SCELTH

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THE SCALE OF

THE ELECTRON

Explaining the Atomic Dynamics

Johan Oldenkamp

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The Scale of the Electron – Explaining the Atomic Dynamics 2

The Scale of the Electron

Explaining the Atomic Dynamics

First, Digital Edition, October 9th

, 2012

Second, Digital Edition, October 11th

, 2012

Third, Digital Edition, October 12th

, 2012

Fourth, Digital Edition, June 2nd

, 2014

To contact the author of this book:

[email protected]

www.pateo.nl

Publisher: Pateo

ISBN: 978-94-90765-11-8

NUR: 910

© 2012 – 2014, Dr. Johan H. Oldenkamp

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written

permission of the author.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Explaining the Atomic Dynamics.....................3

2. Showing the Electrons’ Structures....................6

3. Geometrical Foundation of Scelth ..................34

4 The Periodic Octahedron of the Elements .......38

Acknowledgements.............................................40

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15 P, 16 S, 17 Cl, and 18 Ar

Next, Phosphorus has room for three

free electrons. Its ion is therefore P3-

.

The atom of Sulfur has room for two

free electrons. Its ion is S2-

. Next inline, Chlorine has room for just one

free electron. Its ion is therefore Cl-.

Last in this line up, we find Argon.

For Argon, all available spaces at the

third hierarchical level of La have

been filled up with balanced couples of counter spinning electrons.

Therefore, Argon is the third noble gas.

19 K, 20 Ca, 21 Sc, and 22 Ti

All atoms up from

number 19 have four

layers (or more). The

atom with 19 electrons

is called Potassium in

English and Kalium in Neo-Latin, on which the abbreviation

of K is based. Its ion is K+.

Next, we find Calcium and its

ion is Ca2+

. Third in this line up

is Scandium. Its ion is Sc3+

. Fourthly, we encounter Titanium with its

ion Ti4+

. Titanium, however also has two different type of ions.

Those ions occur when the amount electrons in the third layer (of La)

exceeds the maximum of the 2×2 format for paired electrons. Then,the third layer expands to

the much wider

3×3 format for

paired electrons.

That explains

why Titanium

also has the ionsof Ti

2+ and Ti

3+.


23 V, 24 Cr, and 25 Mn

For the next atom, Vanadium,

there are two similar types of

ions: V2+

and V3+

. There is

even a third type of ion forVanadium. For this third

possibility, the layer

structures of the third and

fourth level have been swapped. Now the bottom layer

suddenly has a 3×3

format, which very

occasionally is

possible (as an

exception that proves the general rule).

The atom of Chromium has

two types of ions: Cr2+

and

Cr3+

. Although the third level

is not completely filled with

paired electrons, each

constellation is always verywell balanced. As this booklet

shows, each atomic structure shows a not only a natural balance, but

also a striking simplicity.

As the atomic numbers

increase, the ionic charges

hardly do not. Also

Manganese has two types of

ions: Mn2+ and Mn3+.Compared to the previous

atoms, only the arrangement

on the third level has changed.

26 Fe, 27 Co, 28 Ni, and 29 Cu

The next atom has 26 electrons. In Latin, its name is Ferron,

abbreviated as Fe. In English it is Iron. Iron is able to retain magneticenergy because of the characteristics of its third layer of electrons. In

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41 Nb, 42 Mo, and 43 Tc

With the 40 electrons of Ziroonium, the pyramidal structure of 1-4-9-

4-4 offers no more space for an additional electron. Therefore, a 4-

spaced layer gets widened into a 9-spaced layer, starting withNiobium.


The atom of Niobium has two configurations. In the 1-4-9-9-4

configuration, its ion is Mn3+

. In the 1-4-4-9-9 configuration, its ion

is Mn5+

. Both Molybdenum and Techneticum have that same

exceptional configuration of 1-4-4-9-9. Their ions are respectively

Mo6+

and Tc7+

.

44 Ru and 45 Rh

From the atom of Ruthenium upwards, we return to the regular 1-4-

9-9-4. It has two types of ions: Ru3+

and Ru4+

.

The atom of Rhodium has just one type of ion; Rh3+

.

46 Pd

The atom of

Palladium has two

types of ions: Pd2+

and Pd4+

. When, in

the first case, both

free electrons would

join the fourth layer,

its configuration would be like the perfect one of a noble gas.

However, the general rule is that the bottom layer is always 4-spaced,

and not 9-spaced as it would have been in this theoretical case.

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47 Ag, 48 Cd, and 49

From the atom with 47

electrons up, the fourth

layer is perfectly filled

paired electrons. Thefirst atom that has this

perfect fourth level

configurations is called

Silver in English and

Argentum in Latin, abbreviated as Ag. Its ion is Ag+. Next in line, we

find Cadmium, and its

ion is Cd2+

. After that,

the atom of Indium is

the next one. Its ion is

In3+

.

50 Sn

The atom with 50

electrons is called

Tin in English andStannum in Latin,

abbreviated as Sn.

Tin has two types of

ions. The first one

follows the same

structure as its pre-

decessors Silver, Cadmium, and Indium. Its ion is Sn4+

. For the other

ion, the fourth 9-spaced layer is widened into a 16-spaced level. Theion that corresponds to that 1-4-9-16-4 structure is Sn

2+.

51 Sb

The atom with 51 electrons is called Antimony in English and

Stibium in Latin, abbreviated as Sb. Just like Tin, Antimony also has

two types of ions. The first one has the very unusual 1-4-9-9-9

structure. Its ion is Sb

5+

. For the other ion, the spacing for theelectrons is based on the 1-4-9-16-4 structure. That ion is Sb3+

.


52 Te, 53 I, and 54 Xe

From the atom of Tellurium upwards, we find the 1-4-9-9-4 structure

again.

The bottom layer of Tellurium has room for two free electrons. Its

ion is Te2-

. Next in line, Iodine has room for just one free electron. Its

ion is therefore I-. Last in this line up, we find Xenon. For Xenon, all

available spaces at the fifth hierarchical level of Fa have been filledup with balanced couples of counter spinning electrons. This means

that Xenon is the fifth noble gas.

55 Cs, 56 Ba, and 57 La

All atoms up from number 55 have six layers (or more). The atom

with 55 electrons is called Caesium. Its ion is Cs+. Next in line, we

find Barium, and its ion is Ba2+

. Thirdly, we find. Its ion is La3+

.

These three atom have the 1-4-9-9-4-4 structure for their electrons.

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58 Ce, 59 Pr, and 60 Nd

Most atoms starting with Cerium have an ionic charge of three

positive. Since the 1-4-9-9-4-4 structure offers no space for

additional electrons, these atoms have the 1-4-9-16-4 structure.

The ion of Cerium is Ce3+

. The ion of Praseodymium is Pr3+

. Thirdly,

the ion of Neodymium is Nd3+.


61 Pm and 62 Sm

Also the atoms with 61 and 62 electrons have the 1-4-9-16-4

structure. The ion of Prometium is Pm3+

.

The atom of Samarium has two types of ions: Sm3+

and Sm2+

. In the

latter case, the fourth layer of 16 spaces is perfectly filled with paired

electrons.

63 Eu, 64 Gd, and 65 Tb

The atom of Europium has two types of ions. The first one

corresponds to the 1-4-9-16-4 structure. This is Eu3+

. The other one

corresponds to the 1-4-9-9-9-4 structure. This is Eu2+

.

The atom of Gadolinium shows very much resemblance to its

predecessor, Europium. Just like Europium, also Gadolinium has anion that corresponds to the 1-4-9-16-4 structure. This is Gd

4+. Nextm

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the other one also corresponds to the 1-4-9-9-9-4 structure. This is

Gd3+

.

Since there is no more space in the 1-4-9-16-4 structure, the atom ofTerbium has just one ion, corresponding to the 1-4-9-9-9-4 structure,

which is Tb3+

.

66 Dy, 67 Ho, and 68 Er

Also the atoms of Dysprosium and Holmium have a single type ofion, corresponding to the 1-4-9-9-9-4 structure, which are


respectively Dy3+

and Ho3+

. Starting with the atom of Erbium, the 1-

4-9-16-9-4 structure appears. Its ion is Er3+

.

69 Tm and 70 Yb

The structure of the atom of Thulium very much resembles itspredecessor Erbium. Its ion is Tm

3+.

The atom of Ytterbium has two types of ions: Yb2+

and Yb3+

.

71 Lt, 72 Hf, and 73 Ta

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For the atoms of Lutetium, Hafnium, and Tantalum, the

configurations of the first five layers are identical. That is why we

see a climbing of the number of free electrons of these atoms. Their

ions are respectively Li3+

, Hf 4+

, and Te5+

.

74 W, 75 Re, and 76 Os

With the atoms of Tungsten or Wolfram, abbreviated as W, and

Rhenium, this series continues. Their ions are respectively W6+

and

Re7+

.

From Osmium upwards, the fourth layer is now completely filled

with paired electrons. The ion of Osmium is Os4+

.

77 Ir and 78 Pt


Just like Osmium, also the atom of Iridium has four free electrons Its

ion is Ir4+

. The atom of Platinum has two types of ions: Pt4+

and Pt2+

.

79 Au

Perhaps the most well-know metal is Gold. In Latin this is Aurum,abbreviated as Au.

The atom of Gold has two types of ions: Au3+

and Au+. In the

structure corresponding to the latter ion, we see a completion of the

fifth layer with nine paired electrons.

80 HgAnother well-known metal is Mercury. In Latin this is Hydrargyrum,

abbreviated as Hg. The atom of Mercury also has two types of ions:

Hg2+

and Hg+.

81 Tl

Just like is predecessors Gold and Mercury, the atom of Thalliumalso has two types of ions: Tl3+

and Tl+.

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82 Pb

Another well-known metal is Lead. In Latin this is Plumbum,

abbreviated as Pb. We also see this Latin origin in the wordplumbing, literally meaning ‘working with lead’. The atom of Lead

also has two types of ions: Pb4+

and Pb2+

.

83 Bi

The atom of Bismuth also has two types of ions: Bi3+

and Bi5+

.


84 Po

The atom of Polonium also has two types of ions: Po4+

and Po2+

.

85 At and 86 Rn

With the atom of Astatine, we are back at the perfect filling of the

first five layers of the 1-4-9-16-9-4 structure. In the case of Astatine,

there is room for one more electron. Its ion is At-.

For Radon, also all available spaces at the sixth hierarchical level of

Mi have been filled up with balanced couples of counter spinning

electrons. This means that Radon is the sixth noble gas.

87 Fr, 88 Ra, 89 Ac

From the atom of Francium upwards, the structure develops as

before.

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The atoms with numbers 102 and 103 have been reversed because

the page layout. The ion of the atom of Lawrencium with 103

electrons is Lr3+

.

102 Nb

The atom of Nobelium with 102 electrons has two types of ions:

Nb2+

and Nb3+

.

103 Lr

By now, the application of the principles of the double pyramidalstructure of the distribution of the electrons to atoms with 103

electrons or more should be straightforward. From Lawrencium (103

Lr) upwards, also the fifth layer (of Fa) is completely filled with

paired electrons.

The ion atom of Lawrencium with 103 electrons is: Lr2+

.

104 Rf

The ion of the atom of Rutherfordium with 104 electrons is: Rf 3+

.


105 Db

The ion of the atom of Dubnium with 105 electrons is: Db4+

.

106 Sg

The ion of the atom of Seaborgium with 106 electrons is: Sg4+

.

107 Bh

The ion of the atom Bohrium with 107 electrons is: Bh4+

.

108 Hs The ion of the atom Hassium with 108 electrons is: Hs

4+.

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109 Mt

The ion the atom Meitnerium with 109 electrons is: Mt4+

.

110 Ds

The ion of the atom Darmstadtium with 110 electrons is: Ds4+

.

111 Rg

The ion of the atom Roentgenium with 111 electrons is: Rg4+

.

112 Cn The ion of the atom Copernicium with 112 electrons is: Cn

4+.


113 Uut

The ion of the atom Ununtrium with 113 electrons is: Uut4+

.

114 Fl

The ion of the atom Flerovium with 114 electrons is: Fl4+

.

115 Uup

The ion of the atom Ununpentium with 115 electrons is: Uup3-

.

116 Lv The ion of the atom Livermorium with 116 electrons is: Lv

2-.

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117 Uus

The ion of the atom Ununseptium with 117 electrons is: Uus1-

.

118 Uuo

Ununoctium is a noble gas.

119 Uue

The ion of the atom Ununennium with 119 electrons is: uue1+

.

120 Ubn The current preliminary name of the atom with 120 electrons is

Unbinilium. This atom with the highest possible amount of electrons


is the heaviest noble gas. I suggest to change its name into Pateon

(Pn).

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4 The Periodic Octahedron of the ElementsThe underlying structure of the elements is not two-dimensional, but

three-dimensional. That is why a 2D table fails to reveal this

underlying structure.The figure below show the underlying 3D structure of the 120

types of atoms. This shape resembles an octahedron in the same way

as the electrons shell structure does. This is why it is called the

periodic octahedron of the elements. It consists of eight layers.


Layer Amount of Elements Cumulative

1 Do 2 2

2 Si 8 10

3 La 18 28

4 Sol 32 605 Fa 32 92

6 Mi 18 110

7 Re 8 118

8 Do 2 120

The figure below shows the corresponding atomic numbers.

The elements that lie on the same vertical axis have corresponding

features. Presented in this way, the natural logic of the atoms or

elements becomes crystal clear.

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AcknowledgementsFirst of all, I wish to express my gratitude to Jan Wicherink. His

input helped me to discover the geometrical foundation of Scelth, as

described in the previous chapter. Furthermore, I like to thank FrankBonte, who has brought me into contact with many interesting

theories and scientists during the past four years. Both Frank and Jan

are open minded researchers (and creators) based in Netherlands, just

like I am. Internationally, I am very happy to work with a number of

leading scientists form all over the world. Some of their names are

listed on the webpage of the Pateo Academia on the English section

of Pateo.nl.

Scelth focuses on the particle nature of electrons. Elementary

physics shows that electrons have at the same time wave-like

features. They occur as clouds around nucleus of atoms and are in

phase-lock conjugation existing first as one type of scalar wave, then

another alternating between charges. Scelth does not take these

wave-like features of electrons into account, and neither does it

include the protons and the neutrons in the core of the atom.

Please feel free to contact me about Scelth or other scientific issues.

You find my e-mail address on second page of this booklet.

Zeist, The Netherlands,

October 12th

, 2012

Johan H. Oldenkamp, Ph.D.

SCELTH

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