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Typewritten Text

67349

B M E B J B M N G R ) A F Ñ AbMNinsRmab;GnuvtþyuT§sa®sþkMeNInenAkm<úCa

bMeBjbMNgR)afña

©rkSasiT§iedayFnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2012

FnaKarBiPBelak

113 mhavifIRBHneratþm

raCFanIPñMeBj

TUrs½BÞelx ³ +855 ¬0¦23 217 304

eKhTMB½r ³ www.worldbank.org/kh

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CamYyB½t’manlm¥iteTAkan;mCÄmNÐl rkSasiT§iftcmøg EdlmanGasydæan 222 Rosewood Drive/

Danvers/MA 01923 shrdæGaemrik TUrs½BÞelx 978-750-8400 TUrsarelx 978-750-4470

eKhTMB½r www.copyright.com.

ral;cm¶l;TaMgLayTak;TgnwgsiT§i nigGaCJab½NÑ rYmTaMgsiT§ibuRtsm<½n§ KYrepJIeTAkan;kariyal½y

e)aHBum<pSayFnaKarBiPBelak 1818 H Street NW TIRkúgv:asIunetan DC 20433 shrdæGaemrik

elxTUrsar 202-522-2422 sareGLicRtÚnik

[email protected].

Report number: 67349-KH

KRmbesovePA

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rUbfteday ³ Dylan Walker

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elak Ehm tula ¬GñkRbwkSaRbcaM BDLINK Cambodia Co., Ltd¦ elak eBA sM ¬nayk

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shesvikénFnaKarBiPBelakCaeRcIn rYmman elak Mathew Verghis, elak Stephane

Guimbert, elak Carlos Sobrado, GñkRsI Omporn Regel, elak Timothy A. Johnson, elak Christian Bodewig, elak Jamele Rigolini, elak ebg sIuemt, elak Tsuyoshi

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eCob r:av:an; Edl)anCYysRmÜldl;karbegáIte)aHBum< nigdMeNIrkarbkERbr)aykarN_enH.

RkúmkargarbkERbénRkúmh‘un NaTIExµr Edl)anbkERbr)aykarN_enHeTACaPasaExµr.

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cMeBaHkar)anpþl;CaeKalkarN_ENnaMyuT§sa®sþ.

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1> yuT§sa®sþkMeNInrbs;RbeTskm<úCa TamTar[manbMNinl¥RbesIrCagmun 6

2> etIPaBminsmRsbénbMNin nigbuBVehtuénPaBminsmRsbmanlkçN³dUcemþc? 12

2>1 etInieyaCkRbQmnwgkarxVHxat nigPaBminsmRsbénbMNinGVIxøH? 12

2>2 etIPaBxVHxatkñúgkarpþl;bMNinsßitenARtg;Na? 16

2>3 etIkarxVHxat nigPaBminsmRsbénbMNinkñúgRbeTskm<úCa bNþalmkBImUlehtuGVIxøH? 29

3> skmµPaB nigyuT§sa®sþsRmab;bMNin edIm,IelIkkm<s;karGPivDÆesdækic©km<úCa 32

3>1 karbegáItEpnkarskmµPaBbMNin 33

3>2 karGnuvtþEpnkarskmµPaB nigkarBicarNaelIyuT§sa®sþ[)anTUlMTUlay 42

Éksareyag 44

matika

AusAid TIPñak;garGU®sþalI sMrab;karGPivDÆn_GnþrCati

CAMFEBA shB½n§nieyaCk nigsmaKmBaNiC¢kmµkm<úCa

CARD RkumRbwkSasþarGPivDÆn_vis½yksikmµ nigCnbT

CDC RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa

CSES karGegátesdækic© sgÁmkic© km<úCa

D&D vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar

ECD karGPivDÆkumartUc

EMIS RbB½n§RKb;RKgB½t’manGb;rM

GDP plitplsrubkñúgRsúk

GMAC smaKmeragcRkkat;edrenAkm<úCa

IFC saCIvkmµhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati

IT bec©kviTüaB½t’man

MEF RksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú

MoEYS RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa

MLVT RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³

NEA TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr nigkargar

NGO GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al

NTB KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal

NTTI viTüasßanCatibNþúHbNþalbec©keTs

RGC rdæaPi)alkm<úCa

SEZ tMbn;esdækic©Biess

SNEC ]tþmRkumRbwkSaesdækic©Cati

SPCU GgÁPaBsRmbsRmÜlKaMBarsgÁm

STEP bMNinedIm,ITTYl)ankargar nigplitPaB

TVET Gb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³

UNESCO GgÁkarshRbCaCatisRmab;karGb;rM viTüasa®sþ nigvb,Fm’

GkSrkat;

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CasMnYr nigpþl;eyabl;eTA Hana Brixi EdlCaRbFanRkúmsRmab;kmµviFIKaMBarsgÁmrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakkñúgRbeTs. km<úCa

([email protected]).

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esdækic© nig»kasrIkceRmInrbs;RbeTskm<úCanaeBlGnaKt.

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bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³eRbóbeFobCamYynwgsisSbBa©b;karsikSakRmit]tþmsikSa. kñúgkarGegát

fµImYyelInieyaCk 78 nak; rbs; HRINC ¬qñaM2011¦ nieyaCk 73° )anraykarN_fa

sisSbBa©b;karsikSakRmit]tþmsikSaminTan;manbMNineqøIytbnwgkargar ¬cMENknieyaCk

12° eTot )anniyayfa cMnYnsisSbBa©b;karsikSakRmit]tþmsikSaminTan;manRKb;RKan;¦

nieyaCk 62° )ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa sisSbBa©b;karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³minmanbMNineqøIytb

nwgkargarenaHeT ¬cMENknieyaCk 38° eTot )anelIkeLIgfa sisSbBa©b;karbNþúHbNþal

viC¢aCIv³mancMnYntictYcbMput¦. elIsBIenH nieyaCk 31° )ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa karbNþúHbNþal

b¤karelIkkm<s;kmøaMgBlkmµbc©úb,nñ KWCakarlM)akEdlkargarenHGacbNþalmkBIKuNPaBTab

énkmµviFIbNþúHbNþal nigPaBTn;exSayénmUldæanbMNinsRmab;karbNþúHbNþalbEnßm.

esckþIsegçb

2

nieyaCkyl;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgCan;x<s;mankarxVHxatbMNinF¶n;F¶r ehIynieyaCitvij mankar

xVHxatbMNinCIvitEdlCabMNinsMxan;bMputsRmab;kargar. kñúgkarGegátqñaM2011 rbs; HRINC

nieyaCkelIsBI 70° )anraykarN_BIkarxVHxatCacm,gnUvbMNinRKb;RKgkñúgenaHnieyaCk 36°

raykarN_BIkarxVHxatbMNinRKb;RKgfñak;kNþal nigbMNinEpñkGPi)alkic© ehIynieyaCk 34°

raykarN_BIkarxVHxatbMNinbuKÁlikCMnaj. kñúgcMeNambMNinCIvitEdlmanPaBlM)akkñúgkar

EsVgrknieyaCk)ankMNt;BIbMNinCIvitmYycMnYnEdlkñúgenaH mannieyaCk 52° )ankMNt;BI

\riyabfkargarrbs;nieyaCitminmanCMnajnieyaCk 45° )anelIkeLIgBIbMNinkñúgkarseRmc

citþrbs;nieyaCitmanCMnajminc,as;las; nignieyaCk 64° )anelIkeLIgBIbMNinviPaKrbs;

nieyaCitCMnaj. bEnßmBIenHeTot nieyaCkmankart¥ÚjEt¥rBIkarlM)akkñúgkarEsVgrknieyaCit

EdlmanbMNinviC¢aCIv³c,as;las; nigmanbMNinmUldæan dUcCa Gkçrkmµ nigkarKNnaelxnBVnþ.

edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaxVHxatbMNin nieyaCkCaeRcInpþl;karbNþúHbNþalpøÚvkar b:uEnþeKmankar

lM)akkñúgkarEsVgrksßab½nbNþúHbNþal EdlmanKuNPaB. karGegáteFVIeLIgsRmab;Éksar

eKalneya)ayenH )anbgðaj[eXIjfa nieyaCk 55° pþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;nieyaCitrbs;

xøÜn y:agehacNas;Bak;kNþalénnieyaCitTaMgGs; cMENknieyaCkCaeRcIneTotpþl;karbNþúH

bNþaldl;kmøaMgBlkmµrbs;xøÜnEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaH ¬karGegátrbs; HRINC qñaM2011¦.

karGegátenHk¾bgðajEdrfa nieyaCkcMnYn 64° CYbRbTHnwg]bsKÁF¶n;F¶rkñúgkarEsVgrksßab½n

bNþúHbNþalEdlmanKuNPaB. edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH nieyaCkTamTarB½t’manbEnßm rYmTaMg

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pþl;bMNinCak;lak; nigKuNPaBsaklviTüal½y RBmTaMgmanbMNgbegáItTMnak;TMngCamYysakl

viTüal½yeTotpg.

RbeTskm<úCaRbQmnwg]bsKÁcm,gkñúgkarpþl;bMNinenAdMNak;kaldMbUgénvdþCIvit Edlcab;epþIm

BIkarGPivDÆkumartUc. PsþútagBIkarGegátbgðajfa kmµviFIGPivDÆn_kumartUcEdlmanRbsiT§PaB

pþl;GtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn pÞúymkvij BikarPaBenAv½yekµg KWmankarlM)ak nigRtÚvcMNayfvika

eRcInkñúgkarBüa)al. eTaHCay:agenHkþI enARbeTskm<úCabBaðakarxVHGaharUbtßmÖF¶n;F¶renAEtral

dal nigCH\T§iBlGviC¢manelIkarGPivDÆbBaØasµartIrbs;kumar nigskþanuBlbMNinnaeBlGnaKt.

kgVHGaharenAkñúgRKÜsareFVI[GRtasikSa nigbBa©b;karsikSamankRmitTab.

karGb;rMbzmsikSabgðajBIPaBexSaykñúgkarbBa©b;karsikSa nigkarsikSaTUeTA. eKalneya)ay

rdæaPi)al)anbegáInGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronenAkRmitbzmsikSarhUtdl; 95° kñúgqñaM2009¼2010

enATUTaMgTIRkug nigtMbn;CnbT. eTaHbICay:agNa sisSe)aHbg;karsikSaenAbzmsikSaman

kRmitx<s;EdlkñúgenaHGRtaRtÜtfñak;man 11° nigGRtae)aHbg;karsikSaman 49°. mUlehtu

sRmab;karmincUleron nigkare)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa KWmanTMnak;TMngcm,geTAnwgsßanPaBRKÜsar

rYmman PaBRkIRkkareFVIkargarpÞH nigkarrkR)ak;cMNUl ¬CamUlehtucm,gEdlkumarGayu 6 qñaM

dl; 11 qñaM cMnYn 13° min)ancUleron¦ RBmTaMgkarKitfa kumarenAv½yekµgenAeLIy eTaHbICa

RKb;GayupøÚvkarcUleronk¾eday ¬54°¦ b¤mincg;cUleron ¬17°¦. mUlehtuénkarmincUleron

esckþIsegçb

3

b¤KitfaGayuekµgeBkminGaccUleronenaH qøúHbBa©aMgBIbBaðacMeBaHkumartUc rYmTaMgkarGPivDÆ

yWtyav nigexSaybBaØaedaysarEtkarxVHxatGaharUbtßmÖ b¤kat;bnßyskmµPaBxYrk,al edaysar

xVHkarbNþúHbNþalsµartIRKb;RKan;enAdMNak;kaldMbUgénCivit. elIsBIenH viBaØasaRbLgvay

témøsisSfñak;CatielImuxviC¢aPasaExµr nigKNitviTüafñak;TI3 TI6 nigTI9 bgðajfa lT§pl

sikSamUldæanrbs;sisSenAmankRmitTabenAeLIy eTaHbImankarelIkkm<s;k¾eday. vtþman

niglkçN³sm,tþirbs;RKÚbeRgón KWCa]bsKÁcm,gmYy.

vtþmansikSaenAkRmitmFümsikSa nigkarGb;rM nigbNúþHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ ¬TVET¦

enAmankRmitTab nigRbQmnwgkarmin[témøelIkarsikSa. GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronmankRmitTab

enAeLIy EdlmanRbEhl 32° enAkRmitmFümsikSabzmPUmi 12° enAkRmitmFümsikSa

TutiyPUmi nigticCag 6° sRmab;karGb;rM nigbNúþHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ ¬EMIS qñaM2010 nig CSES qñaM2009¦ sisSticCag Bak;kNþalbBa©b;karGb;rMmFümsikSarbs;xøÜn.

mUlehtusRmab;karmincUleron nigkare)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa KWbBaðaEpñkhirBaØvtßú edaysisS

52° min)ancUleronmFümsikSabzmPUmi nigsisS 2 PaK 3 min)ancUleronmFümsikSa

TutiyPUmi KWCasisSsßitkñúgPaBRkIRkEdlRtÚvEsVgrkR)ak;cMNUl nigeFVIkargarpÞH ¬CSES

qñaM2009¦. RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa ¬MoEYS¦ )anTTYlsÁal; nigcab;epþImpþl;CMnYy

hirBaØvtßúdl;RKÜsarsRmab;[kUnbnþkarsikSa. müa:geTot eTaHbICamantRmÚvkarKMnitpþÜcepþIm

bnÞan;k¾eday k¾karcMNayticsRmab;vis½yGb;rMenAEtCabBaðaraMgsÞHdl;KMnitpþÜcepþImenHdEdl.

elIsBIenHTsSn³RKÜsarEdlKitfa kar[kUn²bnþkarsikSanwgeFVI[)at;bg;hirBaØvtßúPøam²enaH

ekIteLIgedaykarmin[témøelIsikSa edaysarminTTYl)anB½t’manGMBIcMNUlhirBaØvtßúEdlkUn

Gacrk)an RbsinebIkUnGacbnþkarsikSadl;kRmitmFümsikSa nigkarGb;rM nigkarbNþúHbNþal

bec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³. ]TahrN_ cMNUlhirBaØvtßúnwgekIn 60° sRmab;sisSbnþkarGb;rM nig

bNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³enAkRmitmFümsikSaeRbóbeFobeTAnwgkarGb;rMbzmsikSa

nigcMNUlekIn 112° sRmab;sisSbnþkarGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþalbec©keTseRkaybBa©b;mFüm

sikSa eRbóbeFobeTAnwgkarGb;rMmFümsikSabzmPUmi b:uEnþsisSEdlmancMNab;GarmµN_cuHeQµaH

cUleronvKÁGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³manRtwmEt 17° b:ueNÑaH. CalT§pl vtþmansikSaTab

enAkRmitmFümsikSaGMBavnav[mankmµviFIsRmab;»kaselIkTI2 nigkarbNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§.

CacugeRkay kñúgkarbegáItbMNinkRmitx<s; RbeTskm<úCaRbQmnwgkarsikSamuxviC¢aEdlminTak;Tg

nwgTIpSarkargar EdlenHCabBaðacm,gxøaMgCagbBaðaGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronfñak;]tþmsikSa Edl

mankRmitTabeTAeTot. RKwHsßan]tþmsikSarbs;RbeTskm<úCapþl;CMnajdl;sisSbBa©b;karsikSa

rYmman CMnajKNenyü hirBaØvtßú nigRKb;RKg ¬sisSfñak;briBaØabRtcMnYnBak;kNþalcuHeQµaH

cUleronmuxviC¢aTaMgenHenAqñaMsikSa 2009¼ 2010¦ eRbóbeFobeTAnwgmuxviC¢avisVkmµsIuvil ¬1/5°

kñúgcMeNamsisScuHeQµaHcUleronfñak;briBaØabRt¦ nigmuxviC¢aviTüasa®sþ nigbec©kviTüa ¬0/1°

kñúgcMeNamsisScuHeQµaHcUleronfñak;briBaØabRt¦. eTaHbICavis½yksikmµ nigesdækic©CnbT

eRkABIEpñkksikmµ Cavis½ysMxan;sRmab;elIkkm<s;k¾edayk¾mansisSRtwmEt 2/3° b:ueNÑaH

EdlsikSamuxviC¢aTak;TgnwgcMeNHdwgkñúgvis½yTaMgenH. Tak;TinnwgkarbkRsaybBaðaenH karGegát

esckþIsegçb

4

elIyuvCnnaeBlfµI²enHbgðajfa sisSminmankaryl;dwgc,as;BIbMNinEdlCatRmÚvkarrbs;

nieyaCkeT nigman]bsKÁkñúgkarTTYlB½t’manEdlGacTukcitþ)ansþIBIkarsikSa nig»kasTTYl

)ankargar.

CarYm buBVehtuénkarxVHxat nigPaBminsmRsbénbMNinrbs;RbeTskm<úCa bgðaj[eXIjenA

EpñkB½t’man nigkarsRmbsRmÜl RBmTaMgkarpþl;hirBaØb,Tan visalPaB nigKuNPaBénvis½y

Gb;rM. nieyaCkmankarxVHxatmeFüa)aykñúgkarbgðajBItRmÚvkarrbs;xøÜnelIbMNinCak;lak; nig

\T§iBlelIeKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_bMNin. karBRgwgRkumKN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal ¬NTB¦

edIm,Ipþl;lT§PaBdl;Rkúmh‘un bBa¢ÚntRmÚvkarrbs;xøÜneTArdæaPi)al nigkarbNþúHbNþaldl;

eKalbMNg skmµPaBGnuvtþbnÞan; karbegáItmUldæanRKwHsRmab;eBlGnaKt

1> karTTYl)anB½t’man • elIkkm<s;smtßPaBkñúgkarRbwkSakargar nigesvaEsVgrkkargar

• eRbIR)as;RbB½n§pSBVpSayB½t’manedIm,Ibgðaj BI»kassikSa nig kargar nigkarelIkkm<s;karGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³

• elIkkm<s;smtßPaBrbs;TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr nigkargar nigPaBCaédKUCamYyvis½yÉkCn

2> visalPaB {PaBcenøaHenAkRmitkNþal}

• b®Ba¢abkmµviFIGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþalbec©keTsnigviC¢aCIv³Edlman KuNPaBl¥

• BRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþalkñúgkMENTRmg;kñúgkMENTRmg;karGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþal nieyaCk

• BicarNaelImeFüa)ayCMruj[nieyaCkcMNayelIkarbNþúHbNþalkmøaMgBlkmµrbs;xøÜn

3> KuNPaB nigPaBBak;B½n§nwgTIpSar

• cab;epþImbegáIncMnYnsßab½n bNþúHbNþalbMNin rYmman mCÄmNÐl bNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§ edaykar shkarCamYy]sSahkmµkñúgRsúk

• kMENTRmg;kmµviFIsikSamFümsikSa edIm,IelIkkm<s;karbeRgónviTüasa®sþ KNitviTüa visVkmµ nigmuxviC¢a bec©keTsepSgeTot PaBCashRKin nigbMNinCIvit

• BRgwgkarTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;shKmn_ nigsalaeronEdlCaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrkarvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar

4> RbsiT§PaBhirBaØb,Tan • BRgIkviFIsa®sþpþl;hirBaØb,Tan tRmg;TisRKÜsar edIm,IGRta Kg;vgSénkarsikSa

• begáInkarcMNayelIbTGnþraKmn_ EdlmankarcMNaytictYcenAdMNak;kaldMbUgénvdþCivit

• EsVgrkviFIsa®sþhirBaØb,Tannana edIm,ICMruj[mankarelIkTwkcitþ cMeBaHsßab½nEdlmanlT§plbNþúHbNþal l¥kñúgcMeNamsßab½nbNþúHbNþalbMNin rYmTaMgRKwHsßan ]tþmsikSa.

EpnkarskmµPaBGPivDÆn_bMNin ³ skmµPaBGnuvtþPøam² nigkarbegáItmUldæanRKwHsRmab;eBlGnaKt

esckþIsegçb

5

shKmn_ GacmantYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaTak;TgnwgB½t’man. cMENkEpñkpÁt;pÁg;

vijmanbuBVehtuénbBaðamYycMnYn dUcCa bBaðaRbQmkñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFantamrebobmYyEdl

elIkTwkcitþdl;GñkbMeBjkargarl¥ nigmankarTTYlxusRtÚvelIlT§pl bBaðaRbQmkñúgkarbeRgón

bMNinCIvit nigCMnajbec©keTs nigP¢ab;TMnak;TMngrvagsalaeron nig]sSahkmµ[kan;EtCitsñiT§

edIm,IelIkkm<s;KuNPaB nigTMnak;TMngtRmÚvkarTIpSar. elIsBIenH buBVehtuTaMgenHrab;bBa©Úl

TaMgbBaðaRbQmkñúgkarbnþpþl;CMnYydl;RKÜsar edIm,IerobcM[kumar)ancUleron. cugeRkay

TIpSarbMNinTTYlrgplb:HBal;y:agxøaMgBIsßab½nTIpSarEdlminmanKuNPaB ¬dUcCa ynþkarsRmb

sRmÜlesvaEsVgrkkargarkarFanaKuNPaB karpþl;GaCJab½NÑ bTb,BaØtþi nigkarTTYlsÁal;

KuNPaBGb;rM¦ edIm,IP¢ab;TMnak;TMngrvagtRmÚvkar nigkarpþl;bMNin. sßab½nTIpSarminGacrYm

bBa©Úlkñúgvis½yÉkCn)aneT edaysarEtlkçN³plRbeyaCn_saFarN³TaMgenaH.

karbMeBjKMnitpþÜcepIþmEpñkeKalneya)aykMBugdMeNIrkar dUcenH EpnkarskmµPaBbMNinrbs;

RbeTskm<úCa caM)ac;RtÚvedaHRsay]bsKÁcm,gsRmab;bMNin edIm,IQaneTAseRmcbMNgR)afña

rbs;xøÜn. edayskmµPaBenHCaskmµPaBGaTiPaBbnÞan; rdæaPi)alGacsRmbsRmÜllT§PaB

TTYl)anB½t’mankñúgTIpSarbMNin BRgIkGnþraKmn_tRmg;TisRKÜsar edIm,IelIkkm<s;GRtaKg;vgSén

karsikSa nigBRgwg»kassikSaelIkTI 2 RBmTaMgkarGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³.

edIm,IerobcMmUldæanRKwHsRmab;eBlGnaKt rdæaPi)alKYrBRgIkhirBaØb,TansRmab;karGPivDÆ

kumartUc BRgwgkarGPivDÆsßab½n nigCMruj[mankarelIkTwkcitþcMeaHsßab½nbNþúHbNþalEdlman

KuNPaBl¥ rYmman RKwHsßan]tþmsikSaCaedIm. taragxageRkamenH segçbBIskmµPaBEdl)an

elIkeLIgsRmab;eFVIkarBicarNa.

esckþIsegçb

6

1

RbeTskm<úCa)ancab;epþImbegáItmUldæanRKwHsRmab;BiBiFkmµesdækic© nigesdækic©plitkmµ. eRkayBI

ekItmanvibtþi rdæaPi)alminRtwmEtcab;yk»kasry³eBlxøIsRmab;karsþaresdækic©eLIgvijenaHeT

EfmTaMgdMeNIrkaryuT§sa®sþkMeNInrbs;RbeTskm<úCaeTAdl;dMNak;kalbnÞab; dUcCakareq<aHeTArk ³

k¦ kareFVIBiBiFkmµesdækic© Ep¥kelI]tþmPaBeRbóbeFobEdlmanRsab; nig x¦eFVIbc©úb,nñPaB

TayC¢TanedIm,IbegáIn]tþmPaBeRbóbeFobeRkABIkarbBa©ÚleKaKRTBüdI sßanPaByuT§sa®sþPUmisa®sþ

nigkmøaMgBlkmµEdlmantémøTab.

]bsKÁbMNinEdlmanRsab;rbs;RbeTskm<úCa nigPaBlem¥ógeTArk]sSahkmµGtiBlkmµEdl

manbMNinTabb:HBal;dl;yuT§sa®sþkMeNInrbs;RbeTs. R)ak;ebovtSr_ nigéføedImBlkmµTab

edaysarEtkarpÁt;pÁg;kmøaMgBlkmµEdlKµanCMnajy:ageRcInenaH CH\T§iBlelI]sSahkmµCaeRcIn

RbePTkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. plitkmµGtiBlkmµ EdlmanbMNinTabRtÚv)anBRgIkedaykarnaMecj

plitplsemøókbMBak;tamrdUvkalmancMnYn 88° énkarnaMecjrbs;RbeTs. kñúgry³eBld¾xøI

RbeTskm<úCamankarrMBwgTukfanwgbnþTak;Taj]sSahkmµGtiBlkmµmanbMNinTab EdlGacRbkYt

RbECgkñúgmUldæanéføedImBlkmµTab. edaysarRbeTskm<úCamanmUldæanFnFanmnusSman

kRmitTabenaH ninñakarenHbgá[dMeNIrrbs;xøÜnmanPaByWty:avkñúgkarqøg[putBIksikmµeRbIR)as;

2 sRmab;karBiPakSa sUmemIlÉksarrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak ¬qñaM2010 A¦ yuT§sa®sþctuekaNrbs;RbeTskm<úCa edIm,IPaBrIk

ceRmInkargar smFm’ nigRbsiT§PaB epþatelIvis½ymYycMnYn dUcCa ³ ksikmµ RbB½n§Twk nigFarasa®sþ ehdæarcnasm<½n§KmnaKmn_

GKÁisnI karGPivDÆFnFanmnusS ]sSahkmµGtiBlkmµ nig]sSahkmµplitGaharsRmab;naMecj eTscrN_ eRbg ]sµ½n

FmµCati nigEr:epSg²eTot bec©kviTüaB½t’man¼KmnaKmn_ nigCMnYj.

3 rdæaPi)al)ankMNt;vis½yGaTiPaBcMnYn19 Edlcat;TukCaEpñkényuT§sa®sþsmahrNkmµCMnYjrbs;xøÜn ³ Rsaebor RKab;sVaycnÞI

dMLÚgeQI eBat Clpl Es,keCIg kat;edr karciBa©wmstV Ggár ekAs‘U sURt sENþkesog EpøeQI nigbEnø plitpleQI

smaKmhtßkmµFunRsal eTscrN_ esvaBlkmµ ¬rYmTaMgkarsagsg;¦ esvaTak;TgnwgkardwkCBa¢Ún dMeNIrkarGaCIvkmµ¼

esvatamRbB½n§GIuneFIeNt.

4 bBaðaRbQmEpñksRmbsRmÜl nigB½t’man sßitkñúg]bsKÁbIsMxan;² TnÞwmnwgbBaðaRbQménFnbRmug nigtémøGKÁisnI nigPsþúPar

EdlraraMgPaBrIkceRmInrbs;RbeTskm<úCa ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2010 A¦. bBaðaRbQmEpñkFnbRmugsMedAelIRbB½n§Gn;-

exSayrbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgkaredaHRsayCemøaH nigkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. témøGKÁisnIx<s; nigéføedIm nigPsþúPar Edlmin

GacTukcitþ)an ¬rYmTaMgCMnYj¦ raraMgshRKinBIkarcUlrYmkñúgKeRmagEdlGacdMeNIrkar)an.

yuT§sa®sþkMeNInrbs;RbeTs km<úCa TamTar[manbMNinl¥ RbesIrCagmun

7

bec©keTsGn;fy Furkic©ksikmµ htßkmµFunRsal nigeTscrN_ edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkkareRbIR)as;

bec©kviTüakan;EtTMenIb. CalT§pl PaByWty:avenHeFVI[b:HBal;dl;Twkcitþrbs;nieyaCit¼sßab½n

pþl;kargarkñúgkarcMNayfvikaelIkarbNþúHbNþalbMNin.

karelIkkm<s; nigkareFVIBiBiFkmµrcnasm½<n§]sSahkmµCYbRbTHnwgbBaðaRbQmCaeRcInenAEpñk

sRmbsRmÜl nigB½t’man. CaBiess karbraC½yBIkarTTYlB½t’man nigkarsRmbsRmÜlTIpSar

raraMgshRKinPaB nigkarbegáItGaCIvkmµfµI EdlenHnwgGacCYybegáItkargarkñúgvis½yfµITak;Tgnwg

vis½yesdækic©. karGegátGMBIkareFVIGaCIvkmµedayFnaKarBiPBelakbgðajfa cMNat;fñak;RbeTs

km<úCasßitkñúgelxerogTI 147 kñúgcMeNamRbeTscMnYn 183 enAqñaM2010 eday)anelIkeLIgfa

5 vismPaBR)ak;cMNUlkñúgRbeTskm<úCamankRmitx<s;eTAtamsþg;datMbn; edaymanemKuN Gini Qandl; 45°.

sRmab;Tinñn½y sUmemIlTinñn½ymUldæantamdanPaBRkIRkenAtMbn;GasIubUBa’.

6 RsedognwgTinñn½yrbs;viTüasßanCatisßitipgEdr ¬qñaM2010¦ karGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaBkm<úCa ¬qñaM2011¦ bgðajBIkar

Føak;cuHénGRtapþl;kMeNItsrubBI 4/0 kñúgqñaM2000 dl; 3/0 kñúgqñaM2010.

yuT§sa®sþkMeNInrbs;RbeTskm<úCa TamTar[manbMNinl¥RbesIrCagmun

EpnkarskmµPaBGPivDÆn_bMNin ³ skmµPaBGnuvtþPøam² nigkarbegáItmUldæanRKwHsRmab;eBlGnaKt

karpþl;bMNin tRmÚvkarbMNin

PaKryénnieyaCitminman

CMnajEdlraykarN_

edayRkúmh‘un ¬°¦*

Rkúmh‘unpþl;karbNþúHbNþal

pøÚvkardl;nieyaCit ¬°¦

Rkúmh‘unraykarN_fa

bMNinkmøaMgBlkmµ

KWCa]bsKÁcm,g ¬°¦

km<úCa 25/7 48/3 15/5

\NÐa 36/3 15/9 14/5

\NÐÚensIu 20/4 4/7 4/5

saFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanitLav >> 11/1 18/7

ma:eLsIu 65/0 50/1 20/2

en)a:l; 35/8 8/8 5/9

)a:KIsßan 19/1 6/7 8/1

éf 83/5 75/3 38/8

evotNam 20/8 43/5 8/9

PaKrymFümsRmab;RbeTsEdl)an

eRCIserIs

38/3 29/4 15/0

PaKrymFümBiPBelak 33/7 34/1 26/1

RbPB ³ karGegátshRKasrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2006 dl;qñaM2009. sRmab;viFIsa®sþkñúgkarKNna sUmemIlFnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2011.kMNt;smÁal; ³ *sRmab;RbeTsmYycMnYnTinñn½ykarGegát qñaM2006 dl;qñaM2007 epþatelIPaKrynieyaCitEdlminmanCMnajkñúgvis½y]sSahkmµEtb:ueNÑaH.

8

kargargayRsYlkargareragcRk nigGñkbBa¢am:asIun nigGñktemøIgyanynþsib,kmµksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaTGñkpþl;esva nigGñklk;CMnYykarGñkbec©keTsGñkCMnajGñkRKb;RKgkgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuF0%

minmankarGb;rMbzmsikSa

mFümsikSabzmPUmi

mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi

TEVT mFümsikSa

TEVT bBa©b;mFümsikSamhaviTüal½y

srub ¬mFüm¦

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

rUbPaBTI1 ³ muxrbrEp¥ktamkarGb;rMkñúgcMeNamGñkEdlmanGayucenøaHcab;BI 20 dl; 29 qñaM qñaM2009

RbPB ³ karGegátesdækic© sgÁmkic©km<úCa (CSES) qñaM2009

00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronkRmitmFümsikSa ¬PaKrydul¦

ksikm

µ témøb

Enßm ¬P

aKryé

nplit

plkñúg

Rsuks

rub¦

RbeTsmYyPaKbI ¬51¦EdlBwgEp¥kxøaMgelIvis½yksikmµ

y = 68.95e-0.029x

R2 = 0.4465

km<úCa

rUbPaBTI 2 ³ karcuHeQµaHcUleronmFümsikSa nigksikmµ KWCaEpñkmYyénplitplkñúgRsúksrub

RbPB ³ sUcnakrGPivDÆn_BiPBelak qñaM2010

karbegáItGaCIvkmµenARbeTskm<úCaRtÚvkarkarcMNayeRcIn. karGegátbriyakasvinieyaK)an

kMNt;fa GPi)alkic© eKalneya)ay bTb,BaØtþi nigrdæ)al GmCamYyGRtaBn§ nigkareRbIR)as;

GKÁisnI KWCa]bsKÁcm,gsRmab;karGPivDÆ.

kñúgTIpSarkargar bBaðaRbQmEpñkB½t’man nigkarsRmbsRmÜlcat;TukCabBaðakgVHxatbMNinruaMér:

nigbMNinelIslub. salamCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalsisS nigkmµsikSakarI hak;bIdUcCaCab;kñúg

KMrUvinieyaKEdlbnþeFVI[manGtulüPaBbMNin. xN³eBlesdækic©epþatkarykcitþTukdak;elI


9

7 sRmab;karviPaK sUmemIl Di Gropello nig Sakellariou ¬qñaM2010¦. RbeTsEdl)aneFVIkarGegát rYmman RbeTskm<úCa cin

\NÐÚensIu m:ugehÁalI hVIlIBIn éf nigevotNam. karsikSakMNt;nieyaCitEdlmanCMnajfaCanieyaCit EdlmankarGb;rMmFüm

sikSaTutiyPUmi nigkarGb;rMx<s;CagenH.

plitkmµEdlmanbMNinTab tRmÚvkarbMNinkRmitx<s;kñúgvis½y nigkargarEdl)aneRCIserIs

minGacQaneTAseRmc)anRsbeBlCamYyKñaenaHEdr. karxVHxatB½t’man nigkarsRmbsRmÜl

TIpSarCaEpñkénbBaðaCarcnasm½<n§.

CaBiessCagenHeTAeTot bBaðaRbQmkñúgkarGPivDÆrbs;RbeTskm<úCa rYmman PaBRkIRk nig

kMeNInvismPaB. RKÜsareRcInCag 2 PaK 3 kñúgbBa©PaKRKÜsarmancMNUlTabbMputEdlman

CIvPaBBwgEp¥kelIksikmµ nigvismPaBenAtamtMbn;CnbT KWCaktþacm,génkMeNInvismPaBkñúg

RbeTskm<úCa. karviPaKbgðajfa karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarpøas;bþÚrninñakarénkMeNInvism

PaB GacnaM[mankarelIkkm<s;vis½yksikmµ nigbeBa©jkmøaMgBlkmµ[bnþkargarepSg²eTot

eRkABIvis½yksikmµ. kareFVIkargarepSg²eTot TamTar[manTIpSar kargarviC¢aCIv³ shRKinPaB

nigmanlT§PaBTTYl)anesvasaFarN³mUldæanRbkbedaysmFm’ dUcCa esvaGb;rM nigesva

EfTaMsuxPaB. tRmÚvkarTIpSarTaMgenHk¾GacKaMRTkarrIkceRmInnaeBlGnaKtrbs;RbeTspgEdr.

karCYbRbTHnwgbBaðaRbQmTaMgenH nigkarGPivDÆbMNinmUldæan[)anRKb;RKan;mansar³sMxan;

kñúgkarTTYlsÁal;BIskþanuBlrbs;yuvCnCaeRcIn rbs;RbeTskm<úCakñúgkarcUlrYmkñúgkmøaMgBlkmµ.

RbCaCnRKb;GayueFVIkar)anekIneLIgBI 54° kñúgqñaM1998 rhUtdl; 62° kñúgqñaM2008 ktþaenH

)anekIteLIg edaysarEtkMeNIncMnYnyuvCn ¬viTüasßanCatisßiti qñaM2010¦. eTaHbICaRbeTs

km<úCakMBugEteq<aHeTArkkarbBa©b;GnþrkalRbCasa®sþ nigGRtapþl;kMeNItmankarFøak;cuHBI 5/3

kñúgqñaM1998 dl; 3/1 kñúgqñaM2008 k¾eday ¬dUecñHPaKryéncMnYnkumarmankarFøak;cuHkñúg

TsvtSr_knøgmk¦ k¾mankarrMBwgfa nwgmankarhUrcUlnUvkmøaMgBlkmµCaeRcInCabnþbnÞab;. bMNin

nwgkMNt;BIsmtßPaBrbs;yuvCnkñúgkarcUlrYmkñúgkargarplitkmµ b¤shRKinPaB.

bMNinnwgman\T§iBlelI»kaskargarnaeBlGnaKtrbs;RbeTskm<úCa. edayRbCaCn 56° man

GayueRkam 25 qñaM kñúgqñaM2008 enaHsmtßPaBrbs;yuvCnbc©úb,nñkñúgkarTTYl)anbMNinnwgman

\T§iBlelIlT§plesdækic© nig»kasrIkceRmInrbs;RbeTskm<úCanaeBlGnaKt. CaBiess

kareRbIR)as;bec©kviTüa nigkarGPivDÆbMNinkñúgCIvitkargarGackMNt;)antamry³mUldæanbMNin

Edl)anGPivDÆenAdMNak;kaldMbUgénCIvit. karGb;rMmankRmitkñúgcMeNamyuvCnEdlcUlrYmkñúg

kmøaMgBlkmµrbs;RbeTskm<úCa raraMgvisalPaBkñúgkarbegáItkargarEdlGacTTYlyk)anRBm

TaMgkarelIkkm<s;]sSahkmµ nigkarpøas;bþÚrbec©kviTüanaeBlGnaKt.

eTaHbICabMNinminEmnCa]bsKÁcm,graraMgdl;PaBrIkceRmInrbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgbriyakas

bc©úb,nñk¾eday b:uEnþbMNinenHnwgman\T§iBlelIlT§plesdækic©rbs;RbeTskm<úCanaeBlGnaKt.

karvaytémøbriyakasvinieyaKenAqñaM2009 )anbgðajfa Rkúmh‘unkñúgRbeTskm<úCa)ancat;


10

cMNat;fñak;bMNinfaCa]bsKÁsMxan;bMputlMdab;elx 9 kñúgcMeNam]bsKÁTaMg 18 EdlraraMg

karrIkceRmIn ¬FnaKarBiPBelakqñaM2009¦. eTaHbICay:agenHkþI PaKryénRkúmh‘unEdlray

karN_fa bMNinCa]bsKÁcm,graraMgkarrIkceRmInenAkñúgkarGegátenH )anekIneLIgBI 6/5° dl;

15/5° kñúgkarGegátRsedogKñaenAqñaM2003. Rkúmh‘un)anbgðajkarykcitþTukdak;elIbMNin

ehIymanRkúmh‘unmYykñúgcMeNamRkúmh‘unBIrpþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;nieyaCitrbs;xøÜn ¬taragTI

1¦. tamry³bTBiesaFn_bgðajfa karGb;rMmanTMnak;TMngy:agCitsñiT§CamYykargarepSg²

eRkABIkargarksikmµ ¬rUbPaBTI 1¦ nigkarGb;rMkRmitmFümsikSapþl;KuNtémøkan;Etx<s;bEnßm

elIplitplksikmµ ¬rUbPaBTI 2¦ dUecñH RbsinebIminmankarGPivDÆTan;eBlevlaeT karxVHxat

bMNinmUldæannwgraraMgsmtßPaBrbs;RbeTskm<úCakñúgkarGPivDÆesdækic©rbs;xøÜn nigkøayCaRbeTs

EdlmanR)ak;cMNUlkNþalnaeBlGnaKt.CaeRcInTsvtSr_knøgmkenH RbeTskm<úCa)anelIk

km<s;bMNinkmøaMgBlkmµrbs;xøÜnEdlkmøaMgBlkmµenHmankarrIkceRmInyWtCageK ebIeRbóbeFob

CamYyRbeTsdéTeTotkñúgtMbn;GasIubUBa’. Cak;Esþg RbeTskm<úCa nigm:ugehÁalI CaRbeTscMnYn

BIrKt; Edl)aneFVIkarGegátkñúgtMbn; bgðaj[eXIjBIPaKryénkarQb;RTwgrbs;nieyaCitCMnaj

kñúgcMeNamnieyaCitEdlmanR)ak;cMNUl ¬tamry³kMeNInPaKryénnieyaCitmankarGb;rMkRmit

]tþmsikSaGackat;bnßyplb:HBal; edaysarkarFøak;cuHPaKryénnieyaCitmankarGb;rMkRmit

mFümsikSaTutiyPUmienARbeTskm<úCa¦. enAcenøaHqñaM1997 nigqñaM2007 buBVlaPR)ak;QñÜl

mantulüPaB edayminrab;bBa©ÚlR)ak;cMNUlsRmab;nieyaCitEdlbBa©b;karGb;rMkRmitmFümsikSa

ehIytulüPaBenHCaRbPBénkarminpøas;bþÚrbMNin. buBVlaPR)ak;QñÜl]sSahkmµkñúgGMLúgqñaMenH

mancMnYnelIsBIbuBVlaPR)ak;QñÜlbMNinedayelIkeLIgfa buBVlaP]sSahkmµCaktþaCMrujd¾sMxan;

énPaBxusKñarvagR)ak;QñÜlkñúgvis½yesdækic©. pÞúyeTAvij r)aybuBVlaP]sSahkmµkan;Etx<s;

bgðajfa mankarEbgEckTIpSarkargarkan;EteRcInenARbeTskm<úCaCagRbeTsepSg²eTotEdl

)aneFVIkarGegátenAkñúgtMbn; ¬Di Gropello nig Sakellariou qñaM2010¦.

karxVHxatbMNinruaMér:CH\T§iBlGviC¢manelIkarvinieyaKpÞal;rbs;breTs nigkarnaMeTArkPaBrIk

ceRmInénbec©kviTüa. kñúgkarGegátbriyakasvinieyaKqñaM2007 bgðajfaRkúmh‘unbreTsenA

RbeTskm<úCacMnYn 22° ¬eRbobeFobnwgcMnYnmFüm 15/5° énRkúmh‘unTaMgGs;¦ )anbBa¢ak;fa

bMNin KWCa]bsKÁ {F¶n;F¶r b¤F¶n;F¶rbMput} kñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmµrbs;BYkeK. kñúgkarvinieyaKpÞal;BI

breTsmanTMnak;TMngviC¢manCamYynwgkareRbIR)as;bec©kviTüaTMenIb nigkmøaMgBlkmµEdlman

CMnajenaH karvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTsfµIRtÚvkarcMNaysRmab;»kaskargar. elIsBIenHTinñn½y

TTYl)anBIRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsdéTeTotenAtMbn;GasIubUBa’bgðajfa Rkúmh‘unEdlGñkRKb;RKg

mankarGb;rMx<s; ¬tMNagGñkRKb;RKgEdlmankarGb;rMx<s;CagmFümsikSa¦ manTMenareRCIserIs

buKÁlikEdlmankarGb;rMx<s;pgEdr ¬Almeida qñaM2009¦.

RbeTskm<úCamankarrMBwgTukfa nwgQaneTAdMNak;kalbnÞab;énkarGPivDÆenAeBlEdl]tþmPaB

eRbóbeFobénéføedImkmøaMgBlkmµTabrbs;xøÜnRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;Gs; ehIyR)ak;QñÜlcab;epþIm

ekIneLIg. KMrUEbbenH ekItmanenARKb;TIpSaresdækic© EdlmansßanPaBR)ak;cMNUlx<s; nig

esdækic©EdlTamTarcMeNHdwgx<s;. RbsinebITIpSarkargardMeNIrkarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBenaH


11

nwgbgðaj[eXIjBIGnþrkalenH tamry³kartemøIgR)ak;QñÜlrbs;nieyaCitEdlmanbMNinTab

enAeBlElgmannieyaCitEbbenH ehIykarbegáInR)ak;QñÜlenH Rkúmh‘unnwgpþl;karvinieyaKCa

TunbEnßm nigbegáIntRmÚvkarnieyaCitEdlmanCMnaj. karbegáInTunnaMmknUvbec©kviTüafµIEdlnaM

[mankarpøas;bþÚrbec©keTsEdlmanPaBlem¥ógelICMnaj. enAeBlenaH esdækic©rbs;RbeTs

km<úCanwgpøas;bþÚrBIkarRbkYtRbECgelImUldæanénR)ak;QñÜlTab eTACakarRbkYtRbECgelImUldæan

énplitPaBx<s;. KMrUenH)anekIteLIgCabnþbnÞab;enARbeTskUer: étv:an; nighugkug ehIy

bc©úb,nñenH eKeXIjmanKMrUEbbenHenAextþkVagtug nigextþdéTeTotenAtamtMbn;eqñrxagekIt

rbs;RbeTscin.

karrg;caMrhUtseRmc)ancMNucGnþrkalenH edIm,IGnuvtþskmµPaBelIrebobvar³bMNin bNþal

[manPaByWty:avkñúgkarbegáIteKalneya)aysßab½n nigkarGPivDÆsmtßPaBEdlCatRmÚvkar

sRmab;esdækic©sm½yTMenIb. karbegáIteKalneya)ay sßab½n nigkarGPivDÆsmtßPaB edIm,I

sRmbsRmÜlkarGPivDÆbMNin TamTar[maneBlevlaRKb;RKan;. enAqñaM1980 RbeTskUer:

)ancab;epþImksagsmtßPaB énRbB½n§Gb;rMkRmit]tþmsikSaeRtómTukCamunsRmab;tRmÚvkar

Cak;Esþgrbs;sisSbBa©b;karsikSakRmit]tþm. edayBicarNaelItRmÚvkareBlevla eTaHbICa

bMNinEmnEmnCacMNucsMxan;kñúgrebobvar³ énbriyakasvinieyaKbc©úb,nñrbs;RbeTskm<úCak¾eday

k¾rdæaPi)alenAEtnUvbnþGnuvtþrebobvar³sþIBIbMNin edIm,IbegáItmUldæanRKwHsRmab;esdækic©BiBiF

kmµ nigesdækic©plitkmµ.

bMNinkmøaMgBlkmµ nwgsRmbsRmÜlkarGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_esdækic©rbs;RbeTskm<úCa.

karelIkkm<s;bMNinkmøaMgBlkmµnwgCMruj[mankareFVIBiBiFkmµesdækic©kñúgry³eBlmFüm nig

PaBrIkceRmInén]tþmPaBeRbóbeFobrbs;RbeTskm<úCakñúgry³eBlyUr. karrIkceRmInTaMgenH

nwgCYysRmÜldl;karelIkkm<s;ExSsgVak;témørbs;Rkúmh‘unkm<úCa nigbegáInshRKinPaB RBm

TaMgkarbegáItshRKasFuntUc nigmFümedayKaMRT[mankarbegáItkargar. bMNink¾GacCYy

elIkkm<s;vis½yksikmµ nigbegáIntémøbEnßmenAtamenAkEnøgplit nigTIpSarlk;plitpl

tamry³karRKb;RKgdI nigFnFanFmµCatiRbkbedaynirnþrPaB nigtamry³karpøas;bþÚrkmøaMg

BlkmµBIvis½yksikmµeTA]sSahkmµ nigesvakmµEdlnaMmknUvR)ak;cMNUlx<s;. elIsBIenH

bMNinnwgCYyrdæaPi)alkñúgkarRKb;RKgesdækic© nigsRmbsRmÜlPaBrIkceRmIn nigpþl;mUldæan

RKwHd¾rwgmaMsRmab;esvasgÁm nigrdæ)alsaFarN³ EdlmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgbriyakasvimCÄkar

kñúgRbeTskm<úCa.


12

etIPaBminsmRsbénbMNin nigbuBVehtuénPaBminsmRsb manlkçN³dUcemþc?edIm,IviPaKBIPsþútagEdlmansþIBIkarxVHxat nigPaBminsmRsbénbMNinkñúgRbeTskm<úCa EpñkenH

bgðaj[eXIjBIsßanPaBekItecjBIkarrMBwgTukrbs;nieyaCk nigsßab½nbNþúHbNþalCMnaj

CaBiess minRtwmEtepþateTAelIRbB½n§Gb;rMEtmYyenaHeT. EpñkenHbgðajBIGtulüPaBbMNin

sMxan;²CaeRcIn Edlnwgb:HBal;dl;vis½yesdækic©naeBlxagmux. CacugeRkay EpñkenHk¾bgðaj

BIbuBVehtucm,génkarxVHxat nigPaBminRsbEdlTak;TgnwgkarbraC½yTIpSar nigcg¥úlbgðajBI

skmµPaBsMxan;²edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH.

eTaHbICakarxVHxatbMNin minEmnCa]bsKÁF¶n;F¶r

b:HBal;dl;lT§plénPaBrIkceRmInk¾eday k¾

karxVHxatbMNin enAEtekIneLIgCabnþbnÞab;enA

tamvis½yCak;lak;. nieyaCk)ancg¥uúlbgðaj

BIGtulüPaBCarcnasm<½n§kñúgkarpþl;bMNin rYm

TaMgbBaðaBak;B½n§ nwgkarxVHxatsisSbBa©b;kar

bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ eRbóbeFobeTAnwgsisS

bBa©b;karsikSakRmit]tþmsikSa nigkarxVHxat

y:agxøaMgnUvsisSbBa©b;karsikSakRmitbriBaØabRt

{edaymanbMNinRtwmRtÚv}. enAqñaM2008 kar

GegátnieyaCkcMnYn 220 nak; rbs; CAMFEBA

¬qñaM2008¦ bgðajfamannieyaCkcMnYn 13°

b:ueNÑaH EdlÉkPaBfabNþasisSbBa©b;karsikSa

kRmitbriBaØabRt manbMNinRtwmRtÚv {TaMgRsug

b¤esÞIrEtTaMgRsug} sRmab;TIpSarkargar cMENk

nieyaCk 11° )an[dwgfa yuvCnminman

bMNinRtwmRtÚveqøIytbnwgkargarenaHeT. kñúg

karGegátelIvis½y EdlmankarrIkceRmInxøaMg

cMnYn 3 eRkABIvis½yksikmµ ¬dUcCa vis½y

RbGb;TI1 ³ etI {bMNinCIvit} KWCaGVI?

CaTUeTA bMNin {CIvit} sMedAelIsmtßPaB

nig\riyabfbuKÁl Edlpþl;lT§PaBdl;

buKÁlkñúgkaredaHRsaytRmÚvkar nigbBaða

RbQmnanakñúgCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶Rbkbeday

RbsiT§PaB. ]> karedaHRsaybBaðaKMnit

écñRbDit karR)aRs½yTak;Tg nigkareFVI

kargarCaRkúm.

eyagtamr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak

qñaM2007 ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2006¦

bMNinCIvitGacEbgEckCaBIrRkúm ³ k¦

bMNinénkarKit mandUcCakarRtiHriHBicarNa

nigkarKitRbkbedaykarécñRbDit nig

x¦ bMNinxagGakb,kiriya rYmman PaB

]sSah_Büayam PaBm©as;karelIxøÜnÉg

kareFVIkargarCaRkum nigsmtßPaBsRmuH

sRmÜlCemøaH nigkarRKb;RKghaniP½y.

2>1 etInieyaCkRbQmnwgkarxVHxat nigPaBminsmRsbénbMNinGVIxøH?

2

13

kat;edr eTscrN_ nigsMNg;¦ manRkúmh‘un

mYykñúgcMeNamRkúmh‘uncMnYn 5 )anraykarN_

fa sisSbBa©b;karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ ¬mann½y

fa CasisSTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþalsRmab;

kargarCak;lak;¦ manbMNinsMxan;²kñúgkarGnuvtþ

kargarrbs;xøÜn (HRINC qñaM2010).

karGegátepSgeTotbgðajBIPaB minsmRsbén

bMNin. kñúgkarGegátfµImYyelInieyaCk 78 nak;

rbs; HRINC ¬qñaM2011¦ nieyaCk 73° )an

raykarN_fa sisSbBa©b;karsikSakRmit]tþm

sikSa BMumanbMNinRtwmRtÚvenaHeT ¬TnÞwmnwgenaH

nieyaCk 12° niyayfa cMnYnsisSbBa©b;

karsikSakRmit]tþmsikSa minTan;mancMnYn

RKb;RKan;enAeLIy¦. nieyaCk 62° )ankt;

smÁal;eXIjfa sisSbBa©b;karbNþúHbNþal

viC¢aCIv³ minmanbMNinRtwmRtÚveqøIytbnwgkargar

enaHeT ¬cMENknieyaCk 38° )anelIkeLIg

fa sisSbBa©b;karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³mancMnYn

tictYcNas;¦. elIsBIenHnieyaCk 31°

kt;smÁal;eXIjfa karbNþúHbNþal b¤kar

elIkkm<s;kmøaMgBlkmµ KWCakarlM)akmYy

EdlkargarenH GacbNþalmkBIKuNPaBTabénkmµviFIbNþúHbNþal nigPaBTn;exSayénmUldæan

bMNinsRmab;karbNþúHbNþalbEnßm karGegátelIRkúmh‘unnaMmuxeKcMnYn 24 rbs; HRINC ¬qñaM 2010¦ )anbgðajfa nieyaCk 63° yl;eXIjfa karEsVgrkbMNinsmRsbtamtRmÚvkar

TIpSarmankarlM)akCagmun. eTaHbICaKµankarraraMgRbtibtþikarkargarnaeBlbc©úb,nñrbs;

Rkúmh‘unk¾eday k¾karxVHxatbMNinbec©keTsbgáPaBsµúRKsµajdl;kareRbIR)as;bec©kviTüafµI nig

bec©kviTüaplitkmµ. ]TahrN_ rdæaPi)al)anTTYlsÁal;bBaðaTaMgenHkñúgevTikaesdækic©km<úCa

qñaM2011 nigr)aykarN_fµI²mYy EdlecjpSayedayviTüasßanCatisßiti ¬qñaM2010¦.

karGegátrbs;nieyaCkmYycMnYnbgðajfa RbeTskm<úCakMBugRbQmnwgkarxVHxatbMNinRKb;RKg.

tamry³B½t’man)anbgðajfa bMNinEdlxVHxatbMput nigbMNinEdlnieyaCkyl;eXIjfaCa

]bsKÁcm,genaH KWbMNinRKb;RKgCan;x<s;. kñúgkarGegátqñaM2011 rbs; HRINC nieyaCkelIsBI

8 FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2010 x nig HRINC qñaM2011. karGegátedayRbúgRby½tñsþIBInieyaCk nignieyaCit caM)ac;RtÚvpþl;

PsþútagEdlGacTukcitþ)anTak;TgnwgvisalPaB nigRbePTCak;lak;énkarxVHxat nigPaBminsmRsbénbMNin.

9 naeBlfµI²enH mCÄmNÐlGPivDÆn_bMNinkm<úCa )ankMNt;BIGaTiPaBelIkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;nieyaCky:agl¥itl¥n;faCaEpñkén

karsikSamYyEdlRtÚvrkSakarsm¶at; edayelIkeLIgBIcMNucsMxan;²énbMNinTMnak;TMngrvagbuKÁlbMNinFnFanmnusS nigTMnak;TMng

viC¢aCIv³ bMNinEpñklk; nigTIpSar bMNinFurkic© nigKitelx nigbMNinRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú.

bMNinCIvitxagGakb,kiriiyamYycMnYneTot

dUcCa kareKarBeBlevla nigkareFVIkargar

CaRkum Gaceron)anenAeBlbMeBjkargar.

pÞúyeTAvij PaBCam©as;karelIxøÜnÉg KW

caM)ac;RtÚvEtmantaMgBIkumarPaBmkem:øH.

bMNin énkarKitGaceron)ankñúgsßab½n

Gb;rM dUcCa salaeron nigmCÄmNÐl

bNþúHbNþal.

GkSrsa®sþnaeBlbc©úb,nñenH kMNt;BI

sar³sMxan;énbMNinCIvit TaMgkñúgdMeNIrkar

énkarGPivDÆmUlFn mnusS nigCaktþa

kMNt;lT§plénkarsikSanigkargar.

CaTUeTA bMNin {CIvit} bMeBjbEnßmelI

CMnaj {bec©keTs} EdlCasmtßPaBEpñk

bec©keTsTak;Tgnwgkargar nigskmµPaB.

]TahrN_ CMnajbec©keTs rYmman dMeNIrkar

eRKÓgma:sIun nigGkçrkmµkMuBüÚT½r. CMnaj

TaMgenHmanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarGegát

nigkMNt;brimaN nigGacbeRgón)anenA

tamsalaeron b¤kEnøgeFVIkar.

etIPaBminsmRsbénbMNin nigbuBVehtuénPaBminsmRsbmanlkçN³dUcemþc?

14

70° )anraykarN_BIkarxVHxatCacm,gnUvbMNinRKb;RKgkñúgenaHnieyaCk 36° raykarN_BI

karxVHxatbMNinRKb;RKgfñak;kNþal nigbMNinEpñkGPi)alkic© ehIynieyaCk 34° raykarN_

BIkarxVHxatbMNinbuKÁlikCMnaj. nieyaCkcMnYn 64° KitfakarxVHxatbMNinRKb;RKg KWCa]bsKÁ

cm,g nieyaCkcMnYn 48° Kitfa karxVHxatbMNinRKb;RKgfñak;kNþalCa]bsKÁcm,geday

ELknieyaCkcMnYn 50° Kitfa karxVHxatbMNinEpñkGPi)alkic© nigbMNinbuKÁlikCMnajeTIbCa

]bsKÁcm,g. kñúgsßab½nrdæ)al nigvis½yrdæ)alsaFarN³k¾RbEhlCaxVHxatbMNinRKb;RKg

pgEdr CaBiess kñúgdMeNIrkarGnuvtþRbB½n§vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkarEdlTamTar[manbMNin

TUlMTUlaysRmab;viPaK nigGnuvtþeKalneya)aykñúgvis½ysaFarN³.

bnÞab;mk nieyaCkelIkeLIgBIIkarekIneLIgtRmÚvkarrbs;nieyaCit EdlminmankareqøIytb

enAeLIy rYmman bMNinCIvit nigbMNinbec©keTs. ¬sRmab;esckþIlm¥itBIbMNinCIvit sUmemIl

RbGb;TI1.¦ kñúgRbB½n§Gb;rMcab;BIfñak;Tabdl;fñak;x<s; minmankarpþl;bMNinCIvit nigbMNinbec©k

eTs[)anRKb;RKan;eT rYmTaMgkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³pgEdr. CaBiess nieyaCkkMNt;fa

bMNinCIvit KWCabMNinsMxan;bMputEdlnieyaCitPaKeRcInmankarxVHxat. kñúgkarGegátrbs;

CAMFEBA qñaM2008 nieyaCkcMnYn 76° )anyl;eXIjfa nieyaCitEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSa

min)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalRKb;bMNinenaHeT CaBiess bMNinCIviteRkABIsmtßPaBbec©keTs

Edlmansar³sMxan;kñúgkarGnuvtþkargar. kñúgcMeNambMNinCIvit EdlmanPaBlM)akkñúgkarEsVg

rknieyaCk)ankMNt;BIbMNinCIvitmYycMnYn EdlkñúgenaH mannieyaCk 52° )ankMNt;BI\riyabf

kargarrbs;nieyaCitminmanCMnajnieyaCk 45° )anelIkeLIgBIbMNinkñúgkarseRmccitþrbs;

nieyaCitmanCMnajminc,as;las; nignieyaCk 64° )anelIkeLIgBIbMNinviPaKrbs;nieyaCit

CMnaj. nieyaCkCaeRcIn k¾)ant¥ÚjEt¥rBIPaBxVHxatbMNinkñúgPaBCaGñkdwknaM ¬sRmab;buKÁlikCa

GñkRKb;RKg¦ bMNinedaHRsaybBaða nigbMNinkñúgkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg. eRkABIenH yuvCneRkA

salaRbQmnwgPaBxVHxatd¾F¶n;F¶rénbMNinCIvit ehIymannieyaCkcMnYn 89° )anbgðajBIPaB

lM)akkñúgkareFIVkarCamYyyuvCneRkAsalaedaysarBYkeKmanGakb,kiriyaminsmrmü.

bnÞab;mk nieyaCkelIkeLIgBIPaBlM)akkñúgkarEsVgrknieyaCitEdlmanbMNinviC¢aCIv³ nigkargar

Cak;lak;. dUc)anelIkeLIgkñúgr)aykarN_rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak ¬qñaM2010 x¦ bMNinBak;B½n§

nwgPasabreTs B½t’manviTüa kat;edr CagtRbB½n§Twk CageQI nigCagEdk KWsuT§EtCabMNin

EdlmantRmÚvkarx<s; b:uEnþbMNinTaMgenHmanPaBlM)akkñúgkarEsVgrk. kñúgvis½ybdisNæarkic©

nieyaCkelIkeLIgBIPaBlM)akkñúgkarEsVgrkemcugePA GñkTTYlePJóv nigGñkRKb;RKgEpñkGahar

nigePsC¢³. kñúgvis½ykat;edr muxtMENgEpñklk; nigkat;edr KWCabMNinEdlmanPaBlM)ak

kñúgkarEsVgrk. cMENkkñúgvis½ysMNg;vij mankarlM)akkñúgkareRCIserIsnieyaCitCaCageQI

CagtRbB½n§Twk CagEdk nigCagGKÁisnI.

bEnßmBIenHeTot nieyaCkmankart¥ÚjEt¥rBIkarlM)akkñúgkarEsVgrknieyaCit EdlmanbMNinviC¢a

CIv³c,as;las; nigmanbMNinmUldæan dUcCa Gkçrkmµ nigkarKNnaelxnBVnþ. enHbgðaj[

eXIjBIGRtaGkçrkmµTab EdlmancMnYn 77/6° énRbCaCnkm<úCaGayu 15 qñaM nigelIsBIenH


15

¬GRtaGkçrkmµmancMnYn 87/5° kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnmanGayucab;BI 15-24 qñaM¦ EdleFIV[

RbsiT§PaBénkarbNþúHbNþalenAdMNak;kalbnÞab;mankarFøak;cuH.

edIm,IedaHRsayPaBxVHxatbMNinmYycMnYn nieyaCkCaeRcIn)ancUlrYmpþl;karbNþúHbNþalpøÚvkar.

CAMFEBA ¬qñaM2008¦ )anbgðajfa nieyaCkxitxMRbwgERbgpþl;karbNþúHbNþalbMNinsMxan;

dUcteTA ³ bMNinbec©keTs bMNinkñúgkarseRmccitþ nigedaHRsaybBaðabMNinkñúgkarR)aRs½y

Tak;TgkargarCaRkúm nigPaBCaGñkdwknaMbMNinEpñkTIpSar bMNinEpñklk; nigbMNinpþl;esva.

bMNinTaMgenHminmanbeRgónkñúgsalaeron nigmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³eT. karGegáteFVI

eLIgsRmab;ÉksareKalneya)ayenH )anbgðaj[eXIjfa nieyaCk 55° pþl;karbNþúH

bNþaldl;nieyaCitrbs;xøÜn y:agehacNas;Bak;kNþalénnieyaCitTaMgGs; cMENknieyaCk

CaeRcIneTot pþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;kmøaMgBlkmµrbs;xøÜnEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaH ¬karGegát

rbs; HRINC qñaM2011¦. edIm,Ipþl;karbNþúHbNþalEbbenH)an CaTUeTA nieyaCk 53°

eRbIR)as;kmµviFIkñúgRkúmh‘unrbs;xøÜn nieyaCk 43° eRbIR)as;sßab½nbNþúHbNþalkñúgRsuk

ehIymannieyaCk 27° eRbIR)as;sßab½nbNþúHbNþalbreTs CaBiess sRmab;fñak;RKb;RKg

Can;x<s;. nieyaCkmanbMNgpþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;nieyaCitNaEdlmanbMNinmUldæan.

karxVHxatsßab½nbNþúHbNþall¥ bgáCa]bsKÁdl;karpþl;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;shRKas. tamry³

karGegátrbs; HRINC qñaM2011 nieyaCkcMnYn 64° )ankMNt;fa karxVHxatsßab½nbNþúH

bNþall¥ KWCa]bsKÁcm,gEtmYyKt;kñúgkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal[)aneBjeljdl;nieyaCit.

]bsKÁcm,gdéTeTot rYmman éføbNþúHbNþalx<s; karminmaneBlevlaRKb;RKan; GRtapøas;bþÚr

buKÁlikx<s; nigkarxVHxatB½t’man sþIBI»kasTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþal. ]bsKÁTaMgenHkøayCa

bBaðaF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHshRKasxñattUc nigmFüm ebIeRbóbeFobnwgshRKasxñatFM dUcmanbgðaj

kñúgkarGegátbriyakasvinieyaK. ninñakarEbbenHekItmankñúgRbeTsCaeRcInEdlepþatsMxan;elI

esdækic©eRkARbB½n§. edIm,IedaHRsayPaBxVHxatbMNinnieyaCk TamTar[mankarpþl; B½t’man

bEnßm rYmman B½t’mansþIBImCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalkargar KuNPaBénmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal

viC¢aCIv³ karmanbMNinCak;lak; nigKuNPaB saklviTüal½y RBmTaMgmanbMNgbegáItTMnak;TMng

CamYysaklviTüal½y ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI 3¦.

B½t’manbEnßmsþIBImCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalkargarB½t’manbEnßmsþIBIKuNPaBénmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³Cak;lak;

B½t’manbEnßmsþIBItRmUvkarTIpSar nigkarpÁl;bMNinCak;lak;kñúgRbeTskm<úCaB½t’manbEnßmsþIBIKuNPaBmhaviTüal½yCak;lak;

karbegáItTMnak;TMngCamYymhaviTüal½yCak;lak;tamry³smaKmnieyaCkkarksagTMnak;TMngpÞal;CamYymhaviTüal½yCak;lak;

epSg²B½t’manbEnßmsþIBIkmµsikSa nigGaharUbkrN_

B½t’manbEnßmsþIBI»kasTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalenAeRkARbeTsdMbUnµansþIBIrebobkMNt;BItRmUvkarbMNinEdlmansar³sMxan;sRmab;Rkumh‘uneyIg

kareFIV[manPaBgayRsYlkñúgkareRCIserIsbuKÁlikBIRbeTsdéTeTot0% 20% 30% 40%10% 50% 60%

rUbPaBTI 3 ³ dMeNaHRsayrbs;nieyaCkEdl)anelIkeLIg edIm,IedaHRsayPaBxVHxatbMNin

RbPB ³ karGegátrbs; HRINC km<úCa ExmIna qñaM2011.


16

2>2 etIPaBxVHxatkñúgkarpþl;bMNinsßitenARtg;Na?

Rkbx½NÐGPivDÆn_bMNinkñúgvdþþCIvit Edlcab;epþImBIkarGPivDÆkumartUcrhUtdl;eBlmankargar

CYybegáIt[mankarviPaKelIbBaða nigeKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_bMNin. Rkbx½NÐenHEbgEckvdþ

CIvitrbs;mnusSmñak;²CaeRcIndMNak;kalxus²Kña ³ edaycab;epþImBIdMNak;kalmUldæandMbUgén

karGPivDÆkumartUc nigkarGb;rMmUldæansRmab;CYy[buKÁlmñak;²TTYl)anbMNinkñúgkarbMeBj

kargar. bnÞab;mkCadMNak;kalmuneBlbMeBjkargar EdlCaeBlnieyaCitkMBugeronsURtBIbMNin

viC¢aCIv³ nigbec©keTs edIm,IbMeBjkargardMbUgrbs;xøÜntamry³karhat;eroneFIVkar kareron

enAtamsalaeron nigmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal. cugeRkay CadMNak;kalksagsmtßPaB[

)anx<s;enAkEnøgeFVIkar nigdMNak;kaleronsURtbMNinfµI²EdlCaeBlnieyaCitkMBugbegáInsmtßPaB

bMNinrbs;xøÜn nigeronsURtbMNinfµI² edIm,IbMeBjkargarkñúgTIpSarkargarEdlmankarpøas;bþÚr.

kñúgdMNak;kalnImYy²rYmman Rbtibtþikr eKalneya)ay RbPBhirBaØb,Tan nigynþkarRtÜtBinitü

karbMeBjkargarxus²KñasRmab;karGPivDÆbMNin.

RbeTskm<úCaRbQmnwg]bsKÁcm,gkñúgkarpþl;bMNinenAdMNak;kaldMbUgénvdþCIvit Edlcab;epþIm

BIkarGPivDÆkumartUc. karbegáItmUldæan

k¦ bMNinsRmab;kumartUc ³ bBaðaRbQmnwgGaharUbtßmÖ nigkarelIkTwkcitþ

karyl;dwgCaGnþrCatiBIsar³sMxan;énkarGPivDÆkumartUc ¬ECD¦ kñúgkarbegáItmUldæansRmab;

kareronsURteBjmYyCIvitmankarekIneLIgCabnþbnÞab;. elak Jame Heckman CaebkçCn

C½ylaPIBanrgVan;NUEbl nigebkçCnC½ylaPIBanrgVan;NUEbldéTeTot )anbgðajfa karGPivDÆ

kumartUc KWCaTRmg;cMNayEdlmanRbsiT§PaBbMputkñúgkarvinieyaKmUlFnmnusS ebIeRbóbeFob

nwgkarvinieyaKeTAelIkarGb;rMkRmitbzmsikSa b¤karGb;rMkñúgkRmitbnþbnÞab;eTot. lT§plTaMgbI

énkarGPivDÆkumartUcmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarGPivDÆnaeBlGnaKtkñúgCIvit ³ ¬1¦ karGPivDÆ

ragkay nigsuxumalPaB ¬2¦ karGPivDÆbBaØasµartI ¬3¦ karGPivDÆsgÁm-citþsa®sþ.

eKalneya)ay nigkmµviFIGPivDÆn_kumartUc Gacman\T§iBlpÞal;eTAelIlT§pléndMNak;kal

GPivDÆn_TaMgenH nigpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;kumar nigsgÁm.

PsþútagBIkarGegátbgðajfa kmµviFIGPivDÆn_kumartUcEdlmanRbsiT§PaBpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn.

Psþútag)anbgðajfa GnþraKmn_tamry³karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIsuxPaB nigcMeNHdwg

mata GaharUbtßmÖkumar nigskmµPaBelIkkm<s;karGPivDÆbBaØasµartI nigsgÁmcitþsa®sþrbs;

kumartUc ¬dUcCa karEfTaMedayykcitþTukdak; nigkareRbIR)as;Pasal¥ nig»kasTTYl)ankar

EsVgyl;¦ pþl;plviC¢mandl;kareRtómxøÜncUleron niglT§plsikSakñúgCIvitrbs;kumareday

begáIt)ansgÁmmYyd¾rwgmaM k¾dUcCakarTTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnBIkarvinieyaKEbbenH

¬karGegátrbs; Alderman qñaM2011 nig Barnett qñaM2008¦. pÞúymkvij PsþútagGnþrCati

bgðajfa BikarPaBenAv½yekµg KWmankarlM)ak nigRtÚvcMNayfvikaeRcInkñúgkarBüa)al.

10 ]TahrN_ sUmemIlkarelIkeLIgrbs; Heckman, Stixrud nig Urzua ¬qñaM2005¦. CaTUeTAkarGPivDÆkumartUccab;epþImBIeBl

EdlkumarmanGayucab;BIR)aMmYydl;R)aMbIqñaM.


17

rUbPaBTI 4 ³ PaKrykumar¼yuvCnFøab;)ancUleron rs;enAkñúgRKÜsarman nigminmanGahar

RKb;RKan; qñaM2009

40

60

80

100

6 8 10 12

rs;enAkñúgRKYsarmanGaharRKb;RKan;rs;enAkñúgRKYÜsarminmanGaharRKb;RKan;

14 16 18 20 24

Age

RbPB ³ karKNnaEp¥kelITinñn½y)anmkBI CSES qñaM2009

kMNt;smÁal; ³ KMrUGegát epþatelIkarGegáttamdancMnYn 22>914 krNI sRmab;Gñkrs;enAkñúgRKÜsarmanGaharRKb;RKan;

nig 4>576 krNIsRmab;Gñkrs;enAkñúgRKÜsarminmanGaharRKb;RKan;

kgVHGaharenAkñúgRKÜsar eFVI[GRtasikSa nigbBa©b;karsikSamankRmitTab

karGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaBkm<úCa qñaM2010 bgðajfa PaKryénkumarRkin suxPaBexSay

nigxVHTm¶n;enAeBlmanGayu 59 ExdMbUg enAEtmankRmitx<s; EdlkñúgenaH kumarRkinmancMnYn

40° kumarexSaycMnYn 11° nigkumarxVHTm¶n;cMnYn 28° kñúgqñaM2010. PaKryTaMgenH

mankRmitdUcKñanwgkarGegátkñúgqñaM2005 b:uEnþsRmab;krNIkumarRkin EdlbNþalmkBIkarxVH

GaharUbtßmÖF¶n;F¶renaH KWmankRmitx<s;kñúgqñaM2010 ebIeRbóbeFob nwgqñaM2005. kñúgBiPBelak

karxVHGaharUbtßmÖ nigkarelIkTwkcitþmin)anRKb;RKan; bNþal[manPaBGn;fykñúgkarGPivDÆ

bBaØakare)aHbg;karsikSa bBaðaGakb,kiriya nigCalT§pl KWbraC½ykñúgCIvit.

karminmanGaharRKb;RKan;kñúgRKÜsar k¾CaktþarYmpSMEdleFVI[GRtasikSa nigGRtabBa©b;karsikSa

mankRmitTabpgEdr ¬rUbPaBTI 4¦. eyagtam karGegátesdækic©sgÁmkic©km<úCa ¬CSES¦

kñúgcMeNamkumarcMnYnR)aMnak; mankumarmñak;rs;enAkñúgRKÜsarminmanGaharRKb;RKan;. kumarTaMgenH

man»kastictYckñúgkarsikSa nigbBa©b;karsikSa. kñúgcMeNamkumarmanGayucab;BI 6-17 qñaM

kumarcMnYn 20° Edlrs;enAkñúgRKÜsarminmanGaharRKb;RKan; min)ancUleron ebIeRbóbeFob

eTAnwgRKÜsarmanGaharRKb;RKan;manEtkumarcMnYn 8° b:ueNÑaH ehIyPaKryenHmanlkçN³

RsedogKñaeTAnwgPaKryyuvCnGayucab;BI 18-22 qñaM EdlkñúgenaH yuvCn 21° mkBIRKÜsar

minmanGaharRKb;RKan; ehIy 8° mkBIRKÜsarmanGahar RKb;RKan;. kñúgcMeNamkumarGayucab;

BI 15-17 qñaM Edl)ancUleron manEtkumarrs;enAkñúgRKÜsarminmanGaharRKb;RKan;cMnYn 52°

b:ueNÑaH Edl)ancUleronnaeBlfµI²enH ebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwgkumarrs;enAkñúgRKÜsarmanGahar

RKb;RKan;cMnYn 61°. TMnak;TMngrvagGahar nigkarGb;rM k¾man\T§iBlenARKb;CMnan;pgEdr ³

kñúgcMeNamGñkpþl;bTsmÖasn_GayuelIsBI 15 qñaM Edlrs;enAkñúgRKÜsarminmanGaharRKb;RKan;

cMnYn 59° min TTYl)ankarGb;rM.


18

karGb;rMkRmitmetþyüsikSa nigkmµviFIpSBVpSaytamshKmn_kMBugmankarekIneLIg b:uEnþenAman

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bzmsikSa.


19

taragTI 2 ³ PaKrykumarenAeRkAsala nigmUlehtuénkarmincUleron qñaM2009

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20

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kMNt;smÁal; ³ GasIubUBa’ nig)a:sIuhVik sMedAelIRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_b:ueNÑaH.


21

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22

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23

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nigkEnøgeFVIkareFVI[mankarcMNaytic ehIymanplviC¢mancMeBaHTIpSarkargareTotpg. kñúg

RbeTskm<úCa karekIneLIgy:ageRcInnUvsßab½npþl;karbNþúHbNþalcRmúH )anpþl;karbNþúHbNþal

eRkARbB½n§ edIm,I[yuvCnEdle)aHbg;karsikSaeRtómxøÜnsRmab;eFVIkargarCaelIkdMbUg b¤begáIn

smtßPaB nigpþl;karbNþúHbNþalsaCafµIsRmab;buKÁlikv½ycMNas;. eTaHCay:agenHkþI vtþman

GñkcUlrYmkarbNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§enAmankRmitenAeLIy. kñúgcMeNamGñkEdlmanGayucab;BI

15-59 qñaM manEt 6° b:ueNÑaH EdlraykarN_fa Føab;)ancUlrYmkñúgfñak;bNþúHbNþaleRkA

RbB½n§ ¬kñúgcMeNamGñkEdlmanGayucab;BI 15-19 qñaM man 13° ehIyBIGayu 20-24 qñaM

man 9°¦ ¬karGegátesdækic©sgÁmkic©km<úCa qñaM2009¦. sRmab;GñkEdlFøab;cUleronfñak;

Gb;rMeRkARbB½n§GñkeqøIytbcMnYn 82° )aneronPasabreTs 6° eronCMnajkMuBüÚT½r 6° eronBI

CMnajviC¢aCIv³ nigRbEhl 3° eronBIGkçrkmµmUldæan. kñúgcMeNamGñkEdlmanGayucab;BI

15-19 qñaM GñkFøab;)ancUleronfñak;bNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§cMnYn 90° )aneronPasabreTs

¬karGegátesdækic© sgÁmkic©km<úCa qñaM2009¦.

eTaHCay:agNa k¾karbNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§ RBmTaMgkarGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³

enAmandMeNIrkaryWty:avenAeLIy. Cak;EsþgkarbNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§ nigkarGb;rMbNþúH-


24

bNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³mankarxVHxatfvika EfmTaMgminmanKuNPaBsmrmü nigminsm

RsbeTAnwgtRmÚvkarTIpSarkargarenaHeT ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM 2010 x¦. PaBcRmúHén

kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalTamTar[manTIpSarkargarmYy EdlsaksmeTAnwgGñkEsVgrkkargareFVI nig

nieyaCitEdlmanCMnajsmRsbnwgtRmÚvkarTIpSarkargar. kmµviFIenHpþl;PaBsMxan;dl;B½t’man

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EdlmanPaBcaM)ac;. elIsBIenH KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal ¬NTB¦ shkarCamYy

rdæaPi)al tMNagmkBIvis½y]sSahkmµ nigGgÁkarepSg² RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgsaCafµIkñúgqñaM2006

edIm,IBinitüemIlkarbegáIt nigkarGnuvtþeKalneya)aysþIBIkarGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nig

viC¢aCIv³ RBmTaMgpþl;Rkbx½NÐGPi)alkic©mYysRmab;eFVIsuxdumnIykmµelIshKmn_pþl;karbNþúH

bNþalepSg². eTaHCay:agenHkþI dMeNIrkarkñúgkarbegáItsþg;da lkçN³sm,tþi nigkarGnuvtþ

karvaytémømanPaByWty:av.

karbeRgónbMNinCIvit. karbeRgónCMnajGnuvtþ nigbMNinCIvit tRmÚv[manrYcCaeRsckñúgkmµviFI

sikSa ¬ehIyCakarTamTarrbs;nieyaCkdUcEdl)anbgðajxagelI¦. eTaHCay:agenHkþI sala

eronmYycMnYnxVHRKÚbeRgónEdlRtÚv)anbNþúHbNþal edIm,IbeRgónbMNinGnuvtþ nigbMNinCIvit.

PaKryénRKÚbeRgónmFümsikSaGmCamYymFümsikSaTutiyPUmi b¤]tþmsikSa )anekIneLIgBI

40° dl; 71° kñúgTsvtSr_knøgeTA. RsbeBlmankarelIkkm<s;lkçN³sm,tþiRKÚbeRgónmYy

cMnYnenAEtxVHxatCMnajkñúgkarbeRgónbMNinCIvit. Cak;Esþg RKÚmYycMnYnGacRtÚvkarCMnajkñúg

kareRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþbeRgónepSg² ]TahrN_ karsikSaCaRkum kareFVIbTbgðajedaysresr

nigpÞal;mat; karsEmþgerOg niglMhat;edaHRsaybBaðaCaRkum edIm,IbegáItCMnajGnuvtþ nig

bMNinCIvitrYmpSMnwgkmµviFIsikSaEdlmanRsab;.

X¦ karbegáItbMNinsRmab;kRmit]tþm ³ minRsbtamtRmÚvkarkRmit]tþm karGb;rM]tþmsikSa

KWedIm,IbMeBjtRmÚvkarsRmab;]sSahkmµnaeBlbc©úb,nñ nig]sSahkmµfµI². karGb;rMenHGac[

nieyaCitbegáInCMnajrbs;xøÜn nigedIrTnÞwmnwgkarpøas;bþÚrbec©kviTüa. RKwHsßan]tþmsikSamYycMnYn

mansar³sMxan;sRmab;karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆRBmTaMgCYyepÞr nigEksRmÜlbec©kviTüanana

edIm,IbMeBjtRmÚvkar]sSahkmµkñúgRsúk. RKwHsßanTaMgenaH KWmansar³sMxan;sRmab;kareq<aHeT

Akan;sgÁmmYyEdlmanesdækic©eCOnelOn.

GRtacuHeQµaHcUleron]tþmsikSasrubkñúgRKwHsßansaFarN³ nigÉkCnkñúgRbeTskm<úCa)anekIn

eLIgy:agqab;rh½skñúgTsvtSr_knøgmk ebIeTaHCa cab;epþImBIkRmitTabbMputk¾eday. eBlfµI²

enHRkumGayucUleron]tþmsikSacMnYn 5° )ancuHeQµaHcUleronkRmit]tþmsikSakñúgenaHburs

cMnYn 7° nig®sþIcMnYn 4°. GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronTaMgenHmanRtwmEtmYyPaKbIb:ueNÑaH kñúgbNþa

RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_epSg²kñúgtMbn; ¬rUbPaBTI 7¦ b:uEnþ GRtaenHsmRsbeTAnwgesdækic©

GtiBlkmµnaeBlbc©úb,nñ nigPaBxusKñaénR)ak;QñÜl.


25

bBaðaRbQmF¶n;F¶rnwgkarsikSamuxviC¢a EdlminTak;TgnwgTIpSarkargar. sßab½n]tþmsikSarbs;

RbeTskm<úCapþl;CMnajdl;sisSbBa©b;karsikSarYmman CMnajKNenyü hirBaØvtßú nigRKb;RKg

¬sisSfñak;briBaØabRtcMnYn 46° cuHeQµaHcUleronmuxviC¢aTaMgenHenAqñaMsikSa 2009¼10¦

eFobeTAnwgmuxviC¢avisVkmµsIuvil ¬mancMnYn 1/5° kñúgcMeNamnisSitEdl)ancuHeQµaHcUl

eronfñak;briBaØabRt¦ nigmuxviC¢aviTüasa®sþ nigbec©kviTüa ¬mancMnYn 0/1° kñúgcMeNamnisSit

cuHeQµaHcUleronfñak;briBaØabRt¦. elIsBIenH smamaRtnisSitCanarIkñúgmuxviC¢avisVkmµ viTüasa®sþ

nigbec©kviTüamankRmitTabbMput ¬sRmab;B½t’manlm¥it sUmemIltaragTI 4¦. eTaHbICavis½y

ksikmµ nigesdækic©CnbT eRkABIEpñkksikmµCavis½ysMxan;sRmab;elIkkm<s;k¾eday k¾man

sisSRtwmEt 2/3° b:ueNÑaH EdlsikSamuxviC¢aTak;TgnwgcMeNHdwgkñúgvis½yTaMgenH. PaKry

énnisSitbBa©b;karsikSakñúgmuxviC¢aTak;Tgnwgvis½yksikmµ Gb;rM ¬rYmman Kruekaslü¦ visVkmµ

plitkmµ nigsMNg;enAmankRmitTab ebIeRbóbeFobnwgbreTs ¬rUbPaBTI 8¦. PaBminsm

RsbrvagbMNinkRmit]tþm nigtRmÚvkarTIpSar kan;Etbgðaj[eXIjc,as; ¬FnaKarBiPBelak

qñaM2010 K¦.PaBKµankargareFVI nigkarxVHxatkargarsRmab;nisSitbBa©b;karsikSa KWCakþIkgVl;

mYyedaymannisSitbBa©b;karsikSacMnYn 10° RtÚv)anraykarN_fa sßitkñúgsßanPaBeFVIkargar

eday {minmanR)ak;kéRm} nignisSitbBa©b;karsikSaEdlmanGayu 29 qñaM nigekµgCagenHcMnYn

5° RtÚv)anraykarN_fa KµankargareFVI ¬karGegátesdækic© sgÁmkic©km<úCa qñaM2009¦.

cMnYnnisSittictYcEdlbBa©b;karsikSaEpñkvisVkmµ nigviTüasa®sþ RBmTaMgcMnYnnisSitPaKtic

EdlbBa©b;karGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ edaymankarbNþúHbNþalbnÞab;BI

mFümsikSanwgraraMgsmtßPaBrbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgkarelIkkm<s;mUldæanvis½yksikmµ nig

]sSahkmµrbs;xøÜn. karsikSarbs;FnaKarBiPBelak ¬2010 x¦ )an)a:n;sµanfa Ep¥kelI

lMnaMénkarGPivDÆnaeBlbc©úb,nñ RbeTskm<úCanwgCYbRbTHPaBelIslubénnisSitbBa©b;karsikSa

fñak;]tþmEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ nigc,ab;RsbeBlEdlenAEtmankarxVHxatnisiStbBa©b;karsikSaEpñk

visVkmµ nigviTüasa®sþ. elIsBIenH PaBexSay\tQb;QrkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalRKÚbeRgón nig

karsikSamuxviC¢aEdlTak;Tgnwgvis½yEdlCatRmÚvkar enaHGaceFVI[raMgsÞHdl;kic©xitxMRbwgERbg

kñúgkarelIkkm<s;smtßPaBénRbB½n§Gb;rM nigbNþúHbNþal.

rUbPaBTI 8 ³ GRtacuHeQµaHcUlerondulkñúgkRmit]tþmsikSa EdlEbgEcktameynD½r

srub®sþIburs

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cin

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100 20 30 40 50 60

RbPB ³ viTüasßansßitiGgÁkar UNESCO ¬qñaM 2009 b¤qñaMcugeRkaybg¥s;¦


26

bBaðaTak;TgnwgB½t’man nigkarsRmbsRmÜl )anBnül;BIGtulüPaBCarcnasm<½n§kñúgkarGb;rM]tþmsikSa.

karGegátelIyuvCnnaeBlfµI²enH )anbgðaj[eXIjfa nisSitmYycMnYnmin)anyl;c,as;BI

bMNinEdlCatRmÚvkarrbs;nieyaCkeT. ]TahrN_ mannisSitEt 7° b:ueNÑaH EdleCOfa

bBaðaRbQmFMbMputrbs;xøÜn KWsßab½npþl;karGb;rMmin)anbeRgónbMNinEdlRtwmRtÚv ¬xN³Edl

yuvCnEdlmankargareFVIcMnYn 16° eCOfa bBaðaenH KWCabBaðaRbQmd¾FMbMputrbs;BYkeK¦

¬HRINC qñaM2011¦. elIsBIenH karGegátmYycMnYneTot)anbgðaj[ eXIjfa nwgman]bsKÁ

kñúgkarTTYlB½t’manEdlGacTukcitþ)ansþIBIkarsikSa nig»kasTTYl)ankargar ¬rUbPaBTI 9¦.

Cak;Esþg yuvCnminTTYl)anB½t’manEdlpþl;edayrdæaPi)al nignieyaCkenaHeT ehIyviFIsa®sþ

KaMRTpøÚvkar dUcCakarRbwkSaeyabl;sþIBIkargar hak;dUcCaenAmanPaBTn;exSay ¬HRINC qñaM2011

nig CAMFEBA qñaM2008¦. karEckrMElkB½t’man nigkarsRmbsRmÜl hak;bIdUcCamanPaB

lM)akedaysarEtRbtibtþikrrdæ nigÉkCnmYycMnYn RtÚv)anP¢ab;eTAnwgkarGb;rMkRmit]tþmsikSa

rYmman RksYgrbs;rdæaPi)alcMnYnR)aMbYn nigTIPñak;garTaMgLay Edlpþl;esvaGb;rMkRmit]tþm

sikSa GmCamYyRKwHsßanÉkCn EdleFVIRbtibtþikareRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn

nigkILa. lT§PaBTTYl)antictYcnUvB½t’manEdlKYr[eCOCak; nigkarKaMRTpøÚvkar rYmpSMbEnßm

elIkarBwgEp¥kelIbNþajeRkARbB½n§kñúgkareFVIkarseRmccitþelIkarsikSa nigkargar KWCabBaða

d¾samBaØ EdlEtgEtekItmaneLIgkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ rYmCamYyplb:HBal;y:ag

F¶n;F¶relITIpSarkargar.

18 kMNt;RtakargaryuvCnrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak manenAeKhTMB½r http://www.youth-employment-inventory.org/

muxviC¢a b¤vis½yEdlminCak;lak;viTüasa®sþsgÁm BaNiC¢kmµ c,ab;esvakmµviTüasa®sþsil,³ nigmnusSsa®sþsuxaPi)alvisVkmµ plitkmµ nigsMNg;Gb;rMksikmµ

0%

Lao PDR

Brunei Darusalam

Myanmar

Korea, Rep.Japan

Malaysia

Hong Kong SAR, ChinaVietnam

Indonesia

Cambodia

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

rUbPaBTI 9 ³ PaKryénsisSbBa©b;karGb;rM]tþmsiikSatammuxviC¢aCaGnþrCati

RbPB ³ EdStats ¬qñaMcugeRkaybg¥s; EdlGacrk)anGMLúgqñaM 2005-2009¦

kMNt;smÁal; ³ RkúmmuxviC¢aEdlrYmbBa©ÚlKña KWEp¥kelIcMNat;fñak;muxviC¢aEdlbegáIteLIgkñúgkRmg sMNYrEdl)anRbmUlBIviTüasßansßitirbs;GgÁkar UNESCO ¬qñaM2009¦

³ karGb;rM ¬karbNþúHbNþalRKÚ beRgón viTüasa®sþGb;rM¦ sil,³ nigmnusSsa®sþ ¬sil,³ mnusSsa®sþ¦ viTüasa®sþsgÁm BaNiC¢kmµ nigc,ab; ¬viTüasa®sþsgÁm nig

viTüasa®sþsikSaBIGtþcritmnusS sarB½t’man nigB½t’manviTüa BaNiC¢kmµ nigrdæ)al c,ab;¦ viTüasa®sþ ¬viTüasa®sþBit rUbviTüa KNitviTüa nigsßiti karKitelx¦

visVkmµ plitkmµ nigsMNg; ¬visVkmµ nigCMnYjvisVkmµ plitkmµ nigkarEkécñ sßabtükmµ nigsMNg;¦ ksikmµ ¬ksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT bsuBüa)al¦ suxaPi)al

¬suxPaB esvasgÁm¦ nigesvakmµ ¬esvakmµpÞal;xøÜnesva dwkCBa¢Ún karBarbrisßan esvasnþisux¦.


27

RbPB ³ KNnaedayEp¥kelITinñn½yRbB½n§RKb;RKgB½t’manGb;rM

taragTI 3 ³ muxviC¢aEdlnisiStbriBaØabRtsikSakñúgqñaMsikSa 2009¼2010

muxviC¢asikSa PaKry cMnYnnisSit PaKryénnisiStRsI

KNenyü nigKNenyühirBaØvtßú 13/0° 20>978 74/7°

hirBaØvtßú nigFnaKar 11/0° 17>760 41/1°

RKb;RKgBaNiC¢kmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµ rYmnwgkarRKb;RKgepSg² 10/3° 16>694 36/4°

Pasa nigGkSrsa®sþGg;eKøs 11/3° 18>325 54/4°

RKb;RKg nigRKb;RKgTUeTA 7/2° 11>640 28/2°

viTüasa®sþkMuBüÚT½r nigviTüasa®sþepSg²EdlTak;TgnwgkMuBüÚT½r 6/4° 10>323 7/4°

evC¢sa®sþ Kilanubdæak eraKsa®sþkumar Tnþsa®sþ nig»sfsa®sþ 5/8° 9>407 46/8°

c,ab; nignItisa®sþ 5/4° 8>787 22/4°

esdækic© nigmuxviC¢aEdlCab;Bak;B½n§ 5/3° 8>485 34/9°

Gb;rM nigmuxviC¢aEdlCab;Bak;B½n§ 2/4° 3>808 29/1°

ksikmµ rYmman ensaT nigrukçaRbmaj; RBmTaMgGPivDÆn_CnbT 2/3° 3>753 29/1°

GkSrsa®sþExµr nigviTüasa®sþ 1/7° 2>794 43/6°

TIpSar nigRKb;RKgTIpSar 1/7° 2>694 26/5°

eTscrN_ nigsNæaKar nigbdisNæarkic© 1/7° 2>771 39/3°

visVkmµsMNg;sIuvil 1/5° 2>371 1/7°

viTüasa®sþsgÁmepSg² ¬rdæ)alsaFarN³ viTüasa®sþneya)ay nigsgÁmviTüa¦

1/4° 2>310 39/5°

sßabtükmµ nigrcnabøg; 1/3° 2>058 21/3°

KNitviTüa 1/3° 2>071 21/5°

CIvviTüa nigKImIviTüa 0/9° 1>386 40/8°

visVkmµ nigmuxviC¢aEdlCab;Bak;B½n§ 0/9° 1>399 4/5°

sil,³ mnusSsa®sþ nigPasa TsSn³viC¢a nigsasna 0/8° 1>306 30/9°

RKb;RKgFnFanmnusS 0/6° 991 17/0°

rUbviTüa 0/6° 908 24/3°

bsuBüa)al nigbsueBTü 0/5° 879 19/1°

PasaepSg² ¬PasakUer: Cb:un )araMg nigéf¦ 0/5° 873 47/1°

PUmiviTüa 0/3° 476 39/9°

RbvtþiviTüa 0/3° 558 32/8°

viTüasa®sþ nigbec©kviTüa 0/1° 201 6/0°

muxviC¢aepSg² ¬eyaFa bNÐitsPanKr)al.l.¦ 3/4° 5>510 33/0°

srub 100/0° 161>516 39/4°


28

srubnisiStyuvCnEdlmankargareFVI

karpþl;eyabl;BImitþPkiþ nigmatabita

eKhTMB½r

GtßbTkaEst nigTsSnavdþI

mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³

Pñak;gareRCIserIsbuKÁlik

saklviTüal½ynana

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GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al

Tivakargar

naykdæanrdæaPi)alnana

smaKmnieyaCit

epSg²

50%

47%43%

59%

43%43%

42%

34%35%

29%

30%31%

27%

28%27%

35%

12%

23%24%

21%

22%21%

25%

12%12%

10%

11%11%

14%

3%2%

4%

62%66%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

24%28%

rUbPaBTI 10 ³ RbPBB½t’mansþIBIkarsikSa nigkargar

RbPB ³ karGegátelIyuvCnEdl)anGnuvtþeLIgeday HRINC km<úCa kñúgExmIna qñaM2011.

hirBaØb,TansRmab;karGb;rM]tþmsikSarYmcMENkdl;karpøas;bþÚr. karcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)alelI

karGb;rM]tþmsikSamankRmitTabRtwmEt 0/1°b:ueNÑaH ehIy)anepþatsMxan;eTAelIkarBRgIk

karGb;rMCaCagyuT§sa®sþ nigKuNPaBénkarGb;rM ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2010 K¦. ]btßmÖ

FnsaFarN³ GaceFVI[mankarEkERbplcMeNjénvis½yesdækic©ÉkCnsRmab;muxviC¢aTak;Tg

nwgviTüasa®sþsgÁm. kñúgmuxviC¢aEdlsm,ÚrEbbTaMgenH éføsikSax<s;GacCYysRmÜldl;pl

RbeyaCn_TIpSary:agmanRbsiT§PaBsRmab;karvinieyaKCalkçN³buKÁl. pÞúymkvij muxviC¢a

dUcCa visVkmµ viTüasa®sþ nigKNitviTüa EdlminsUvmankareBjniymenaH minTTYl)ankar

ykcitþTukdak;elIyuT§sa®sþ nigFnFanEdlcaM)ac;kñúgRbB½n§Gb;rMTaMgmUlenaHeT ebIeTaHCa

muxviC¢aTaMgenH mansar³sMxan;sRmab;karrIkceRmInénesdækic©rbs;RbeTskm<úCak¾eday.

edaysarEtkarcMNaytictYcrbs;rdæaPi)alelIvis½yGb;rM rYmnwgcMnYnyuvv½yy:ageRcInEdl

minTTYl)an sUm,IEtkarGb;rMkRmitmUldæanpgenaH lT§plrkeXIjTaMgenH)anbgðajBItRmÚvkar

bnÞan;edIm,IBinitüeLIgvijnUvkarEbgEckkarcMNayelIvis½yGb;rMkñúgRbeTskm<úCa RBmTaMgerobcM

saCafµInUvGaTiPaBnanasRmab;kareRbIR)as;FnFanrbs;rdæ.

19 karyl;dwgBImUlehtuénkarxVHxat nigPaBminsmRsbénbMNin TamTar[mankarBinitüemIlTIpSarEdlmanskþanuBl nigkar

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bMNin nigkarpþl;bMNinkñúgTIpSarkargar. karbraC½ymYycMnYn Cab;Bak;B½n§nwgrcnasm<½n§énRbB½n§Gb;rM nigkarbNþúHbNþal

ehIymYycMnYneTotTak;Tgnwg]bsKÁ EdlbuKÁlmñak;²CYbRbTHkñúgkarTTYl)anB½t’man nigR)ak;km©IehIymYycMnYneTot CaFmµta

qøúHbBa©aMgBIPaBexSayéncMeNHdwgkñúgRKÜsar. lkçN³sm,tþiCak;lak;énTIpSarplitpl nigkargar k¾GacCH\T§iBldl;shRKas

kñúgkarpþl;R)ak;elIkTwkcitþsRmab;nieyaCittamCMnajCak;lak; b¤nieyaCitEdlmankarbNþúHbNþal nignieyaCit[manCMnaj

kan;Etx<s;.


29

2>3 etIkarxVHxat nigPaBminsmRsbénbMNinkñúgRbeTskm<úCa bNþalmkBImUlehtuGVIxøH?

mUlehtuénkarxVHxat nigPaBminsmRsbénbMNinkñúgRbeTskm<úCa bgðaj[eXIjenAEpñk

B½t’man nigkarsRmbsRmÜl. karbraC½yénkarpþl;B½t’man nigkarsRmbsRmÜl KWCabBaðaBit

kñúgTIpSarkargar ¬EpñktRmÚvkar¦ nigTIpSarCMnaj. cMENkEpñkpþl;tRmÚvkarmUlehtumanPaB

sµúKsµajCagenH. rUbPaBTI 10 bgðajBIesckþIsegçbBImUlehtucm,g² Edl)ankMNt;kñúg

ÉksareKalneya)ayenH.

kñúgEpñktRmÚvkar shRKasmYycMnYnhak;bIdUcCaxVHxatmeFüa)aykñúgkarbMeBjtRmÚvkarrbs;

xøÜn. karbgðajBIR)ak;QñÜl hak;bIdUcCaminTan;RKb;RKan;. m:üagvijeTot shRKasmYycMnYn

hak;dUcCaminmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarbgðajBItRmÚvkarrbs;xøÜnsRmab;bMNinCak;lak; nig\T§iBl

elIeKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_bMNinenaHeT. dUcEdl)anbgðajxagelIpllM)akrbs;shRKas

TaMgenaH kñúgkarsRmbsRmÜlkarbNþúHbNþalsRmab;nieyaCitrbs;xøÜn k¾)anKUsbBa¢ak;BI

mUlehtuEdlTak;TgnwgbBaðaB½t’manpgEdr. karENnaMrbs;KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal

¬NTB¦ CamYysmaCikPaBmkBIvis½yÉkCn KWkarpþl;ynþkarmYyEdlGac[shRKasnana

Bnül;bgðajBItRmÚvkarrbs;xøÜnsRmab;bMNinCak;lak;TaMgLaydl;rdæaPi)al nigshKmn_pþl;

karbNþúHbNþal. kñúgbNþaRbeTsepSgeTot Cajwkjab;KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal

EtgEtcUlrYmkñúgkarBinitüeLIgvijelIeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alsRmab;karGb;rM nigkar

bNþúHbNþalRBmTaMgkarEbgEckhirBaØvtßúsaFarN³sRmab;eKalbMNgenHpgEdr. karBRgwg

RkúmKN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal ¬NTB¦ edIm,Ipþl;lT§PaBdl;Rkúmh‘un bBa¢ÚntRmÚvkarrbs;

xøÜneTArdæaPi)al nigkarbNþúHbNþaldl;shKmn_ GacmantYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgkaredaHRsay

bBaðaTak;TgnwgB½t’man.

cMENkEpñkpþl;tRmÚvkarvij bNþúMénmUlehtu KWTak;TgnwghirBaØb,Tan KuNPaB nigvisalPaB

énkarGb;rM nigkarbNþúHbNþal. bBaðaRbQmkñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFantamrebobmYyEdlelIk

Twkcitþdl;GñkbMeBjkargarl¥ nigmankarTTYlxusRtÚvelIlT§pl bBaðaRbQmkñúgkarbeRgón

bMNinCIvit nigCMnajbec©keTs ¬niglkçN³sm,tþiRKÚbeRgón nigkarbNþúHbNþalTUeTA¦ nig

P¢ab;TMnak;TMngrvagsalaeron nig]sSahkmµ[kan;EtCitsñiT§edIm,IelIkkm<s;KuNPaB nigTMnak;

TMngtRmÚvkarTIpSar. elIsBIenH buBVehtuTaMgenHrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgbBaðaRbQmkñúgkarbnþpþl;CMnYy

dl;RKÜsaredIm,IerobcM[kumar)ancUleron. bBaðaRbQmTaMgenH TamTar[mankarepþatkar

ykcitþTukdak;[)anm:t;ct; ehIybBaðaTaMgenHGacmankareqøIytbepSg²KñakñúgRKb;dMNak;kal

nImYy²énvdþCIvit. eKalneya)aynwgtRmÚv[kMNt;BItYnaTITaMgvis½ysaFarN³ nigÉkCnkñúg

karEbgEckkarpþl;hirBaØb,Tan KuNPaB nigvisalPaBénkarGb;rM nigkarbNþúHbNþal.

PaBexSayEdlmanRsab;kñúgTIpSarbMNin)anqøúHbBa©aMgy:agc,as;BIsßab½nTIpSarEdlTn;exSay.

edIm,IP¢ab;tRmÚvkar nigkarpþl;tRmÚvkarénbMNinnana sßab½nTIpSarTaMgLaymanmuxgarsMxan;²

R)aMy:ag KW ³


30

• karsRmbsRmÜledIm,Idak;bBa©ÚlEpñkTaMgBIrénTIpSarkargar ¬tYnaTIrbs;KN³kmµaFikarCati

bNþúHbNþal¦

• esvaEsVgrkkargar edIm,Ipþl;eyabl;dl;GñkEsVgrkkargareFVI sþIBI»kaskargar nigTIkEnøg

EdlGacbNþúHbNþalbMNin ¬tYnaTIrbs;TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr nigkargarEdleTIbnwg

begáItfµI – NEA¦

• karFanaKuNPaB edIm,IkMNt;BIsþg;dabMNin nigeFVIetsþRBmTaMgeFVIkarbBa¢ak;BIbMNinTaMgenaH

¬tYnaTIrbs;Rkbx½NÐKuNvuDÆiCatiEdlsißteRkamkarGPivDÆ¦

• karpþl;GaCJab½NÑ nigbTbBa¢a edIm,IkMNt;sþg;daGb,brmasRmab;RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþal

bMNinÉkCnTaMgLay nigsRmÜldl;kic©karBarGñkeRbIR)as; nig

• karTTYlsÁal;KuNPaB edIm,Ipþl;B½t’mansþIBIKuNPaBénkarGb;rM nigkarbNþúHbNþalEdl

pþl;edaysala nigmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal.

• sßab½nTaMgenH sRmbsRmÜlRbtibtþikarénTIpSarbMNinEdlmanRbsiT§PaB ehIysßab½n

TIpSarminGac rYmbBa©Úlkñúgvis½yÉkCn)aneT edaysarEtlkçN³KuNPaBGb;rMrbs;sßab½n

saFarN³TaMgenaH. rdæaPi)alGacbMeBjcenøaHxVHxatenH)an nigedIrtYnaTIcm,gkñúgkarRtÜt

BinitülT§plénTIpSarkargar nigbegáIteKalneya)ay[)ansmrmü.


31etIPaBminsmRsbénbMNin nigbuBVehtuénPaBminsmRsbmanlkçN³dUcemþc?

rUbP

aBTI

11

³ k

arkMN

t;BIm

Uleh

tuénk

arxVH

xat

nigP

aBm

insm

Rsb

énb

MNink

ñúgRb

eTs

km<úCa

RbP

B ³

Gñkn

iBn§

bBa

ðaRb

Qm

nwgka

rbgða

j

tRm

Ú vkar

sRm

ab;

bMN

inCMna

j

bBa

ðaRb

Qm

kñúg

kars

Rmb

sRm

Ül

karb

NþúHb

Nþal

karg

ar

bBa

ðaRb

Qm

kñúgka

reFVI[

man

\T§iBl

elI

eKal

ney

a)ay

GP

ivDÆn

_bMN

in

hirB

aØb,T

an

nigRb

siT§P

aB ³

bBa

ðaRb

Qm

kñúgka

rcMN

ay

FnFa

n Ed

l

beg

áIt[m

an

R)ak

;elIkT

wkcitþ

sRm

ab;ka

rGnuv

tþ

karg

arl

¥ nig

karT

TYlxus

RtÚv

KuNP

aB n

ig P

aBCa

b;Ta

k;Tg

nwgtR

mÚvk

ar

TIpSa

r ³

bBa

ða Rb

Qm

kñúgka

r

beR

gónb

MNin

CIvit

nig

bec

©keTs

nig

P

¢ab;TMn

ak;TMn

g s

alae

ron

nig

]sSa

hkm

µ[

kan;E

tCits

ñiT§

visal

PaB

nig]b

sKÁk

ñúg

karT

TYl)a

n ³

bBa

ðaRb

Qm

kñúgka

rCMruj

RKÜs

ar[

bnþ

bBa

¢ÚnkUne

TA

sal

aero

n

bBa

ðaRb

Qm

kñúgka

rbBa

©Úl

sh

Kmn_p

þl;ka

r

bN

þúHbN

þal

eTAk

ñúgeKa

led

A

yuT§s

a®s

þ

GP

ivDÆn

_Cati

bBa

ðaRb

Qm

kñúgka

rkMN

t;

tYnaT

Irbs

;vis½y

saF

arN

³ nig

ÉkCn

bBa

ðaRb

Qm

kñúgka

rBRg

wg

sßab

½nTIpS

ar

sRm

ab;ka

r

GP

ivDÆb

MNin

nig

sRm

bs

RmÜl

lT§P

aBTT

Yl)a

n

B½t’m

an

karxVHxat

EpñktRmÚvkar

etI]b

sKÁé

nbMN

inman

kare

kIneL

IgEdr

b¤eT

?eh

tuGIV)a

nCan

ieyaC

kminp

þl;l

kçxN

Ð nig»

kas

Rtwm

RtÚv?

TIpSarbMNin

etIB½t

’man

pþl;CUn

sßab

½n Rk

úmh

‘un nig

buKÁl

s

þIBIpl

cMeN

j n

igtém

øbMN

in G

acrk

)an

nigm

anKuN

PaB

Edr b

¤eT?

etITIp

Sare

bIkT

Ulay

[m

anka

rRb

kYtRb

ECgE

dr b

¤eT?

EpñkpÁt;pÁg;tRmÚvkar

ehtuG

IV)anC

aRb

B½n§G

b;rM

nigb

NþúHb

Nþal

m

inpþl

;bMN

intam

tRm

Úvkar

?

32

mUldæanFnFanmnusSrbs;RbeTskm<úCa cg¥úlbgðajBIPaBxøaMgmYycMnYnEdlkm<úCaGacBRgwg)an.

kñúgdMNak;kalGtiBlkmµénkarGPivDÆnaeBlfµI² rYmnwgkarbegáItmUldæanRKwHénbMNin edIm,I

EsVgyl;BIyuT§sa®sþénkMeNInesdækic©rbs;xøÜn km<úCaRtÚvFana[mankarGPivDÆkumartUc[)an

smrmü rYmnwgkarbBa©b;karGb;rMmUldæan[)anRtwmfñak;TI 9 RbkbedayKuNPaBsRmab;yuvCn

TaMgGs;. karksagmUldæanRKwH edIm,IkarGPivDÆbMNinnaeBlGnaKtcaM)ac;RtÚvEp¥kelIRbsiT§PaB

nigsmFm’. RbsinebIminmankarbNþúHbNþalmUldæanRKwHRbkbedayKuNPaBl¥enaHeT enaHkar

bNþúHbNþalnieyaCitenAkñúgdMNak;kalvdþCIvit bnÞab;minGacTTYl)aneCaKC½yeLIy. enH KW

CayuT§viFImYyEdlRbeTscinFøab;ykmkGnuvtþ enAeBlRbeTscinBwgEp¥kelIesdækic©kñúgRbeTs

kñúgqñaM1979 ehIymanRbeTsmYycMnYneTotGnuvtþyuT§viFIenHEdr dUcCa RbeTsQIlI miksIukU

sigðbUrI nigkUer:xagt,Úg. RbeTsTaMgenHcab;epþImpþl;karGb;rMkRmitmUldæanRbkbedayKuNPaB

l¥edIm,IGPivDÆCMnajnieyaCitnaeBlGnaKt.

km<úCaKYrpþl;GaTiPaBbMNinmUldæanRbkbedayKuNPaB nigbMNinmuncUlbMeBjkargar Biess

bMNinTak;TgnwgKNitviTüa viTüasa®sþ nigvisVkmµ. kareFVIEbbenHtRmÚv[rdæaPi)aleFVIkargar

CaédKUCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgkarpþl; nigKaMRThirBaØb,TansRmab;bMNinTaMgenH rYmman

bMNinkñúgkarGb;rMkRmit]tþmpgEdr. edaykarBRgwgsßab½nTIpSarEdlelIkkm<s;KuNPaB nig

TMnak;TMngénkarvinieyaKelIkarGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþalkm<úCaGacbegáInlT§plkargarkñúgkar

cMNayCasaFarN³ nigÉkCn)an. eyageTAtamkarEbgEckCafµIkñúgkarcMNaypÞal;elIkarGb;rM

karbNþúHbNþal RBmTaMgkareFVIkargarCaédKUCamYysßanb½nbNþúHbNþalbMNinminEmnrdæaPi)al

edIm,IbMeBjtamtRmÚvkarsgÁmnUvbMNinmYycMnYn dUcCa karbNþúHbNþalBaNiC¢kmµ rdæaPi)al

GaceRbIR)as;FnFanrbs;xøÜneTAtamyuT§sa®sþ)anRbesIrCagmunkñúgkarbMeBjtRmÚvkarTIpSar nig

KaMRTdl;kareFVIBiBiFkmµesdækic©.

KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal ¬NTB¦ GnuvtþnUvKMnitpþÜcepþImd¾l¥Tak;TgnwgkarbegáItbMNinmun

TTYl)ankargar nigkareRbIR)as;bMNinTaMgenH. KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal ¬NTB¦ man

skmµPaB nigyuT§sa®sþ sRmab;bMNin edIm,IelIkkm<s; karGPivDÆesdækic©km<úCa

3

33

taragelx 4 ³ EpnkarskmµPaBGPivDÆn_bMNin CeRmIssRmab;km<úCa

eKalbMNg skmµPaBRtÚvGnuvtþbnÞan; karbegáItmUldæanRKwHsRmab;eBlGnaKt

1 karTTYl)anB½t’man • elIkkm<s;smtßPaBkñúgkarRbwkSakargar nigesvaEsVgrkkargar

• eRbIR)as;RbB½n§pSBVpSayB½t’man edIm,IbgðajBI»kassikSa nigkargar nigkarelIkkm<s;karGb;rM bNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³

• elIkkm<s;smtßPaBrbs;TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr nigkargar nigPaBCaédKUCamYyvis½yÉkCn

2 visalPaB {PaBcenøaHenAkRmitkNþal}

• b®Ba¢abkmµviFIGb;rM bNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ Edlman KuNPaBl¥

• BRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþalkñúgkMENTRmg;karGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþalnieyaCk

• BicarNaelImeFüa)ayCMruj[nieyaCkcMNayelIkarbNþúHbNþalkmøaMgBlkmµrbs;xøÜn

3 KuNPaB nigPaBBak;B½n§TIpSar

• cab;epþImbegáIncMnYnsßab½nbNþúHbNþalbMNin rYmman mCÄmNÐl bNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§eday shkarCamYy]sSahkmµ kñúgRsúk

• kMENTRmg;kmµviFIsikSaenAkRmitmFümsikSa edIm,IelIkkm<s;karbeRgónviTüasa®sþ KNitviTüa visVkmµ nigmuxviC¢a bec©keTsepSgeTot PaBCashRKin nigbMNinCIvit

• BRgwgkarTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;shKmn_ nigsalaeron EdlCaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrkarvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar

4 RbsiT§PaBhirBaØb,Tan • BRgIkviFIsa®sþpþl;hriBaØb,TantRmg;TisRKÜsar edIm,IrkSaGRta Kg;vgSénkarsikSa

• begáInkarcMNayeTAelIbTGnþraKmn_ EdlmankarcMNaytictYcenAdMNak;kaldMbUgénvdþCIvit

• EsVgrkviFIsa®sþhirBaØb,Tannana edIm,ICMruj[mankarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHsßab½nEdlmanlT§plbNþúHbNþall¥ kñúgcMeNamsßab½nbNþúHbNþalbMNin nigRKwHsßan ]tþmsikSa

karykcitþTukdak;kñúgkarbegáIteKalneya)ay nigGPi)alkic©CaRbB½n§tamry³karGnuvtþkargar

Cak;EsþgedaykarbegáItsþg;da KuNvuDÆi nigkarGnuvtþkarvaytémø. enAqñaM2009 kñúgkarTTYl

sÁal;BItRmÚvkarTTYl)anB½t’man[kan;EtRbesIrenaH KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal)anbegáIt

TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr nigkargar ¬NTB¦ edIm,Ipþl;esvakargar nigesvaB½t’manTIpSarkargardl;

GñkEsVgrkkargareFVI nieyaCit nieyaCk sßab½nbNþúHbNþal nigsaFarNCnTUeTA. cugbBa©b;

KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal)an nigkMBugsRmbsRmÜlKeRmagBRgwgkarGb;rMbNþúHbNþal

bec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ ¬pþl;mUlniFiedayFnaKarBiPBelak¦. KeRmagenHbegáIteLIgkñúgeKalbMNg

begáItRbB½n§BRgIkkarbNþúHbNþalcRmúHeTAtamtRmÚvkar]sSahkmµ nigRsbeTAtamtRmÚvkar

bMNinmUldæan nigbMNinkRmitmFümenAkñúgvis½ysMxan;².

3>1 karbegáItEpnkarskmµPaBbMNin

karbMeBjKMnitpþÜcepIþmEpñkeKalneya)aykMBugdMeNIrkar dUcenH EpnkarskmµPaBbMNinrbs;

RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtÚvedaHRsay]bsKÁcm,gsRmab;bMNin edIm,IQaneTAseRmcbMNgR)afña

rbs;xøÜn. edayskmµPaBenHCaskmµPaBGaTiPaBbnÞan; rdæaPi)alGacsRmbsRmÜllT§PaB

skmµPaB nigyuT§sa®sþsRmab;bMNin edIm,IelIkkm<s;karGPivDÆesdækic©km<úCa

34

TTYl)anB½t’mankñúgTIpSarbMNin BRgIkGnþraKmn_ tRmg;TisRKÜsar edIm,IelIkkm<s;GRtaKg;vgS

énkarsikSa nigBRgwg»kassikSaelIkTI 2 RBmTaMgkarGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nig

viC¢aCIv³. edIm,IerobcMmUldæanRKwHsRmab;eBlGnaKt rdæaPi)alKYrBRgIkhirBaØb,TansRmab;kar

GPivDÆkumartUc BRgwgkarGPivDÆsßab½n nigCMruj[mankarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHsßab½nbNþúHbNþal

EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ rYmman RKwHsßan]tþmsikSaCaedIm. taragelx 5 segçbBIskmµPaBEdl

)anelIkeLIgsRmab;karBicarNa nigEpñkenAsl;éncMNucenHpþl;B½t’manbEnßmeTot.

¬1¦ karsRmbsRmÜl[manlT§PaBTTYl)anB½t’mansþIBITIpSarbMNin

lT§PaBTTYl)anB½t’manRKb;RKan;begáIt[manRbsiT§PaBenAelITIpSarkargar nigpþl;plcMeNj

dl;nieyaCitk¾dUcCanieyaCk. karTTYl)anB½t’manRKb;RKan;tRmÚv[mankarBRgwgsßab½nTIpSar

Edl)anelIkeLIgenAcMNuc 2>3 EdlnwgcMNayeBleRcIn. eTaHCay:agNa skmµPaBeKaledA

GacCYyrujRcan]bsKÁcm,gecj)an[kan;Etrh½s. ]TahrN_ karcat;viFankarelIkkm<s;

esvakargar nigB½t’manTIpSarkargarsRmab;kargarkñúgesdækic©GnþrkalenAGWru:bkNþalenATsvtSr_

qñaM1990 )anpþl;[manPaKlaPy:ageRcInsRmab;karelIkkm<s;cl½tPaBénBlkmµ nigRbsiT§PaB

énkareRbIR)as;kmøaMgkargar.

k¦ skmµPaBEdlRtÚvGnuvtþbnÞan; edIm,IsRmbsRmÜldl;karTTYl)anB½t’manenAelITIpSar

kargar

edaysarskmµPaBenHCaskmµPaBGaTiPaBbnÞan; km<úCaKYrBicarNaelIviFankarnanaedIm,I

BRgwgsmtßPaBkñúgkarRbwkSakargar nigesvaEsVgrkkargar ehIyeRbIR)as;RbB½n§pSBVpSay

edIm,Ipþl;B½t’mansþIBIkarsikSa nig»kaskargar nigelIkkm<s;karGb;rM bNþúHbNþalbec©keTs

nigviC¢aCIv³ ³

skmµPaBTI1 ³ elIkkm<s;smtßPaBkñúgkarRbwkSakargar nigesvaEsVgrkkargar

saklviTüal½y nigRKwHsßanGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³mYycMnYnbegáIt[

manGgÁPaBRbwkSakargar edIm,Ipþl;B½t’man sþIBIkargar karRbwkSakargar nigCMnYy

dl;sisSkñúgkarEsVgrkkargar. EteTaHCay:agNa karelIkkm<s;KuNPaBB½t’man

nigesvaEdlpþl;edayGgÁPaBTaMgenH KWRtÚvkarcMNayeBlevlaeRcInpgEdr. RksYg

kargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa GacCYyBRgwg

smtßPaBrbs;GgÁPaBTaMgenH k¾dUcCabuKÁlBak;B½n§enARKwHsßanGb;rMbNþúHbNþal

bec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³pgEdr )antamry³karsRmbsRmÜl[mankarbegáItkmµviFI

bNþúHbNþalsRmab;buKÁlikpþl;RbwkSa ehIyk¾KYrmankarpþl;kargar esvakargar nig

sikçasalasþIBIkargarenAkRmitmFümsikSapgEdr. TIPñak;garCati muxrbr nigkargar

20 smaKmnieyaCkÉkCn dUcCa CAMFEBA b¤TIPñak;garRsavRCavkñúgRsúk GacCYykñúgkarGegátenH)an EdlGacbegáIt»kas

kargarkan;EtRcInkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal nigkarksagsmtßPaBrbs;yuvCn.

21 dUcEdl)anbBa¢ak;tamry³Rbsasn_rbs;naykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn naykrdæm®nþIRbeTskm<úCaenARBwtþikarN_TaMgBIr.


35

KYrbegáItTMnak;TMng[)anrwgmaMgCamYyGgÁPaBpþl;RbwkSakargarEbbenH nigeFVIkar

sRmbsRmÜly:agskmµedIm,ITTYl)anB½t’manBak;B½n§TIpSarepSgeTot.

skmµPaBTI 2 ³ eRbIR)as;TUrTsSn_ nigviTüú edIm,IpSBVpSayB½t’mansikSa »kas

kargar nigkarelIkkm<s;karGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³

rdæaPi)alGacelIkkm<s;PaBCaédKUrvagrdæ nigÉkCn kñúgkmµviFIviTüú nigTUrTsSn_

pSBVpSayCasaFarN³sþIBIkarGb;rM nig»kaskargaredayepþatelI]sSahkmµ nig

kargarEdlRbQmnwgkarxVHxatkmøaMg kargar\tQb;Qr ehIytYnaTIrbs; TVET

CaCeRmIsmYyd¾l¥bMputsRmab;karGb;rMenAsaklviTüal½y. kmµviFInana k¾GacTajyk

BIGIuneFIeNtEckcayCa DVDs/CDs enAÉevTikakargarRbcaMqñaM mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal

extþ shKmn_ evTikatamPUmi nigenAkEnøgepSgeTot EdlmanyuvCnRbmUlpþúMKña.

RbeTssigðburITTYl)aneCaKC½yy:agxøaMg kñúgkarelIkkm<s;karTTYlsÁal;rbs;RKwHsßan

Gb;rM bNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ tamry³meFüa)ayCaeRcIn nigeday

karvinieyaKy:ageRcInelIkarelIkkm<s;KuNPaBesvapþl;[. karvinieyaKTunmankar

KaMRTBIvis½yÉkCntamry³édKUÉkCnsaFarN³.

x¦ karbegáItmUldæanRKwHsRmab;lT§PaBTTYl)anB½t’manenAelITIpSarkargareBlGnaKt

edIm,IbegáItmUldæanRKwHsRmab;GnaKt rdæaPi)alKYrBicarNameFüa)ayl¥bMputkñúgkarBRgwg

smtßPaB nigPaBCaédKUCamYyvis½yÉkCn.

sRmab;GnaKt³ elIkkm<s;smtßPaBrbs;TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr nigkargar nigPaBCaédKU

CamYyvis½yÉkCn TIPñak;garCati muxrbr nigkargar RtÚvkarksagsmtßPaB nigPaBCa

édKUCamYyvis½yÉkCnenAkñúgvis½y 3sMxan; Tak;TgnwgkarTTYlxusRtÚvsMxan;²rbs;xøÜn

dUcteTAenH ³ ¬1¦ karRbmUl nigkarviPaKB½t’manTIpSarkargar ¬2¦ karbegáItRbB½n§B½t’man

TIpSarkargar nig ¬3¦ karpþl;B½t’mansþIBIesvaGb;rM nigkargar. TImYy edayeKarBeTAtam

karRbmUlviPaK nigpSBVpSayB½t’manTIpSarkargar TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr nigkargarGac

TMnak;TMngsßab½nbNþúHbNþalmUldæanenAkñúgKMrU nigkarGegátTIpSarkargar karbNþúHbNþal

mUldæan nigkRmitx<s;kñúgkarviPaKTinñn½y nigkarbNþúHbNþalrebobeFVIbTbgðaj karTMnak;

TMng nigkarpSBVpSayB½t’man.

TIBIr edIm,IEksRmÜl nigBRgwgRbB½n§B½t’manTIpSarkargarrbs;xøÜn TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr

nigkargarGacEsVgrkkarshkarCamYysmaKmnieyaCk nigsßab½nRsavRCavvis½yÉkCn.

CaBiess TIPñak;garCati muxrbr nigkargarGacRtÜtBinitüKMrUTIpSarEdlmanenAkm<úCa

ehIyGacshkarCamYyRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa nigvis½yÉkCnkñúgkareFVIbc©úb,nñPaB

nigEksRmÜlKMrUpÁt;pÁg; nigtRmÚvkarkñúgkareRbIR)as;. sßab½nGnþrCati dUcCa GgÁkarBlkmµ

GnþrCatipþl;CMnYybec©keTsdl;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ edIm,IseRmc)aneKalbMNgenH

tamry³karRbtibtþil¥CalkçN³GnþrCati TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr nigkargarGacshkar


36

CamYysalaeron nigsßab½nbNþúHbNþal edIm,IGnuvtþkarGegáttamdansþIBIlT§plTIpSar

kargarrbs;sisSnisitSbBa©b;karsikSa edayGaccab;epþImCaKeRmagsakl,g Edlman

sklviTüal½yFM²mYy b¤BIrcUlrYm.

edaybEnßmelIviFIsa®sþEdlmanTaMgenH TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr nigkargarGaceFVIkarGegát

tamry³ TUrs½BÞCaRbcaMCamYynieyaCk Edl)anpSBVpSayeRCIserIsbuKÁliktamtYnaTIkñúg

eKalbMNgkMNt;tYnaTIBi)akrk. cugbBa©b; TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr nigkargarGacecjpSay

sßitisegçbsþIBIkargarRbcaMqñaMtammuxviC¢a kargartammuxviC¢a nigtamsßab½n edIm,I[sisS

nisSiteTIbRbLgCab;GaceRCIserIssßab½nsRmab;TTYlkarGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþal nigmuxviC¢a

EdlRtÚveronbnþ. kic©xitxMpSBVpSayB½t’manEbbenH sMedAeTAelIRkumbIxus²Kña ³ RKwHsßan

Gb;rM nigsßab½nbNþúHbNþalbMNin nieyaCk Gñkpþl;karRbwkSa nigsisSnisitSEdlman

skþanuBl.

cugeRkayenH edIm,Ipþl;B½t’mansþIBIesvaGb;rM nigkargar TIPñak;garCatimuxrbr nigkargar

KYrBRgwg nigBRgIkkarpþl;B½t’mansþIBIkarGb;rM nig»kaskargar EdleBlbc©úb,nñenHminTan;

manPaBTUlMTUlayenAeLIy. kic©xitxMRbwgERbgenHCab;Tak;TgnwgPaBCaédKUCamYysßab½n

pþl;esvakargarkñúgvis½yÉkCn k¾dUcCaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alpgEdrEdlpþl;B½t’man

TaMgenH. eKalbMNgénkarpSBVpSayenH KWedIm,IbegáIteKhTMB½rkargartamRbB½n§eGLicRtÚnic

edIm,I[sisSnisSit nigGñkpþl;RbwkSaeRbIR)as;enAsalamFümsikSak¾dUcCanieyaCkpgEdr.

eKhTMB½renH manB½t’mansþIBIRKwHsßanGb;rM]tþmsikSa vKÁsikSanana nigkargarEdlP¢ab;eTA

RbB½n§B½t’manTIpSarkargarrbs;TIPñak;garCati muxrbr nigkargar.

¬2¦ karBRgIkvisalPaB {PaBcenøaHenAkRmitkNþal}

evTikaesdækic©km<úCa qñaM2011 nigsinñisITckçúvis½ykm<úCamanGaTiPaBBRgwg {PaBcenøaHenA

kRmitkNþal} énbMNin. karseRmc[mankarcuHeQµaHenAkRmitmFümsikSabzmPUmi rYmman

GRtacuHeQµaHTabxøaMgkñúgkarGb;rM bNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ edaymankarshkar

CamYynieyaCk KWRtÚvkarCacaM)ac;edIm,IerobcMcMnYnsisSCaeRcIn[TTYl)ankargar nigbegáIn

CMnajnaeBlGnaKt.

k¦ skmµPaBRtÚvGnuvtþbnÞan;kñúgkarBRgIkvisalPaB{PaBcenøaHenAkRmitkNþal}

edaysarskmµPaBenH CaskmµPaBGaTiPaBbnÞan; rdæaPi)alKYrb®Ba¢abkmµviFIGb;rMbNþúH-

bNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³[)anl¥ ¬ehIyBRgIk karpþl;hriBaØb,Tan tRmg;TisRKÜsar

dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgRbsiT§PaBhriBaØb,Tan¦.

22 karpþÜcepþImenH)anykmkeFVIkarsakl,g nigvaytémøeRkamKeRmagRTRTg;vis½yGb;rMenAkm<úCa ]btßmÖedayFnaKarBiPBelak

edIm,IRbmUl nigviPaKbTBiesaFn_matabita nigshKmn_ nigCMruj[matabitamankarykcitþTukdak;kan;EtxøaMg nigtRmÚv[man

karEklm¥BIsalaeron.


37

23 yuT§sa®sþKaMBarsgÁmCatikm<úCa TTYl)ankarGnum½tBIsemþcnaykrdæm®nþI nigkic©RbCuMKN³rdæm®nþIeBjGgÁ kñúgExmIna qñaM2011.

skmµPaBTI 1 ³ karb®Ba¢abkmµviFIGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³[)anl¥km<úCa

)anpþl;kmµviFIGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³l¥mYycMnYnrYcmkehIy mandUc

CavKÁsikSakMuBüÚT½renA CIST EdlGaceFVICaKMrUsRmab;karb®Ba¢ab nigBRgIkkmµviFI)an.

RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ GackMNt;kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalCMnajEdlman

karTTYlsÁal;eRcInBInieyaCk nigBüayamdak;bBa©ÚlkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalenH enAsala

Gb;rMbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³rdæ b¤kñúgsßab½nbNþúHbNþalFM² EdlmansisS

cUleroneRcIn. edaymankarshkarCamYy]sSahkmµÉkCn RksYgkargar nig

bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GacvinieyaKelImCÄmNÐlmYy b¤eRcIn EdlGnuvtþ)anl¥kñúgtMbn;

mYycMnYnsRmab;karGb;rM bec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³enAkRmitmFümsikSa. skmµPaB

vinieyaKEbbenH GacbegáInkarcUlrYmrbs;yuvCnkñúgkarGPivDÆCMnajbec©keTs nig

viC¢aCIv³)anl¥ eTAtamtRmÚvkarrbs;shRKas]sSahkmµ. salaviC¢aCIv³bec©keTs

Cati (CONALEP) rbs;RbeTsmiksIukU pþl;KMrUd¾eCaKC½ymYy sRmab;karENnaMPaB

CaédKUrvagsala nigshRKas]sSahkmµ.

x¦ karbegáItmUldæanRKwHsRmab; {PaBcenøaHenAkRmitkNþal} enAéf¶xagmux

enAéf¶xagmux rdæaPi)alnwgBicarNaelImeFüa)ayfµI edIm,IBRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;KN³-

kmµaFikarCati bNþúHbNþal nigCMruj[nieyaCkcMNayelIkargarbNþúHbNþalnieyaCit.

EpnkarTI1 ³ BRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal edIm,IeFVIkMENTRmg;

karGb;rM nigkarbNþúHbNþal epþatelInieyaCk

karBRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþal RtÚvmankarerobcMsmaCikPaB

rbs;KN³kmµaFikarCati begáIntMNag nig\T§iBlnieyaCk RBmTaMgGPivDÆn_smtßPaB

rbs;elxaFikarrbs;KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþalpgEdr. karBRgwgenH k¾tRmÚv[

KN³kmµaFikarCatibNþúHbNþaledIrtYnaTIy:agskmµelIkargarCak;Esþg kñúgkarbegáIt

sþg;da KuNvuDÆi nigkarGnuvtþkarvaytémøbEnßmelIkarelIkkm<s;karbegáIteKalneya)ay

nigRbB½n§RKb;RKg[kan;EtTUlMTUlay. edIm,IelIkkm<s;kargarrbs;KN³kmµaFikarCati

bNþúHbNþal rdæaPi)alGacbgðajBIsUcnakrkargarsMxan;dl;KN³kmµaFikarCati

bNþúHbNþal nigRtÜtBinitüvDÆnPaBsmT§iplkargarrbs;xøÜn. KN³kmµaFikarCati

bNþúHbNþalkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInCMuvijBiPBelakmaneQµaHxus²Kña cMENktYnaTI nigkar

TTYlxusRtÚvk¾xusKñaEdr. elxaFikarEdlmaneKalCMhrrwgmaM KWCatYGgÁd¾sMxan;kñúgkar

pþl;GMNacdl;KN³kmµaFikarTaMgenH[GnuvtþtYnaTIEdl)ancat;taMg. KN³kmµaFikar

CatibNþúHbNþalGacpþl;[mankarerobcMrYmmYy edIm,IRtÜtBinitüsßab½nTIpSarepSg

eTotkñúgkarTTYl)anB½t’manTIpSarkargar esvakargar karFanaKuNPaB bTbBa¢a

karRtÜtBinitü nigkarbegáIteKalneya)ay.


38

EpnkarTI2 ³ BicarNaviFIsa®sþfµI kñúgkarCMrujnieyaCk[eFVIkarcMNayelIkarbNþúH-

bNþalnieyaCit

km<úCaminmankarrMBwgTukkñúgkarpþl;fvikasRmab;karbNþúHbNþal tamtRmÚvkarBIRbPB

saFarN³enaHeT. km<úCaRtÚvkarEbgEckfvika nigelIkkm<s;karcMNayÉkCntam

shRKas. shRKasFM²PaKeRcIn )anpþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;nieyaCitrbs;xøÜnrYc

ral;ehIy ehIyshRKasCaeRcIneTot k¾mankarCMruj[pþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;

nieyaCitpgEdr. ]TahrN_ RbeTsma:eLsIu nigsigðburI TTYl)aneCaKC½ykñúgkarCMruj

[shRKaspþl;karbNþúHbNþal tamry³RbB½n§elIkElgBn§elIR)ak;cMNUlrbs;

nieyaCk EdlmanRbsiT§PaBsRmab;shRKasxñatmFüm. bTBiesaFn_bgðajfa

RbB½n§elIkElgBn§elIR)ak;cMNUlrbs;nieyaCkGnuvtþ edaymUlniFisRmab;karbNþúH-

bNþalfñak;Cati manRbsiT§PaBEdlnieyaCkmantYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarRKb;RKg nig

eKalneya)ayrbs;xøÜn. pÞúyeTAvij \NTanBn§darelIkarGb;rM nigkarbNþúHbNþal

GacmanRbsiT§PaBsRmab;Rkúmh‘untUc² EdlTTYl)anBIkarelIkElgBn§ edaysar

karcMNayeTAtamlkçxNÐc,ab;.

¬3¦ karbegáInKuNPaB nigTMnak;TMngTIpSarkñúgkarGPivDÆbMNin

edIm,IelIkkm<s;TMnak;TMng nigKuNPaBkñúgkarGPivDÆbMNin km<úCaRtÚveFVIkMENTRmg;salaeron nig

mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal RBmTaMgkarpSarP¢ab;eTAnwg]sSahkmµpgEdr. kMENTRmg;salatRmÚv

[ ¬1¦ EkERbkmµviFIsikSa[eTACakmµviFIsikSaEp¥kelIkarksagsmtßPaB nigepþatkarykcitþTuk

dak;elIlT§plbNþúHbNþal[)aneRcInCagFnFansRmab;begáInRbsiT§PaB nigkarTTYlxusRtÚv

¬2¦ EkERbviFIsa®sþénkarbeRgónBIRKÚmCÄmNÐleTACasisSmCÄmNÐl edayCYysisS nig

kmµsikSakarI [køayCaGñkbgðat;beRgónyUrGEgVg ¬3¦ eRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþénkarbeRgón Edl

GPivDÆbMNinCIvit EdlCatRmÚvkarrbs;]sSahkmµ nigshRKin edIm,IGPivDÆvis½yÉkCn nig

kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nig ¬4¦ BRgwgkarRKb;RKgsalaeron nigmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal edIm,IelIk

km<s;RbsiT§PaB nigkareqøIytbeTAnwgkarERbRbÜlTIpSarenAtammUldæan. ]TahrN_ RbeTs

GU®sþalI nigsigðburI manbTBiesaFn_y:ageRcInTak;TgnwgkMENTRmg;TaMgenH. RbeTscink¾kMBug

sakl,geRbIR)as;kBa©b;fvikay:ageRcInsRmab;kMENTRmg;kñúgsalaeron enAtambeNþayeqñr

xagekIt. elIsBIenHeTAeTot manRbeTsCaeRcIn)anpþl;bTBiesaFn_l¥² sþIBIkarpSarP¢ab;

salaeronCamYy]sSahkmµ. yuT§sa®sþTTYl)aneCaKC½y rYmbBa©ÚlKMrURbeTsCb:unCamYy

salaeron Edldak;bBa©ÚlsisSkñúgvis½y]sSahkmµenAeBlbBa©b;karsikSa ehIyKMrURbeTs

sigðburI eRbIR)as;bBaðaplitkmµ]sSahkmµsRmab;karbNþúHbNþal. KMrUsalaeron nig]sSahkmµ

rbs;RbeTsGaløWm:g;vij mankMENTRmg;karbNþúHbNþalBIrEpñk yuT§sa®sþeRbIR)as;kñúgshrdæ

GaemrikCamYysßab½nkargar Edlpþl;karsikSaEp¥kelIkargarPaBCaédKUrbs;sala CONALEP CamYy]sSahkmµsRmab;mU:DulenARbeTsmiksuIkU karGb;rMenAmFümsikSaEp¥kelIkarksag

smtßPaB b¤ Senai nig Senac enARbeTseRbsuIl mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþaldwknaMedaynieyaCk.


39

k¦ skmµPaBRtÚvGnuvtþbnÞan; edIm,IelIkkm<s;KuNPaB nigPaBBak;B½n§nwgTIpSar

enAeBlmankarbnþkic©xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa nigRksYgbNþúHbNþal

viC¢aCIv³ kñúgkarbegáItkMENTRmg;[)anTUlMTUlay nigkarksagsmtßPaBenaH rdæaPi)alGac

cab;epþImbegáIncMnYnmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§[)anqab; edaymanshkarCamYy

]sSahkmµkñúgRsúk.

skmµPaBTI1 ³ cab;epþImbegáIncMnYnsßab½nbNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§ edaykarshkar

CamYy]sSahkmµkñúgRsúk

karepþatelItMbn;GPivDÆn_ nigvis½ylUtlas;sMxan;²xagEpñkesdækic© rdæaPi)alGac

begáIt[manédKUkñúgtMbn; rvag]sSahkmµ nigsßab½nbNþúHbNþalbMNin rYmman

mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalkñúgRbB½n§ nigeRkARbB½n§ RBmTaMgsalaeronpgEdr. PaBCa

édKUTaMgenH GaccUlrYmcMENkpþl;tYnaTIdl;]sSahkmµkñúgkarRKb;RKgsßab½nbNþúH-

bNþal nigkarRKb;RKgesvabNþúHbNþalrbs;xøÜn. tamsalaeron k¾dUcCamCÄmNÐl

bNþúHbNþalhirBaØb,TansaFarN³ nigÉkCn GacCYyEklm¥karRKb;RKg karbeRgón

eRKÓgbrikçar nigsmÖar³sikSa. bTBiesaFn_kargar nigkarbNþúHbNþal GacrYmbBa©Úl

Kña edIm,IelIkkm<s;KuNPaB nigPaBCab;Tak;Tgkñúgkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal. RbeTs

m:UrIs TTYl)aneCaKC½ykñúgkareRbIR)as;yuT§sa®sþenH edIm,IbeRmIdl;tMbn;esdækic©

sMxan;². elIsBIenHeTot karbegáIt nigGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþbMNintamtMbn;rbs;rdæaPi)al

kñúgtMbn; edaymankarshkarCamYynieyaCk nigsßab½nbNþúHbNþalbMNinkñúgtMbn;

Gacpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_tamry³karsñak;enAkñúgsalaeron nigkarTTYl)ankaryl;dwg

bec©keTs edIm,I[køayCakmµkrCMnaj.

x¦ karbegáItmUldæanRKwHsRmab;karelIkkm<s;KuNPaB nigPaBBak;B½n§nwgTIpSarenAéf¶xagmux

enAéf¶xagmux km<úCanwgRtÚveFVIkMENTRmg;kmµviFIsikSaenAkRmitmFümsikSa nigBRgwgkar

TTYlxusRtÚvrbs;shKmn_ nigsalaeronpgEdr.

EpnkarTI1 ³ kMENTRmg;kmµviFIsikSamFümsikSa edIm,IelIkkm<s;karbeRgónmuxviC¢a

viTüasa®sþ KNitviTüa visVkmµ nigmuxviC¢abec©keTsepSgeTot PaBCashRKin nig

bMNinCIvit

tamry³karRtÜtBinitüelIyuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_esdækic©km<úCa RksYgGb;rMxitxMRbwgERbg

CafµI edIm,IEksRmÜlkmµviFIsikSa CaBiesskarepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elImuxviC¢a

bec©keTsvij nigEkERbviFIsa®sþbeRgón[kan;EtTMenIbCagmun. karxitxMRbwgERbgenH

epþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarbNþúHbNþalRKÚbeRgón EdlGacbMeBjbEnßmelIkar

elIkkm<s;kmµviFIbeRgónKNitviTüaenAfñak;dMbUgrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa enA

kRmitbzmsikSa. enAkRmit]tþmsikSa k¾mankarrBRgwgkmµviFIsikSa y:agehacNas;

enARKwHsßan ]tþmsikSamYyEdrxagEpñkviTüasa®sþ KNitviTüa visVkmµ nigbec©kviTüa

B½t’man EdlGacsakl,g nigelIkykyuT§sa®sþmkBicarNakñúgkareFVIkMENTRmg;


40

enA]tþmsikSanaeBlxagmux. bTBiesaFn_kñúgkarelIkkm<s;viFIsa®sþþbeRgónKNitviTüa

nigviTüasa®sþ[kan;EtRbesIreLIg TTYl)anBIRbeTsmYycMnYn dUcCa hVaMgLg; nig

sigðburI ehIyfµI²enHBITIRkúgesogéhenARbeTscin.

krNIsikSaCak;Esþg nigkargarKeRmagGacykmkeRbIR)as;sRmab;CamUldæankñúgkar

sakl,g edIm,ICaCMnYykñúgkarGPivDÆbMNin shRKin. pÞúyeTAvijkmµviFIsikSaEbbenH

k¾Gacykmkdak;bBa©ÚlenAfñak;mFümsikSa nig]tþmsikSa b:uEnþtamry³bTBiesaFn_

GnþrCati kmµviFIsikSaenHCab;Tak;Tgy:agxøaMgeBldak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkmµviFIsikSaenA

sßab½nbNþúHbNþaleRkARbB½n§ Edl[mnusSeBjv½ysBVéf¶kMBugmankargareFVI nig

eFVIkar[GñkepSgseRmcbMNgkñúgkarebIkCMnYjedayxøÜnÉgenaH. kmµviFITaMgenHGac

pþl;CaviFIsa®sþd¾mansar³RbeyaCn_dl;Gñk Edlcg;køayCashRKinkñúgkarelIkkm<s;

lT§pleFVICMnYj. Tak;TgnwgbMNinCIvit kmµviFIsikSaenAkRmitmFümsikSa Gacsakl,g

beRgónemeronsþIBIbMNinCIvittUc²epSgeTot ehIyk¾KYrmankarRtÜtBinitü nigvaytémø

elIkarsakl,genH muneBlykmkdak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgkmµviFIsikSaenaH.

EpnkarTI2 ³ BRgwgkarTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;shKmn_ nigsalaeron EdlCaEpñkmYyén

dMeNIrvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar

dMeNIrkarvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar EdlkMBugEtbnþGnuvtþenAkm<úCaenaH pþl;»kaskñúg

karelIkkm<s;ÉkraCüPaB nigkarTTYlxusRtÚvral;lT§plénkarGb;rMenAkRmitmUldæan.

kñúgbribTvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar nigkMENTRmg;rdæ)alfñak;Cati RksYgGb;rM yuvCn

nigkILa GacshkarCamYyRksYgepSgeTotkñúgkarkMNt;BItYnaTI nigmuxgarsRmab;

karRKb;RKgfñak;eRkamCati. EpñkCaeRcIndUcCa karRtÜtBinitü karvaytémø karRKb;RKg

kargar karEbgEckmuxgar[)ansmrmüenAfñak;RKb;RKgepSg² Tak;TgnwgkarGb;rM

suxaPi)al nigvis½ysgÁmepSgeTot GacCYysRmÜl[karRKb;RKgmanlT§plkan;Et

RbesIreLIgkñúgbribTvimCÄkar. yuT§sa®sþrYmenARKb;vis½y GacCYysRmÜldl;kar

ksagsmtßPaB EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;m®nþIRKb;RKgfñak;eRkamCati nigbuKÁliksikSa.

BiessCagenHeTot eKalkarN_ENnaMsþIBIkarRKb;RKgsala rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgKMnitpþÜc

epþImkarsakl,gpgenaH dUcCa KMnitpþÜcepþImbegáItb½NÑr)aykarN_salaeronGac

CMruj[shKmn_ nigRkúmRbwkSaXuM cUlrYmkñúgkarRtÜtBinitükargarsala nigbegáIt

EpnkarskmµPaB edIm,IelIkkm<s;karRKb;RKgkarbeRgónrbs;RKÚ.

¬4¦ karBRgwgRbsiT§PaBhirBaØb,TankñúgkarGPivDÆbMNin

manbBaðaBIrekIteLIgenAeBlEbgEckkarcMNayeTAelIkarGPivDÆbMNin. bBaðaTImYy KWsþIBIrebob

ekorKrFnFankñúgvis½ysaFarN³ nigÉkCnenAdMNak;kalnImYy²énvdþCIvit ehIyTIBIr KWsþIBI

rebobcMNayFnFan EdlGacbegáIt[manR)ak;elIkTwkcitþsRmab;karbMeBjkargar)anl¥ nig

KNenyüPaBsRmab;lT§plkargar. bBaðaTaMgenH k¾ekItmanenAkñúgvis½yÉkCnepSgeTotpg

Edr ehIyminRtwmEtkarGPivDÆbMNinb:ueNÑaHeT kareqøIytbk¾tRmÚv[mankarpSarP¢ab;CamYy

eTAnwgeKalkarN_hirBaØb,TansaFarN³[)anl¥pgEdr dUcCaGñkEdlTTYl)anRbeyaCn_eRcIn


41

CageKKYrTTYlxusRtÚvelIkarcMNay. CaBiess kñúgkarGPivDÆbMNinTak;TgnwgkargarEdlRKÜsar

nigGñkeFVICMnYjGacdwgedaypÞal;BIRbeyaCn_énkarGPivDÆbMNin nigEckrMElkbnÞúkhirBaØvtßú.

k¦ skmµPaBRtÚvGnuvtþbnÞan;kñúgkarBRgwgRbsiT§PaBhirBaØb,Tan edIm,IkarGPivDÆbMNin

edaysarskmµPaBenHCaskmµPaBGaTiPaBbnÞan; rdæaPi)alKYrbegáInkarcMNayelIviFIsa®sþ

EbgEckfvika tRmg;TisRKÜsar[manRbsiT§PaB edIm,IrkSaGRtasikSaKg;vgS.

skmµPaBTI1 ³ BRgIkviFIsa®sþpþl;hirBaØb,TantRmg;TisRKÜsar edIm,IGRtaKg;vgSén

karsikSa

bTBiesaFn_d¾l¥rbs;km<úCakñúgkarGnuvtþkmµviFIGaharUbkrN_ edIm,IbegáInkarcuHeQµaH

cUleronenAmFümsikSa pþl;nUvemeronmansar³sMxan;bEnßmeTot. bTBiesaFn_TaMgenH

bgðajfa kmµviFICMnYyhirBaØvtßú CakmµviFImanRbsiT§PaB EdlGac[kumarenAbnþkar

sikSaeTot)an. kmµviFIRsedogKñaenHGacykmkBicarNasRmab;karGb;rM bNþúH-

bNþalbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ edaymankarshkarCamYyvis½yÉkCnepSgeTotpg

Edr. bTBiesaFn_enARbeTsmYycMnYn dUcCa GaemrikLaTIn \NÐÚensuI nigbg;køaeds

)anbgðajBIPaBeCaKC½yénkmµviFITaMgenH kñúgkarCMruj[manGRtasikSaKg;vgS nig

bBa©b;kmµviFIsikSa.

x¦ karbegáItmUldæanRKwHsRmab;RbsiT§PaBhirBaØb,TanenAeBlGnaKt

enAéf¶xagmux rdæaPi)alRtÚvbegáInkarcMNayelIkarGnþraKmEdlcMNaytickñúgdMNak;kal

dMbUgénCIvitrbs;kumartUc nigrkviFIsa®sþEbgEckfvikaepSg² edIm,IbegáInR)ak;elIkTwkcitþ

cMeBaHlT§plkargarl¥kñúgcMeNamsßab½nbNþúHbNþalCMnaj rYmTaMgRKwHsßan]tþmsikSa

pgEdr.

EpnkarTI1 ³ begáInkarcMNayelIbTGnþraKmn_ EdlmankarcMNaytictYcenAdMNak;kal

dMbUgénvdþCIvit

edaykarbnþninñakarénkarbegáIncMNaysaFarN³elIkarGb;rM EdlCacMENkmYyén

plitplkñúgRsúksrub km<úCaRtÚveRbIR)as;FnFanEdlmanRsab; edIm,IEklm¥elIkar

erobcM[kumar[TTYl)anbMNinsRmab;eFVIkargar nigTTYl)anCMnajsRmab;kargardMbUg

ehIyk¾nwgtRmÚv[manfvikabEnßmpgEdr ]TahrN_ edIm,ITTYl)ansUcnakrénkarvivtþ

sMxan;rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa EdlmaneKalbMNg ¬1¦ BRgIkvisalPaB

énkarGb;rMedaycab;epþImkmµviFIGb;rMkumartUc nigkarbBa©b;fñak;enAkRmitbzmsikSa

elIkkm<s;KuNPaB nigRbsiT§PaBesvaGb;rM rYmman karkat;bnßyGRtaRtÜtfñak;kñúg

sala nigkarbegáInkarvaytémøsþg;dafñak;CatielIlT§plsikSarbs;sisS. eKaledA

cm,gBIrxagelIenH nwgKaMRTdl;karbNþúHbNþalRKÚbeRgón nigRbB½n§vaytémøfñak;Cati

k¾dUcCasmtßPaBrbs;RKÜsarRkIRkkñúgkar[kUnrbs;BYkeKcUleronpgEdr.

kñúgn½yenH karEbgEckhirBaØvtßúrbs;rdæaPi)al KYrepþatelIsar³sMxan;énkarGb;rMkumar

tUcsRmab;karGPivDÆmUlFnmnusS edIm,ITTYl)ansgÁmmanGñkecHdwg nigesdækic©


42

rIkceRmIn nigbegáInCMnYykñúgkarvinieyaK[manRbsiT§PaBcMNayelIkumartUc. bT-

BiesaFn_GnþrCati)anbgðajfa kareFVIEbbenHGacmanRbsiT§PaBtamry³kmµviFIepþat

elIkarKaMBarsgÁm dUcCa karepÞrsac;R)ak;edaymankarTTYlxusRtÚveTAvijeTAmkelI

karGPivDÆkumareRkamyuT§sa®sþKaMBarsgÁmCatikm<úCa. karepÞrsac;R)ak;TaMgenHGac

eFVIeTA)anGaRs½yelIkarcUlrYmkñúgGnþraKmn_énRbsiT§PaBcMNay rYmman GaharUbtßmÖ

suxPaB mata nigTark RBmTaMgkarGb;rMmatabita nigkumartUc ehIydUcKñaenHEdr

RKÜsark¾TTYl)ankmµviFIGaharUbkrN_eRkamlkçxNÐ[kUnbnþkarsikSaenAsalapgEdr.

EpnkarTI2 ³ EsVgrkviFIsa®sþEbgEckhirBaØb,Tannana edIm,ICMruj[mankarelIkTwkcitþ

cMeBaH

sßab½nEdlmanlT§plbNþúHbNþall¥ kñúgcMeNamsßab½nbNþúHbNþalbMNin rYmTaMg

RKwHsßan]tþmsikSa. kMENTRmg;EdlmaneCaKC½yenAfñak;GnþrCatimaneKaledA ¬1¦

karEbgEckfvikatamkargar ¬2¦ kareRbIR)as;mUlniFisRmab;GPivDÆn_bMNin Edlman

karRbkYtRbECg nig ¬3¦ karpþl;GMNacdl;GñkTTYlpltamry³kareRbIR)as;skçIb½Rt

nigRBwtþbRtsikSasRmab;karGPivDÆbMNin EdlcMNayeBlevlaeRcIn. tamry³

Pñak;garCMnajCati SENCE RbeTsQIlI )anCMruj[manesvaRbesIrCagmunBIsßab½n

bNþúHbNþalbMNinsaFarN³ nigÉkCntamry³karTTYl)anesvaTaMgenH edayman

karRbkYtRbECg. RbeTsGU®sþalI kMBugcat;viFankñúgkarbegáInkarRbkYtRbECg nig

Fana[manvKÁbNþúHbNþalBak;B½n§ edayeRbIR)as;skçIb½RtCak;lak;.

yuT§sa®sþpþl;hirBaØb,TantamtRmÚvkar )anpøas;bþÚrRkbx½NÐkarpþl;R)ak;elIkTwkcitþ

dl;kargar edaykarpþl;GMNacdl;GñkTTYlplénkarGPivDÆbMNin. sRmab;vis½y

saFarN³ viFIsa®sþTaMgenHCMruj[mankarepþatelIlT§plénkarbNþúHbNþal edIm,I

EksRmÜlkarcMNayelIvis½ysaFarN³. edaysarfa km<úCa)anGnuvtþknøgmkkñúg

kmµviFIskçIb½RteRkamKeRmag ADB TVET b¤kmµviFIGaharUbkrN_ eTIbmankarbegáIt

nigeFVIetsþelIkmµviFIsakl,gkñúgry³eBlmYyxøI edaymankarRtÜtBinitü nigvaytémø

y:aghµt;ct;elIRbsiT§PaBénkmµviFITaMgenH edIm,IseRmc)ankarbegáIteKalneya)ay

naeBlxagmux.

ynþkarhirBaØb,TansRmab;karGb;rM]tþmsikSa tRmÚv[mankarBRgwgRbsiT§PaB nig

tmøaPaB. edayehtufakarekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½sénkarGb;rMkRmit]tþmsikSa nig

CMnYyhirBaØvtßúsaFarN³tictYcenAtamRKwHsßan]tþmsikSa fvikaRbmUl)anBIRKwHsßan

saFarN³ nigÉkCn GacKaMRT[mannirnþrPaBhirBaØb,TanyUrGEgVg. RksYgGb;rM

yuvCn nigkILa nwgRtÚvvaytémøBIkareRbIR)as;FnFansRmab;karGb;rM]tþmsikSa nigkar

EkERbGaceFVI)antamry³ynþkarhirBaØb,TanEdlmanRsab;kñúgRKwHsßan]tþmsikSa.

3>2 karGnuvtþEpnkarskmµPaB nigkarBicarNaelIyuT§sa®sþ[)anTUlMTUlay

bTBiesaFn_TTYl)anBIRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsepSgeTotbgðajfa EpnkarskmµPaBKYrman

ry³eBlkMNt;rYm nigTsSn³RtwmRtÚv karRtÜtBinitünigbgðajBIlT§pl. sUcnakrkargarsMxan;²


43

KYrykmkkMNt; edIm,IeFVIkarRtYtBinitü. sUcnakrTaMgenH KYrbBa©ÚlcMNucedAsRmab;RtÜtBiniitü

nigsUcnakrénplb:HBal;cugeRkaytamkarvaytémøy:aghµt;ct;. karEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtÚv

c,as;las;kñúgkarGnuvtþ nigkarRtÜtBinitühµt;ct; nwgmansarRbeyaCn_dl;karGnuvtþskmµPaB

tameBlevlakMNt;. skmµPaBeRKagxagelIpþl;[manCeRmIsCak;lak; EdlGaceFVICaFnFan

sRmab;kic©BiPakSarvagrdæaPi)al nigPaKIBak;B½n§epSgeTotkñúgkarbegáItEpnkarskmµPaB.

edIm,IsRmÜldl;karBiPakSa nigkarGnuvtþ rdæaPi)alKYrbegáIt {shKmn_bMNin} mYy. shKmn_

GacbBa©Úlm®nþIfñak;kNþalkñúgRksYg nigvis½yÉkCn RBmTaMgTIPñak;garrdæaPi)alpgEdr. bT-

BiesaFn_GnþrCati)anbgðaj[dwgfa shKmn_EbbenH GacmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarelIkkm<s;kic©

BiPakSaeKalneya)ay nigGaceFVICatMNagkñúgkareFVIkMENTRmg;enAeBlGnuvtþ. shKmn_TaMg

enH maneKaledAbegáIteLIgeTAtameBlevlakMNt;NamYy edIm,IbMeBjtamtRmÚvkarkñúgeBl

Cak;lak; cUlrYmkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal nigEckrMElkkaryl;dwg nigpSBVpSaysMeNIkMENTRmg;kñúg

vis½yEdlBYkeKykcitþTukdak;.

cugeRkayenH edaymankarBicarNaelIrebobvar³énkarGPivDÆbMNinsRmab;ry³eBlmFüm

km<úCaGacGnum½tyuT§sa®sþrYmdUc)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgRkbx½NÐGPivDÆn_bMNinvdþCIvit ¬rUbPaBTI

11¦. Rkbx½NÐxagTsSn³samBaØmYyeQµaHfa bMNinedIm,ITTYl)ankargar nigplitPaB

(STEP) GacCYyGñkerobcMeKalneya)aybegáItRbB½n§ Edlpþl;bMNinnaMeTArkplitPaBx<s; nig

karrIkceRmInxøaMg. RsbeBlkm<úCaTMngCaTTYl)anlT§plx<s;bMput edaykarepþatelICMhanTaMg

bIdMbUgxagelI enaHkarbNþúHbNþalPaBCashRKin ¬eRkamCMhanTI 4¦ nigkarsRmbsRmÜl

[TTYl)anB½t’man ¬eRkamCMhanTI 5¦ Edl)anBiPakSaxagelI caM)ac;RtÚvEkERbCMnajeTACa

plitPaBkargar[manRbsiT§PaBvij. yuT§sa®sþrYm KYrEp¥kelIkarviPaK edayhµt;ct;BImUlehtu

énkarxVHxat nigPaBminsmRsbénbMNin nigEp¥kelIkarvaytémøBIRbsiT§PaBéneKalneya)ay

nigskmµPaBEdl)anGnuvtþknøgmk.

RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak ¬2010 X¦

karcab;epþImRtwmRtÚv * GaharUbtßmÖ

* karbMb:nR)aCJa nig

Gakb,kiriya

karGb;rMR)aCJamUldæan¼mFüm* sþg;dakarsikSa

* RKÚ

* FnFan

* brisßan eKarBbTbBa¢a

karbNþúHbMNinTak;Tgnwg kargar* vKÁbNþúHbNþalviBaØabnbRt

Can;x<s; nigBiess

* kmµviFI {skmµ} nig

bNþúHbNþalsRmab;

vis½yeRkARbB½n§

* karGb;rMviC¢aCIv³ nig

]tþmsikSa

* tYnaTIkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal

pþl;edayRkúmh‘un

* kareronsURteBjmYyCIvit

cMenHdwg B½t’man nvanuvtþn_ nigshRKas* PaBCaédKUrvag

saklviTüal½y nig

Rkúmh‘un¼]sSahkmµ

* ]btþmÖFn nvanuvtþn_¼

karbNþúHbNþal

* RbB½n§B½t’mansaFarN³

* karKaMRTkarGPivDÆ

cMeNHdwg

* karbNþúHbNþal nigKaMRT

shRKin

kareqøIytbkargar karpøas;bþÚrkargar nigkarEsVgrkkargar* sRmbsRmÜlkarTTYl)an

B½t’man ¬tRmÚvkarTIpSarkargar

sRmab;bMNinxusKña CMnYyEsVg

rkkargar RbB½n§TTYlsÁal;

KuNPaB¦

* sRmbsRmÜlkarxkxanTIpSar

rbs;RkumCak;lak; ¬]> yuvCn

®sþI Rkúmminrab;bBa©Úl¦

* c,ab;kargar edIm,IFanara:b;rg

sgÁm[manRbsiT§PaB

kMeNInplitPaB nigesdækic©rUbPaB 12 ³ RbB½n§KaMRTdl;karGPivDÆbMNinkñúgvdþCIvit


44

kMNt;smÁal;enH erobcMeLIgbnÞab;BIr)aykarN_rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakqñaM2010 sþIBIkarpþl;bMNinsRmab;smFm’

nigPaBrIkceRmIn nigbEnßmBIelIkMNt;smÁal; qñaM2010 rbs;FnaKarBiPBelaksþIBIkarGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþkMeNInrbs;

RbeTskm<úCaeRkayeBlmanvibtþi. kMNt;smÁal;enH Ep¥kelIkic©BiPakSakñúgebskkmµKaMBarsgÁmrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak

kalBIExvicäika qñaM2010 nigEp¥kelIkarCECkBiPakSaeKalneya)ayenAevTikaesdækic©km<úCa qñaM2011. kMNt;smÁal;enH

maneKalbMNgKaMRTrdæaPi)alkñúgkarkMNt;skmµPaB edIm,IedaHRsay]bsKÁCakatBVkic© nigkarRBagyuT§sa®sþbMNin

rbs;RbeTskm<úCasRmab;eBlGnaKt. sUmeFVIkarENnaMedaysYrCasMnYr nigpþl;eyabl;eTA Hana Brixi EdlCa

RbFanRkúmsRmab;kmµviFIKaMBarsgÁmrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ([email protected]).

sRmab;karBiPakSa sUmemIlÉksarrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak ¬qñaM2010 a¦

yuT§sa®sþctuekaNrbs;RbeTskm<úCa edIm,IPaBrIkceRmInkargar smFm’ nigRbsiT§PaB epþatelIvis½ymYycMnYn dUcCa ³

ksikmµ RbB½n§Twk nigFarasa®sþ ehdæarcnasm<½n§KmnaKmn_ GKÁisnI karGPivDÆFnFanmnusS ]sSahkmµGtiBlkmµ nig

]sSahkmµplitGaharsRmab;naMecj eTscrN_ eRbg ]sµ½n FmµCati nigEr:epSg²eTot bec©kviTüaB½t’man¼KmnaKmn_

nigCMnYj.

rdæaPi)al)ankMNt;vis½yGaTiPaBcMnYn 19 Edlcat;TukCaEpñkényuT§sa®sþsmahrNkmµCMnYjrbs;xøÜn³ Rsaebor

RKab;sVaycnÞI dMLÚgeQI eBat Clpl Es,keCIg kat;edr karciBa©wmstV Ggár ekAs‘U sURt sENþkesog EpøeQI nig

bEnø plitpleQI smaKmhtßkmµFunRsal eTscrN_ esvaBlkmµ ¬rYmTaMgkarsagsg;¦ esvaTak;TgnwgkardwkCBa¢Ún

dMeNIrkarGaCIvkmµ¼esvatamRbB½n§GIuneFIeNt.

bBaðaRbQmEpñksRmbsRmÜl nigB½t’man sßitkñúg]bsKÁbIsMxan;² TnÞwmnwgbBaðaRbQménFnbRmug nigtémøGKÁisnI

nigPsþúParEdlraraMgPaBrIkceRmInrbs;RbeTskm<úCa ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2010 A¦. bBaðaRbQmEpñkFnbRmug

sMedAelIRbB½n§Gn;exSayrbs;RbeTskm<úCakñúgkaredaHRsayCemøaH nigkarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. témøGKÁisnIx<s; nig

éføedIm nigPsþúParEdlminGacTukcitþ)an ¬rYmTaMgCMnYj¦ raraMgshRKinBIkarcUlrYmkñúgKeRmag EdlGacdMeNIrkar)an.

vismPaBR)ak;cMNUlkñúgRbeTskm<úCamankRmitx<s;eTAtamsþg;datMbn; edaymanemKuN Gini Qandl; 45°. sRmab;

Tinñn½y sUmemIlTinñn½ymUldæantamdanPaBRkIRkenAtMbn;GasIubUBa’.

RsedognwgTinñn½yrbs;viTüasßanCatisßitipgEdr ¬qñaM2010¦ karGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaBkm<úCa ¬qñaM2011¦ bgðaj

BIkarFøak;cuHénGRtapþl;kMeNItsrubBI 4/0 kñúgqñaM2000 dl; 3/0 kñúgqñaM2010.

sRmab;karviPaK sUmemIl Di Gropello nig Sakellariou ¬qñaM2010¦. RbeTsEdl)aneFVIkarGegát rYmman RbeTs

km<úCa cin \NÐÚensIu m:ugehÁalI hVIlIBIn éf nigevotNam. karsikSakMNt;nieyaCitEdlmanCMnajfaCanieyaCitEdl

mankarGb;rMmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi nigkarGb;rMx<s;CagenH.

Éksareyag

45

FnaKarBiPBelakqñaM2010 x nig HRINC qñaM2011. karGegátedayRbúgRby½tñsþIBInieyaCk nignieyaCit caM)ac;

RtÚvpþl;PsþútagEdlGacTukcitþ)anTak;TgnwgvisalPaB nigRbePTCak;lak;énkarxVHxat nigPaBminsmRsbénbMNin.

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lT§plGegát)anmkBI CSES qñaM 2009 nig HRINC qñaM 2011

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Éksareyag

THE WORLD BANKFnaKarBiPBelak113 mhavifIRBHneratþmraCFanIPñMeBjTUrs½BÞelx ³ +855 ¬0¦23 217 304eKhTMB½r ³ www.worldbank.org/kh

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