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Pollinator Garden

A Creation of the Sustainability 101 Class

April 16 and 17, 2011

Western New England College

Springfield, Ma.



The pollinator garden would not have been possible without the support of many, many people.

First, the faculty and student of the Sustainability Major want to thank the Western New England

College Alumni Association for their generous grant, without which the garden would not be possible.

I also want to acknowledge the continuing encouragement and support of Richard Wagner, Director of

Institutional Research and Planning. His help made the project possible Ed Pagliaro, Grounds

Manager, also helped with tools and advice.

The Sustainability Major itself would not be possible without the support of Dr. Anthony Caprio,

President of Western New England College and the support of the Board of Trustees. The major exists because of the enthusiasm of the following faculty who helped develop the program and/or designed

new courses: Karl Martini, Karl Sternberg, Ron Musiak, Dawn Holmes, Bruce Clemens, Jeanie Forray,

Anita Dancs, Karl Petrick and Jason Seacat.

Thanks to Dean Said Ghahramani and Associate Dean Richard Grabiec for their unwavering support of

the Sustainability Major.

I also want to thank the students of Sustainability 101, Spring 2011:

John Arvanitis Leonardo Bartolomeo Anthony Blais

Lisa Burton Lisa Covert Dylan DankoBrianne Gatz Tyler Gerhardson Anthony MedinaJaynie Mueller Ian Mulcahy Roland MurdockJeffery Palma April Poirier Laura Solari Nicholas Tougas Vincent Weyel

It‟s never easy to be a student the first time a class is offered; it is a learning curve for both studentand professor. Thank-you for your patience, your sense of humour, your constructive critique of thecourse, and your selections of music. You taught me more than you know.

With gratitude,

B. Michaela SimpsonDirector, Sustainability Major.

Acknowledgements



Comments page ii

Executive Summary page 1

The Importance of Pollinators page 3

Green Springfield page 4

Psychological Benefits page 5

Business Report page 6

Garden Design page 7

Soil page 8

Water page 10

Pests page 12

Pollinators

Butterflies

Introduction page 14

Life Cycle and Habitat Needs page 15

Migration page 17

Native and Honey Bees page 18

Odd Pollinators page 20

Sources page 23

Appendices

Dividing Perennials page 26

Wintersowing Page 27

Flowers Page 28

Chart of Butterflies 0

Chart of Bees Page 37

Expenses Page 40

Table of Contents

Pa



I had the privilege this spring to teach the

inaugural class in Western New England College‟snew major in Sustainability. We were lucky to have

seventeen bright, enthusiastic students enrol in

Sustainability 101, a course designed to include the

first Learning Beyond the Classroom requirement.

I decided a year in advance that we would

create a pollinator garden on the WNEC campus.

The site was selected with care. Creating the garden

could not involve destroying already existinglandscaping. The site had to be reasonably

assessable to students, be a source of pleasure for the

WNEC community – but be reasonably off the

beaten path so if we were not successful, we would

not be an embarrassment. Luckily, such a site

existed. In August 2010, the meridian in the parking

lot behind 14 and 20 Valley Road was chosen as the

site for our garden

Then, starting in January, the snow fell – and

fell – and fell – for weeks and weeks! It seemed like

it would never cease. The parking lot had to be

cleared and what had once been a rather barren

meridian was transformed into a snow and ice

version of the Himalayas. There was real fear –

would the snow piled on the meridian melt in time

for planting? Would the soil be merely mud?

Finally in March the snow melt began. I took a

couple of members of the garden design team (Tyler

Gerhardson and Dylan Dank o) to the site. I don‟t

think they were impressed: The meridian appeared

to be both rocky and barren and an unlikely place togrow flowers.

Daffodils, patiently planted in straight rows,

began to emerge on the meridian. Before grounds

keepers could till the meridian, I dug the daffodils up

and replanted them in a circular pattern under the

existing young oak tree.

Finally, Saturday April 16 and 17th came –

cool and breezy. The students of Sustainability 101transformed the meridian into an organic garden

designed to attract and protect native pollinators –

butterflies, bees, and other flying insects, and well as

provide host plants for their larval stages.

This report reveals the labour, learning, and

dedication of the students of this first Sustainability

Class. This garden is dedicated to them.

Cheers, Michaela

Page ii



During the spring semester of 2011, Sustainability

101 was offered as an official course at Western New

England (University). The professor of the class, Dr.

Michaela Simpson, was faced with the conundrum of

making a project for this inaugural class that would allow

them to work together as a community of learners, and

apply the concepts of sustainability in a practical way. Dr.

Simpson wisely chose to create a pollinator garden and toformulate a business report that clearly spelled out the

functional areas of the garden as well as its many unseen

aspects. After a grant from the Alumni Association and

other various contributions, the pollinator garden and

business report was able to become a reality. This

pollinator garden will not only attract local pollinators,

but it will also provide a much-needed insertion of

greenery into an urbanized area. The pollinator garden

will also serve as a legacy of the first ever Sustainability

class at Western New England University, and as the

garden begins to flourish it will be a beacon of

sustainability to the rest of the campus.

The pollinator garden and business report was able

to become a reality through much organization, hard work

and cooperation. Collaboration was always the center of

all aspects of the business report and the garden. Professor

Simpson made sure that we as a class had the majority say

whatever decisions were made pertaining to the garden or

the business report. The process began by brainstorming

ideas for what topics should be discussed within the

business report. It was decided amongst the class that the

report should address the functional areas of the garden

such as soil, organic pest control and sustainable water

use. There was also the task of designing the garden itself

which was assigned to a few students who created a

layout for the garden on graph paper that the class was

able to asses and agree upon. Since the purpose of the

garden is to attract pollinators, it was also decided that the

business report should include the pollinators of Western

Massachusetts like native bees, butterflies and humming

birds. The garden also seemed to have some less obvious

concepts that should be noted such as: why is pollinationso important and the possible psychological benefits of

gardening in urban centers like Springfield. All of these

topics and others will be addressed to a much deeper

extent throughout the business report.

As many students conducted their research and

the garden began to take shape, our class ran into some

issues. One of the largest issues plaguing the class‟s

overall progress towards a pollinator garden was the

snow. Springfield received over 40 inches of snowfall thiswinter 1, which all piled up on top of the garden site. There

was much concern among the class about whether or not

the snow would melt by the planting date of April 16, and

whether or not the perennials were going to emerge

Another issue that arose due to the snow was salt. The

main concern was that the salt from the sidewalk and

snow might be plowed on top of the garden site and

possibly penetrate the soil and make it less fertile. With

salt from the snow, questionable perennials and rain

always looming, the Sustainability 101 class of Western

New England University were all crossing their fingers in

Pag

Executive Summary



hopes that the garden will be able to become a reality

within the original time frame.

April 16th, day one of the gardening

project, went relatively according to plan.

The day started at 10am in Emerson Hall

where all the students met to discuss who

would be responsible for each of the four

sections of the garden. Immediately

following the discussion, the class met at

the garden site where there was about four

cubic yards of compost already atop thegarden that needed to be spread out and

racked into the soil. Once the compost

was spread out, the students took a trip to Professor

Simpson‟s house in Forest Park where some of the plants

for the garden were waiting to be collected in pots, or dug

up from her own garden. The perennials were then

transported back to the garden site where the students

planted the plants according to the garden design. Not all

the plants were able to be transported within the first dayso the project was put on hold for the day and would

resume on Sunday, the 17th. Day two was much like day

one. All the students met at the garden site at 12 and

proceeded to Professor Simpson‟s house where we

retrieved the perennials and transported them back to

campus. Each group was able to plant any remaining

plants that did not make it in the previous day, and put

any necessary finishing touches on their section of the

garden. After the garden was raked and the area around

the garden site swept, it really began to take shape. As I

looked over the garden, I couldn‟t help but feel an

undeniable sense of accomplishment and commodity

amongst the students. This was

all due to hard work and planning

throughout an entire semester that

could not have been possible

without the collective effort of all

the classmates working as a

community.

It would be terribly ignorant

of me to say that the garden wasactually finished, partly because

there were some plants that could

not be planted quite yet, but mainly because of the fact

that no garden is ever truly finished. This concept of an

ever changing pollinator garden that is in a continuous

state of improvement is congruent with that of

sustainability. Sustainability is defined as: meeting our

needs without limiting the ability of future generations to

meet their needs2

. Sustainability as a practice is neverfully completed because there are always areas in society,

business, or the environment where we as people can do

better. Much like how a garden is never fully completed,

no practice is completely sustainable. Through conscious

citizens engaging in positive individual action, we as a

society can work to become a world community of people

participating in sustainable living and this pollinator

garden is a promising start.

~ John Arvanitis

Page 2

Sustainability is defined

as meeting our needs

without limiting the

ability of future

generations to meet

their needs.



Pollination and pollinators are extremely important

to human survival due to their role in the production of

food. Pollination is necessary to create the seeds of plants

which result in the production of fruits and vegetables for

human consumption. Pollination also aids in the

production of crops that are enjoyed by livestock.

Humans rely heavily on pollination for their food supply.

According to a source, one out of every three bites of food

that a person eats was made possible by a pollinator. The

value of pollination of agricultural crops in the United

States is estimated at 10 billion dollars annually.

Pollination is not only important to human survival,

but also important to the survival of flowers and

pollinators. Pollination is defined as the transfer of

pollen, which contains the male gamete of a plant, from

the anthers of one flower to the stigma, which is the

female portion, of another. There are two different types

of pollination; self-pollination and cross-pollination. Self-

pollination is when the pollen and the pistil

are from the same type of plant and quite

often, even from the same flower. Cross-

pollination is when the pollen and the pistil

are from different types of plants.

Consequently, a pollinator is an animal that

moves pollen from the anthers of flowers to

the stigmas of other flowers which

ultimately results in pollination. There are

many animals known to be good pollinators

such as, bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, moths, some

flies, some wasps, and nectar feeding bats. Pollination

can also be carried out by rain and wind but is most

efficient when done by pollinators. Pollination i

important because it leads to fertilization which is the

fusion of nuclei from the pollen grain with nuclei in the

ovule. Fertilization is significant because it allows the

flower to develop seeds. These seeds then develop into

plants that provide the food that humans need to survive.

Eighty percent of all flowering plants rely on

pollination for survival. Pollination creates seeds for the plants which allow them to produce future generations

Pollinators also benefit from pollination because they are

able to get their energy requirement from the nectar

and/or pollen from the flower.

Despite being so important to the food chain and

ecosystem, pollinators are currently at risk in our

environment. The destruction of habitats, deadly

pesticides and unusual weather patterns are causing a

decline in the amount of pollinators. Society is destroyingforests and lands to build houses and buildings but they

Pollination

Pag



are also destroying natural habitats for pollinators who

now are without a home. Farmers and gardeners are

using pesticides to protect their plants from pests but they

also are preventing pollinators from doing their job.

When the weather is colder than it usually is during the

Spring when the pollinators emerge, plants do not yet

have nectar to give to the pollinator that allows them to

survive and reproduce.

The pollinator garden is a great habit for pollinators

to thrive and also a great place to people to look at! First,

it is important to research which pollinators are native tothe area of the garden and then to research which plants

they are attracted to. The plants can be purchased at a

nursery or growing the plants from seeds is a more cost

effective way to build the garden. Planting the flowers is

simple and then all that is left to do is enjoy watching the

pollinators flock to the garden.

~ Laura Solari

Springfield is one of the cities that are leading the

way in environmentally sustainability. On May 25, 2010,

Springfield and 34 other cities and towns across

Massachusetts were collectively noticed for their efforts

in sustainable practices, meeting strict guidelines set by

the state. In doing so, they were declared the

Commonwealth‟s first „Green Communities‟, and

recognized as “shining examples to the Commonwealth's

other 316 cities and towns, all of which we hope will also

work toward becoming Green Communities”1 In 2007,

Springfield was ranked as the fourth greenest city in

America by Country Home magazine.2 Springfield‟s

water quality is among the finest in the nation, and its

municipal recycling system serves as model to the

surrounding communities. 3

This would not be the case if it were not for the

actions of local people, both individuals and as groups.

Businesses, such as Gasoline Ally and EcoBuilding

Bargains, help to lead the way by promoting locally

sustainable practices. Local wildflower societies offer

courses in planting and creating pollinator gardens.4 And

individuals, such as Pete Merzbacher, a senior at U-Mass

Amherst, have started urban farming gardens to bring the

benefits of fresh grown produce to poor, urban areas.5 In

this vein, the members of Western New England

College‟s first Sustainability course have designed and

built an urban pollinator garden.

This garden, built on a small patch of land adjacent

to a parking lot, uses many of the methods and techniques

developed by the “guer rilla garden” movement that has

been taking root in cities around the world.6 But rather

than simply trying to beautify our city, a pollinator garden

seeks to attract and provide for a variety of different

pollinating species. This helps to support other local

plants as well, as the pollinators help spread the pollen

prom plant to plant, as well as ensuring that these oft-

times beautiful species continue to have a home in even

the most densely packed urban environments.

~ Ian Mulcahy

Green Springfield

Page 4



In recent years, health professionals have

increasingly discovered many psychological benefits to

urban gardening and green urban spaces. Urban gardens

involving community members increase physical activity,

which increases health and studies have been conducted

on the positive effect on women‟s BMI numbers.

However, beyond the physical attributes, gardening has

been proven to help patients with dementia, attention-

deficit-hypersensitivity disorder as well as to increase

children‟s cognitive functioning. Gardening also is used

in prisons as an activity for prisoners to provide

psychological benefits.

Why do green urban spaces and gardens have such

an effect on people‟s minds? There are several reasons

for this phenomenon. Gardens overall bring the natural

world into an urban setting, which lacks greenery. For

thousands of years, humans have been one with nature;

gathered food from the land with their bare hands. Today,

the world is consumed with cities; many having

populations exploding into the millions. With that many

people, there is little space for plants in many settings

However, the lack of nature, after having been part of it

throughout human history, has consequences.

The simplest reason for benefits of urban gardens is

plants‟ ability to purify the air and release oxygen, by

taking in carbon dioxide as well as other pollutants

Green areas can also create shade and block wind, which

can help decrease hot temperatures emitted from concrete

in the summertime. These can help create a comfortable

atmosphere for residents in the local area. 1

Gardens also have a positive appearance, whichappeals to the human eye, especially flower gardens

They can take one‟s mind off of stressful times and act as

a place to retreat and relax. All of the reasons above have

been proven to increase endorphins in the body, which are

neurotransmitters that increase one‟s feeling of well-being

and relaxation.2

Urban renewal in general can have positive effects

on residents of cities around the world. A study in Hong

Kong measured the residents‟ quality of life before and

after urban renewal projects were completed. The study

shows that urban renewal did have a positive effect on the

Psychological Benefits

Page



quality of life. However, interestingly, in regards to

environmental quality involved in the urban renewal,

residents with higher education did not have as large of a

response to the environmental quality changes as citizens

with less schooling. This is most likely caused by most

projects improving life for lower-class citizens. This

proves that solving problems for the poor can better a

community and increase the quality of life. Although

higher education members may not be affected as much,

they may have a higher quality of life than high school

graduates due to less stress and the environment may havelittle effect. 3

By creating a pollinator garden at Western New

England University, campus members as well as residents

in the area, including neighbors on Valley Road, and

walkers or joggers passing by, can enjoy the garden and

intake the natural beauty by introducing native flowers

into the area. Residents and college community members

can also view wildlife such as butterflies, hummingbirds,

bees, and other species, which will be attracted to the areaand its ecosystem benefits.

~ Lisa Covert

Being a sustainability class one of the lessons we

have learned is that it is important to do things as

efficiently and as cost effective as possible. That is what

sustainability is. To be able to do the most, with the least

amount of resources possible, is an important aspect of

sustainability. The butterfly, garden that the first

sustainability class at Western New England College will

be creating, is no exception to that rule.

One of the most important things about this garden, is

that it will be created using minimal resources, and in the

most cost efficient way possible. This is important for

several reasons. First, for some people, this is the only

way that they can create a garden. Some people have the

resources to buy top of the line equipment, and pay a

landscaping crew to do the manual labor for them.

However, for the majority of people, this is not an option.

Therefore, we are practicing an important skill in building

this garden using minimal resources, because this is the

way most people would have to do it.

Also, it is important for people to elect to build a

garden, or any project this way. A big part of

sustainability is respecting the limited resources that the

earth provides us. We are consuming these resources at

extremely high rates; therefore, by being conscientious,

we are taking less away from Mother Nature, and in turn

giving something back to it with the butterfly garden.

Sustainability can pertain to the environment, natural

resources, social welfare, and economics. This part of the

report is concerning the economics of sustainability. If we

all could think first of the most cost effective solutions to

our problems, instead of the easiest and more inefficient

ways, than people, as well as businesses, would be better

off financially.

~ Anthony Blais.

Page 6

Business Report



The purpose of a pollinator garden is to give

pollinating species a venue to flourish in. Pollinators are

responsible for one out of every three bites of food you

eat. They are essential for providing plant fiber for

clothing and household goods and they are indispensible

to the survival of 90% of the world‟s flowering plant

species. Plants are securely rooted to the ground clearly

making them immobile, unlike animals that can roam

around and seek out their mates to reproduce. Pollinators,

which include thousands of insect species and other

animals, unknowingly move pollen from the male anther

of a plant to the female stigma of another.

The measurements of our garden are nine and one-

half feet by sixty-five feet. The sun gives off its shadow

in an east- to- west manner. With this in mind we

designed our garden so that the taller plants are on the

eastern side of our garden and the shorter plants are on the

western side. With this design the taller plants will not be

blocking the sun from the shorter ones giving each plant

the amount of sun needed to flourish. Also, we have

designed our garden so that approximately every six feet

on either side there is an access point wide enough so that

each part of the garden is easily accessible for whomever

is providing care to the garden. This will provide easy

maintenance.

We have primarily chosen plants that are native to

North America. The reason for this is simple; native

plants have grown and evolved closely with the native

insects and animals and local conditions.

The plants we have chosen are a wide variety of

size, shape, shades/colors, and textures. By doing this we

will accommodate several different pollinators and their

preferences. Also, we will provide pollen and necta

sources throughout the different lifecycle stages, for

instance, we have included parsley, butterfly weed, and

snapdragons as host plants for caterpillars. We have also

chosen our plants carefully so that each season is

accounted for. We have plants that will be in bloom from

the times early spring to late fall. Obviously, we do no

have a garden full of plants that will be in bloom thewhole time but we arranged it so that there will not be a

time where no plants are in bloom.

There will be two positions in our garden where we

will places dishes to provide water. Butterflies will gathe

and sip at these dishes and mud puddles. Bees can use the

mud as a building material for their homes. The mud wil

also provide important minerals for some of the

pollinators we are looking to attract.

The design for this garden was more difficult thanexpected. We wanted to create our garden using the leas

amount of funds possible, this way we can be a garden

that others with low funds can copy so they could build

their own. We will not be purchasing many plants; mos

will be transplanted from an outside location. The tool

we will be using are going to be borrowed and returned

Lastly, the manure we will be using is going to be donated

to us. The amount of money spent on designing and

completing this garden is very low and hopefully we can

be a benchmark for others to copy.

~ Vincent Wyel

Garden Design

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When creating a pollinator one must take into

consideration the qualities of the soil. For example, what

makes up the over-all composition of the soil? What type

of soil is it? Is it acidic or alkaline? Is it rich in nutrients

or is it deficient? Does it contain substances that may

inhibit the plants growth? These are all questions that

must be answered before commencement of a pollinator

garden begins.

There are four major components that make up the

composition of soil:

Air and water

Organic matter

Mineral matter

Manmade material (For urban areas such as

Springfield)

Air and water are contained absorbed and within the

soil. Organic matter is made of the living and dead

organisms that either reside or decompose in the soil.

Mineral matter pertains to any nonliving material such as

sand or clay. In the presence of an urban environment

such as the location of this garden, there will usually be

manmade materials which are anything not constructed by

nature; including building materials and petroleum based

products1.

Soil‟s organic matter is an important component and

should be considered when planning a pollinator garden.

Proper management of this is crucial to air and water

quality1 Organic matter is the part of the soil that

sustains life. It is where the living and dead decaying

organism are found producing a rich nutrient filled

substance that fuels plants, in turn fueling the whole

ecosystem. Those same plants that are fueled by the soil

are actually crucial to soil development. When plants die,

if unmoved, they decompose creating new organic matter

to feed new plants that will too eventually die and keep

the cycle going. The relationship between plants and soil

is crucial for each other‟s health. The state of one will

directly affect the state of another.

Although this system of soil replenishment seems

enriching enough, soil does sometimes need to be

revitalized. Unfortunately, much of United States soil is

being enhanced by the addition of chemical fertilizers.

These are cheap and effective for growth but can actually

leave traces of cadmium, lead and other heavy metals in

the soil2. The ores used to produce these fertilizers often

contain heavy metals that can contaminate soils2.

However, there is another, natural way to improve soil;

composting. Composting is a completely natural way to

produce humus rich soil.

There are many types of soil in the United States,over 20,000 according to the USDA‟s Natural Resources

Conservation Service. Soils are classified by the physical

and chemical properties in their horizons1. Massachusetts

State Soil is Paxton. It contains a “very da rk grayish

brown fine sandy loam” in its surface layer, a “yellowish

brown fine sandy loam” in its subsoil and an “olive

gravelly fine sandy loam” in its substratum1. Paxton soil

has a high to moderate acidity, high water capacity with

moderate permeability in its surface and subsoil layers1

.With Paxton soil being Massachusetts State Soil it is

probable that the land designated for this pollinator

garden will be composed of this soil series.

Soil

Page 8



Good soil‟s main purpose may be to provide plants

with a nutrient filled foundation but, soil also serves other

purposes essential to the ecosystem.

In the Nitrogen Cycle plants absorb inorganic

nitrogen called nitrate. Without two specific

microorganisms that dwell in soil and turn ammonia gas

into nitrate, the ammonia gas, created by decomposing

organisms, would volatize and leak into the atmosphere1.

Again, soil is key to another cycle essentia

to ecosystem; the Carbon Cycle. Basically, the

CO2 absorbed through the plants returns to the soi

where it is mineralized (turned from organic

carbon into CO2) and returned to the air where

plants again, absorb it and the cycle continues.

~ Tyler Gerhardson

Pa



There are several factors to consider regarding

irrigation of our garden. First is conservation. Fresh,

clean water is a limited natural resource; we want to be

sure not to use more than is necessary to sustain our

garden. Second, we need to consider pollution. When

excess water can‟t be absorbed quickly enough into the

soil it becomes “runoff”. Runoff eventually ends in our

storm drains, but it takes in pollutants such as toxins,

salt, oil, and litter along with it. Through careful planning of our garden we can not only conserve water,

but even make a positive impact on the environment by

naturally cleaning some rainwater that would otherwise

become runoff.

To maximize our impact we need to plan for

irrigation of our garden with careful thought to the design

of the area. By raising the edges of the garden higher than

the middle we can allow the garden to accept and absorb

more water, reducing the amount that may flow over thesides. This design can even help hold more snow,

avoiding polluted runoff throughout the winter. Good

quality organic soil and plenty of mulch, changed

annually, will also help with the absorption.

We should consider drought resistant plants. Once

well established, our climate should provide enough

moisture for these plants, although, a plan will be needed

for proper watering during the first couple of years, as

well as watering during any extended droughts in the

future.

Techniques for watering our garden are going to be

limited by both the location as well as the budget. A

sprinkler system would be too expensive and not very

practical for our purpose as they tend to put too much

water too quickly causing runoff. Since a nearby building

has an outdoor faucet, we will be able to utilize water

from there. There are several irrigation techniques and

products available to help minimize waste and runoff.

One such product is a noodle

sprinkler. This attaches to a hose

and directs water at the plants so

there is no need to soak the entire

garden with water. This is an

inexpensive and practical way to

balance our need for water with our

desire to conserve resources.

Another inexpensive product to

consider would be a soaker hose. A soaker hose is a hose

with many small holes that allow you to water each plant

at their roots. One drawback of a soaker hose is that it is

time consuming because the water needs to be turned

down low for it to be most effective.

One technique that could be considered in the future

is rain harvesting. Rain harvesting is when you divert a

down spout of a building or house into a bucket and

collect the rainwater to be used elsewhere. This technique

would fulfill our goal of conservation while reducing

pollution caused by this water to otherwise become

runoff. Depending on the location of the bucket, a hose

could be connected and water diverted to our garden or

water could be taken in a watering can from the bucket tothe garden. Rain harvesting buckets can be something

simply made with a trash barrel and a few parts for a

small investment or a commercial rain harvesting bucket

Page 10

Water



can be purchased already complete. One possible obstacle

to the rain harvesting system could be the inability to get

permission from the College to setup the system.

All of the techniques considered would require

someone to monitor and water the garden. During the first

summer, this will be crucial. To minimize the impact on

any one person, a sign-up sheet for volunteers could be

developed. Those local students willing to take on some

of the responsibility would sign-up for specific time

periods throughout the summer. Besides knowing that

they helped in a community service, this would also

provide these students with a community service project

to list on their future resumes

~ Nicholas Tougas.

Fresh, clean water is a

limited natural resource;

we want to be sure not to

use more than is

necessary to sustain our

garden.

Page



There are major consequences of using pesticides onflowers, bushes, or shrubs. The main reason why

pesticides are used is for animal and bug repellent toassure that plants live a healthy life. The use of pesticidescan be unsafe when they run off in waterways and canalso be harmful to people and the environment in the longrun. Weed killers which are heavily used today can alsohave harmful effects on the environment.

Pesticides can have the worst effect on theenvironment when they flow into rivers, streams, andother bodies of water. Millions of fish die each year dueto pesticides. The use of pesticides out in the

environment can also pollute the air by pesticide drift andeventually they can harm the ozone layer whenevaporated from the soil. In the end they will also helpcontribute to global warming. When pesticides areintroduced into the environment they do not break downimmediately; some can release there harmful effectsseveral years down the road.

One harmful chemical that is used in pesticidestoday is called Methyl Bromide which has human healthrisks. Methyl Bromide which is used heavily in theagriculture industry to control insects, nematodes, weeds,

pathogens, and rodents can cause nervous system andrespiratory failure. Below is a graph of the percent used in

each state.

Seven thousand tons of methyl bromide are usedannually and the EPA classified methyl bromide as a"Class I" ozone depleting substance which is one of thehighest levels.

There are many ways to make natural pesticides thatwill not harm the environment. One example is mixingsalt and water together. When this solution is sprayed on

plants it will hydrate the plants as well as destroy anyworms or slugs that may eat the roots of plants or the

plant leaves. One other way to keep bugs away fromeating plant is by using smelly sprays which will confuseinsects because they normally find their food by smell. Asmelly spray can be made easily by mixing choppedgarlic and mineral oil together in water for at least 25hours. After the 25 hour period is over the solution can be

placed in any type of spray bottle to then be used on plants. Other organic control products for popular pestsare shown below in the table.

Pests Organic Control

Japanese Beetles Milky spore treatment powder which contains

Bacillus popilliae bacteria(this infects and kills thelarvae through ingestion)

Cutworms scatter moist wheat bran mixed with Bacillus

thuringiensis

Spider Mites Organic neem oilsprayed on plant leaves

Aphids garlic oil spray or 1cup vegetable oil

2 cups water2 teaspoons dish soapmixed together thensprayed on the plants

Slugs Fill a shallow dish ofany type of beer near your plants and the slugs willdrink themselves to death

Page 12

Pests



Other organic pest control products can be purchased at

any hardware store or nursery as well. Some of these

products may be expensive but can also save your plants

environment at the same time.

There are many weed control products out in the

market today that have similar affects as pesticides.

Herbicides kill weeds and cause many other harmful

affects to humans as well. If a human is exposed to weed

killer products over a long period of time it can cause

reproductive problems, neurological disorders,

kidney/liver damage, and even cancer. Weed killers can

also seep into the ground polluting groundwater and then

eventually end up in drinking water. A large number of

people use these product in the yard contaminating there

well water over time without even knowing it.

Organic weed killers that are safe for humans and

the environment can be made at home. One example is

mixing distilled white vinegar with salt and a little soap.

Once the salt is dissolved in the vinegar it can then be

sprayed on weeds that will die within a few days.

There are many other organic methods that can be used to control unwanted weeds. One way other way to

kill weeds before they grow is by suppressing seeds from

germinating. This is done by using corn gluten which is a

by-product of the corn wet milling process. This produc

was discovered by accident at Iowa state university. It is

harmless to animals, people, and the environment. Corn

gluten will allow weed to germinate, although no roots

will grow.

This product is very easy to use. The first step is

to apply corn gluten to the area where weeds are

unwanted. After applying this product to the ground it can

then be soaked with water and dried for a period of 6

weeks. After the 6 week period is over the weeds will

germinate and then die leaving you with a weed less

garden.

It is important to learn about the affects of

pesticides and herbicides so that we can reduce our

environmental impact. This can be done by using organic

products that have the same effects that inorganic

products have. The can be less expensive as well which i

beneficial in today‟s economy.

~ Leonardo Bartolomeo

Page

Page 14



INTRODUCTION. Every creature plays some role in the production of the ecosystem. Butterflies, for example, not

only make gardens appealing they are also main

contributors in pollination, creating food for the human

species, keeping various plants alive, and taking part in

natural actions that in turn help the environment. While

there are millions of different types of butterflies with

various life span, color, and food sources, one trait all

butterflies share is the positive and sustainable activities

that they do on an everyday basis that supports and

maintains the environment.

When thinking of a garden many will think of

the butterflies that reside in them, yet most of them are

unaware that butterflies are key players in pollination.

Butterflies fly from plant to plant in search of food and or

a mate. While moving to and from various locations

butterflies often carry with them pollen from one nectar

source to another. This in turn allows plants to continue to

grow and reestablish their life cycles which are crucial for

other animals. Butterflies are also beneficial to the human

race as well; around ninety percent of all plants are

pollinated by butterflies and in some nations individuals

solely rely on plants for their main source of nutrients.

As every creature, butterflies have an ecological

niche that allows them to aid the environment in a

positive manner. Each group of butterflies and more

specifically each individual butterfly is native to a specific

type of habitat. For example; a butterfly could be attracted

to bogs, marshes or dry lands such as open fields, landfills

or roadsides. Because there are millions of butterflies

throughout the United States it is safe to say that most

habitats are being pollinated by butterflies. Often male

butterflies will bathe themselves in mud because the salt

in the mud helps them attract a mate. This could also be

beneficial because when a male butterfly goes from plant

to plant searching for nectar it may drop some mud on an

area where that mud is not common and fill the soil with

some nutrients that it had lacked previously. One of the

last important traits that butterflies and most creatures

carry is their reproductive nature. In order for the

environment to be sustained wild life must be able to

reproduce allowing other future generations to continue

doing natural activities that promote ecological process

that species need in order to survive.

Gardens are kept alive by the natural occurrences

of insects, sun and water. While gardens are gorgeous to

look at, they also provide communities with a healing

process of giving back to the environment. Often run-

down communities can change by simply adding a garden

to a local area where everyone can take part in

maintaining it. There are no downfalls to adding a garden

in any local area; not only do gardens allow individuals to

make small changes towards a more sustainable lifestyle

they also allow butterflies to continue their natural life

processes which in turn profits every living species.

~ Brianne Gatz

Butterflies

age 14



LIFE CYCLE AND HABITAT NEEDS Butterflies are a very

important when it comes to creating a pollinator garden.

Not only are they enjoyable to watch because of the way

they whimsically flutter through the air, they also play a

huge role in pollination. Like all living things, butterflies

have needs. In order to create a successful pollinator

garden and attract butterflies, needs must be met for all

four of their stages of life: egg, caterpillar, chrysalis and

adult (1).

First, one must be familiar with a butterfly‟s life-

cycle to understand its needs in all four stages. All

butterflies undergo complete metamorphosis, meaning

they go through four stages of life: egg, larva, pupa, and

adult, having a goal to accomplish in each stage (3). At

the larval stage, more commonly referred to as a

caterpillar, the goal is to eat a significant amount

so that it can go into its pupil stage which is

called a chrysalis. Once out of its pupil stage, a

butterfly‟s main objective is to reproduce and

start the cycle over again. Depending on the

species, a butterfly‟s life-cycle can take

anywhere from a month up to a full year (3).

To attract butterflies, you must first meet

the needs for them during their adult stage. This

is accomplished by providing them with plants

that provide them with nectar, which is a butterfly‟s food

source during this stage of life. Butterflies are very active

insects and nectar provides them with the energy they

need in order to stay airborne for extended periods of time(2). By providing an array of different types of flowers,

butterflies will be more likely to visit the garden.

This will also attract different species of butterflies

because different species prefer certain flowers. Fo

example, the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail‟s favorite source

of nectar is the Blue Cardinal Flower while the Common

Buckeye prefers Globe Amaranth (3). Some butterflies

can be tricky to attract because they might not have a

wide variety of flowers they are attracted to, but many

butterflies are attracted to Butterfly Bush and Butterfly

Weed so those two flowers are a great addition to a

garden looking to attract a wide variety of species.

Another important aspect is to provide butterflies

with flowers all the way through the butterfly season

which begins in the spring and lasts until autumn (2)

When flowers bloom varies amongst species. A garden

must contain flowers that bloom in the spring so

butterflies coming out of hibernation can feed

Besides early blooming flowers, flowers that

last till or bloom in the late summer, early

autumn are important as well because they

provide certain species that do not migrate

fuel for the winter as they prepare for

hibernation (2). Pansies and Wallflower are

examples of a spring food source for

butterflies, while Lavender and Thyme are

examples of autumn nectar (2). The overall

goal in order to encourage butterflies to visit over and

over again is to provide a constant supply of blossomed

flowers throughout the butterfly season, especially in mid

to late summer because this is the time when butterfliesare most active (3).

Every butterfly has its own list of preferred nectar

sources, but it is important to provide the source that will

Page



provide the most nectar from that list. In a garden where

space is limited, providing butterflies with flowers that

have multiple florets is ideal because they contain an

abundant supply of nectar (3). Another factor that needs

to be considered in picking the ideal nectar sources for

butterflies is how drought resistant they are. Nectar

sources that are hardier when it comes to needs for water

are better for butterflies because they will not die as

easily, but mainly for the fact that a flower‟s source of

nectar is significantly decreased when deprived of water.

Providing hardy plants and watering them during dry

weather helps to ensure an endless supply of nectar for the

visiting butterflies (2).

Other than nectar, there are a few other needs for

adult butterflies. Flowers should be grown in sunny areas

because butterflies prefer feeding in warm areas of

gardens (2). At the same time, they need shelter during

the night as well as during bad weather. This can be

accomplished by having bushes or other woody plants

near the butterfly‟s nectar source (4). It is also very

important to provide butterflies with a source of water.

Butterflies cannot simply drink out of a bowl or else they

will drown. By providing a dish filled with damp sand

and manure, butterflies can collect moisture safely.

As mentioned before, a butterfly‟s main goal in its

adult stage is to reproduce. Not only does a garden have

to provide the adult‟s need for nectar, it must also supply

the adults need for spawning, as well as the caterpillar‟s

food source. This can easily be achieved by providing butterflies with their respective host plants, which varies

between different types of butterflies. If a butterfly‟s host

plant is present, a butterfly will lay its eggs on the host

plant, which will serve as a source of food for the

caterpillars, seeing as the first thing they do upon

emerging is eat the leaf they were laid on (3). An

abundant supply of a host plant should be supplied

because caterpillars consume a lot in preparation for their

pupil stage.

Not only is it important to meet the needs of

butterflies in a man-made habitat, but in their natural

habitat as well. Butterflies live in many different habitats,

most of which are in serious danger and declining rapidly.

Deforestation and the clearing of land for farming,

roadways and residential areas is destroying butterflies,

and many other animals habitats. Even areas as densely

populated with life as the rainforests are being cleared for

forestry. The use of chemical pesticides and herbicides is

also dangerous to the butterfly population (4). Not only do

they kill butterflies, but their habitats as well. This can all

be prevented by applying sustainable solutions and

adopting habits that are eco-friendly.

~ Dylan Danko

The fluttering of a

butterfly's wings can

effect climate changes

on the other side of the

planet.

~Paul Erlich

Page 16



MIGRATION. Butterflies are cold blooded animals that

take on the temperature of their environment. For specific

types of butterflies, the regions that they are spotted in

may get too cold for those butterflies. This causes the

butterflies to migrate. The most commonly studied

migration pattern for butterflies is that of the Monarch

butterfly.

“The Monarch can travel as far as 2,000 miles, from

Canada and the Northern States to California, Florida,

and Mexico.”

The Monarch butterfly goes through four generations

during the warm weather in the north. The first generation

starts with the egg first laid from the migration of the

butterflies to the north. Butterflies will fly up from the

south and lay eggs on specific plants, which are known as

host plants. These plants provide the eggs the nutrients

that the caterpillars need for when the eggs hatch. For

Monarchs, the eggs are laid on milkweed plants. This

happens in February and March after the Monarchs have

mated in the south. It takes about four days for the eggs to

hatch. When the egg hatches it gives birth to a young

caterpillar that does not do much except eat its host plant.

The young caterpillar form is called the larvae.

“After about two weeks, the caterpillar will be fully-

grown and find a place to attach itself so that it can start

the process o f metamorphosis.”

After the caterpillar has grown significantly in size it

attaches itself to a stem or a leaf using silk to transform

into a cocoon for metamorphosis. This is commonly

referred to as the chrysalis phase. The caterpillar, while in

this cocoon, goes through metamorphosis for about ten

days.

When the pupa fully completes metamorphosis, the

butterfly starts to emerge. The Monarch find a mate to

reproduce again, this time remaining in the same warm

climate. This is the second generation. The second

generation normally starts off in May and June, and then

the third generation will be born in July and August.

“These monarch butterflies will go through precisely the

same four stages just as the first generation did; dying

two to six weeks after it becomes a beautiful monarch

butterfly.”

The fourth generation of the Monarch butterfly is the

generation that migrates back to the south as temperature

in the north begin to drop. This generation is born in

September and October and goes through almost the same

process as the previous generations, except this generation

will not die after two to six weeks. Instead, this generation

of monarch butterflies migrates to warmer environments

in the south, ones like Mexico and California, and wil

live for six to eight months waiting it is time to start the

whole procedure over again.

“This generation has the highest death rate because it is

the largest generation… due to the mating from prior

generations.”

Other migrating butterflies include: the Painted Lady

Common Buckeye, American Lady, Red Admiral

Cloudless Sulphur, Skipper, Sachem, Question Mark

Clouded Skipper, Fiery Skipper and Mourning Cloak.

~ Roland Murdock

Page



The pollination done by native bees is about $3

billion worth of crop production annually to the United

States economyi. The main purpose of the bees‟

pollination is to provide a source of protein to their eggs

when they are laid. All bees are attracted to a garden if the

environment can provide nest sides located near preferred

pollinator plants.

There are three certain types of bees that would

come into our garden, including the Megachilidae,

Apidae, and Halictidae. The Megachilidae group is made

up of the leafcutter and mason bees. The Apidae group is

made up of the bumble and carpenter bees. The Halictidae

is made up of the sweat bees.

The Megachilidae is the easiest family to recognize

since the com ponents don‟t carry pollen on their legs.

They pack the dry pollen onto the rows of stiff hairs on

the underside of their abdomen. The Mason bee, also

known as “Osma,” is a friend to gardeners and farmers.

The Mason bee it is considered nonaggressive and

provides a great pollination service. Mason bees are

attracted to sites where they can nest in existing cracks,

crevices in walls and hollow plant stems, and to sites that

have a mud source nearby. Mud is a key component in

their nest making. Another member of the Megachilidae

family is the leafcutter bee. The leafcutter bee provides a

valuable and efficient pollination service for plants. They

are attracted to sites with ready-made hollow canes of

wood filled with 1cm holes or soft rotting wood to nest

in. Their nests tend to be 4 to 8 inches long. The leafcutter

bees collect pollen on the underside of their abdomen,

which is visible to the eye when foraging.

In the Apidae family, the carpenter bees are known

for their excellent pollination. They excavate tunnels in

the wood to serve as their nesting spot. The carpenter bees

are attracted to areas that have wood chips that serve as

partitions between each egg they lay. Bumblebees are

also members of the Apidae family. Their appearance is

hairy-like yellow and black stripes on their abdomen.

Much of the pollen is caught on the bumblebee‟s coats

and is transferred from the male anthers to the female

stigma on the flower. The remaining pollen is then

combed off their bodies and stored in their “pollen

baskets.” Bumblebees are an important service of

pollination of soft fruits, beans, peas, wildflowers and

many other types of plant life. An unusual characteristic

of the bumblebee is its ability to adapt to coolerconditions by gaining heat from their vibrating flight

muscles. Thus, bumblebees are able to pollinate plants as

late as November.

Native Bees

age 18



Another member of the Apidae family is the

honeybee, a non-native species imported from Europe.

The honeybee also known in the west as Apis millifera,

meaning it provides honey to be consumed by humans. A

honeybee colony is made up of the queen bee and her

workers. A typical honey bee colony will have about

50,000 workers, considering the queen can lay up to 1,000

eggs per day. The queen bee can live up to 3 to 4 years,

while the workers can only live for 6 to 7 weeks. After

mating the male honey bees, also known as “drones”, die

off. They are only expected to live for up to 4 months if

no mating occurs. The honeybees are attracted to sites

with woodlands, meadows, orchards, and areas provided

with flowering plants. Honeybees build hives inside trees

that also serve as a camouflage to hide themselves from

predators.

The last family is the Halictide that are the most

common bees during the summer. These bees are brightly

colored metallic and are small. Most of these bees find

nesting place in the ground and in rotting wood. A

common member of this family is the sweat bee. They

measure to be less than a quarter of an inch long. The

sweat bee drinks salty perspiration to acquire nutritionally

important minerals. The sweat bees, like most of the

members of the Halictidae family, nest in the ground

creating a single main tunnel with multiple branches

leading off it.

Honeybees pollinate flowers that are blue, yellow

green, and violet. As honeybees are the only bees that do

not see the color red, having a diverse series of pollinator

gives a better chance of pollination to occur to all the

species of plants. ~ Lisa Burton

Page

Students unloading plants from Prof. Simpson’s yard

Compost-mulch is raked; string marks sections – now we are ready to plant!



All over the world there are millions of species of birds and insects. Who would‟ve thought anything other

than a butterfly or a bee was a pollinator? We are about

to discover three new pollinators found in New England

that have been in hiding in our yards and gardens.

To start, there is the Bee Fly ( Bombylius major part

of the Bombyliidae Family) which is an insect that is a

mix between a bee and a fly, hence the name. This insect

has the markings of a bee but unlike bees and hornets it

only has one set of wings. These flies love to perch in the

sun and in warm, dry areas. Unlike most insects that will

perch on you on a hot day, they are not looking for your

perspiration, just the warm sun. They can easily grow to

be 15mm long and have hairy bodies with long, slender

legs that dangle while they feed. These flies never perch

while they are feeding on nectar of a flower but rather let

their long legs brush against the flower possibly for

balance. Also, this is thought to be a defense mechanism

against their predators that may be hiding in the flowers

they are feeding from. These predators consist of crab

spiders and ambush bugs.

There are over 5,000 species of Bee Flies because

when reproducing this fly uses other bees or host insects

for breeding. A Bee Fly breeds by spreading its

parasitoid lar va to host insects‟ nests such as bees, beetles

and wasps. It does this by mimicking the host to get close

enough to the nest where it can then flick its eggs near or

in the nest. A parasitoid larva feeds off the flesh of its

host like a parasite does. Bee Fly larva feed on the larva

of the host insect and also the food that the host hasalready stored in the nest. For instance, in a bee‟s nest the

Bee Fly larva would be able to feed on the honey. This

insect may be a pollinator but may also deplete the

population of bees needed in a garden.

Next, there is the Hoverfly (Syrphidae) which is an

insect that in the America‟s is known as the Flower Fly.

These flies can eat and digest pollen unlike most other

pollinators. There is a coating on pollen that is resistive

to most insect‟s digestive juices but unlike these other

insects it is pertinent to producing eggs for the Hoverfly.

This larva can live in and survive off of many different

food sources and areas. There are some species that can

age 20

Odd Pollinators



live in the water feeding off decaying plant and animal

matter meaning that the water is more than likely stale or

stagnant. Some larva live on and in decaying wood or

feed off sap runs while others

still live off of plant lice and

aphids which is helpful to most

gardens. The host to the

Hoverfly is the ant but there are

different varieties of Hoverflies

that are described as bee-like,

bumble bee-like, wasp-like, and

other. This is because of the

variety of species (over 500),

they do not all look alike but can

be grouped together based on

similarities.

Finally, the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird

( Archilochus colubris) is also a pollinator and a delight to

watch around the garden. These little birds are only 0.1-

0.3 oz and travel many miles to get here. Thehummingbird is the 2nd largest species of any bird in the

world and the Ruby-Throated is the only of its kind to

breed east of the Mississippi River. They start to arrive in

New England around mid to late April and will stay until

as late as September and October. A good way to ensure

that these little birds will be pollinating your garden is to

set up a hummingbird feeder in your garden, letting them

know food will be plentiful. After traveling from South

America, across the Gulf of Mexico (500 mile straight 18-

20 hour flight), they will be very hungry. These birds are

omnivores so they will eat both insects and nectar but

prefer nectar. They cannot smell but have great eyesight

and are attracted to red, orange, pink and purple tubular

flowers. The males will be the first to arrive and the

females follow a couple weeks later. Once the females

arrive the mating happens where the

females will raise the young

completely on their own. Nests are

usually constructed on small

downward-slanting branches over

open areas, usually water

Hummingbirds hydrate themselves

by getting their water from dew

mist, bird baths, or shallow puddles

For this reason, having a bird bath in

the garden is also helpful for

attracting hummingbirds.

~ April Poirier

Page

Page 22

Laura Solar, Brianne Gatz, and Ian Mucahy checking the design

plan



John Arvanitis and Tyler Gerhardson planting a butterfly bush

Lisa Burton, April Poirier, and Lisa Covert admiring worms

Page 22

Nick Tougas, Vinny Weyel, and Laura Solari Putting plants in place



Sources

Pages 1 and 21 http://www.city-data.com/top2/c464.html2 It's All Connected: A Comprehensive Guide to Global Issues and Sustainable Solutions

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Sooby, J. (n.d.). Agriculture Contributes to Wild Pollinator Decline. Retrieved April 5, 2011, from Nebraska Sustainable Agriculture Society: http://www.nebsusag.org/newsletters/feature56c.htm

What is Pollination? (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2011, from Pollinator Paradise :http://www.pollinatorparadise.com/what_is_pollination.htm

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Pages 12 and 13C o n t r o l l i n g g a r d e n p e s t s o r g a n i c a l l y . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . R e t r i e v ed f r o mh t t p : / / w w w. v e g e t a b l e g a r d e n i n g g u r u . c om / i n s e c t - p e s t s . h t m l

F i v e r e a s o n s n o t t o u s e we e d a n d f e e d . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o mh t t p : / / w w w . o r g a n i c l a w n c a r e 1 0 1 . c o m / w e e d - f e e d . h t m l

G r e e n , A . G . ( 2 0 0 8 , A p r i l 1 7 ) . C o r n g l u t e n : e x t r e m e l y c r a b b y a b o u t

c r a b g r a s s . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / w w w . g r e e n - t a l k . c o m / 2 0 0 8 / 0 4 / 1 7 / c o r n -g l u t e n - e x t r e m e l y - c r a b b y - a b o u t - c r a b g r a s s /

Ho m e ma d e we e d k i l l e r . ( 2 0 0 7 ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / w w w . g a r d e n -c o u n s e l o r - l a wn - c a r e . c o m / h o m e - m a d e - w e ed - k i l l e r . h t m l

p e s t c o n t r o l . ( 2 0 0 7 ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o mh t t p : / / w w w. s h o w r o o m 4 1 1 . c om / d i r / L i v i n g - G r e e n / P e st - C o n t r o l . h t m l

S o u t h f l o r i d a r e s t o r a t i o n s c i e n c e f o r u m . ( 2 0 0 2 , O c t o b e r 1 1 ) . R e t r i e v e d

f r o m h t t p : / / s o f i a . u s g s. g o v / s f r s f / en t d i s p l a y s / p e s t _ a l t / e c or e s t . h t m l hW i l k i n s o n , J . C . ( 2 0 1 0 , A u g u s t 1 8 ) .

C o r n g l u t e n m e a l a s a n a t u r a l p r e - e m e r g e n t h e r b i c i d e f o r y o u r o r g a n i c

l a w n a n d g a r d e n . R e t r i e v e d f r o mh t t p : / / w w w. b r i g h t h u b . c o m / e n v ir o n m e n t / g r e e n - l i v i n g / a r t i c l es / 2 9 3 6 5 . a s p x

P a g e 1 4

Demand Media, Inc. (1999-2011) What do butterflies do for the environment. Retrieved March 3,2011, from http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4580181_what-do-butterflies-do-environment.html Hoskins, A. Learn about butterflies, the complete to world of butterflies and moths. Retrieved March 3,2011, from http://www.learnaboutbutterflies.com/index.htm Mountain Prairie Information Node. (2006). The Butterfly Site. Retrieved February 20, 2011, from

http://www.thebutterflysite.com/massachusetts-butterflies.shtml

age 24

http://www.savingwater.org/docs/successwithsoakerhoses.pdf


http://www.nwf.org/Get-Outside/Outdoor-Activities/Garden-for-Wildlife.aspx


http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irmethods.html


http://www.irrigation.learnabout.info/


http://www.organiclawncare101.com/weed-feed.html


http://www.green-talk.com/2008/04/17/corn-gluten-extremely-crabby-about-crabgrass/



http://www.showroom411.com/dir/Living-Green/Pest-Control.html


http://www.brighthub.com/environment/green-living/articles/29365.aspx


http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4580181_what-do-butterflies-do-environment.html



http://www.learnaboutbutterflies.com/index.htm



















Pages 15 and 16(1)http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/butterfly/allabout/Garden.shtml

(2)http://www.butterfly-conservation.org/uploads/bc0021%20Gardening.pdf (3)http://www.thebutterflysite.com/life-cycle.shtml (4)http://www.foremostbutterflies.com/learn_about_butterflies/butterfly_habitat.htm

Pages 17 and 18

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/butterfly/allabout/Garden.shtml Migration Patterns of Butterflies http://www.learner.org/jnorth/monarch/ http://library.thinkquest.org/J002388/butterfly.html http://www.thebutterflysite.com/butterfly-migration.shtml

Page 191 http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/nativebee.htmlhttp://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/honey_bee.htmhttp://greenpreferred.com/green-

living/sustainable-living/save-the-bees-join-the-sunflower- project/http://www.lloydspitalnikphotos.com/v/other_insects/bees_and_ants/leaf-cutter_bee_MG_9810-01.jpg.html http://www.buncombecounty.org/living/news_Detail.asp?newsID=8910 http://david-wray.com/?p=642 http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/carpenter_bees.shtmlhttp://www.wildflowermix.com/info/bee-pollinator-wildflower/eastern-pollinator-wildflower-seed.htmhttp://www.pollinator.org/EasternBroadleaf.Oceanic.rx17.pdf

Pages 20 and 21

Hummingbirds ( Archilochus Colubris)http://www.hummingbirds.net/index.html http://www.hummingbird-guide.com/index.html

http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ruby-throated_hummingbird/lifehistory http://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Ruby-throated_hummingbird.pdf Bee flies ( Bomylius major )http://www.cirrusimage.com/flies_bee.htm http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/58255/bee-fly http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombylius_major http://bugguide.net/node/view/14997 Hoverfly

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverfly http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artmay07/cd-hoverflies.html http://www.gardensafari.net/english/hoverflies.htm

Pollinators In New England

ftp://ftp-

fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NH/WWW/New%20England_NRCS_Pollinator_Tech_Note_FINAL.pdf

Page 27

D a v i d o f f, T . ( 2 0 0 0 , A u g u s t 1 7 ) . H o w t o wi n t e r s o w s e e d s o u t d o o r s .

R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / w w w . w i n t e r s o w n . o r g / w s e o 1 / H o w _ t o _ W i n t e r _ S o w . h t m l

Pag

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/butterfly/allabout/Garden.shtml



http://www.butterfly-conservation.org/uploads/bc0021%20Gardening.pdf



http://www.thebutterflysite.com/life-cycle.shtml



http://www.foremostbutterflies.com/learn_about_butterflies/butterfly_habitat.htm





http://www.learner.org/jnorth/monarch/


http://library.thinkquest.org/J002388/butterfly.html


http://www.thebutterflysite.com/butterfly-migration.shtml


http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/honey_bee.htm

http://www.lloydspitalnikphotos.com/v/other_insects/bees_and_ants/leaf-cutter_bee_MG_9810-01.jpg.html



http://www.buncombecounty.org/living/news_Detail.asp?newsID=8910


http://david-wray.com/?p=642


http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/carpenter_bees.shtml

http://www.wildflowermix.com/info/bee-pollinator-wildflower/eastern-pollinator-wildflower-seed.htm

http://www.pollinator.org/EasternBroadleaf.Oceanic.rx17.pdf


http://www.hummingbirds.net/index.html


http://www.hummingbird-guide.com/index.html


http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ruby-throated_hummingbird/lifehistory


http://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Ruby-throated_hummingbird.pdf


http://www.cirrusimage.com/flies_bee.htm


http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/58255/bee-fly


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombylius_major


http://bugguide.net/node/view/14997


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverfly


http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artmay07/cd-hoverflies.html


http://www.gardensafari.net/english/hoverflies.htm


ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NH/WWW/New%20England_NRCS_Pollinator_Tech_Note_FINAL.pdf

















http://www.wildflowermix.com/info/bee-pollinator-wildflower/eastern-pollinator-wildflower-seed.htm

http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/carpenter_bees.shtml

















Dividing perennials is essential for the common everyday

butterfly garden. There are three main reasons for people

dividing perennials controlling the size of plants, helping

to rejuvenate the plants, and to increase the number of

plants. People divide perennials because it is a cheap way

to get additional plants. It is the best way to get the most

out of the resources we have.

After several seasons of growing, perennial plants

will begin to die out; to keep plants well and blooming

they must be divided in prime times. The plants should be

divided every three to five years. The best time to divide

perennials depends on both the type

of plant and how quickly the plant

grows. The best seasons to divide are

usually within in the spring and

summer for the perennials bloom in

fall. Because the plant is actively

growing the leaves are not developed

to maturity, but the root system

cannot take a little disturbance and

the plant still feeds from the top of

the plant. We should allow enough time for roots to settle

before the hot weather kicks in. Spring divided perennials

often bloom later than usual. One of the most important

things when dividing is to never to divide perennials on

hot sunny days; it isn‟t good for the process. Instead

dividing is best done on a cloudy day with several days of

light rain in order to provide the plant with nourishment.

Signs that perennials should be divided things like,

flowers smaller than normal, centers of the clumps that

are hallowed or dead, or when the bottom foliage is sparse

and poor. Plants that are blooming well should be left

alone unless you want more plants. There are several parts

to dividing perennials preparation, lifting the plant,

separating the plant, spreading root systems, clumping

root systems, and rhizome division.

Use a sharp fork to dig down on all sides of the

plant; it is the best way to get the plants roots from the

soil. Pry underneath and lift the whole clump up in order

to divide it. If the plant is heavy , cut away pieces of the

plant to lighten the plant. When separating the plant you

shake loose all the access soil and, strip away dead the

dead leaves and stems. Different

perennials have different root systems.

With spreading root systems, use forks to

pry away different parts of the plants in

order to make different clumps. Once you

do this you discard the center of the

clump since it‟s usually the weakest part

of the plant. With clumping root systems,

take the central clump and cut through the

thick fleshy crowns. With rhizome

division, cut and discard the rhizomes sections that are a

year old or older. If you see a rhizome with disease or

damage you have to cut it out. Damaged rhizomes should

be trimmed and treated for whatever disease they carry or

simply discarded.

Perennial division is used with many perennials,

from the the most beautiful and extravagant to the

common plants we see everyday and is essential for

completing the pollinator garden.

~ Anthony Medina

Dividing Perennials

Page 26 Appendix A



winter sowing definition:

"Winter Sowing is an easy germination method that startsmany seedlings for just pennies. During Winter seeds aresown into mini-greenhouses that you make yourself fromrecyclables. After sowing, the mini-greenhouse is placedoutside to wait for the end of Winter. The seeds will beginto germinate at their own right time when weatherwarms."(http://www.wintersown.org/wseo1/How_to_Winter_Sow.html)

process:

Step 1) select seeds.

-look at packet of seeds for key words about howthey germinate and what environment suits it.

"Look for these terms:

Needs Pre-chilling (freeze seeds, refrigerate seeds, stratifyfor x amount of days or weeks), Needs Stratification, WillColonize, Self Sows, Sow outdoors in early Autumn, Sowoutdoors in early Spring while nights are still cool, Sowoutdoors in early Spring while frosts may still occur,Hardy Seeds, Seedlings can withstand frost, Can be direct

sown early, Wildflower, Weed (such as butterfly weed, joe pye weed, jewel weed.)

Look for Common Names indicating a natural

environment:

Plains, Prairie, Desert, Mountain, Swamp, Field, River,etc.

Look for names that might indicate an origin in a

temperate climate:

Siberian, Chinensis, Polar, Alpine, Orientale, Canadensis,

Caucasian, Russian (indicating Soviet origin), etc."( D a v i d o f f , 2 0 0 0 ) .

Step 2) prepare your flat

-take a small plastic or aluminum tray and cut afew slits in the bottom for draining

-fill with soil leaving about an inch to the top ofthe tray

- soak soil and let it drain.

Step 3) sow seeds

- make small holes in the soil, plant the seedsthen cover them with soil and pat it down.

Step 4) preparing the lid-cut several slits in the lid for air then place lid on thetray.

Step 5) placing out side

- now find a place outside where the trays canrest safely and place them there.

Step 6) wait

- wait until the seeds start to sprout, then if thesoil looks dry water it.

Step 7) watch and widen

-as the plants grow widen the slits in the covers.

Step 8) transplant

- once there is more open space in the lid thancovered you can transplant the plant into thegarden, water and feed normally.

~ Jeffery Palma

Appendix B Page 2

Winter Sowing Seeds



Liatris Kobold: can tolerate a hot dry site, are humidity tolerant

and long blooming of four weeks or

more. Grows in any condition and is

of low maintenance.

Sedum Autumn Joy: long blooming of four weeks or more, is

rabbit resistant and seaside/salt tolerant.Opens in mid-summer and will stay

through the fall. It is best to leave the

flower heads on through the winter, do

not deadhead. Cut back in the early

spring and pinch back for control of the

height.

Rudbeckia Goldstrum: basically unbothered by drought and

insects. Is seaside and salt tolerant and

deer resistant. These plants will self-seed

so if no more are wanted to bloom, cutthem back in the fall.

Buddleia (Butterfly Bush): is deer and rabbit resistant,

tolerates humidity. It should be cut

back to 12”-18” every spring season

because it grows back quickly with

several flowering canes.

Achillea Oertel’s Rose: is humidity tolerant, long blooming of

four weeks or more, is seaside and

salt tolerant as well as deer resistant.

Remove spent blossoms to promote

continuous flowering. Divide in

spring or fall every 4-5 years.

Aquilegia Mckana Hybrids: deer and rabbit resistant. Low

maintenance is needed, leave fall basalgrowth for over the winter.

Echinacea Magnus: good as a planted border plant,

deadheading will prevent seeding but

birds love them and would add something

to the garden during the winter season.A native plant, it is drought tolerant after

it is established.

Nepeta Walker’s Low: is humidity tolerant, rabbit and deer

resistant. It should be cut back to the

ground at the end of the winter season

as well as being cut back by 2/3 in July

to promote reblooming in early summerto the end of summer. Leave foliage on

during winter to provide protection to

the roots.

The Flowers

age 28 Appendix C



Aster Alma Potschke: is wet tolerant and rabbit resistant, long

blooming of four weeks or more. Pinch

back and divide for best looking display.Continue to pinch until early July (not past

the 4th usually). This ensures the yields

will have better branches and more

flowers. Height 3 “

Agastache Golden Jubilee: is deer resistant, tolerate a hot, dry

site and is long blooming of

four or more weeks. Most

plants will self sow to spread,

deadhead them to prevent

seeding. Also, cut about 6” inlate fall and remove debris and

unwanted seedlings in the

spring season.

Butterfly weed. Asclepias tuberose: Native plant. This plant

is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or

birds. Host plant for Monarch butter-

flies. Drought-tolerant; suitable for

xeriscaping Self-sows freely; deadhead

if you do not want volunteer seedlings

next season

Phlox paniculata David: Tall, white, native flower. An easy-

care plant, fragrant and attracts

butterflies. Drought resistant once

established. Bloom from summer

through fall. Easily divided in the

spring. Height 3”

Phlox paniculata David’s Lavender : similar to Phlox David.

. An easy-care plant, fragrant and attracts butterflies. Drought resistant once

established. Bloom from summer through

fall. Easily divided in the spring. Height

3-4”

Cosmos – Bright Lights Mix: Native annual. Blooms from

midsummer to frost. Wonderful for

cutting. Tolerates poor soil, heat andhumidity. Easy to grow. Grows best

in full sun. Attracts Butterflies..

Height 3'. Space 12-15

Sundrops (Oenothera missouriensis: Sundrops are perennialsthat blossom in the late springand early summer in northernclimates. They require littlecare and provide a wonderfuldisplay of bright yellow

flowers.. The red-hued stemsgrow in height from 15 to 24inches.

Spirea: One of the easiest flowering shrubs to grow, and manyvarieties offer many bloomand leaf colors. All have

bright floral displays inspring. Many have wonderfuautumn foliage with rich vividleaf colors. They generallygrow quickly retaining a niceshape, but can, and should be

pruned after each flowering to produce another round of blooms. Spirea will tolerate dry

conditions

Rugosa Rose: They are known as rugged roses because theycan be virtually maintenance free. Rugosas canhandle light shade, frigidtemperatures, drought andhigh humidity.

Several host plants are in this garden to attract many

native butterflies, bees, hummingbirds and other pollinators

We incorporated Butterfly weeds, violets, snapdragons and

parsley to attract pollinating butterflies.

~ Jaynie Mueller

Appendix C Pag



Name Habitat Host Plant Adult Nectar Source

Red Spotted Admiral(Limenitis Arthemis Astyanax)

Mixed Forest‟s

Moist Up islands Valley bottoms Coastal plains

Aspen Poplar Cottonwood Oak Willow Sweet Birch Chokecherry

Sap

Honey Dew Privet Spiraea Silky Dogwood Daisy fleabane Maleberry

White Admiral

(Limenitis Arthemis Arthemis)

Shady woodland Road edges

Birch Willow Poplar

Wild Cherry Poplar Aspens Black Oak

Viceroy

( Limenitis Archippus)

Swamp edges Valley bottoms Wet meadows Roadsides

Willow Poplar Cottonwood

Aster Goldenrod Thistle

Hackberry Emperor

(Asterocampa Celtis)

River edges Wooded roadsides Towns

Hackberry Sugarberry Celtis

Tree sap Overripe fruit

Tawny Emperor

(Asterocampa Clyton)

Dry woods Open woods Parks Cities

Sugarberry Hackberry

Sap Carrion Dung Rotting fruit

Local Butterflies

Page 30 Appendix D



Variegated Fritillary (Euptoieta

Claduia)

Prairies Fields Road edges Landfills Pastures

May pops May apple violets Purslane Moonseed

Dogbane Butterfly

milkweed Clover Tall verbena

Great Spangled Fritillary (SpeyeriaCybele)

Meadows Open woodlands Valleys Fields

Violets Black eyed Susan Swamp milkweed Common

milkweed

Tall Verbena

Aphrodite Fritillary (SpeyeriaAphrodite)

Dry fields Bush lands Bogs Open woods

Violets Thistles Ironweed Dogbane Verbena Vetch Red clover Purple coneflower

Regal Fritillary (Speyeria Idalia)

Marshes Wet Fields Damp meadows

Violets Milkweed Thistles Swamp milkweed Dogbane

Atlantis Fritillary (Speueria Atlantis)

Forest openings Bogs Meadows

Violets Northern blue

violets

Milkweed Mint Bonestti Ox eye daisy

Appendix D Pag



Silver Bordered (Boloria Selene)

Wet meadows Bogs

marshes

Violets Goldenrod Black eyed Susan

Meadow Fritillary(Borloria Bellona)

Marshes Wet Aspen Groves

Violets Verbena Black eyed Susan

Monarch (Danaus plexippus)

Fields Meadows weedy areas marshes roadsides

common milkweed swamp milkweed showy milkweed

milkweedsDogbane

lilac red clover lantana and

thistles goldenrods blazing stars ironweed tickseed

sunflower

Queen (Danaus gilippus)

fields deserts roadsides

pastures dunes washes waterways

Milkweeds Milkweeds fogfruit shepherd's needle

Snouts (Libytheinae)

American Snout (Libytheana

carinenta)

Forest clearingsand edges

thorn scrub brushy fields roadsides

hackberry aster dogbane dogwood goldenrod sweet pepperbush

Page 32 Appendix D

http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1893&chosen_state=25*Massachusetts






True Brushfoots (Nymphalinae)

American Lady (Vanessa

virginiensis)

Open places withlow vegetation

dunes meadows parks vacant lots forest edges

Pearly Everlasting Pussy-Toes Mexican Sagebrush

Purple Cudweed Scotch-Thistle Cudweed

Ragwort Milk-thistle Blueweed

Forget-me-not hollyhock

dogbane aster goldenrod marigold selfheal common

milkweed vetch

Baltimore (Euphydryas phaeton)

Wet meadows Bogs marshes

dry open orwooded hillsides

Turtlehead false foxglove plantain

white ash

milkweed viburnum wild rose

Common Buckeye (Junonia coenia)

Open sunny areaswith lowvegetation andsome bare ground

Snake-herb Violet Ruellia

Plantain Tallow-Weed Gerardia

False Foxglove American Bluehearts Paintbrush

Butter and Eggs Snapdragon Vine

Toad-Flax Frogfruit Brazilian Verbena

Aster chickory gumweed knapweed tickseed

sunflower Dogbane peppermint

Compton Tortoiseshell (Nymphalisvaualbum)

Upland deciduous coniferous forests

Aspen Cottonwood willows gray birch paper birch

Sap rotting fruit willow flowers

Eastern Comma (Polygonia comma)

Deciduous

woodlands woods near rivers

American Elm Hops Nettle False Nettle

Rotting fruit tree sap

Appendix D Page 3













Gray Comma (Polygonia progne)

Along dirt roads along streamsides

clearings in richdeciduous orconfierous woods

in aspen parks yards gardens

hilly terrain canyons

gooseberry Sap; rarely flowernectar

Green Comma (Polygonia faunus)

Forests mountain

streamsides canyons

Red alder Black birch Western azalea Goose berry Pussy willow

Flower nectar dung carrion

Harris' Checkerspot (Chlosyneharrisii)

Moist areas marshes bog edges pastures meadows

White aster Flower nectar

Milbert's Tortoiseshell (Aglaismilberti)

Wet areas near

woodlands moist pastures marshes

Urticaceae

Stinging nettle

thistles

goldenrods and lilacs; sap rotting fruit

Mourning Cloak (Nymphalis antiopa)

woods openings parks and

suburbs; and especially in

riparian areas

Weeping Willow Sandbar Willow Black Willow

White Poplar Cottonwood Black Poplar

Alder Ironwood various Maple

Sugar Hackberry Common Hackberry American Elm

tree sap of oaks rotting fruit occasionally on

flower nectar

Page 34 Appendix D













Northern Crescent (Phyciodes

cocyta)

Moist open areasin rocky places

wooded streamsmarsh edges

shale barrens

aster dogbane fleabane

white clover

Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui)

Almosteverywheregardens

old fields dunes

Thistle mallow hollyhock

Thistles

Aster cosmos blazing star

ironweed joe-pye weed red clover

buttonbush

privet milkweeds

Pearl Crescent (Phyciodes tharos)

pastures road edges vacant lots fields open pine woods

aster dogbane swamp milkweed shepherd's needle asters winter cress

Question Mark (Polygoniainterrogationis)

Wooded areaswith some openspace

city parks suburbs fencerows

False nettle Blackberry Elm Hops

Rotting fruit tree sap dung carrion milkweed aster sweet pepperbush

Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta)

Moist woods Yards parks marshes seeps moist fields

stinging nettle wild nettle wood nettle false nettle mamaki pellitory hops

sap fermenting fruit bird droppings; milkweed red clover aster alfalfa

Appendix D Pag













Silvery Checkerspot (Chlosyne

nycteis)

Moist areas streamsides

meadows forest openings

wingstem sunflowers Jerusalem

artichoke

red clover common

milkweed dogbane

Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae)

Gardens weedy areas high mountains

nettles butterfly bush

White Peacock (Anartia jatrophae)

Open moist areas edges of ponds streams along shallow

ditches weedy fields parks

Water hyssop Ruellia lippia

Shepherd's needle Cordia Casearia

Eastern Black Swallowtail(Papilio polyxenes)

fields, suburbs, marshes, deserts,

roadsides.

Parsley Queen Anne's Lace,

carrot, celery

dill.

red clover, milkweed, thistles. butterfly bush

Eastern Tiger Swallowtail

(Papilio glaucus)

Deciduous broadleaf woods,

forest edges, river valleys,

parks, suburbs

wild cherry magnolia basswood tulip tree

birch ash cottonwood mountain ash

willow

Pink flowers Lilac bushes Butterfly bushes

~ Brianne Gatz and Roland Murdock

Page 36 Appendix D









Page 36 Appendix D

May 3, 2011 - Roland Murdock tidies the garden; pansies and violets are blooming, shrubs are thriving

Page



Pollinator Attracted

to

Habitat Type of Plants

Honey BeeLatin name: Apis mellifera

Family: Apidae

Flowers that with bright colors.Sites withwoodlands,meadows,orchards, andareas providedwith flowering

plants.

Honeybees buildnests inside treesthat also serve as acamouflage to hidethemselves from

predators. Theirnesting spots arecalled hives.

Clover Dandelions Goldenrod

Fruit trees Milkweed Lizards tail

Red clover Black willow Red maple

Bull Thistle Spotted Joe-Pye

Weed

Yellow Poplar American Elm Flowering Dogwood

Highbush blueberry American Holly Pickerelweed

Spotted Jewelweed Japanese Honeysuckle Devil‟s Beggar -tick

Greater Bladderwort Mullein

Leaf- Cutter Bee

Latin name: XylocopaFamily: Megachilidae

Leafcutter beesare important

pollinators ofwildflowers in theUnited States,

particularly prairiewildflowers.

Nest in 1cm holesor soft rottingwood to nest in.Their nests tend to

be 4 to 8 incheslong.

Alfalfa Carrot Onion Blueberry crops Egyptian clover Strawberry

Fabaceae Aster (Asteraceae Peanut (Arachis

hypogaea Okra Melon

Mason Bee Latin name: Osmia

Family: Megachilidae

Apricot, peaches, plums, cherries,apple, and pear,considerornamentalvarieties of thesetrees.

Nest in existingcracks, crevices in

walls and hollow

plant stems. Mud is

a key component

Cercis Canadensis Malus

Ribes Rosa Rubus Salix

Prunus Viburnum

Geranium Hydrophyllum Taraxacum

Native Bees

Page 38 Appendix E



Bumble Bee Latin name: Bombus

Family: Apidae

Yellow or blue

flowers, often withultraviolet nectar

guides and scent ofsucrose.

-Showy, open,

bowl-shapedflowers that arerelatively

unspecialized-Showy,

complicated, non-

radially symmetricflowers that aremore specialized

They tend to nest in

abandoned rodent

burrows, under pilesof grass clippings or

leaves.

Numerous cropsincluding

Blueberry, pear,

apple, blackberry,watermelon, squashand tomatoes

Lima beans

Sunflower Cotton Vetches

Lucerne (Alfalfa) Clovers Lupin

Buckwheat Runner beans

Carpenter BeeLatin name: Xylocopa

Family: Apidae

Hot climate, areasthat have wood

chips that serve as partitions betweeneach egg they lay.

They excavate tunnelsin the wood to serve

as their nesting spot.

Bertholietta exceisa Cajanus cajan

Canavalia Passiflora edulis

Rosa spp. Tomatoes

Blueberry

Sweat Bee Latin name: Trigona

Family: Halictidae

Licking the perspiration from

human skin in order

to obtain the salt.

Most of these beesfind-nesting place in

the ground and in

rotting wood.

Blueberry

Alfalfa

Watermelon Prescottia densiflora

Rhodora

Campylocentrum

aromaticum

Shadbush orserviceberry

Moosewood Raspberry

~ Lisa Burton

Appendix E page 3



Funds Spent Funds Available

4/9/2011 Gloves and jute cord $39.65 Alumni AssociationGrant $540.00

taxes $1.88 Addition funds $88.00

4/15/2011 Sand, $2.98 $628.00

spot sprinkler $3.26

shower wand $11.98

2 16" terra cottasaucers $24.04

taxes $2.64

4/15/2011 8 trowels @ $1.60 each $12.80

taxes $0.80

4/13/2011compost mulch/pansies/parsley $176.00

4/15/2011 hose $39.97

taxes $2.50

subtotal $318.50

page 40 Appendix F

Expenses

pollinator_garden.pdf

Documents

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