Safety in Const. in Ofshore Petroleum Industry

8/17/2019 Safety in Const. in Ofshore Petroleum Industry

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ILO odes of Practice

Safety and health in the construction

of fixed offshore installations

in the petroleum industry

International Labour Office Geneva

82B09_10_engl


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Copyright ntern ationa l La bo ur Organisation 1981

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ted. For r ights of reproduction of t ranslat ion appl icat ion should be made to th e

Editor ial and Translat ion Branch Internat ional Labour Off ice CH-1211 Geneva

22 Switzerland. Th e Internation al Lab our O ffice welcomes such applic ations .

ISBN 92-2-102900-X

irst published 98

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United N ations practice and th e presentation of material therein d o not imply the

expression of any opinion whatsoever on the par t of the Internat ional Labour

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rinted in Switzerland


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In October

1977

a meeting convened by the ILO on safety

problems in the offshore petroleum industry recommended the

prep aration of a code of practice setting ou t standard s for safety

an d health du ring the construction of fixed offsh ore installations.

Such a code, to be prepared by the IL O in co-operation with other

bodies, including the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative

Organisation (IMCO), was to take into consideration existing

standards applicable to offshore construction activit ies and to

supplement the ILO codes of practice on safety and health in

building a nd civil engineering wo rk, shipbu ilding an d ship repair-

ing.

In accordan ce with a decision taken by the Governing Body of

the

ILO

at its 211th (November

1979

Session, a meeting of

experts from governm ent, employers an d workers circles, and

including other interested international agencies, was convened in

Geneva from 1 to

1

December

198

in order to draw up the pro-

posed code.

The following experts took part in the meeting:

Mr. S. Bye, Deputy Director, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Stavanger

(Norway).

Mr. V. Federenko, Secretary , Central Committee, Oil and G as Workers Trad e

Union , Moscow (USSR).

M r . J .

E .

How ard, Gr ou p Safety Adviser, Shell Internatio nal Petroleu m, Th e

Hag ue (N etherlands).

Mr. P. Kutsyn, Chief, Occupational Safety Division, Ministry for the Gas

Industry, M oscow (USSR).

Mr . M. Marbun, Fire and Safety Co-ordinator, State Oil Company PERTA-

MINA, Jakarta (Indonesia) .

Mr . T. McC almont, Construction Industry Co-ordinating Officer , Tra nspo rt and

General W orkers Union , Glasgow (United Kingdom).

Mr. L . A. M yhre, Chairm an, Norwegian Oil and Petrochemical Union, Stavanger

(Norway).

foolnore continued overleaf)


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afe construction of fixed offshore installations

The co de, as appro ved by the meeting of experts an d as repro-

duced in this volume, seeks to provide guidance on the stan da rds

of safety and health to be observed during the construction of

fixed offshore installations. As such, it is a corpus of practical

advice for the use of all persons, whether in the public or in the

private sector, who have responsibility for safety and health dur-

ing the construction of fixed offshore installations in the petro-

leum industry an d w ho m ay be framing provisions o n the subject .

Although couched in the language of a set of rules, this code

has n o binding force; it is not intended to supersede national laws

or regulations or accepted standards but rather to provide

guidance for governments, employers and workers.

In ado pting the code of practice, the experts recognised t ha t its

provisions could not be applied as they stood to al l countries or

regions, and that some provisions would need to be adapted to

local cond it ions. In part , the experts at tention was directed to the

harsh environment a nd com plex offsho re installations t o be fo un d

in isolated and deep-water si tuations. The application of the

code s provisions should be determined by the scale of the o pe ra -

tion, by local circumstances and by technical possibilities.

The text of the code was approved for publication by the

Governing Body of the

LO

at its 215th (March 1981) Session.

M r .

P

Odier , Chief , D epar tment of Environmental Safety, Elf-Aquita ine, Par is

(France).

M r . Y. A. Slail, Chief Loss Prevention Engineer, ARAMCO, Dhahran (Saudi

Arabia) .

The following international governmental and non-governmental organisations

were represented:

Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organisation.

Internation al Organisation of Em ployers.

Internation al Federation of Chemical, Energy an d General Workers Unio ns.


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ontents

Preface

Definitions and application

1

1.1. Definitions

1

1.2. Applications

4

2 General duties

5

2.1.

General duties of employers

5

2.2. Permi ts to work 6

2.3. Trainin g. includin g retraining

7

2.4. General duties of workers 8

2.5. Designation of installation manager 8

2.6.

Duties o f installation m anager

2.7. App ointmen t of a safety and heal th supervisor 10

2.8. Safety com mittees 11

2.9. Emp loyment of young persons under 18 13

2.10. Intoxica nts 3

3

General recom men dations on safety and health

15

General 15

ccessandegress 15

ighting 15

Housekeeping 16

M anu al l ifting an d carrying 16

Con struct ion. maintenance and inspect ion of plant

a n d e q u i p m e n t

Keeping of reco rds 17

Placement or remo val of the installation

8

4

Diving

19

4.1. General

I 9

Safety of workplaces and means o f access and egress

21

5.1. General 1

5.2. Sca ffold ing an d staging general 21


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Use of scaffolds an d staging

23

Slung scaffolds 23

Suspe nded scaffolds 24

Edge protection of working platfo rms 25

Scaffold fastenings 26

Mo bile scaffolds 26

Boatsw ain s chairs. cages. skips or similar plant o r equipm ent 27

Counterweights and outriggers 29

Inspection of scaffolds 29

Porta ble ladders 30

Extension ladders

31

ortabl e step-ladders 32

Inspection and maintenance o ladders and step-ladders 32

ixed ladd ers 33

Protection from falling and displaced mate rials 33

se and erection of scaffolds and ladders 34

afety harnestes an d lifelines 35

Sa fety nets 37

ork over the sea 37

oxic and hazardous substances and agents and personal

protective equipment

General

recautions against oxygen enrichment

oxic and hazardous substances-storage

Toxic an d haz ard ou s substances-supervision of use

as cylinders

xplosives-storage an d use

Lasers

recautions against fume. dust. gas an d vapour. etc

ir-cleaning equipment

oxic an d irritant substances-personal protection

isk o explosion f rom fume. dust . gas and vapo ur

Asbestos

ffensive an d nuisance substances

nvironmental monitoring


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ontents

6.15.

Disposal of flam ma ble. corrosive. toxic o r explosive substances

49

6.16. lonising radiations 49

.17. Perso nal protec tive equipment-general 50

.18. He ad protection 51

6.19. Respiratory protective equipm ent 51

6.20. Ha nd an d arm protection 53

7

Welding and f lame cutt ing

55

7.1. Gen eral 55

.2. W ork un der water and in confined spaces 56

.3. W ork on containers for explosive or f lammable substances 57

7.4. Ga s hoses an d torches 7

7.5. Electric arc welding-equipment 58

.6. Electric ar c welding-protective clothin g an d equ ipm ent 59

.7. Electric ar c welding-operations 60

8 M ach ine ry pressure plan t and tools 63

8.1. Dangerous machinery

6

8.2. Wo odw orking machines 63

8.3. Abra sive wheels 64

8.4.

Pressu rised system s including pressu re vessels an d air receivers 66

8.5. Emission of s team smo ke an d vapo ur 68

8.6 . Han d tools 8

8.7. Pneu matic tools 69

8.8 . Ca rtridge-o perate d tools-construction 70

8.9. Cartridge-operated tools-inspection and maintenance 70

8.10. Ca rtridge-o perate d tools-use 71

9

Electricity

73

General 73

rotect ion of electr ical cond uctors and a pp ara tus

74

Protection against excessive contact voltage

75

Earthing 75

Connect ions 6

Flexible cables 77

Mobile an d portable equipment 78

Por table app ara tu s 79


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Safe construction of fixed offshore installations

Ha nd lamps and por table lamp holders

79

ircuit controls 80

Circuit breakers 80

Fuses 0

azardo us atmospheres 81

Notices 1

nspect ion an d maintenance 82

Tem porary instal lat ions 83

Noise and vibration

85

0.1. Gen eral 85

0.2 . Noise limit levels 85

Lifting appliances and lifting gear 9

11.1. Con struct ion an d maintenance of li f ting appliances

11.2. Erection of l ifting appliances

11.3.

Operation of l ift ing appliances

11.4. Mu ltiple lifts

11.5. Op erato rs of l ift ing appliances

11.6. Con trol of loads and operat ion s

11.7. Construction and maintenance of l ift ing gear

11.8. W ire ropes

11.9. Hoists

11.10. Winches

1 1.11. Safe working lo ads of l ift ing appliances an d lift ing gear

1.12. Exam ination an d inspection of l ift ing appliances and lifting gear

11.13. Carrying of persons by mean s of power operated lift ing ap

liances

11.14. Secureness of loads

1 1.15. Containers

2 Living accommodat ion

12.1. General

12.2. Emergency shelter acc om mo datio n

12.3. Drink ing water

12.4. Food

12.5. Smoking


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ontents

3 Medical supervision

107

13.1. Gen eral 107

4 Health and first aid 109

4.1. Gen eral recom me ndation s 109

4.2. Sick bays o r medical treatme nt roo m s 109

4.3. First aid personn el 110

4.4. Provision of inform ation 111

4.5. Liaison with do cto rs

5 Life saving appliances 113

15.1. Sta nd by vessels 113

15.2. Rescue o r pick up boats 113

15.3. Access between vessels and th e insta llatio n 113

15.4. Survival craf t and liferafts 114

15.5. Lifejackets 114

15.6. Lifebuo ys 115

15.7. Co mm unica tions 115

6

Helicopters

117

16.1. Op eration s 117

16.2. Land ing area s 18

16.3. Co ntro l of helicopter mo vem ents 118

7 Alarms. me ans of escape and fire fighting equipment 119

17.1. Gen eral ala rm system 119

17.2. Me ans of escape 119

17.3. Locatio n of emergency equipm ent 120

17.4. Fire applianc es an d precaution s against fire 120

18 Emergency procedures and drills

23

18.1. Emergency procedu res 23

8.2. Rescue tea m s 123

18.3. Drills 24

Appendix Living accom moda tion 125

ndex

129


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I efinitions and application

1 1 Definitions

1 1 1

For the purpose of this code, unless otherwise noted:

Boatswain's chair means a seat for a workman, constructed to

an adequate recognised standard, which is suspended by a cable or

rope.

Competent authority means a minister, government depart-

ment or other public authority having the power to issue regula-

tions, orders or other instructions having the force of law.

Competent person means a person who by reason of training

or experience, or both, is competent to perform the task or func-

tion, or to assume the responsibility, in question and is designated

to perform such task or function.

Construction operation means the following operations in rela-

tion to a fixed offshore installation:

(a)

the operations of positioning or constructing

an

offshore in-

stallation, or intended offshore installation;

b) the operations of repairing, maintaining, demolishing or dis-

mantling the structure of an existing offshore installation in so

far as this code does not conflict with national laws or regula-

tions;

c)

operations in (a) and

(6)

where produced hydrocarbons are

present, provided precautions additional to this code of prac-

tice are taken;

(d) the testing and inspecting of:

(i) the structure of an offshore installation;

(ii) any plant or equipment for the purpose of the construc-

tion operations;

e) the loading, unloading, fuelling or provisioning of an offshore

installation when carried out in conjunction with the construc-

tion operations;


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f) an y fixed installation intended f or use offs ho re which is under-

going the operations in

a)

t o e), in inshore waters where

applicable.

Diving supervisor me ans a person, com petent by training a n d

experience, appointed to be in charge of the diving operations.

First aider m eans som eone holding a current certificate of first

aid issued by the competent authority or organisation approved

by the competent au thority.

Hoist me ans a lifting machine with a carriage, platf orm o r

cage, the movement of which is restricted by a guide or guides.

Installation ma nager means the com petent person appointed in

writing by the owner of the installation o r main con trac tor to be in

charge of a nd responsible f or all operations an d activities o n or in

conne ction with the installation.

Lifting appliance means any lifting machine or appliance

including a crane used for the purpose of raising, suspe nding, sup-

porting or lowering of persons, goods or materials.

Lifting gear includes cha ins, ropes and slings an d all m eans of

attaching such gear to a lifting appliance or load and includes

rings, links, hooks, plates, clamps, tongues, bars, shackles,

swivels an d eye-bolts and magnetic o r electro-magnetic devices; it

also includes baskets, skips, buckets, cages or other containers fo r

persons, goods or materials.

Medical atten dan t means a person trained in or experienced in

offshore first aid and medicine to the standard required by the

competent authority.

Offsho re installation means any fixed installation or par t of a

fixed installation which is maintained within the area for which

the competent authority has responsibility or is intended to be

These definit ions of l if t ing appliances and l if t ing gear do not include l ife-

saving appliances such as dav its , winches, launch ing ap pa ratu s, ro pe falls , blocks,

hooks , l inks and chains which are provided solely for the purpose of launching and

recovering survival craft, lifeboats and liferafts.


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efinitions and application

established there in connection with the exploitation of mineral

resources o r with exploration with a view t o such exploitation.

On or near an offs ho re installation means on an installation or

within the distance specified by the competent authority of its

working station.

Permit to work means a written perm it not being a work order

signed by the pe rson in charge of certain work activities a nd co un -

tersigned by the installation manager or a person ap pointed by the

installation manager to countersign on his behalf and to be

responsible for the safety of work activities being carried out in

the relevant part or area of the installation.

Pressurised system means plant an d equipm ent containing

gases or l iquids at pressure greater than ambient pressure and

includes steam-raising plant, hydraulic equipment, air and gas

compressors and pipework, receivers, containers and cylinders

associated with such plant and equipment.

Radiographic personnel means persons employed for an y part

of their time in connection with radiography or the use of radio-

active su bstances.

Required stan dar d in conn ection with respiratory protective

equipment m eans that the equipment is m anufactured t o an ade-

quate recognised standard or is approved by the competent

authori ty.

Scaffold means any temporary structure sup porting one or

more platforms used for access or supporting workmen or ma-

terials in the cou rse of the co nstruction operations.

Slung scaffold means a scaffold suspended by m eans of ropes,

chains or rigid members which is not capable of being raised or

lowered.

Sound material means material of a quality con form ing t o any

relevant standards issued by a national standards institution or

other bo dy recognised by the comp etent autho rity or t o generally

accepted international engineering practices o r t o o ther technical

standards.


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2 General

duties

2.1.

Genera l du t ies of em ploye rs

2 1

l

mployers should so provide and maintain plant

equipment and workplaces an d should so organise wo rk as t o

protect persons as far as reasonably practicable against risks of

accidents an d injuries to health.

2 1 2

W henever two o r m ore employers und ertak e activities

simultaneously a t one workplace they should have the duty to

collaborate in order to comply with the prescribed measures

without prejudice to the responsibility of each employer for the

health a nd safety of his employees. In ap prop riate circumstances

the com petent au thority sho uld prescribe general procedures for

this collaboration.

2 1 3

When acquiring machines appliances plant or equip-

m ent or toxic an d haza rdou s substances employers should

ensure that they conform to any national laws or regulations

applying t o them or if there are non e tha t they a re so designed

or protected that they can be operated or used safely. Users

should be provided with adequate instructions for their safe

use and the substances should be labelled to a recognised inter-

nat ional standard.

2 1 4

Em ployers should ensure that:

a)

equipm ent such as machines appliances and vehicles used in

the construction operations comply with national laws or

regulations and s tanda rds applicable to i ts design and con-

struction;

b)

equipment not covered by nation al laws or regulations o r stan-

dard s is so designed and constructed as to be as safe as prac-

ticable; and

c)

equipment is accompanied by printed matter giving the

necessary instructions for its pro pe r testing use a n d

maintenance a nd drawing attention t o possible hazards.


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2 1 5 Em ployers should provide such supervision a s will en-

sure that as far as reasonably practicable all persons perform their

work in the best conditions of safety and health.

2 1 6

W ork that is do ne jointly by a num ber of persons a nd

requires mutual understanding and co-operation for the avoid-

ance of risks should be specially supervised by a competent per-

son.

2 1 7 Employers sh ould only assign persons to em ploym ent

for which they are suited by their physique, state of health, skill

and ability to communicate.

2 1 8

If necessary, a check should be made by which it can

be ascertained whether all the members of a shift have left the in-

stallation a t the end of the shift .

2.2.

ermi ts to

work

2 2 1

Th e following operations sho uld be carried out only in

accordance with a permit-to-work system:

a) welding or flame-cutting or any other work giving rise to

danger fr om a source of ignition;

b) work o n live electrical equ ipm ent, which could give rise t o risk

of injury t o an y person;

c) work at a place where there is inadequate ventilation for

diluting a nd dispelling injurious o r flamm able fumes, vap our s

or gases or where a n oxygen deficiency may exist;

d)

work involving injurious exposure to dust;

e) radiography;

fl erection, modification or dismantling of scaffolds over the

sea;

g) pressure-testing of plant, equipment and pipelines;

h) use of explosives; and

i)

work o n a pressurised system.


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eneralduties

2 2 2 The permit should contain written instructions on:

a) the nature of the work;

6)

the place where the work may take place;

c) the period during which the work may take place;

d) any protective equipment to be used or worn; and

e)

any precautions to be taken to avoid endangering the health

an d safety o f:

i) workers engaged in the operations; and

ii) other persons on or near the installation.

2 2 3 The permit should be:

a) signed by the person in charge of that work; and

b)

countersigned by the offshore installation manager or a person

appointed by the offshore installation manager for that pur-

pose, w ho has experience of the opera tion and is awa re of a ny

likely dang erous interaction between the o perations a nd other

activities o n the installation.

2.3.

Training including retraining

2 3 1

Training in safety and health and welfare should be

provided for persons employed in the construction of fixed off-

shore installations.

2 3 2

Such training should in particular tak e accoun t of the

special hazards associated with working offsh ore an d should be t o

a standard acceptable to or required by the competent authority.

2 3 3 All workers should be properly instructed in the

hazard s of their respective occu pations and the precau tions neces-

sary to avoid accidents and injuries to health.

2 3 4

Employers should make available to workers copies,

extracts or sum maries of relevant national laws or regulations an d

internal requirements and, whenever appropriate, instructions

an d notices relating t o protection against accidents an d injuries to


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health, including posting such texts in prominent positions at

suitable places.

2.3.5.

Information should be given on safety colour coding

an d signals.

2 4

Genera l dut ies of workers

2.4.1. Within the limits of their responsibilities, workers

should d o everything in their power t o m aintain a safe working

environment, including their own safety and health and that of

their workmates.

2.4.2.

Before beginning work workers should examine their

workplaces and the equipment that they are to use, and should

forthwith re port of their forem an or other competent superior any

dangerous defect that they may discover in them.

2.4.3.

Workers should make proper use of all safeguards,

safety devices, protective equipment and other appliances.

2.4.4.

W orkers should no t interfere with equipment such as

machines and appliances that they have not been duly authorised

t o operate , m aintain or use.

2 5 Designat ion of instal lat ion manager

2.5.1.

1)

T he construction of a n offsho re installation sh ould

be under the charge of an installation m anager.

2)

The owner or main contractor of the installation should

app oint to be the installation manager a person who, t o the best of

the knowledge and belief of the owner or main contractor, has

skills an d com petence suitable for th e app ointm ent.

3)

The competent authority should be informed of any such

app ointm ent in accordance with n ational laws o r regulations.

4) Tw o or m ore persons may be appointed to be installation

managers in rotation an d persons s o appointed should act in place

of any of them.


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eneralduties

2.5.2 .

If at any time the owner or m ain con tractor is satisfied

that a n offs ho re installation manager does not have the requisite

skills or competence, he should terminate the appointment and

notify the com petent au tho rity, in acc ordan ce with n ational laws

or regulations.

2.5.3 .

The owner or m ain contractor should ensure that the

offshore installation manager is present during the construction

operations.

2.6. Duties o instal lat ion manager

2.6.1 .

The installation manager for the time being in charge

of the installation should ensu re that a notice of his appo intm en t

is posted on b oa rd the installation, as soon as possible during the

operation s in such a position tha t it can be easily an d conven iently

read.

2.6.2 .

The installation manager should not be absent from

the construction operations except in case of sudden sickness or

other cause beyond his control or for other adequate reason.

2.6.3 . 1)

Du ring construction operations in conne ction with

an offshore installation, the installation manager should have a

general responsibility:

a) for matters affecting safety, health and related welfare; and

b) for th e maintena nce of order an d discipline.

2)

For the discharge of that responsibility, he should exercise

authority over all persons in or ab ou t the construction o perations.

3)

The responsibility of the installation manager should not

extend t o matters of which an oth er person has responsibility, such

as the master, captain or person in charge of vessel, aircraft or

hovercraft.

2 6 4

The installation manager should not permit the in-

stallation of any operation or anything connected with the con-


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struction of the installation t o be used o r carried ou t o n or fro m

the installation, if the installation is likely to be endangered.

2 .6 .5 . 1)

Where during the construction of an offshore in-

stallation there is an emergency or apprehended emergency en-

dangering the installation or otherwise involving risk of death or

personal injury, the installation manager may take o r require to

be taken such measures as ar e necessary or expedient to avoid the

emergency.

2)

No requ irement in this code shou ld be taken as prohibiting

or restricting the taking of such measures.

2 7

ppointment of a safety and health supervisor

2.7 .1 .

Where circumstances warrant i t , the owner or main

contractor should ensure that a suitably qualified person is ap-

pointed in writing to be employed full time o n the duties:

a)

of advising the installation manager, any contractors or

employers o n occupational safety and health an d o n measures

necessary to comply with internal requirements and national

laws or regulations;

b)

of exercising general supervision and co-operation in the

observance of this guidance and promoting the sa fe cond uct of

the work generally;

c) of liaising with safety committees and safety representatives

where appointed;

d) of advising employers on the training and instruction of

employed persons with particular reference to the hazards of

offshore working; and

e) of ensuring that regular safety inspections are carried out at

suitable intervals of all plant, equipment, workplaces and

operations.

2 .7 .2 .

The name of the person so appointed should be

brought to the notice of persons working on the installation by

appropriate means.


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eneralduties

2 7 3 The safety and health supervisor should investigate

an d pre pare a re port o n accidents and occurrences with a view to

preventing injury and damage.

2 7 4 The report referred to in paragraph 2 7 3 should be

sent to the instal lat ion manager, safety committee, safety

representative (where they exist) and competent authority to

satisfy both internal requirements and national laws or regula-

t ions.

2.8.

Saf e t y co mmi t t ees

2 8 1

Safe ty committees should be established in an y project

where the circumstances w arrant it or in accordance with national

laws o r regulations.

2 8 2 Every safety committee should consist of represen-

tatives of the em ployers an d representatives of th e workers. This

com m ittee should include:

a)

the installation manager or his representative;

b)

the safety and health supervisor or his representative;

c) suitably qualified and experienced workers;

d) a representative of the medical service if any exists.

2 8 3 T h e workers representatives on safety com m ittees

should be elected by the workers. This could be done in such a

ma nner that all suitably qualified and experienced workers could

serve on the committee in accordance with national laws or

regulations.

2 8 4

Safety committees should meet at suitable intervals

and keep adequate records of all meetings.

2 8 5

The safety and health supervisor or safety committee

should:

a) consider the circumstances and causes of all accidents occur-

ring on a project and make recommendations to the installa-


21/135


tion manager for preventing the occurrence or recurrence of

accidents;

b) m ake periodical inspections of the w orksite and all its equip-

ment in the interests of safety and hygiene;

c) monitor measures taken for the prevention of accidents;

d)

m onitor com pliance with national laws or regulations instruc-

tions etc. relating to safety an d hygiene;

e)

endea vour t o secure the co-operation of all persons in the pr o-

motion of safety and hygiene;

SI

participate in the drawing up of safety rules;

g)

advise o n the safety training instruction an d guidan ce of new

workers an d those transferred to new work;

h)

advise the installation m anager of o ther situations which they

consider to be dangerous.

2.8.6.

Th e installation m anager should:

a)

give safety committees

all

reasonable encouragement and

facilities in the performance of their duties;

6)

consu lt safety comm ittees in all m atters relating t o safety an d

health o n the project;

c) take all practicable steps to give effect to recom m endations of

the safety comm ittee;

d)

in cases where they do not adopt a recommendation of the

safety com mittee inf orm the comm ittee of the reasons within

a reasonable time;

e)

keep the safety supervisor informed of developments and

changes in processes an d op erations likely t o affect health a n d

safety; and

fl where app ropriate m ake arrangements whereby workers can

subm it suggestions relating t o safety and health o n th e project.

2.8.7.

Records should be kept of accidents and occurrences

in accordance with national laws or regulations.


22/135

eneral uties

2.8.8.

Records should be kept which enable accident experi

ence on each operation and for each occupation to be identified

along with accident causation and trends.

2 9 Employment of young persons under 18

2.9.1.

No person under 18 years of age should be emp loyed

in the construction of a n offshore installation except as permitted

by the competent authority and in accordance with conditions

prescribed by that authority.

2 10 In tox ican ts

2.10.1.

Pe rson s under the influence of alcoholic beverages or

other intoxicants should no t be allowed t o work in the operations.

2.10.2 N o alcoholic beverages or other intoxicants ar e to be

taken to or consumed at the site of the operations.


23/135

3 General recommendations

on safety and health

3 1 General

3.1.1.

Employers should take all necessary steps to satisfy

the requirements of national laws or regulations and to ensure the

safety and health of all workers and other persons who may be on

or near the offshore installation during construction and demoli-

tion.

3.1.2.

Employers should provide and maintain at all times,

so far as is reasonably practicable, a safe place of work.

3 2 Access and egress

3.2.1. Employers should ensure the provision and main-

tenance of suitable and sufficient safe means of access to or egress

from all places where any person has at any time to be whilst on or

near the installation.

3.2.2.

Where special safe means of access to or egress from

workplaces are provided, workers should always use them for go-

ing to and from the the workplaces.

3.2.3. Means of access and egress should be clearly in-

dicated.

3 3

Lighting

3.3.1. Sufficient and suitable lighting should be provided on

or near an installation at:

a) any place of work;

b) any means of escape, including all points of assembly and em-

barkation;

c) any means of access or egress; and

d) any accommodation or other place on or near an installation

where a person may have to be.


24/135


3 3 2

The means of artif icial l ighting should be such as to

maintain a reasonable uniformity a nd co nstancy of il lumination;

so far as is reasonably practicable they should be such o r be so ar-

ranged as to reduce glare and dazzle t o a minimum a nd prevent

the formation of shadows that might conceal a danger.

3 3 3 T o ensure safety in an emergency adequ ate and

suitable emergency lighting should be provided.

3 4 Housekeeping

3 4 1

Loose mater ials should not be placed or lef t so as t o

obstruct dangerously workplaces and passageways.

3 4 2

All projecting nails shou ld be removed or ben t over t o

prevent injury.

3 4 3

Equ ipm ent tools an d small objects should no t be left

lying abo ut.

3 4 4

Scra p waste and rubbish should not be allowed t o ac-

cumulate in workplaces or access.

3 4 5

W orkplaces an d passageways tha t a re slippery owing

to ice snow oil or other causes should be cleaned up o r strewn

with san d ash or the like.

3 4 6

Porta ble eq uipment sho uld be returned after use to its

designated storage place.

3 5

Manual lifting and carrying

3.5.1. T o reduce m anual handling t o a m inimum mechan-

ical appliance s should be provided a n d used where practicable fo r

lifting and carrying load s.

3 5 2

W orkers required t o handle loads should be instructed

how t o lift a nd carry safely.

3 5 3

No person should lift carry or move any load which

by reason of its weight size or sh ap e is likely t o end ang er his

safety o r health.


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eneral recommendations

3.6. Con st ruc t ion main tenan ce and inspec tion

of plant and equipment

3 6 1

All plant an d equipment used in the operation s sho uld

be:

a)

of good construction;

b) of sound material;

c) of adequate strength; and

d) suitable for the purpose for which it is intended to be used.

3 6 2

To minimise potential danger to workers and other

persons who m ay be on o r near the installation all plant and

equipment and any structure used for and during the construction

operations should be:

a) suitably and safely installed and disposed; and

b) the subject of suitable procedures providing for systematic

maintenance exam ination an d where app rop riate testing.

Particular attention should be given to the condition of plant

and equ ipm ent likely to have been affected by adverse climatic

conditions.

3 6 3 All maintenance exam ination an d testing und er any

such scheme recomm ended in 3 6 2 should only be carried out by

or under the supervision of a competent person.

3 6 4 No plan t equipment o r structures shou ld be used if

any exam ination or test shows it to be unsafe until the defect has

been remedied.

3 6 5 The person carrying out the examination or test

should immediately report any defect in writing to the person in

charge of tha t work and to the installation man ager.

3.7.

Keeping of records

3 7 1

Reports and records of examinations and/or tests of

plant equipm ent and structures should be kept in a safe place and


26/135


m ade readily available a t the request o f a person au thorised by the

com petent authority.

3 8

Placement or removal of the installat ion

3 8 1 1)

Only those persons whose presence is essential to

the operation should be permitted to remain on an installation

while it is being placed o n or a ttached t o or removed or detached

from the sea bed.

2)

A t all times while such persons are o n the installation, ef-

fective means of communication should be maintained with the

towing vessel or vessels.


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4 Diving

4 1

Genera l

4 1 1

Diving in connection with construction operations at

an installation should be carried out only with the prior approval

of the installation manager.

4 1 2

No construction operations or vessel movements

should be permitted during or at the same time as diving which

might affect the safety of divers their equipment or attendant

personnel and vessels.

4 1 3

Plant equipment and materials including debris or

scrap should not be so positioned or disposed of in a manner

likely to endanger diving.

4 1 4

The diving supervisor should liaise with the installa-

tion manager or person appointed by him for the purpose to en-

sure that at all times there is effective co-ordination between the

activities of the diving contractor and other contractors engaged

in the construction operations including the operations of supply

boats.

4 1 5

Divers should not be employed in the operations

unless:

a)

they are controlled by a competent diving supervisor;

b) they form part of a suitable diving team;

c)

they are adequately equipped with appropriate decompression

and first-aid facilities;

d)

they are trained and have certificates of medical fitness to

satisfy national laws or regulations; and

e)

they have appropriate log books.


28/135

5

afety of workplaces and means

of access and egress

5 1 General

5.1.1.

M easures should be taken in com pliance with nation al

laws o r regulations a nd internal requirements t o ensure the provi-

sion of a s af e w orkplace an d of sa fe m eans of access and egress.

5 2 Scaf fo ld ing and s t ag ing-genera l

5.2.1.

W here necessary to ensure safety, suitable an d su ffi-

cient scaffolds, ladders o r other app ropriate elevated working s ur-

face should be provided and maintained.

5.2.2.

1)

Scaffolds and other elevated working surface

should be of good construction, suitable an d sound material and

of adequate strength for the purpose for which they are used.

2) Timber and metal parts should be of suitable quality and

free from corrosion and other p atent defects likely to affect their

strength materially.

3)

Where necessary, appropriate fittings should be used to

prevent boards an d planks used for scaffolds from split t ing.

4) Materials used in the construction of scaffolds should be

stored under good condi t ions and apart f rom any materia l un-

suitable for scaffolds.

5) Scaffolds should have a design facto r of at least fou r times

their maximum load.

5.2.3.

Precautions should be taken to prevent the accidental

displacement of scaffolds and parts of scaffolds.

5.2.4.

In th e case of partially erected or dism antled scaffolds

capable of being used, access to the scaffold or part of the scaf-

fold should be effectively blocked and prominent warning notices

in appropriate languages or signs should be posted.


29/135


5.2.5.

(1) Scaffolds should be securely supported or sus-

pended and, unless, designed and constructed to ensure stability

without connection, should be rigidly connected to the installa-

tion.

(2) A scaffold should never extend above the highest anchor-

age to an extent which might endanger its stability and strength.

3)

All structures and appliances used as supports for working

platforms should be of sound construction, have a firm footing,

and be adequately strutted and braced to make them stable.

5.2.6. In addition, all parts of the scaffold, including

boards, plates and other parts of the working platform, should be

secured or lashed to prevent their displacement by wind or wave

action.

5.2.7.

Grating and plating, whether on a scaffold or other

workplace or access, should be securely clamped, clipped, bolted

or welded, so as to prevent displacement. Displacement

includes unintentional tipping, sliding or movement by wind or

wave or by any other cause.

5.2.8. Tubular metal scaffolds should:

a) be made of suitable material such as galvanised steel tubing;

and

b) be of adequate strength to hold the anticipated load with a

design factor of at least four times the maximum load.

5.2.9. All vertical and horizontal members of tubular metal

scaffolds should be securely fastened together.

5.2.10.

Where necessary to prevent danger, tubular metal

scaffolds should be adequately braced.

5.2.1 1.

Tubing should be of adequate size and strength for

the load it will have to carry, and should in no case be less than

5 cm (2 in) (or other closely similar standard size) in outside

diameter.


30/135

afety of workplaces and means of access and egress

5.2.12. Every w orking platform o n a scaffold should be of suf-

ficient width to provide a clear passageway, and the minimum

width of w orking platform should not be less than 65 cm 2 ft 2in).

5.2.13.

W hen a lifting appliance is to be used o n a s caffold ,

the parts of th e scaffold shou ld be carefully inspected a n d , if need

be, adequ ately strengthened t o prevent any m ovem ent of scaffold

members.

5 3

Use of scaffolds and staging

5.3.1. In transferr ing heavy loads on o r to a scaffold, no

sudden shock should be transmitted to the scaffold.

5.3.2. W hen necessary to prevent dang er, loads being

hoisted o n to scaffolds should be controlled by a hand ro pe tag

line), so that they cannot strike against the scaffold.

5.3.3. he load on the scaffold should be evenly distributed

as far as is practicable, an d in any case should be so distributed as

to avoid any dangerous disturbance of the equilibrium.

5.3.4.

Du ring the use of a scaffold, care should constantly be

taken that it is not overloaded.

5.3.5. Scaffolds shou ld no t be used for th e sto rag e of

material, except that required for immediate use.

5 4 Slung scaffolds

5.4.1. T h e mean s of suspension-including wire rop es o r

rigid members-of slung scaffo lds sho uld be:

a)

suitable and of adequ ate strength for the purpose for which

the slung scaffold is used; and

b) properly a nd securely fastened t o safe ancho rage points o n the

structu re of th e installation.

5.4.2.

N o rop e other than wire rope should be used for the

suspension of a slung scaffold.


31/135


5.4.3.

Steps should be taken to prevent chafing of ropes,

chains or other means of suspension.

5.4.4. Slung scaffolds should be secured to prevent undue

horizontal movement while used as working platforms.

5.4.5. The platforms of slung scaffolds should be provided

with guard rails and toe-boards on all sides.

5 5 Suspended scaffolds

5.5.1.

1)

Gu idance concerning slung scaffolds see section

5.4) should be followed in the case of suspended scaffolds.

2) The following additional measures should be taken:

a) ade qu ate and suitable chains, ropes and winches or othe r lift-

ing appliances should be provided and should be suspended

from suitable safe anchorage points;

6)

suspension ropes should be of such length that at the lowest

position of the platform there are at least two turns of ro pe on

each drum;

c)

suspension ropes should be fastened to the outriggers verti-

cally above the drum centres of the winches on the movable

platform;

d)

the lower ends of suspension ropes sho uld be securely fasten ed

to th e hoisting m achines by clips o r other effective mean s; a n d

e) devices for raising and lowering suspended scaffolds, in-

cluding winches and lifting appliances, should be provided

with a bra ke o r similar device which comes in to use when th e

operating handle or lever is released, and be adequately pro-

tected against the effects of weathe r, dus t or mate rial likely t o

cause damage.

5.5.2. If the power for raising and lowering is supplied from

a motor, the motor should stop and automatically lock and

securely hold the platform when the m anua l pressure o n the start-

ing switch or lever is released.


32/135


5.5.3.

While persons are working on a suspended scaffold,

the suspension ropes should be secured by locking the winches or

by o the r effective means.

5.5.4.

Suspended scaffolds with m achine-operated platfo rm

shou ld be prevented from swinging or knocking against the build-

ing by means of ties, spacing bars, etc.

5.5.5. When not in use, suspended scaffolds with machine-

operated platform should:

a) be cleared of all tools and other movable objects; and

6)

be securely lashed in position or lowered t o the gro un d.

5.5.6. 1) Suspended scaffolds should be so secured or

restrained as to prevent undue horizontal movement.

2)This may be achieved by guides or suspension or safety

wire restraint systems.

5.5.7.

Where

a

wire restraint system is employed, it should

be ad equ ate for w ind loads imposed upon the scaffold platform in

any position.

5.6. Edge protection of working platforms

5.6.1.

Suitable edge protection should be provided to pre-

vent persons falling from the open side of a scaffold or other

working platform.

5.6.2.

Similar protection should also be provided at any

opening in a working p latform thro ug h which a person might fall,

unless:

a)

it is part of a platform to which access is prevented; or

b) the opening is protected with a covering, securely fixed in

place and clearly marked to show its purpose.

5.6.3.

W hen a w orking platform is abov e any place where a

person m ay have to pass or work , precautions shou ld be taken to

prevent the fall of m aterials. See also section

5.17.)


33/135


5.6.4. Edge protection should consist of an upper rail not

less th an

1

m

3

ft

3

in in height abo ve the floor or walkway, an d

at least one intermediate rail.

5.6.5.

The vertical opening between any guard rails, and

guard rails an d toe-bo ards, should not exceed 40 cm 1 ft 4 in .

5.6.6.

Toe-boards or barriers should be provided u p to a su f-

ficient height to prevent articles falling from the working plat-

form. Consideration should be given to fitting suitable mesh be-

tween gu ard rails in areas where persons a re liable t o fall fro m a

height.

5.7.

S caf fo ld f a s t en ing s

5.7.1.

Fastenings for connecting members of tubular metal

scaffolds should:

a)

be m ade of drop-forged steel or equivalent m aterial; an d

b)

accurately embrace, over the whole area of their bearing sur-

faces, the members on which they are used.

5.7.2. Fastenings should not:

a) cause deformation in the tube; or

b)

themselves undergo deformation.

5.7.3.

W here the efficacy of fastenings depends o n frictional

grip, they should not be used to transmit primary tensile forces.

5.7.4.

Fitt ings having screw threa ds an d n uts shou ld no t be

used unless each nut is fully engaged o n the correspon ding thre ad.

5.8. obile sca f fo lds

5 8 1

Scaffolds supported on wheels should be adequately

braced and stiffened to prevent dangerous distortion in use.

5.8.2.

M obile sca ffolds shou ld be used only o n a fir m , level

surface.

5.8.3.

Th e height o f mobile scaffolds should not exceed fou r

times the lesser base dimension.


34/135


5.8.4.

Ladders giving access to mobile scaffolds should be

secured to the scaffold, and be so positioned as not to endanger

the stability of the mobile scaffold.

5.8.5.

When a mobile scaffold is in use, the castors or wheels

should be adequately blocked.

5.8.6. No person should ride on a scaffold that is being

moved.

5.8.7.

All material and equipment which may fall should be

removed from the platform before moving the mobile scaffold.

5.9. Boatswain s chairs, cages, skips

or similar plant or equipment

5.9.1.

Boatswain s chairs, cages, skips or similar plant or

equipment should not be used as a working place in circumstances

in which

a

suspended or hanging scaffold could be used, unless:

a)

the work is of short duration; and

(b) the use of a suspended or hanging scaffold would not be prac-

ticable.

5.9.2.

Boatswain s chairs, cages, skips, etc., should be:

a) of good construction;

b)

of suitable and sound material;

c) free from patent defect;

d)

properly maintained; and

e)

constructed to an appropriate recognised national or interna-

tional standard.

5.9.3. Outriggers or other supports should be of adequate

strength, properly installed and supported.

5.9.4.

When a skip, basket, boatswain s chair or similar

equipment is used, it should be supported by ropes having a safety

factor of at least 10, based on the total load including the self

weight of the skip, basket or boatswain s chair.


35/135


5.9.5. Ch ains, ropes, lifting gear o r othe r means of suspen-

sion should be securely attached to the outriggers or other sup-

ports, and t o the bo atswain s chairs, cages, skips, etc.

5.9.6.

If no t constructed of adeq uate metal, a skip or basket

used as a suspen ded scaffold should be carried by two s tron g iron

bands continued round the sides and bottom, with eyes in the

band s to receive the rop es.

5.9.7. T he total live load on a boatsw ain s chair raised and

lowered by hand should not exceed 110 kg (250 lb).

5.9.8. Boa tswain s chairs should have a back rail or rop e an d

a fron t rail, ro pe o r post n ot less th an 25 cm (10 in) abov e the seat.

5.9.9.

boatsw ain s chair which is entirely s up po rted by

fibre ropes withou t metal strap s unde rneath should have ropes of

no t less th an 1.2 cm ( n) in diameter and crossed und ernea th the

chair and securely spliced together.

5.9.10. Th e seat of a boatsw ain s chair should:

a)

possess adequate strength and be firmly secured; and

b)

measure at least 45

x

25 cm (18 10 in).

5.9.11. T he suspension ropes of boatsw ain s chairs should be

made of high-grade manila fibre or steel wire or equivalent

material.

5.9.12.

If ropes a re used, they sho uld be secured in a suitable

manner, so as not to become untied or unlashed.

5.9.13.

Fibre ropes should no t be used o n boatswain s chairs

when workers in them are using a blow torch o r any ope n flam e.

5.9.14.

Measures shou ld be taken to prevent spinning or t ip-

ping and the occupant falling out.

5.9.15.

Boatswain s cha irs should be used on ly if a safety

belt is wo rn an d s o fastened th at th e wo rkers will be safely held if

they fall out of the chair.


36/135


5.9.16.

T he boatswain s chair, cage, sk ip, etc., should be

free from materials or articles l iable to interfere with the occu-

pant s hand or foot hold.

5.9.17.

skip or other receptacle should be no t less th an 1 m

(3 ft 3 in) in dep th.

5.9.18.

T he installation of a boatswain s chair, cage, skip,

etc., should be supervised by a competent person.

5.9.19.

Before a boatswain s chair is take n into use, the over-

head sup po rts an d the tackle should be inspected by a com petent

person.

5.10. C ou nte rwe igh t s and ou t ri gge rs

5.10.1.

Where counterweights are used with outriggers, the

counterweights sh ould be securely atta che d to the outriggers.

5.10.2.

They shou ld be not less tha n:

a) three times th e weight which w ould co unterbalance the weight

suspended from the outrigger in the case of suspended scaf-

folds; and

b) fou r times such w eight in the case of boatsw ain s chairs.

5.10.3.

T he suspen ded weight includes the weight o f:

a)

the runway, joist or rail track;

6)

he suspended scaffold or chair; together with

c)

the maximum number of persons who may be carried; and

d)

any other load.

5.11 . inspect ion of scaffolds

5 11 1 scaffold should not be used unless thoroughly in-

spected by a competent person:

a) before it is first taken into use;

b)

after erection or substantial alteration; and

c)

every seven days thereafter.


37/135


5.1 1.2. scaffold which has been exposed to weather con-

ditions or wave action likely to affect its strength o r stability o r t o

have displaced any part should not be used unless it has been

thoroughly inspected by a competent person before use.

5.11.3. record should be kept containing appropriate p ar-

ticulars of the inspection carried out in accordance with para-

graphs

5.11.1

and

5.11.2.

5 12

ortable ladders

5.12.1.

In general, the use of ladders at a workplace should

be restricted t o light work of short dura tion w here the ladder may

be used with safety.

5.12.2.

Ladders should not b e seen as an alternative to scaf-

folding, and they should be used only:

a) as a means of access and support where their use is ap-

propriate; and

b)where they a re bo th sufficient in n um bers a nd suitable in size

and sound m aterial .

5.12.3.

No wooden ladder having any rung which depends

for its support solely on nails, spikes, screws or other similar fix-

ing should be used.

5.12.4

Wooden ladders should be constructed with:

a) uprights of adeq uate strength m ade of wood free from visible

defects an d having the grain of th e wood run nin g lengthwise;

and

b) rungs ma de of w ood free fr om visible defects and m ortised o r

rabbeted in to the uprights.

5.12.5.

Uprights and rungs of metal ladders should have a

cross-section adequate to prevent dangerous deflection.

5.12.6.

T he intervals between rungs should be:

a) equal; and

b)

not less tha n

25

cm

10

in) or m ore than

35

cm

14

in).


38/135


5.12.7.

Rungs of metal ladders should be corrugated or

treated to prevent slipping.

5.12.8. Rungs of metal ladders should be kept clean, so as to

prevent them from becoming slippery.

5.12.9.

Ladders should be provided with non-slip shoes or

other devices to prevent slipping.

5.12.10.

Wooden ladders should be provided with a suffi-

cient number of steel cross-ties to ensure rigidity.

5.12.11.

Ladders should be securely fixed or tied so that they

cannot move from their top and bottom points of rest.

5.12.12.

Ladders should extend at least 1 m 3 ft 3 in) above

the place of landing or the highest rung to be reached by the per-

son using the ladder. Where this is impracticable, adequate hand-

holds should be provided and ladders should extend to the

greatest extent practicable.

5.12.13.

In any ladder or run of ladders, resting or landing

places should be provided at vertical intervals of not more than

m 30 ft).

5 13

xtension ladders

5.13.1.

An extension ladder should be used only where there

is sufficient overlap of the sections of the ladder to ensure that it

has adequate strength and stability.

5.13.2.

Extension ladders should not exceed 9 m 30 ft) in

length.

5.13.3. Extension ladders should be equipped with effective

lock and guide brackets by which the ladder can be extended,

retracted or locked in any position.

5.13.4.

The rungs of overlapping sections should coincide so

as to form double treads.

5.13.5. Extension ladders should be equipped with one or

more extension ropes.


39/135


5.13.6.

Extension ropes should be securely anchored and run

over suitable pulleys.

5.13.7.

Extension ladders should have not more than two

sliding extensions in addition to the base unit.

5.14.

Por tab le s t ep- ladders

5.14.1.

Po rtab le step-ladders sh ould not exceed

6

m

20

ft in

length.

5.14.2. Back legs of step-ladders should be adequately

braced.

5.14.3.

Step-ladd ers exceeding 1.5 m 5 ft in length shou ld

be equipped with two or more cross-ties.

5.14.4.

T he spread between the fro nt an d back legs should be

restrained by means of self-locking rigid hinged metal bars or

other effective means.

5.14.5.

When in the open posit ion, treads of step-ladders

should be horizontal.

5.14.6.

Portable step-ladders should be inspected in accor-

dan ce with section 5.11.

5.1

5 .

Inspect ion and maintenance of

l adde rs and s t ep - l add e r s

5.15.1. Defective ladders that cannot be satisfactorily

repaired should be destroyed.

5.15.2.

Portable wooden ladders should be stored in a dry,

well ventilated place.

5.15.3.

W ooden ladders should not be painted but sho uld be

oiled or covered with clear varnish or transparent preservatives.

5.15.4.

Metal ladders should be protected against corrosion

by being coated with rust-proof paint or by other ad equ ate means,

unless they are corrosion-resistant.


40/135


5 16

Fixed ladders

5.16.1.

An y fixed ladder over 6 m 20 ft) in height no t in-

tended for use solely in emergencies should be protected by safety

cages or hoops or other suitable means effective in preventing a

person from falling.

5.16.2.

Rest platforms, including safety harness attac hm en t

devices, should be provided at intervals of not more than 9 m

30 f t) .

5.16.3.

Rails or han dholds should be provided t o a height of

a t least

1

m

3

ft 3 in) abo ve the place of landing of fixed ladders

as in paragraph 5.12.12).

5.17

Protect ion f rom fal ling an d d isplaced ma ter ia ls

5.17.1.

Where necessary, steps should be taken to prevent

any pe rson fro m being struck by any falling o r displaced material

or article.

5.17.2.

W here access is no t effectively prevented t o an y place

at which a person may be struck, overhead protection should be

provided, in the fo rm of board ing, sheeting, nets o r othe r equally

effective mea sure. See para grap h 5.6.3 .

5.17.3

1) W hen the construction ope ration is being planne d,

account should be taken of the need to move parts of scaffolds,

tools , equipment and mater ials f rom one level to another , par-

ticularly durin g demolition o f the installation or striking of a scaf-

fold.

2) Where necessary, means should be provided to chute or

lower such articles.

3)

No article or materials should be dropped, thrown or

tipped, and chuting should be done in a safe manner.

5.17.4. 1) Tools, equipment an d m aterials should be stacked

an d stored in a safe manner .


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2) Where necessary, they should be secured to prevent ac-

cidental displacement, including displacement by wind and wave

action.

5.17.5.

Materials and objects should be so stacked and

unstacked that no person can be injured by materials or objects

falling, rolling, overturning, failing apart or breaking.

5.17.6. Person s no t directly conce rned with the op era tion s

should keep out of areas where stacking and unstacking opera-

tions are in progress.

5.17.7. Person s should no t climb o n to stacks while stacking

and unstacking operations are in progress.

5.17.8. Sa fe means

o

climbing stacks, such as ladders,

should be provided for persons who have to climb them.

5.17.9.

Material should not be placed or stacked near the

edge of any deck, p latform, f loor or opening so as t o cause danger

to any person.

5.17.10. Stacks should be taken down only from the top , and

no object should be pulled out from under another.

5.17.11. Stack s th at lean heavily, become unstable o r

threaten t o collapse should be taken d ow n only under com petent

supervision.

5.17.12.

1) T he provision of safety helmets alone sho uld no t

be regarded as providing satisfactory protection against falling

m aterials and articles.

2)

Safety helmets should be provided an d wo rn as add itional

prote ction whenever there is risk of being struck. See section

6.18.)

5 18

se

and erec t ion of s caf fo ld s and ladders

5.18.1. Suitable brackets, hange rs an d/ or other devices

should be incorporated into the structure of the installation, to

facilitate the erection of scaffolds an d other w orking platform s.


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5.18.2.

In assessing the suitability of scaffolds, ladders and

other means of access and support, account should be taken of

damage which may be caused by:

a)

vessels;

b) loads being transferred between vessels and the installation;

and

c)

crane and helicopter movements.

5.18.3.

Scaffolding over the sea should be erected, dis-

mantled or modified only in accordance with a permit-to-work

system. See section

2.2.)

5.18.4.

Scaffolds should be erected, substantially modified

or dism antled only by persons adeq uately trained an d experienced

for the w ork.

5 1

9

afety harnesses and l i fe l ines

5 19 1

1) Appropriate safety harnesses constructed to a

suitable recognised national or international standard should be

provided, together with such ropes and fittings as are required to

at tach them t o suitable anc horage points.

2) Safety harnesses should be used by scaffolders and other

persons who may be exposed to the risk of falling, particularly

during the initial phase of construction before scaffolds and

working p latform s have been completed t o a stage when they pro-

vide a safe workplace.

5.19.2. W orkers who can not be protected against falls from

heights by other means should be protected by safety harnesses

and lifelines.

5.19.3.

Safety harnesses should be a ttach ed by a line of high-

grade manila or equivalent material to a fixed anchor point at a

level above the working platform.

5.19.4. Where necessary, when working with a safety

harness, there should be in addition an independently secured

lifeline.


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5.19.5. Th e lifeline should be anch ored abo ve the work to a

secure object and the free end should extend t o a safe position.

5.19.6. Lifelines sho uld be independent of blocks an d tackles

from which workers may be suspended.

5.19.7. All metal parts of safety harnesses an d lifelines

should be made of forged steel or equivalent material.

5.19.8. Suitable ancho rage points shou ld also be incor-

porated into the structure of the installation, to permit the safe

use of safety harnesses, ropes and attachments.

5.19.9. Such brackets, hangers, ancho rage points an d similar

devices see pa rag rap hs 5.18 .1 an d 5.19.8) sh ould be installed in a

manner acceptable to the competent authority.

5.19.10.

Safety harnesses, safety strap s, lifelines, an ch ora ge

points and connections should, both separately and when

assembled:

a) be capable of supporting safely a suspended load of at least

450 kg 1,000 Ib); an d

b)have a breaking strength of at least 1,150 kg 2,500 lb).

5.19.11.

If hoo ks are used for attaching safety harnesses t o

fixed anchors, they should be safety hooks.

5.19.12. W hen a lifeline or safety strap is liable t o be

severed, cut, abraded or burned, it should consist of a wire rope

or a wire-cored fibre rope.

5.19.13. Safety straps should be so fastened t o safety

harnesses that they cannot pass through the harness fittings if

either end comes loose from its anchorage.

5.19.14.

Metal thimbles should be used fo r conn ecting ropes

or straps to eyes, rings an d sn aps.

5.19.15.

Safety harnesses, safety straps and lifelines should

be so fitted as to limit the free fall of th e wearer t o 1 m 3 ft 3 in).

Suitable restraint systems should be inco rpora ted so a s to limit the

effects of restraint during free fall.


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5.19.16.

Not more than one worker should be attached to the

same lifeline.

5.19.17.

Before every occasion on which safety harnesses,

safety straps and lifelines are used, they should be inspected.

5.19.18.

When a worker s safety depends on a safety

harness, he should not work alone.

5 20 Safety nets

5.20.1 .

When the erection or dismantling of scaffolds is

being planned, consideration should be given to the use of safety

nets or sheets.

5.20.2 .

Safety nets should be made of good-quality fibre

cordage, wire or woven fabric or material of equivalent strength

and durability.

5.20.3 .

The perimeter of safety nets should be reinforced

with cloth-covered wire rope, manila rope or equivalent material.

5.20.4 .

Safety nets should be provided with adequate means

of attachment to anchorages.

5 21 Workover the sea

5.21.1 .

1)

In remote or dangerous locations and during

work over the sea, a person shoilld be designated to watch the

scaffolders or other persons particularly at risk.

2)

He should be equipped with a transmitter-receiver hand-

set able to communicate with attending vessels and the installa-

tion.

3)

Radio communication with the person watching the scaf-

folders should be checked before the work begins.

5 21 2

Before work is begun on the erection, modification

or dismantling of scaffolding over the sea, the attending vessel

should be informed and asked to come in close to the installation

and to ensure that a suitable rescue boat is ready for launching.


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5.21.3.

1) When work is done over the sea, suitable life-

jackets o r buoyancy aids should be w orn.

2) In cold climates, consideration should also be given t o the

wearing of a suitable working-type survival suit.


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6 Toxic and hazardous substances

and agents and personal

protective equipment

6 1 eneral

6.1.1.

Harmful atmospheric contaminants , such as dusts ,

fibres, fumes, gases and vapours should be prevented or con-

trolled at source.

6.1.2. When harmful atmospheric contaminants cannot be

reduced t o acceptable standa rds, persons exposed should be p ro-

vided with appropriate respiratory protective equipment.

6.1.3.

W here necessary t o prevent danger, the atm osph ere of

workplaces should be tested for harm ful con tam inants at suitable

intervals by a competent person.

6.1.4.

Before a person is required to enter any potentially

hazardous space, steps should be taken to ensure that the atm o-

sphere is safe an d remains safe.

6.1.5.

N o person shou ld enter or remain in any space if there

is any reason to consider:

1) tha t the oxygen co ntent in the air in tha t space is insufficient;

o r

2) that there may be present a ny fum e, gas or vapour t o such an

extent as t o be likely to involve a risk t o a person; unless a per-

mit to work has been issued see section 2.2), and eithe r:

a) i) he is wearing resp iratory protective e quip m ent;

ii) he is wearing a belt with ropes securely atta ch ed ;

iii) a person holding the free end of the ro pe is keeping

watch outside and is capable of rendering an d obta in-

ing assistance in removing the person from the space;

iv) a second person equipped w ith rope an d wh o is also

trained in the use of respiratory protective equipment

is always available in the vicinity; or


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b) the space had been and remained adequately ventilated.

6 1 6 Persons must be properly trained in the use of

respiratory protective equipment.

6 1 7 No internal combustion engine should be used in any

enclosed space unless specific provision is made for conducting

the exhaust gases fr om the engine into the open air an d th e space

is adequately ventilated.

6.2.

Precau t ions aga ins t oxygen enr ichment

6 2 1

Oxygen shou ld no t be used t o ventilate (or sweeten )

any space.

6 2 2 Oxygen should not be used to power pneumatic

machinery or portable tools.

6 2 3

Steps should be taken to prevent the accidental

leakage of oxygen from lines, pipes and cylinders, manifolds and

other equipm ent.

6 2 4

Lines, pipes an d cylinders, m anifolds an d other equip-

ment containing oxygen should be removed fro m an y space when

not required for further use for any substantial period of time.

6 2 5

W hen no t in contin uou s use, all cylinders, torches an d

manifolds should be turned off.

6 3 T ox ic and haza rdous subs t ances - s to rage

6 3 1 Highly flammable, corrosive, toxic or explosive sub-

stances which a re likely t o be inju riou s, o r any sub stance which is

stored or used at pressure greater than atmospheric pressure,

should be kept:

a)

in a safe and, where necessary, separate place;

6)

in suitab le receptacles clearly m arke d in acco rdan ce with inter-

national classifications and labelling codes of hazardous sub-

stances to indicate the contents; an d


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oxic and hazardous substances and agents

c)

as far away as possible fro m a ny are a where there is a risk of

ignition or explosion or other chemical reactions, or fro m an y

living accommodation.

6 3 2

Containers in which there ar e toxic o r hazard ous su b-

stances should carry or be accompanied by instructions for the

safe handling of the contents and first-aid measures in case of

contaminat ion.

6 3 3

1)

T he precaut ions in p aragraph

6 3 1

should also be

taken in the case of em pty containers which have held highly flam-

m able, co rrosive, toxic o r explosive sub stances.

(2) Arrangements should also be m ade to ensure that em pty

containers a re kept separately fro m full ones.

6 3 4

Highly flammable liquids, including liquefied petro-

leum gas, should be stored in suitable, closed vessels, either in a

safe position in the op en air o r, if th e qu an tity is small, in a fire-

resisting bin or cupboard.

6 3 5 Storage shou ld be clearly m arked highly flam-

mable .

6 3 6

Storerooms should be ventilated to a safe area and

constructed of fire-resisting material.

6 3 7

W hen not stored in bulk, flammable l iquids sho uld be

kept in containers that a re:

a)

tightly closed;

b)

fireproof and unbreakable; and

c)

labelled to indicate their contents.

6 3 8 When flammable l iquids are transferred from one

bulk container to another, the two containers should be electri-

cally bonded and earthed, so as to prevent the risk of ignition

from static electricity.

6 3 9

During long periods of disuse, or before storage, all

containers that have held flammable liquids should be rendered

free fro m an y residual flamm able contents by suitable means.


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6 3 10 Proper precautions should be taken including the

thorough cleansing of flammable materials from containers

before any heat is applied to these containers and any repairs

should be carried out in the open.

6 3 11

Storerooms containing charged cylinders should be

conspicuously marked on the outside with suitable danger signs.

6 3 12

Cylinders should be segregated for storage by type of

gas.

6 4

Toxic and hazardous substances-supervision of us e

6 4 1

Toxic and hazardous substances should not be kept

used or disposed of:

a) except by or under the immediate control of a competent per-

son;

b)

until all necessary precautions have been taken; and

c) unless the quantities stored are kept to a minimum.

6 4 2

The installation manager should be advised of the

arrival location and storage of all radioactive and explosive

substances.

6.5. Gas cylinders

6 5 1

Only cylinders that are properly constructed and of

sound materials should be used in accordance with national or in-

ternational standards or laws.

6 5 2

Cylinders for compressed dissolved or liquefied gases

should be distinctively identified as to their contents.

6 5 3

No gas cylinder or battery of gas cylinders should be

used unless it is fitted with:

a)

a high-pressure gauge;

b) a reducing valve with pressure regulator and safety relief

device; and

c)

a low-pressure gauge.


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oxic and hazardous substances and agents

6.5.4.

Gas cylinders should be inspected and tested by a com-

petent person:

a)

before being taken into use for the first time;

b) before being taken into use after repairs; and

c) at recognised suitable intervals.

6.5.5.

Acetylene cylinders whether loaded or empty) should

be maintained in an upright position, secured to prevent their

being knocked over and stored in a safe place.

6.5.6. Cylinders should not be knocked, dropped or rolled in

handling, or otherwise subjected to violent shocks.

6.5.7. The valves of cylinders should not be opened by ham-

mering or other violent means and should always be opened

slowly.

6.5.8.

Acetylene cylinders should be opened slowly with a

special tool which should be left on the stem so that the valve can

be closed quickly in an emergency.

6.5.9.

When acetylene cylinders are coupled, flash arrestors

should be inserted between the cylinder and the coupler block, or

between the coupler block and the regulator.

6.5.10. Only acetylene cylinders of approximately equal

pressure should be coupled.

6.5.11. Gas should not be taken from a cylinder unless a

pressure-reducing regulator has been attached to the valve.

6.5.12.

If cylinders charged with liquefied gases are heated

for emptying, this should be done with a water jacket and not with

an open flame.

6.5.13.

The valves of cylinders should be closed immediately

after emptying.

6.5.14. Oxygen cylinders should not be allowed to come into

contact with oil or grease.


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6 5 15

Oxygen under pressure should not be allowed to

com e into con tact with oily o r greasy surfaces such as clothes o r

containers.

6 5 16

Steps should be taken to prevent the accidental

leakage of liquefied petroleum gas and other gases from lines

pipes an d cylinders manifolds and oth er equipment.

6 5 17

Lines pipes an d cylinders manifolds an d other

equipment containing liquefied petroleum gas and other gases

should be removed fro m an y space when not required for fu rther

use for any substantial period of time.

6 5 18

W hen n ot in con tinuou s use all cylinders an d torches

and m anifolds an d other equipment should be turned o ff .

6 5 19 Steps should also be taken to prevent damage to

liquefied petroleum gas and other gas cylinders when they are

moved o r transferred from ship to installation.

6 6

Explos ive s - sto rage and u se

6 6 1

Only competent persons specially authorised by the

installation manager for the purpose should handle or use

explosives.

6 6 2 Explosives should be stored in a safe manner in the

charge of a competent person and should be checked for deterio-

ration at regular intervals by a competent person.

6 6 3

Explosives should not be stored together with

detonators or any primed explosives.

6 6 4

Particular attention should be given to the storage

issue for use an d re turn t o store of unused cartridges fo r cartridge-

operated tools.

6 6 5

Deteriorating explosives should not be used.

6 6 6

All explosives issued from a magazine should be

accou nted for an d unused explosives shou ld be returned t o the


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oxic

and hazardous substances and agents

same magazine on the comp letion of the oper ation f or which they

were draw n.

6.6.7.

Persons storing, transporting or otherwise handling

explosives should not smoke or carry open lights.

6.6.8.

Measures should be taken t o protect workers fro m the

special problems of using explosives under water.

6.7.

Lasers

6.7.1. Laser beams should be used in a saf e ma nner in

accordance with manufacturers instructions.

6 8

Precautions against fume dust

g s and vapour e t c .

6.8.1. Preca utions should be taken to prevent the inhalation

of a ny injurious fum e, dust, gas, vapo ur o r any substantial qu an -

tity of dust of any kind.

6.8.2. T he emission of such fum e, dus t, gas or vapou r

should be prevented o r controlled a t source an d steps taken to pre-

vent the spread of such fume, etc., into other areas.

6.8.3. (1) permit-to-work system should be operated (see

section 2.2) an d effective steps taken t o con trol the fum e, e tc., by

ventilation.

2) If ventilation

Safety in Const. in Ofshore Petroleum Industry

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