Electricity Malaysia and Health and Safety at Ofshore

8/13/2019 Electricity Malaysia and Health and Safety at Ofshore

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGENEERING

Title:- Assignment 3

Prepared for:

Puan Asyikin ,for CPE 535

Academy of Engineering

Uitm, Shah Alam.

Prepared by:

GROUP: EH 2213B

Name ID students

DATE OF SUBMIT: 20 DISEMBER 2013



Table of Content

No. Title Pages

1.0 3 Conventional Ways of generatingPower

2 - 8

2.0 Health and Safety at Offshore as an

engineer2.1 Meaning of offshore

2.2 Meaning of petroleumEngineer at offshore.

2.3 Main objectives safety program.

2.4 Meaning of occupational healthand safety.

2.5 Health and safety at

Works for engineers.2.6 Accident Experiences

2.7 Potential Major Accidents inyour Offshore Field

2.8 How to overcome accidents

2.9 Occupational Hazards

9 - 13

9

9

10

10

11

12

12

13

13

3.0

3.0 Safety Moment During Offshore

3.1 Function for each protective

safety equipment

3.2 Dangerous symbol and class

guide must know for each an

engineer.

14

16

17

4.0 References 25



1. Discuss any three conventional ways of generating power. Justify which one

contributes maximum generation in Malaysia? Give pros and cons for each method with

appropriate evidence and reference.

In Malaysia, there are many ways power can be generated. These alternatives in power

generation give Malaysia more choice and safety in supplying power to its citizens. Among the

many power sources in Malaysia, three of the main sources are natural gas, solar energy and

hydroelectric generator.

1.1 Natural Gas

Natural gas is one of the main sources of energy in Malaysia. It produces about 13GW

of electrical energy supply in Malaysia. The main generation fuel used in Malaysia includes

62.6% of natural gas content. Currently, natural gas is the main energy source in Malaysia by

producing 84% of Malaysia’s electricity generation. This source of energy is much cleaner andefficient than using coal energy thus are more accepted to be used in Malaysia.

Natural gas is collected deep from the underground. It is formed through the

fossilization of buried plant and animals that are exposed to intense heat and pressure over a

long period of time. Natural gas primarily contains methane and includes other higher alkane

composition. It is usually dug out along with petroleum.



Natural gas processing consists of separating all the various hydrocarbons and fluids

from the pure natural gas. While some of the processing can be done at the wellhead, the

complete process takes place in a processing plant. The full process can be quite complex but

will include the four main processes to remove various impurities which is:

Oil and condensate removal

Water removal

Separation of natural gas liquids

Removal of sulphur and carbon dioxide

The first process is done to enable the transport of associated dissolved natural gas by

separating it from the oil in which it is dissolved. The second process is done to remove the

water vapour that exists in solution in natural gas. Most of the water content in the extracted

natural gas is removed through simple separation method at the wellhead. However, this water

vapour needs to be removed by a more complex treatment which is by ‘dehydrating’ t he

natural gas. The third process is done to remove Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) from the extracted

natural gas as NGL has a higher value as a separate product. The fourth process is done to

remove the sulphur and carbon dioxide content from the natural gas. Natural gas containing

sulphur has a rotten smell and is called sour gas. Sour gas is undesirable due to the sulphur

content being harmful and hazardous if inhaled.

Advantages of Natural Gas

1. Natural gas produces little soot, verifying that it has a clean burning.

2. Produces less CO2 than coal at about 45% and oil at about 35%.

3. Supplies about 84% of Malaysia’s current energy.

4. Produces no waste product.

5. Does not affected by current condition such as solar and hydroelectric generator.



Disadvantages of Natural Gas

1. Non-renewable resources. About 33 years of natural gas reserve left.

2. Contains 85% to 95% methane which is among the most potent greenhouse gasses.

3. Requires extensive pipelines to deliver.

4. The extraction process brings about pollution.

1.2 Solar Energy

In Malaysia, the solar energy applications can be divided into 2 main categories that is

solar thermal application and photovoltaic (PV) technologies. The solar thermal is a technology

where the heat from solar energy is harnessed for heating purpose. For photovoltaic, it is a

technology where arrays of cell which contain solar photovoltaic material convert the solar

radiation into direct current electricity.

Solar thermal

Solar thermal consist of solar heating and cooling system such as Solar Water Heaters,

solar pool heating, solar assisted drying system, solar space heating and cooling, ventilation,

solar air conditioning and solar refrigerator. The idea of harnessing solar energy for heating

purposes is not new. The Solar Water Heaters (SWHs) had successfully entered the global

market commercially since 1800s. In our country, Malaysia has a favourable climate for SWHsin household and commercial application. But due to lack of public awareness and SWHs

initial high cost, Electric Water Heaters (EWHs) are more popular among Malaysian families

due to easy installation and low price.

PV technologies

This application is introduced in Malaysia in 1980s with aim of providing electricity to

rural areas (electrification and telecommunication), communication towers and consumer

products. In 1998, Tenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB) started to set p grid connected PV systems

as the initiative for national power utility which was inspired by the success of the German

Rooftop and Japanese Sunshine programmers’.

PV cells are made of special materials called semiconductors (with silicon being the

most commonly used). When light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the



semiconductor material. The absorbed energy knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow

freely. PV cells have one or more electric fields that act to force electrons freed by light

absorption to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing

metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell we can draw that current off to use

externally.

Photovoltaic is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the atomic level. Some

materials exhibit a property known as the photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb

photons of light and release electrons. When these free electrons are captured, an electric

current results that can be used as electricity.

The diagram above illustrates the operation of a basic photovoltaic cell, also called a solar cell.

Solar cells are made of the same kinds of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, used in

the microelectronics industry. For solar cells, a thin semiconductor wafer is specially treated to

form an electric field, positive on one side and negative on the other. When light energy strikes

the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material. If

electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an electrical

circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current -- that is, electricity. This

electricity can then be used to power a load, such as a light or a tool

Advantages

1. Sustainable and non-polluting.

2. Heat can be stored and used to generate electricity when the sun is not shining. This

gives solar thermal an advantage over wind which can only generate electricity when

the wind is blowing.



Disadvantages

1. Solar energy is spread relatively thinly. If a solar thermal generator is to produce much

electricity it has to cover a large area.

2. Some forms of solar power require substantial amounts of cooling water.

3. The sun's position in the sky is continually changing so most solar thermal generators

have to include expensive machinery to keep them pointed in the right direction.

4. High cost of maaintainance.

1.3 Hydroelectric Generator

A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. Ahydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity. The operation of a

generator is based on the principles discovered by Faraday. He found that when a magnet is

moved past a conductor, it causes electricity to flow. In a large generator, electromagnets are

made by circulating direct current through loops of wire wound around stacks of magnetic steel

laminations. These are called field poles, and are mounted on the perimeter of the rotor. The

rotor is attached to the turbine shaft, and rotates at a fixed speed. When the rotor turns, it

causes the field poles (the electromagnets) to move past the conductors mounted in the stator.

This, in turn, causes electricity to flow and a voltage to develop at the generator output

terminals



Advantages

1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate.

2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity generation. The

water can be saved for use another time when electricity demand is high.

3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to the generation of

electricity for many years / decades.

4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports and leisure / pleasure

activities. Often large dams become tourist attractions in their own right.

5. The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes.

6. The build-up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until needed, when the

water is released to produce electricity.

7. When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce greenhouse gases. They

do not pollute the atmosphere.

Disadvantages

1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high standard.

2. The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for many decades to

become profitable.

3. The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is destroyed.

4. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded, must move out. This

means that they lose their farms and businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly

removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead.

5. The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For example, the building

of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has depressed the

earth’s surface at its location.



6. Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past old dams have been

known to be breached (the dam gives under the weight of water in the lake). This has led to

deaths and flooding.

7. Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means that the water

supply from the same river in the following country is out of their control. This can lead to

serious problems between neighbouring countries.

8. Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. For example, the building of the

Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the level of the water table. This is slowly leading to damage

of many of its ancient monuments as salts and destructive minerals are deposited in the stone

work from ‘rising damp’ caused by the changing water table level.

By comparing the three conventional way to generate power, it can be concluded that

natural contributes maximum generation in Malaysia. It supplies about 84% of total energy in

Malaysia. However, hydroelectric and solar energy are being implemented to become the main

energy source due to the non-renewability of natural gas.



2. As an engineer who works offshore, relate your responsibility as the employees

according to Health and Safety at Work act. Justify your answer with rational and

relevant sources.

2.1 Meaning of offshore.

What mean by work offshore? This means offshored is located or based outside of

one's national boundaries. The term offshore is used to describe foreign banks, corporations,

investments and deposits. A company may legitimately move offshore for the purpose of tax

avoidance or to enjoy relaxed regulations. Offshore financial institutions can also be used for

illicit purposes such as money laundering and tax evasion. In fact, this mean it is located at a

distance from the shore, offshore oil-drilling platforms. Offshore also can refer to oil and gas

drilling operations that are conducted in the ocean.

Figure 2.1.1:- Shown type off shore

2.2 Meaning of petroleum engineer at offshore.

Petroleum engineers specialize in designing and developing technology and methods

for digging the earth’s surface to extract oil and gas. They find means to obtain either natural



gas or crude oil from the ground. In addition, petroleum engineers explore and discover new

techniques to extract oil and gas from older wells all over the world.

Petroleum engineers typically work with geologists. They are both essential in the field.

Petroleum engineers plan and supervise the drilling operations after the potential drill site has

been determined. They ensure that the methods used provide maximum profitable recovery.

2.3 Main objectives safety program.

The main objective safety program is to make sure environment in safe situation, and

also can motivate and worker to take precautions to ensure work places and homes are safe.

This is very important reason for purpose implement safety moment to Offshore Oil and

Gas Industry is to prevent any accident happening or in other to reduce the possibility of an

accident or damage to someone’s health. During handling work, every worker is exposes to

hazards, dangerous machinery, toxic substances, electricity, working with display screen

equipment or even psychological hazards such as stress and other.

As an engineering safety engineering is concerned with preventing accidents and

lessening opportunities for human error in engineered environments or in engineering design

and it can be applied to most every discipline. That a reason we should have safety during

work. As a beginner engineer who works at offshore they probably must have a class for

safety moment at offshore. They will learn safety by anyone from personal experience,

internet, video clips and some lessons learnt from incidents.

2.4 Meaning of occupational health and safety.

Occupational health and safety engineers help prevent harm to workers, property, the

environment, and the general public. For example, they might design safe work spaces,

inspect machines, or test air quality. In addition to making workers safer, safety engineers aim

to increase worker productivity by reducing absenteeism and equipment downtime, and to

save money by lowering insurance premiums and workers' compensation payments, and

preventing government fines. Some specialists and technicians work for government agencies,

conducting safety inspections and imposing fines where necessary. Occupational health is

about protecting the physical and mental health of workers and ensuring their welfare in the

workplace. This includes a wide range of activities, but the key priority is to prevent ill health

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arising out of conditions at work by identifying, assessing and controlling health risks. Other

important aspects include:

ensuring initial and continued fitness to perform a job safely

providing first aid and emergency medical services

health education and promotion Pa

rehabilitation after illness or injury

2.5 Health and safety at works for engineers.

A health and safety engineer is usually responsible for ensuring safety in the workplace.

This can include functions such as implementing safety programs, inspecting and maintaining

equipment, identifying potential hazards, and designing ways to prevent them. Other dutiescan include working on the designs of new products to ensure that they are not harmful. Health

and safety engineers also can be employed to improve workplace safety through building, fire

protection, and equipment and machinery designs. These professionals use specialized

knowledge to prevent injuries, accidents and damage to property whenever possible. A health

and safety engineer needs to be knowledgeable about many aspects of the workplace in order

to do this job effectively. Knowledge of systems engineering, industrial health and safety laws,

industrial processes, psychology, chemistry, and mechanics is useful.

A huge part of the job of a health and safety engineer is ensuring the safety of workers.

They are often responsible for developing and implementing safety programs by studying

aspects of the workplace, such as machinery, other equipment, buildings, procedures,

chemical use or handling, as well as any records of past issues or accidents. They can identify

potential hazardous conditions and design ways to eliminate or minimize the risk to workers.

This can be achieved by eliminating unsafe worker practices and replacing them with safer

methods or by improving the design or layout of the facility to remove hazardous conditions.

Health and safety engineers often teach safe work practices to workers as well as to

management, and implement maintenance programs to keep machinery and equipment as

safe as possible to use. Other duties of a health and safety engineer can include designing fire

protection equipment for maximum effectiveness and appropriate ventilation systems in areas

where chemicals are used. They can inspect building designs to identify potential safety issues



and then consult with architects and builders on the safest designs for buildings,

recommending ways to eliminate as many hazards as possible. They may work with non-

engineering specialists in various capacities as part of a team to accomplish the identification

and elimination of hazards, and may be part of response teams if an emergency situation such

as an industrial accident does occur.

2.6 Accident Experiences

Accidents inevitably accompany offshore development. They are the sources of environmental

pollution at all stages of oil and gas production. The causes, scale, and severity of the

accidents' consequences are extremely variable. They depend on a concrete combination of

many natural, technical, and technological factors. To a certain extent, each accidental

situation develops in accordance with its unique scenario. The most typical causes of

accidents include equipment failure, personnel mistakes, and extreme natural impacts (seismic

activity, ice fields, hurricanes, and so on). Their main hazard is connected with the spills and

blowouts of oil, gas, and numerous other chemical substances and compounds. The

environmental consequences of accidental episodes are especially severe, sometimes

dramatic, when they happen near the shore, in shallow waters, or in areas with slow water

circulation.

2.7 Potential Major Accidents in your Offshore Field

Examples –

1. –Blowouts

2. –Riser & Pipeline releases

3. –Process Hydrocarbon Releases – Fire & Explosion

4. –Ship Collision

5. –Dropped Objects

6. –Transportation Accidents

7. –Helicopter crash

8. –Projectile/Missile impact

9. –Structural damage

10. –Turret Failure

11. –Cargo Tank explosion



Figure 2.1.2:- Type of accident on offshore

2.8 How to overcome accidents:-

Safety zones around oil and gas installations,

What is a safety zone?

A safety zone is an area of 500 m radius established automatically around all offshore oil and

gas installations which project above the sea at any state of the tide. Some subsea

installations also have safety zones. Vessels of all nations are required to respect them. It is

an offence to enter a safety zone except under the special circumstances. The purpose of a

safety zone is to protect the safety of people working on or in the immediate vicinity of the

installation .The installation itself against damage. They also provide the additional benefit of

protecting fishermen and other mariners by reducing the risk of collision with the installation

2.9 Occupational Hazards

Personal or Occupational Health and Safety Hazards

It can give rise to incidents or accidents that primarily affect one individual worker for

each occurrence

Personnel injury from:

Slips, trips and falls Electrical shocks

Adverse effects from high noise/heat/dust/fumes;

Minor cuts / bruises; and

Struck-by objects.



Generally, Occupational Health could be avoided by wearing Personal Protective

Equipment. Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to

protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect

the wearer's body from injury. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include

physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter.

Figure 2.1.3:- Wearing PPE(Personal Protective Equipment) Requirement

3.0 Safety Moment During Offshore

Wearing Personal Protective Equipment

It is the last line of defense for you in the work place. It helps to prevent injury from those

hazards that can’t easily be designed out of work environments.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmets

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goggles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_hazard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_hazard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goggles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmets

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing



Safety boot Helmet

safety goggles jacket

Gloves Example of Safety equipment

Figure 2.1.4 :- Type of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) requirement



3.1 Function for each protective safety equipment

Protective Eyewear Functions

Goggles To protect eyes from fine dust , heat ,light

,vapor mist ,spray , particles and liquid

splashes

Gloves To protect heat, damage by friction,abrasion or chemicals and comfort hands

against cold

Jacket To protect clothing and skin from splashed

or spilled

chemicals

Helmet To protect from fall object, flying objects,

liquids, electrical

Safety boot To protect feet from falling object, molten

material, slip and trips, sharpen object,

rolling object.

Figure 2.1.5:- Sample Warning Label during Offshore



3.2 Dangerous symbol and class guide must knowing for each an a engineer.

As an chemical engineering must know symbol for knowledge to them while on offshore.

1. EXPLOSIVES

2. GASES

3. FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

4. FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES

5. OXIDES / ORGANIC PEROXIDES



6. TOXIC / INECTIOUS SUBSTANCES

7. RADIOACTIVES

8. CORROSIVES

9. MISCELLANEOUS

UN NUMBER, PACKING GROUPS, MIXED LOAD

Packing Groups

I Great Danger

II Moderate Danger

III Minor Danger

_____________________

Mixed Loan Placard



Figure 2.1.6:- Type of symbol of hazardous

WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INFORMATION SYSTEMS (WHMIS) –

HARMONIZED IDENTIFICATION

Class A – Compressed Gas

Class B – Flammable and Combustible

Material

Class C –

Oxidizing material

Class D – Poisonous and Infectious

Material

Division 1 - Materials Causing

Immediate and Serious

Toxic Effects

Division 2 – Materials Causing Other

Toxic Effects

Division 3 – Biohazardous Infectious

Material



Class E – Corrosive Material

Class F – Dangerously Reactive

Material

Figure 2.1.7:- Type of symbol of hazardous

3.4 Example Type of accident at offshore

Figure 2.1.7:- BP Texas City Refinery Fire and Explosion (15 killed, 180 injured)



Marine Accident

Figure 2.1.8:- A ship collision in Japanese waters causing major damage (July 27, 2007)

Potential Major Accidents

Surface Blowout



Riser / Pipeline Releases

Process HC Releases –Fires /

Explosions

Ship collisions



Dropped Objects

Transportation Accidents

Turret Failure



Cargo Tank Explosion

Structural damage

Projectile / Missile impact

Figure 2.1.9:-Type of accident on offshore

Electricity Malaysia and Health and Safety at Ofshore

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