Child Development Laura E. Berk 8th editionChapter 9Language Development

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Components of LanguageCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

PhonologyRules about structure and sequence of speech soundsSemanticsVocabulary - words and word combinations for conceptsGrammar Syntax - rules for sentences Morphology - grammatical markersPragmaticsAppropriate and effective communication

Three Theories of Language DevelopmentCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

BehavioristLearned through operant conditioning (reinforcement) and imitationNativist Language Acquisition Device (LAD) biologically prepares infants to learn rules of language through universal grammarInteractionistInner capacities and environment work together; Social context is important

Noam Chomsky (The Nativist Perspective)Children have an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) to learn on their ownLAD: a system with a universal grammar rules that apply to all human languagesDeliberate training by parents are unnecessary; learning happens naturallySupport for the Nativist: children learn language even in a linguistically poor environment

Support for Biological Language Preparedness of the Nativist Animal languageLanguage seems to be unique to humansBrain structuresRegions predisposed to language processing (e.g., Brocas area; Wernickes area)Sensitive periodDuring brain lateralization Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Deaf Childrens LanguageDeaf children develop language even when they have:Minimal inputLater than hearing children, but do developHomesignInconsistent inputExtract rulesCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Language Areas of the BrainCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. Brocas area: grammatical processing and speech production

Wernickes area: comprehending the meaning of word

A Sensitive Period for Language Development? Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. Children must learn language during the period of brain lateralization before pubertyThe second half of the first year: babies developed sensitivity to native-languageFor those who are deaf: early learning of ASL is essential

Language Development in Children with Williams Syndrome Rare disorderchildren born with low IQs, but strong orientation toward the social worldGood at memorizing but poor at grammatical rule learning Their cases indicate that language is not as separate from other human mental abilities as Chomskys LAD assumes Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Interactionist Theories of Language DevelopmentLanguage acquisition: interaction between inner system and environmental influences Information-Processing TheoriesStatistical learning theory: Statistical learning capacity + Nativist perspectiveSocial Interactionist TheoriesChildrens social competencies & language experiences influence language developmentCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Getting Ready to Talk: Receptivity to LanguageNewborns sensitive to speechEspecially mothers Categorical speech perceptionAbility to distinguish phonemes (the smallest sound units - /a/ in cat)Statistical analysis, rule-learningChild-directed speech (CDS): High pitched, exaggerated expressionRubberBall Productions Royalty Free CDCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Habituation Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

First Speech SoundsCooing: 2 monthsVowel soundshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7OKOSN-l7o

Babbling: 6 monthsConsonants & vowelsUniversal timingRange expandsA deaf infant not exposed to sign language will stop babbling completelyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8I200dIllg&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZw2NsqkFBo&feature=related

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Becoming a CommunicatorJoint attention Pat-a-cake; peekabooPreverbal gesturesProtodeclarative (to make others notice)Protoimperative (to make others do something)Word-gesture combinations (all gone) Adults interaction promotes early language developmentFamily Life Royalty Free CDCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Parent-Child Interaction: Impact on Deaf Children Deaf children who have hearing parents who are not fluent in sign language show delays in development of language and make-believe play.Deaf children of deaf parents do not have the same difficulty.Deaf children need access to deaf adults and peers to experience natural language learning.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Phonological DevelopmentEarly PhaseFirst words: only pronounce few soundsSimplified words (e.g., choo-choo for train)Understand more than can sayUse of phonological strategies (minimal words e.g., banana; nana)Later developmentRefine syllable stress patterns - related to meaning (e.g., green house vs. greenhouse)

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One-Year-Olds Know PronunciationsCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Early Semantic DevelopmentComprehension before production5 month lag (related to memory: recognition, recall)First words linked to sensorimotor related (e.g., mama, dada, ball)Label emotions with words by the end of the 2nd year (happy, mad, sad)Vocabulary spurt: 18-24 months

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Vocabulary Growth for English and Italian LearnersCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Individual Differences in Language DevelopmentFirst word around 12 mns (8 -18)depending on Gender, temperament, and language environmentLanguage StyleReferential (vocabularies related to objects): tends to have greater voc.Expressive: social phrases (please I want it)

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The Quality Of Home Literacy And Its Effect On Vocabulary Development Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Types of Early WordsCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Object and Action More objects than actions Objects are easier concepts, parents rarely name verbs Influenced by culture & languageState around 2 2 yr Modifiers or labels for attributes size (big-small), color, possession Learn general distinctions before specific

Preschoolers Semantic DevelopmentUnderextensions (e.g., bear for ones own only)Overextensions (e.g., car for all types of vehicles)Word coinages (e.g., plant-man for a gardener)Family Life Royalty Free CDCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Elementary School-Age Semantic DevelopmentBig vocabulary increase40,000 words by 5th gradeUse words precisely, understand multiple meanings - metaphors, punsCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Adolescent Semantic DevelopmentAbstract termsSarcasm, ironyFigurative languageProverbsStockbyte Royalty FreeCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Factors Contributing to Semantic DevelopmentAdult feedbackCognitive processing: a major roleWorking memory - phonological storeStrategies for word learningLexical contrast (based on what they already know)Mutual exclusivity bias (stuffs that are perceptually different)Shape bias Syntactic bootstrapping (how words are used in the syntax)Social information (from adults input; making meaning out of social situation)Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Emergentist Coalition Model:vocab growth using various cues

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Early Grammatical Development Telegraphic speechUttering 2-word combinations by omitting less important part of the speech (more cookie)Simple sentences3 wordsFollow adult rules piecemeal, gradually refine and generalizeFamily Life Royalty Free CDCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Awareness of Subject-Verb-Object Word Order (2 yr olds)Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. From Y. Gertner, C. Fisher, & J. Eisengart, 2006, Learning Words and Rules: Abstract Knowledge of Word Order in Early Sentence Comprehension, Psychological Science, 17, p. 686. Reprinted by permission.

Mastering the Subject-Verb-Object Structure Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Progression of complex Grammatical FormsCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Negatives Nonexistence (all gone) Rejection (No take bath) Denial (That not my toy)QuestionsRising intonationsSubject-verb inversionCorrect yes-no questions precede wh- questionsOther Complex Constructions Connectives Embedded sentences Tag questions Indirect object-direct object Passive sentences

Views on Grammar DevelopmentCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Product of cognitive development Semantic bootstrapping Direct observation of language structureInborn capacities Categories for bootstrapping Language-making capacityEnvironmental support Adults correct indirectly with reformulations Asking for clarification Recasts Expansions

Pragmatic Development2-year-olds can have effective conversationsEarly childhood: turnabout (exchange to confirm or expand the topics)Ages 5 -9: Shading (gradual changes of the topic)Illocutionary knowledge (to understand the intent even when spoken not directly.. the garbage is full take out the garbage)Factors that Enhance Pragmatic DevelopmentAdult interactionsConversationsDialogues about storybooks, shared readingSiblings

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Testing Referential Communication SkillsPut the frog on the book in the box.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Development of Narrative SkillsLeapfrog narratives (4 years)Disorganized, jumping from one to another events Chronological narratives (4 to 5 years)Classical narratives (6 years) adding resolutionPhotodiscCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Sociolinguistic understandingSpeech registers: language adaptations to social expectationsSocial routines (hi)Polite language (please)Children sensitive to speech registers early (4-7 years)Important to social acceptanceRoyalty Free Stock PhotographyCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Metalinguistic AwarenessMetalinguistic awareness: Ability to think about language as a systemBlossoms in middle childhoodPhonological awareness associated with reading successAdvanced in bilingual childrenRoyalty Free Stock PhotographyCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Bilingualism: Learning Two LanguagesCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Learn both at the same time No problems with language development Good at both by preschoolOne, then the other Takes 3 to 5 years to be as good as same-age native speakers of second languageBoth offer cognitive advantages of bilingualism Attention, reasoning, concepts, flexibility General language skillsCode Switching: Mixing words from another language without violating the grammar

*****Figure 9.1 - Simons performance on a challenging ASL grammatical task, compared with the performance of his parents and native-signing children and adults.*Figure 9.2 - Brocas and Wernickes areas, in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.*Figure 9.3 Relationship between age of immigration ot the United States and self-rated English proficiency, illustrated for native Spanish speakers. ***Figure 9.4 Visual language discrimination by English-learning and French/English-learning 8-month olds. *****Figure 9.5 - One-year-olds know the correct pronunciation of familiar words.**Figure 9.6 English and Italian learners vocabulary size is far more rapid in comprehension than in production. Rate of word learning gradually accelerates. **Figure 9.7 Relationship of quality of home literacy experiences to productive vocabulary at age 2. ***Figure 9.8 - Estimated increase in vocabulary during the school years.***Figure 9.9 Emergentist coalition model of word-learning strategies. **Figure 9.10 Are English-learning 2-year olds aware of subject-verb-object word order? *Figure 9.11 Percentage of children in different studies who could use a new verb in the subject-verb-object form after hearing it in another construction. ****Figure 9.12 - Scene used to test for referential communication skills.****