Remember WWI… 8 million people died ◦112,000 Americans Government increases in size and...
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Transcript of Remember WWI… 8 million people died ◦112,000 Americans Government increases in size and...
Remember WWI… 8 million people died
◦ 112,000 Americans
Government increases in size and authority
Did not make the world “safe for democracy”◦ Uprising of communism throughout
the world
American Foreign Policy1920 TO 1941
“War to end war has proved a failure. The war is won, yet nowhere is there
peace, security, or happiness”
- WOMEN’S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE
American IsolationismWithdraw from world affairs in the 1920s and 1930so Avoid entanglement in European affairso Shun the League of Nationso Promote world peace and disarmament
Washington Disarmament Conference1921-1922
Five Power Treaty (1922) A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:
U.S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67
Loophole - no restrictions on small warships
European Debts to the U.S.Allies owe the U.S. $10 billion
Will not cancel debts, but reduces interest on balances
Hyper-Inflation in Germany (1923)
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy
62 nations signed
Problems ◦ no means of actual
enforcement and◦ gave Americans a false sense of
security
Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931)League of Nations condemned the action
Japan leaves the League
Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East
Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine(1932)U.S. would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force
Japan was infuriated…the U.S. had conquered new territories a few decades earlier
Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932 - massive casualties
FDR’s Good Neighbor PolicyImportant to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions
FDR◦ the “good neighbor” respects himself
and the rights of others
Policy of non-intervention and cooperation
Good Neighbor Policyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2MSiU7gDU
FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union (late 1933)FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the U.S. against Japan
Maybe trade with the U.S.S.R would help the U.S. economy during the Depression.
Nye Committee Hearings(1934-1936)The Nye Committee investigated the charge that WW I was needless and the U.S. entered so munitions owners could make big profits [“merchants of death”]
Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters
Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts
Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]
Fascist Aggression1935 Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & League of Nations (REARMING!)
Mussolini attacks Ethiopia
1936 German troops sent into the Rhineland Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain
FDR’s “I Hate War” Speech (1936)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhAFKMIyKW4
U.S. Neutrality
Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect
◦ Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations◦ Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations◦ Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I]◦ Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis (pay when goods are
picked up)◦ Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War
This limited the options of the President in a crisis
America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!
Roosevelt’s View
Roosevelt was an internationalist
Yet, he clearly favors the British
Spanish Civil War (1935-1939)
The American “Lincoln Brigade”
Panay Incident (1937)December 12, 1937.
Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River
The river was an international waterway
Panay Incident (1937)Japan was testing U.S. resolve!
Japan apologized, paid U.S. an indemnity, and promised no further attacks
Most Americans were satisfied with the apology
Results ◦ Japanese interpreted U.S. tone as a
license for further aggression against U.S. interests
◦ http://www.usspanay.org/
Fascist Aggression1938 Austrian Anschluss. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact (AXIS) Munich Agreement - APPEASEMENT!
Munich Conference Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain (Britain), Daladier (France)…give Germany control of Sudetenland
Appeasement - giving in to demands to avoid a larger conflict
Hitler feels wronged by Treaty of Versailles
European nations quickly rearm
War!!!1939 German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia
Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact
Italy occupies Albania
Britain & France wage war if Germany takes Poland
Non Aggression Pact – Hitler & Stalin – split Poland
September 1, 1939 German troops march into Poland - blitzkrieg – WWII begins!!!
September 3 – Allied Forces declare war on Germany
http://www.slideboom.com/presentations/129266/Animated-WW2-Map-Europe
Review Animated Maphttp://www.slideboom.com/presentations/129266/Animated-WW2-Map-Europe
Winston Churchill New British Prime Minister
Knows Hitler is dangerous
1940 – Italy declares war on Britain & France
Atlantic Charter
1939 Neutrality ActIn response to Germany’s invasion of Poland
FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way
◦ U.S. could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis
◦ FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which U.S. ships and citizens could not enter
1939 Neutrality Act Results Aggressors could not send ships to buy U.S. munitions.
U.S. economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession
America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy”
Cash Carry Policy Revision allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents
◦ as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation
Purpose◦ to hold neutrality between the United States and European countries while still giving
material aid to Britain
Exploiting the fact that Germany had no funds and could not reliably ship across the British-controlled Atlantic
Lend – Lease Act (1941)Supplies Allied Countries vast amounts of war materials between 1941 and 1945
An act to further promote the Defense of the U.S.
Ends the pretense of the neutrality of the United States
◦ Hitler recognized this and in response ordered German submarines to attack US vessels such as the SS Robin Moor, an unarmed merchant steamship sunk on 21 May 1941 outside of the war zone
Lend – Lease Act (1941)Great Britain.......................$31 billionSoviet Union........................$11 billionFrance...................................$ 3 billionChina....................................$1.5 billionOther European...............$500 millionSouth America.................$400 millionAmount totaled: $48,601,365,000
Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941
“A date which will live in infamy”
Take Out Your Maps!Label• Pearl Harbor• December 7, 1941• Admiral Yamamoto
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy, during the decisive early years of the Pacific War
Responsible for major battles such as Pearl Harbor and Midway.
Died when American codebreakers identified his flight plans and his plane was shot down.
His death was a major blow to Japanese military morale during World War II
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Plane
U.S.S. Arizona, Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor U.S. was able to intercept and break Japan's secret codes
Intercepted the code about Pearl Harbor - sent the message on a slower telegram (by accident) to warn U.S. Navy about attack
Pearl HarborIt was a Sunday morning - U.S. military was taken off guard2 full blown attacks on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941Attack Scene
◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYHgCPmGnAg&list=PL2DEDD3A0833D4300Impact/Damage on U.S.
o 2,380 U.S. military and civilians lost their liveso 1,178 U.S. military and civilians woundedo 21 ships and 350 planes sunk or damaged
Why Pearl Harbor? Preventative Measures
◦ U.S. has a huge Naval fleet◦ Japan wanted to continue take over in the Pacific
Relations with the U.S.◦ 1940 – embargoed shipments of scrap metal to Japan and closed the Panama
Canal to Japanese shipments◦ July 1941 – Froze Japanese assets and embargoed oil and gasoline exports to
Japan◦ Japan gets 80% of their oil from the U.S.