RESEARCH

Prof. Dr. Akhlas AhmedLecture # 01

NILAT

RESEARCH

search means to find out ?Re means to find out again

Research means to explore data through different sources

What is data?

How one convert data into information?

How could be the information transform into knowledge?

What is a problem?

RESEARCH PROBLEM…What prevent to an organization to achieve its goals is

called organizational problem. When manger investigate it scientifically it becomes research problem.

How to formulate research problems?

Understanding the identification research problem process.

Research is the process of finding solutions to a

problem after a thoroughstudy and analysis of the

situational factors.

The organized systematic investigation into and

study of materials in order to establish facts and reach new

conclusions.

Definition of Research: Charles DarwinResearch is a science that is composed of

aggregated facts from which one can create general laws and conclusions

Definition of Research: NotterResearch is the process that systematically searched for

new facts & relationships

Definition of Research: Ruth PatrickResearch essentially is a problem solving process, a systematic, intensive study directed towards full,

scientific knowledge of the problem studied

Definition of Research: Clifford Woodydefining problems, formulating hypothesis, collecting data,

evaluating for reaching conclusions, at last carefullytesting the conclusions to determine whether they fit the

formulated hypothesis.

Definition of Research: Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing data in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon with which we are concerned

or interested.

Hypothesis:

Disappointment is when a beautiful hypothesis is destroyed by an ugly fact.

Sir Isaac Newton

Hypothesis:

A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of

limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

A proposition made as a basis for reasoning, without any assumption of its truth.

Hypothesis development:

- An educated guess

- A tentative point of view- A proposition not yet tested- A preliminary explanation- A preliminary Postulate

Hypothesis: Kerlinger, 1956

A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables”

Hypothesis: Eric Rogers, 1966

Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good

hunches – assumed for use in devising theory or planning experiments intended to be given a direct experimental test when possible.

Hypothesis: Creswell, 1994

Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected

relationship between an independent and dependent variable.

Variables:When we measure the attributes of an object, we obtain a value that varies between objects.

For example consider the people in this class as objects and their height as the attribute

The attribute height varies between objects, hence attributes are more collectively known as variables

Variables: dependable & In dependable

Variables: Theoretically Frame WorkTheoretical Frame is a graphical representation, which shows the relationship between two or more variables. Example:

X

Y

Z

Thanks