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![Page 1: Ryo Minami Advisor: Kenichi Okada Co-Advisor: Akira Matsuzawa Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan A 60-GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion Wireless Transceiver.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e925503460f94b97a83/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ryo MinamiAdvisor: Kenichi Okada
Co-Advisor: Akira Matsuzawa
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Matsuzawa& Okada Lab.
A 60-GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion Wireless Transceiver
1
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2
Outline
• Motivation• RF Front-end
─ 60GHz injection-locked oscillator(ILO) with 20GHz phase lock loop(PLL)
─ 60GHz transmitter(Tx)─ 60GHz receiver(Rx)
• Measurement and Comparison• Conclusion
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3
Outline
• Motivation• RF Front-end
─ 60GHz injection-locked oscillator(ILO) with 20GHz phase lock loop(PLL)
─ 60GHz transmitter(Tx)─ 60GHz receiver(Rx)
• Measurement and Comparison• Conclusion
![Page 4: Ryo Minami Advisor: Kenichi Okada Co-Advisor: Akira Matsuzawa Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan A 60-GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion Wireless Transceiver.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e925503460f94b97a83/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Motivation
57.24GHz - 65.88GHz 2.16GHz/ch x 4channels QPSK 3.5Gbps/ch 16QAM 7Gbps/ch
IEEE 802.11ad specification
• 60GHz CMOS direct-conversion transceiver for multi-Gbps wireless communication
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66fGHz
240MHz
120MHz
1 2 3 4
1.76 GHz
2.16 GHz
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5
Challenges for mmW Transceivers
• Target– a low-power direct-conversion RF
front-end with 4-channel coverage– very low phase noise
• Design complexity– 2.4GHz vs 60GHz (25x)– 20MHz-BW vs 2.16GHz-BW (108x)
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6
Phase Noise RequirementFor 16QAM direct-conversion, -90dBc/Hz@60GHz is required.
0
1
2
3
4
5
-100 -98 -96 -94 -92 -90 -88 -86 -84
AM-AM of PA
16QAM
QPSKR
equ
ired
CN
R [
dB
]
Phase noise [dBc/Hz] @ 1MHz offset
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• 60GHz QVCO[1]
• Low Q for capacitors
• 30GHz push-push VCO[2]
• 2nd harmonic• 90 degree hybrid
LO Topologies 1
7
Poor Phase Noise
I/Q mismatch
90 degree hybrid
[1] K. Scheir, et al., ISSCC 2009 [2] C. Marcu, et al., ISSCC 2009
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Proposed Topology
8
• 20GHz PLL + 60GHz Quadrature Injection Locked Oscillator• Good tradeoff between phase noise & tuning range
• Target : 20dB improvement of phase noise
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9
Outline
• Motivation• RF Front-end
─ 60GHz injection-locked oscillator(ILO) with 20GHz phase lock loop(PLL)
─ 60GHz transmitter(Tx)─ 60GHz receiver(Rx)
• Measurement and Comparison• Conclusion
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10
Block Diagram
Tx Output
LNA
I Mixer
RF Amp.Rx input
PFD
20GHz PLL19.44GHz, 20.16GHz,20.88GHz, 21.60GHz
Q Mixer
I Mixer BB Amp.
LO Buf.
BB Amp.
RF Amp.
RF Amp.PA
Q MixerRx input
RF Amp.
36MHz
LO Buf.
CP LPF
÷4 CML÷5÷(27,28,29,30)
LogicChannel selectionGain controlPower managementTDD control
Controlsignals
I+
I-
Q+
Q-
I+
I-
Q+
Q-
Ref.Clk
60GHz QILO
BB Amp.
BB A
• Tx : 4-stage PA, Active mixer,• Rx : 4-stage LNA, Passive mixer• LO : 60GHz ILO, 20GHz PLL
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11
60GHz Quadrature LO
36MHz ref.
PFD CP LPF19.44GHz20.16GHz20.88GHz21.60GHz 58.32GHz
60.48GHz62.64GHz64.80GHz
IQ
20GHz PLL 60GHz QILO
• Wide frequency tuning range• Phase noise improvement by injection locking
4 CML5(27,28,29,30)
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VDD VDD
Q-
Q+I+
I-
12
Quadrature Injection Locked Osc.
• 60GHz QILO works as a tripler with 20GHz PLL.• Full 4-channel coverage is realized
with < -95dBc/Hz@1MHz-offset.
20GHz
20GHz
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Phase noise
-95dBc/Hz@1MHz-offset has been realized in all channels.
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Ph
ase
no
ise
[dB
c/H
z]
Offset frequency [MHz]
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Ph
ase
no
ise
[dB
c/H
z]
Offset frequency [MHz]
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Ph
ase
no
ise
[dB
c/H
z]
Offset frequency [MHz]
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Ph
ase
no
ise
[dB
c/H
z]
Offset frequency [MHz]
Ch3:
62.64[GHz]Ch4:
64.80[GHz]
Ch1:
58.32[GHz]Ch2:
60.48[GHz]
13
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Performance comparison ( 60GHz PLL )
TargetThis Work
(PLL+QILO)
[1](60GHz QVCO)
[2](30GHz VCO+90o hybrid)
fref[MHz] - 36.0 100.0 117VCO range
[GHz] 58.3 ~ 64.8 57.8 ~ 65.0 57.0~66.0 59.6~64
Phase noise@1MHz[dBc/
Hz]<90.0 -96.3 -75.0 -72.3
Power[mW] - 106.3 78.0 63.1
Output type Quadrature Quadrature Quadrature Quadrature
[1] K. Scheir, et al., ISSCC 2009 [2] C. Marcu, et al., ISSCC 2009 14
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15
Tx Blocks4-stage PA MIM TL
Up-conversion mixer
from LO
to antenna
from BB I/Q
MIM TLTL
capacitive cross-coupling [3]
[3] W. Chan, et al., JSSC 2008
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16
Rx Blocks4-stage CS-CS LNA
Down-conversion mixer
Parallel-line trans.
to BB I/Q
from LO
from antenna
W=1m x40 1m x40 2m x20 2m x20
ESD protection
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17
Outline
• Motivation• RF Front-end
─ 60GHz injection-locked oscillator(ILO) with 20GHz phase lock loop(PLL)
─ 60GHz transmitter(Tx)─ 60GHz receiver(Rx)
• Measurement and Comparison• Conclusion
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65nm CMOSTx:1.96mm2
Rx:1.77mm2
PLL:1.37mm2
Logic:0.38mm2
LNA
4.2m
m
65nm CMOS (RF)
LNAQ MIXER
I MIXER
LO BUF.
LO BUF.
Q.OSC.
Logic
I MIXER
Q MIXER
LO BUF.
LO BUF.
Q.OSC.PA
PLL LO BUF.
Die Photo
18
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19
RF Measurement Setup
I/Q
Control signals
RF board(Tx mode)
I/Q
Control signals
RF board(Rx mode)
Power supply Power supply
AWGAgilent M8190A
OscilloscopeAgilent DSA91304A
Laptop PC
I/Q output (Rx)
I/Q input (Tx)
DC supply
DC supply16.3mm x 14.4mm
6-dBi antenna
Tx
[4] R. Suga, et al., EuMC 2011
Rx
with VSA 89600
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-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
55.08 58.32 61.5
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
57.24 60.48 63.7-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
59.40 62.64 65.8
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
61.56 64.80 68.0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
59.40 62.64 65.8
20
7.0Gb/s 16QAM (max 10Gb/s)
Channel ch.1 ch.2 ch.3 ch.4 Max rate
Constellation
Spectrum
Data rate* 7.0Gb/s 7.0Gb/s 7.0Gb/s 7.0Gb/s 10.0Gb/s(ch.3)
EVM** -23.0dB -23.0dB -23.3dB -22.8dB -23.0dB (ch.3)
Distance*** 0.3m 0.5m 0.5m 0.3m >0.01m (ch.3)
*The roll-off factor is 0.25. The bandwidth is 2.16GHz except for Max rate.**EVM through Tx and Rx boards. ***Maximum distance within a BER of 10-3. The 6-dBi antenna in the package is used.
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21
Arch. Max. rate in 16QAM
Distance for BER <10-3
PDC (Tx/Rx)
IMEC[5] Direct 7Gb/sch.1-4(EVM < -17dB)(not wireless)
176mW/112mW(w/o PLL)
CEA-LETI[6] Hetero 3.8Gb/s
ch.1-4
EVM=-20.7dB(Tx)
EVM=-19.2dB(Rx)
1,357mW/ 454mW
SiBeam[7] Hetero 7Gb/s
ch.2-3 (EVM < -19dB)50m (LOS)16m (NLOS)
1,820mW/ 1,250mW
This work
Direct 10Gb/sch.1-4 (EVM < -23dB) 1.3-1.6m (QPSK) 0.3-0.5m (16QAM)
319mW/ 223mW
Performance Comparison
[5] V. Vidojkovic, et al., ISSCC 2012 [6] A. Siligaris, et al., ISSCC 2011[7] S. Emami, et al., ISSCC 2011
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02468
101214161820
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Da
ta r
ate
[G
b/s
]
Year
UCB
NEC OOK
Univ. of Toronto
FSKOOK
SiBeam, CEA-LETI
16QAM
QPSK+16QAMTokyo Tech
Toshiba
IMEC
direct-conversionother arch.
all oscillators inc.
QPSK+16QAM
Performance Comparison
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23
Outline
• Motivation• RF Front-end
─ 60GHz injection-locked oscillator(ILO) with 20GHz phase lock loop(PLL)
─ 60GHz transmitter(Tx)─ 60GHz receiver(Rx)
• Measurement and Comparison• Conclusion
![Page 24: Ryo Minami Advisor: Kenichi Okada Co-Advisor: Akira Matsuzawa Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan A 60-GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion Wireless Transceiver.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e925503460f94b97a83/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Summary and Conclusion• A 60-GHz direct-conversion wireless transceiver is
implemented using CMOS 65nm process.• Excellent phase noise has been realized in full 4-
channels.• The first complete transceiver covering full 4
channels with 16QAM.• Max 10Gbps data rate has been realized.• A high-speed low-power mmW transceiver has
been realized.
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25
Thank you for your attention.
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26
Backup slides
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27
60GHz Quadrature LO Scenario
• 60GHz quadrature PLL– Phase noise degradation
e.g. -75dBc/Hz@1MHz-offset at 60GHz [1]
• 60GHz PLL with 90o hybrid [2]
– I/Q mismatch
• 60GHz quadrature ILO with 20GHz PLL[This work]
– ILO: Injection-locked oscillator– Very wide tuning – Excellent phase noise
[1] K. Scheir, et al., ISSCC 2009[2] C. Marcu, et al., ISSCC 2009
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Schematic of QILO
• I-Q coupling with tail transistor• Half side injection
QnIn
Ip Qp
VDDINJn
INJp
Vctrl
Vsw1
Vsw2
Vsw
varactor
28
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back-to-back layout
• I-Q coupling path– coventional : 40um this work : 8um– reduction of parasitic component – Low I-Q mismatch
Die photo of QILO Schematic
VDD VDD
Q-
Q+I+
I-
180um
85u
m
29
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Layout of ILO
30
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Injection Locked Oscillator ( ILO )
Phase noise is determined by following equation[12].
[12] X. Zhang, TMTT 1992
60GHz60/n GHz
Injection Lock
n=1,2,3… Free-run: 60.1GHz → Locked: 60GHz
60GHz60.1GHz60GHz
Pulling of VCOs
31
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MIM Transmission Line• De-coupling use• Modeling accuracy• Avoiding self-resonance of
parallel-plate capacitors
0123456789
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Frequency [GHz]
Z0
[Oh
m]
MeasuredModel
GND
MIM TL
GND
GND
GND
TL
MIM capacitor
MIM transmission line
50 transmission line
T. Suzuki, et al., ISSCC 2008 32
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33
RF Performance Summary
Tx
CG 18dB
P1dB -2dBm
Psat 5.6dBm
Rx
CG 23dB (high-gain mode)
9dB (low-gain mode)
NF < 4.9dB (high-gain mode)
IIP3 -14dBm (low-gain mode)
LO
Injection PLL 19.44, 20.16, 20.88, 21.60GHz
Ref. spur <-58dBc @ 20.16GHz
Locking range 1.4GHz
Quadrature ILO 58.0-64.7GHz (free-run)
Phase noise@1MHz-offset < -95dBc/Hz (every channel)
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34
Measured Rx SNR
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10
SN
DR
[dB
]P
ou
t, IM
3, N
ois
e F
loo
r[d
Bm
]
Pin [dBm]
High GainLow Gain
SNDR
Pout
IM3
NoiseFloor
16QAM(17dB)
QPSK(10dB)
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Link Budget
35
Modulation QPSK 16QAMDistance 1.5m 0.5mData rate (2.16GHz-BW) 3.5Gb/s 7.0Gb/sTx output 6.0dBm
Back-off 4.0dB 5.0dB
Tx/Rx antenna gain 6.0dBi
Implementation loss -3.0dB
NF 6.0dB
Received CNR 14.0dB 22.5dB
Margin +4.6dB +4.3dB
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Mixer Layout (Core)
36
LO+ LO-
RF+
RF-
RF+
RF- LO-
LO+
Symmetric core Asymmetric core
• Mixer core excluding intersection─ LO line and RF line cross in matching network
• Mixer core including intersection─ bad symmetrical property
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Symmetric Core Layout
37
• Symmetric core needs crossed and complicated matching network.
LO-
RF-
LO+
RF+
IF+
IF-
LOp LOn
RFp
RFn
Mixer core
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Asymmetric Core Layout
38
• Asymmetric core can realize simple matching network.
LO+
LO-RF-
RF+
IF+ IF-
LOpLOn
RFp
RFn
Mixer core
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I/Q Mismatch by Mixer Layout
• Sideband Rejection Ratio (SRR)
39
SRRAmplitude
ErrorPhaseError
Symmetriccore
-24.5 [dB] 0.04[dB] 6.8[deg]
Asymmetriccore
-42.3[dB] 0.02[dB] 0.9[deg]
60GHz LORF output
I Mixer
Q Mixer
0o
90o
0o
BB input
90o
BB inpu[GHz]
[dB
m]
SRR [dB]
LO leak
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Arch. Max. rate in 16QAM
Distance for BER <10-3
PDC (Tx/Rx)
IMEC[5] Direct 7Gb/sch.1-4(EVM < -17dB)(not wireless)
176mW/112mW(w/o PLL)
CEA-LETI[6] Hetero 3.8Gb/s
ch.1-4
EVM=-20.7dB(Tx)
EVM=-19.2dB(Rx)
1,357mW/ 454mW
SiBeam[7] Hetero 7Gb/s
ch.2-3 (EVM < -19dB)50m (LOS)16m (NLOS)
1,820mW/ 1,250mW
This work
Direct 10Gb/sch.1-4 (EVM < -23dB) 1.3-1.6m (QPSK) 0.3-0.5m (16QAM)
319mW/ 223mW
Performance Comparison
[5] V. Vidojkovic, et al., ISSCC 2012 [6] A. Siligaris, et al., ISSCC 2011[7] S. Emami, et al., ISSCC 2011
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Max. rate in 16QAM
Distance for BER <10-3 with 2.16GHz-BW
Area
IMEC[5] 7Gb/sch.1-4(EVM < -17dB)(not wireless)
0.7mm2
CEA-LETI [6]
3.8Gb/sch.1-4
EVM=-20.7dB(Tx)
EVM=-19.2dB(Rx)
9.3mm2(TRx)0.46mm2(PA)
SiBeam [7]
3.8Gb/sch.2-3 (EVM < -19dB)50m (LOS)16m (NLOS)
72.2mm2(Tx)72.7mm2(Rx)
This work 10Gb/sch.1-4 (EVM < -23dB) 1.3-1.6m (QPSK) 0.3-0.5m (16QAM)
5.48mm2
Performance Comparison
[5] V. Vidojkovic, et al., ISSCC 2012 [6] A. Siligaris, et al., ISSCC 2011[7] S. Emami, et al., ISSCC 2011
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Integration #ch.Data rate (16QAM)
PDC (Tx/Rx)
IMEC[5] RF (Direct) 47Gb/s(not wireless)
176mW/112mW
(w/o PLL)
CEA-LETI [6]
RF (Hetero) 4 3.8Gb/s1,357mW / 454mW
SiBeam [7] RF (Hetero) 2 3.8Gb/s 1,820mW/ 1,250mW
Tokyo Tech(This work)
RF (Direct) 4RF: w/ wider-BW
10Gb/s319mW
/ 223mW
Performance Comparison
[5] V. Vidojkovic, et al., ISSCC 2012 [6] A. Siligaris, et al., ISSCC 2011[7] S. Emami, et al., ISSCC 2011
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Challenges for 60GHz Transceivers• Direct-conversion full CMOS integration• 16QAM/8PSK/QPSK/BPSK support for
IEEE802.15.3c, WiGig, Wireless HD, etc.• 60GHz quadrature LO
– Low phase noise for 16QAM– Wide frequency tuning (58-to-65GHz)– I/Q phase balance
• 60GHz LNA– Low NF & High linearity– Wide bandwidth (gain flatness)
• 60GHz PA– 10dBm output– High PAE (>10%)
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PPF
Injection-Locked Oscillator
I Q
20GHz
60GHz
PPF:polyphase filter[3] W. Chan, el al., ISSCC 2008
20GHz
60GHz
I Q
Previous work [3] This work
I/Q mismatch Single-side injection- Small I/Q mismatch - The same locking range