations should be located in non-irrigated areas.• First consideration be given to “Benchmark” soils.• Consideration must be given to ensure that all Major Land
Resource Area’s are represented in a given climatic region.• The station must represent an agricultural area. Pasture,
range, timber, and cropped areas must be considered first.• When selecting a suitable location, some consideration of
station security must be included. • The first stations to be installed should be located in areas
that are susceptible to drought.
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Slide 18
Soil Moisture/Soil Temperature Measurement
• NRCS uses a capacitance type of sensor.
• Steven Water “Hydro Probe” SDI-12 is currently used
• Installed at specific depths• Full soil description and
characterization analysis are done at each location
• Description and characterization data available to users from the Web
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Slide 19
Soil Description
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Slide 20
Sensor Placement and Layout
• The deepest sensor is installed first
• 40 inch installed vertically
• Hole is kept to a small size to minimize water transport
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Slide 21
Sensor Placement and Layout
• Sensors are placed horizontally at all other depths
• Sensors are dispersed around the small hole to minimize interference
• Compact the soil as each sensor is installed making sure the sensor is inserted completely into undisturbed soil
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Slide 22
Sensor Placement and Layout
• Sensor wires are moved to opposite side of hole and form a drip-loop
• Flex-conduit is used to protect sensor wires
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Slide 23
Data Uses for SCAN and SNOTEL
• Climate monitoring • Water supply forecasting • Drought assessment and mitigation• Drought triggers • Precision agriculture• Soil survey interruption and mapping • Crop production forecasts• Range production and condition• Disease and Pest prediction/mitigation• Provide data for NWS and other agencies for flood forecasting
and reservoir management• Climate change assessment• Water quality monitoring• Air quality monitoring• Underground utility lines
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Slide 24
Summary• SCAN and SNOTEL have a high benefit/cost
ratio• Provide a minimum of daily up to hourly data• Expandable to meet demands• Designed to be a cooperative program• Requires maintenance to ensure data quality• Diverse utility of the data• Data are easily retrievable from the web page
at http://www/wcc.nrcs.usda.gov• Developing better tools to provide user with
spatial soil moisture modeling– Agreement with Oregon State University and
Alabama A&M University to develop a spatial soil moisture model which integrates point soil moisture data with soils data to produce a soil moisture map
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Slide 25
Contacts• Garry L. Schaefer, NRCS
Water & Climate Monitoring Branch Leader1201 NE Lloyd Blvd., Suite 802Portland, OR 97232Phone: 503-414-3068 Fax: 503-414-3101Email: [email protected]
• Deborah S. Harms, NRCSSoil ScientistFederal Building100 Centennial Mall NorthLincoln, NE 68508Phone: 402-437-5324Email: [email protected]