Optimization of physical training of the qualified muay thai athletes of light weight categories

Ilia Afanasievich Cherkashin1,2ABCE, Elena Viktorovna Krivoruchenko1BCDE,

Władysław Jagiełło3ABCDE, Sergii Sidorovich Iermakov3ABCDE, Leonid Vladimirovich Podrigalo4,5ABCDE

1 Institute of Physical Culture and Sports, North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk, Yakutsk, Russia 2 Yakut State Agricultural Academy, Yakutsk, Russia 3 Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland 4 Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture, Kharkov, Ukraine 5 V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkov, Ukraine

Received: 27 February 2018; Accepted: 16 April 2018; Published online: 08 May 2018

AoBID: 12319

Abstract

Background and Study Aim: Themuaythai(martialartoriginallyfromThailand)characterizedbythecombineduseoffists,elbows,knees,shinsandfeet.Thepurposeoftheresearchistoincreaseinefficiencyofqualifiedathletes’physicaltrainingofmuaythailightweightcategoriesonthebasisofthedevelopedtechnique.

Material and Methods: Fortymuaythaiathletes(theIsportscategory)oflightweightcategoriesparticipatedinaresearch(12cate-goryupto51kg;14categoryupto54kg;14categoryupto57kg).Experimentalgroup(n=20)age21±1.58year;controlgroup(n=20)age21±1.43year.

Results: Itisdevelopedtheassessmentscalesofathletes’generalandspecialphysicalfitnesswhichtakeintoconsidersportsqualificationandweightcategoriesofathletes.Itisdevelopedthephysicaltrainingtechniqueofmuaythaiathletesoflightweightcategories(basedontheintegratedassessmentofathletes’physicalfitnessbymeansofthebatteryoftests).Theathletesoftheexperimentalgrouphaveshownsignificantimprovementofindicatorsinalltestsofthegeneralandspecialworkingcapacity.Itwasdeterminedthesignificantimprove-mentintestsofthecontrolgroup:reproduction50%offorceoftherightandlefthandwiththevisualanaly-ser;standinglongjump;two-sidedcombinationsofstrikesbyelbows.Itisdefinedthepositivechangeofthegenerallevelandintegratedassessmentofathletes’fitnessoftheexperimentalgroup(thebasisisharmoni-ousdevelopmentofphysicalfitnessindicators).Thehighsuccessofathletesofthisgroupisconfirmedbyre-sultsatprestigiouscompetitions.

Conclusions: Thetechniqueofintegratedassessmentofphysicalfitnessincludesthecomplexofpedagogicaltests;thedif-ferentiatedratingscales;thealgorithmoftestconductingandidentificationofathletes’fitnesslevel.Itisper-formedthegradationofathletes’physicalfitnessbyabsoluteandrelativeassessments.Itallowstocorrectthetrainingprocessdirectedtoincreaseinthelevelofathletes’physicalfitness.

Key words: control•evaluationcriteria•physicalfitness•technique•trainingprocess

Copyright: ©2018theAuthors.PublishedbyArchivesofBudoScienceofMartialArtsandExtremeSports

Conflict of interest: Authorshavedeclaredthatnocompetinginterestexists

Ethical approval: TheresearchwasapprovedbythelocalEthicsCommittee

Provenance & peer review: Notcommissioned;externallypeerreviewed

ORIGINAL ARTICLE SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS

2018 | VOLUME 14 | 31© ARCHIVES OF BUDO SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS AND EXTREME SPORTS

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which per-mits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license.

Authors’ Contribution:A Study DesignB Data CollectionC Statistical AnalysisD Manuscript PreparationE Funds Collection

Original Article | Science of Martial Arts

32 | VOLUME 14 | 2018 smaes.archbudo.com

Source of support: Departmentalsources

Author’s address: WładysławJagiełło,DepartmentofSport,FacultyofPhysicalEducation,AcademyofPhysicalEducationandSport,K.GorskiegoSt.1,80-336Gdansk,Poland;email:wjagiello1@wp.pl

Muay thai – or thai boxing, originates from southern Asia (not only from Thailand, but also from Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia). It was inspired by fighting skills used on battle fields during wars conducted by the Thais in the twelfth and thirteenth century AD. Apart from a fight with use of various weapons, during hand-to-hand fighting warriors used kaad chuek (wrappings around hand and fore-arm) which were hardened and studded with gravel to cause the greatest damage possible martial art originally from Thailand characterized by the combined use of fists, elbows, knees, shins and feet [35].

Control – noun skill in using something or in performing [36].

abs – plural noun the abdominal muscles, or exercises done to firm them (informal) [36].

Condition noun 1. the particular state of someone or something 2. a particular illness, injury or disorder ▪ verb to undertake a fitness plan to improve general health, appearance or physical performance [36].

Microcycle – noun a training cycle that typically lasts for one week [36].

Technique – noun a way of performing an action [36].

Technique – specific procedures to move one’s body to perform the task that needs to be accomplished [37].

Tactics – decisions and actions of players in the contest to gain an advantage over the opposing players [37].

INTRODUCTION

Martialartsandcombatsportsarecharacterizedbyhighprevalenceandpopularityallaroundtheworld. Inthisregard,allofthemmoreoftenisasubjectofscientificresearchanddiscussionsinvariouspublications.Singlecombatsareappliedbothassportsandasmeansofarecreation.

Researchesofotherauthorshaveconfirmedtheefficiencyofoccupationsmuaythaiforincreaseinphysicalactivityandnormalizationofcardiovas-cularsystemindicators[1].Otherauthorsappliedtheprogramforimprovementandnormalizationofbodyweightofmuaythaiathletes[2].Itisdefinedasthesignificantlyreliableimprovementofath-letes’morphofunctionalindicators.Also,itispro-posedtoapplytrainingtechniquesofcollege’sstudentsintheBrazilianjujitsu,boxing,muaythai,kickboxingandfight[3].

Thecomparativebiomechanicalanalysisofkicksinmuaythai,karateandtaekwondodeterminedthesimilarityanddifferencesofanumberofindi-cators[4].Muaythaiathleteswerecharacterizedbyasmallertimeofstrikingbuthadthesmalleramplitudeofthekneejointmotion. Otherauthorsanalysedfeaturesoftraumatisminmartialarts.Theheadandfaceinjuriesprevailinboxing,karateandmuaythai[5].ThehighprevalenceofjointdamagesisobservedintheBrazilianjujitsu,judo,andfight.

Ratheralargenumberofworksofthephysicaltrainingandsportsexpertsaredevotedtotheassessmentofathletes’physicalfitnessofinshocktypesofsinglecombats:boxing[6],kickboxing[7,8],taekwondo[9],kyokushinkaikankarate[10,11].Theyincludethesignificantpedagogicaltests.Theapplyingofsuchtestsgivestheopportunitytoobtaininformationconcerningthedevelopmentofphysicalqualitiesofathletes[12].Theratingscalesdemonstratedinsomesourcesallowestimatingobjectivelyandcomprehensivelythelevelofath-letes’physicalfitness[7].

Theanalysisoftheliteraturedevotedtocom-batsportsandmixmartialarts (neogladiator-ship)wasperformedinotherresearch[13].Itis

emphasized theessentialphysiological differ-encesoffightandshocksinglecombatsandalsodependenceonthelevelofathletes’skill.Themostindicativequalitiesareanaerobicopportu-nities.Theyareproposedtobeappliedasasuc-cesspredictor.

Theessentialcomponentofeffectiveselectionandthepredictionofathletes’sportssuccessaretheanalysisandassessmentofadaptationpotential.Resultsofresearchesconfirmedtheimportanceofcardiovascularsystem indica-torsinthemonitoringofthefunctionalcondi-tionofkickboxingathletes[14].Otherauthorssuggestedtoapplyheartrateatrestanditsmaximumvalue as the reaction indicator tocompetitiveloadsinsinglecombats[15].Theapplicationofthegeneticanalysisallowedtoallocatethegroupsofgenesconnectedwithhigh success in single combats [16]. Otherresearchesconfirmedtheimportanceofpsy-chophysiological qualities for success injudo [17]. It is determined the existence ofconnectionsofthesequalitiesandmotivationlevels.

Itisproposedtoapplychoicereactiontimeasthescreeningtestattheselectionofprospec-tiveathletesinshocktypesofsinglecombats–karate,taekwondo,hand-to-handfighting[18].Trainingofmuaythaiathletesinmanyrespectsis similar to boxing training process [19].However,thistypeofsinglecombatshasthespecifics.Itprovidestheessentialdifferencesinthesystemofathletes’training.

The technical and tactical training of ath-letesarethemostimportant[20].However,therearepracticallynodataconcerningcor-rectionsofatrainingload.Itisbasedontheobjectiveinformationonathletes’physicalfit-nessdevelopment.Muaythaiexpertsspecifiedthatathletes’physicaltrainingisthebasis[21].Theinsignificantnumberofworksdevotedtodirectly physical training of muay thai ath-letes[19,22,23].Theleadingqualityofmuaythaiathletesisstrength[24].Theforceprep-arationofmuaythaiathleteshastobeaimed

Cherkashin IA et al. – Optimization of physical training...

© ARCHIVES OF BUDO SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS AND EXTREME SPORTS 2018 | VOLUME 14 | 33

atthedevelopmentoffaststrength,strengthendurance andhigh-speed andpower abili-ties[22].Itisdefinedthatstrengthofstrikesdependsonindicatorsofthefaststrengthofmusclesofextremitiesandbody.

The comparative analysis ofmuay thai ath-letes’ trainingfeatures ispresented inotherresearch[25,26].Itisshownthatthecombina-tionofdynamicandisometricexercisesismosteffectiveforincreaseinstrengthandspeedofextremities.Thecomparisonofathleteswithadifferentleveloftrainingshowntheefficiencyofisometrictraininginqualifiedathletes.

Conducting testing of the general and spe-cialathletes’physicalfitnessisanintegralpartofathletes’trainingprocessofshocktypesofsinglecombats[27].Theinformativetestsandinformativecriteriaforphysicalfitnessassess-mentarenecessaryforthepracticeofathletestraining[28].However,therearenoinforma-tive,availableandvalidtechniquesdirectedtotheassessmentofathletes’physicaltraininginmuaythai.Therearenodevelopedtestsfordif-ferentstagesofqualification.Thereisnomon-itoringmodelofathletes’functionalcondition.

All theabovementioned specified the rele-vanceofperformedresearch.Thepurposeoftheresearchistoincreaseinefficiencyofquali-fiedathletes’physicaltrainingofmuaythailightweightcategoriesonthebasisofthedevel-opedtechnique.

MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants Theforthmuaythaiathletes(theIsportscate-gory)oflightweightcategoriesparticipatedinaresearch(12categoryupto51kg;14categoryupto54kg;14categoryupto57kg).Theexperi-mentalgroup(n=20),age21±1.58year);controlgroup(n=20),age2±1.43year).Theagerangeofathleteswas19-22years(moreinTable1).Theathletesatwerealmosthealthyinthetimeof research performing.All athletes gave theinformedconsenttoparticipationintheresearch.Thevalueofvariationcoefficientdoesn’texceed10%thattestifytothehomogeneityofgroupsoftheexaminedathletes.

Design of researchTheresearchwasperformedatTheAmmosovNorth-Eastern Federal University (Yakutsk,Russia).Theresearchforlightweightcategoriesofmuaythaiathleteshastwostages.First,thetechniqueofphysicaltraining.Theratingscales(fordeterminationthelevelofthegeneralandspecialphysicalfitness)weredevelopedonthebasisof thereceivedresultsof thebatteryoftestsforintegratedassessmentofphysicalfit-ness.Second,theefficiencyassessmentofthistechnique.Introductionofthedevelopedtech-niqueinthetrainingprocessinthreesteps:1–primarytesting;2–applicationofthedevelopedtechniquewithinthreemonthsintheexperimen-talgroup(thecontrolgroupathletestrainedbythestandardtechnique;therewasnoempha-sisonthedevelopmentofthelagcomponentsofphysicalfitness);3–repeatedassessmentofphysicalfitness.

Table 1. The characteristic of light weight categories of muay thai athletes, participating in research.

Statistical indicators Age (years) Experience(years) Body length (cm) Body weight (kg)

Experimental group (n = 20)

Average mean 21 5 175 54

Standard deviation 1.58 0.36 6.54 2.15

Variation coefficient 7.52 7.20 3.74 3.98

Control group (n = 20)

Average mean 21 5 174 54

Standard deviation 1.43 0.48 5.27 2.36

Variation coefficient 6.81 8.20 3.03 4.37

Original Article | Science of Martial Arts

34 | VOLUME 14 | 2018 smaes.archbudo.com

The analysis of competitive activity resultsofallathletesoveraperiodofJanuary–May.Athletes participated in the championship ofSakhaRepublic(Russia,Yakutsk,January,2017),thechampionshipofFarEasternFederalDistrict(Russia,Yakutsk,February,2017),RussianCup(Russia, Krasnoyarsk, February, 2017), theInternational Tournament (Russia, Yakutsk,April,2017).

Determinationofphysicalfitnesslevelisperformedthreetimes:atthebeginningoftheall-preparatorystep,attheendofaspecialpreparatorystepandinthecompetitiveperiod.Theresearchtakestwodays:thelevelofphysicalqualitiesdevelopmentisdefinedatthefirstday,thelagcomponentsofall-physicalfitnessarealsorevealed,thelevelofspe-cialphysicalfitnessisdefinedatthesecondday.Thelevelofphysicalfitnessinabsoluteandrela-tivevaluesisestimatedonthebasisoftheobtainedresults.

Thecomplexoftestsfordeterminationofthegen-eralphysicalfitnessincludedthefollowingexer-cises:•30,150mrun/inmotion/(s)and1000mrunstandingstart(min:s);•jumps:standinglongjump(m),standingtriplejump(m),a5-foldstandingjumpseparatelyontherightandleftleg(m),stand-ingverticaljump/estimatedseparatelytouchwiththerightandlefthandbyameasuringruler/,(cm),backwardjump(m);•shotput4kg/directionsofputflight:frombelow–forwardandfrombelow–back),(m);•barpress(/theathleteliesontheback/)(kg);•pullup(quantity);•reproduction50%offorceoftherightandlefthandswithvisualandwithoutvisualanalyser(kg);•bodyinclination/theathletesits,handsforward/(cm);•bodyforward/theathletestandonagymnasticbench/,(cm).

The developed combined 3-minute test wasappliedfortheassessmentofspecialphysicalfit-ness.Itincluded9exercises:•two-sideddoublepunches:straightlefthandjab−bodystraightrightkneestrike(quantityofcombinations);•two-sideddoublepunches:righthandjab−bodystraightleftkneestrike(quantityofcombinations);•one-sidedcombinationsofastraight rightknee, leftkneestrikes(numberofstrikes);•two-sidedcombina-tionsofstraightkneestrikes(numberofstrikes);•three-punchescombinationsofhands:straightlefthandpunch−straightrighthandpunch−sidelefthandpunch(quantityofcombinations);•one-sidedcombinationsofsidestrikesbyleftleg,byrightleg(quantityofcombinations);•two-sided

combinationsofstrikesbyelbows:straightstrikesbytheleftelbow−bytherightelbow−sidestrikesby the left elbow − by the right elbow − sideroundhousestrikebytherightelbow(quantityofcombinations).

Statistical analysisThe statistical analysisofdata isperformedbymeansofthelicensedMSExcel.Itwasdefinedtheindicatorsofdescriptivestatistics:arithmeticmeanvalue(Xі),standarddeviation(σor±)anderrorofmean(m),variationcoefficient(C).ThesignificanceofdifferencesingroupswasestimatedbymeansofStudent’stest(t)andRosenbaumQcriterion.(Q).

Theratingscalesofsigmadeviationsaredevel-opedfordeterminationoflevelofathletes’physi-calfitnessonthebasisoftheobtaineddata.Itwasapplied the5-point evaluation systemofmuaythaiathletes:1point−lowlevel;2–belowaver-agelevel;3–average;4–aboveaveragelevel;5–highlevel.

Thefollowingassessmentscalewasappliedforevaluationofspecialphysicalfitnessinalltests,exceptrun(themoretimespent,theworsetheresult)andcoordinationtests:•lowlevelXі≤(X−1.5σ);•belowaveragelevel(X−1.5σ)<Xі≤(X−0,5σ);•averagelevel(X−0.5σ)<Xі≤(X+0,5σ);•aboveaveragelevel(X+0.5σ)<Xі≤(X+1.5σ);•highlevel:(X+1.5σ)<Xi.

Where:Xmeanvalue;Xitestresult.

Thefollowinggradingscalewasappliedforgradingscalesinrunningandcoordinationtests:

•lowlevel(X+1.5σ)<Xi;•belowaveragelevel(X+0.5σ)<Xі≤(X+1.5σ);•averagelevel(X−0.5σ)<Xі≤(X+0.5σ);•aboveaveragelevel(X−1.5σ)<Xі≤(X−0.5σ);•highlevelXі≤(X−1.5σ).

Thefinalscoreisanaverage,roundedtoaninte-ger.Inthiscase,thefive-pointgradingscaledoesnotfullyreflectthetruestateoftheathletes.So,athleteswitharatingintherangefrom4.5to4.9pointsbelongtothegroupwitharatingof5.0.Athleteswitharatingintherangeof4.1andupto4.4pointsbelongtothegroupwitharatingof4.0.Thesamesituationwithotherlevels-fromlowtoaboveaverage.Amoreaccurateestimatecanbeobtainedbyusingthepercentagevaluesoftheindicators.Therefore,thefollowingapproachisproposed.

Cherkashin IA et al. – Optimization of physical training...

© ARCHIVES OF BUDO SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS AND EXTREME SPORTS 2018 | VOLUME 14 | 35

The overall level of physical fitness wasexpressedinpercentage,basedontheratio5points=100%.Thefollowinglevelgradeswereapplied:•lowlevel(from1to1.4points)from20%to29%;•belowaveragelevel(from1.5to2.4points)from30%to49%;•averagelevel(from2.5 to3.4points) from50% to69%;•aboveaverage(from3.5to4.4points)from70%to89%;•highlevel(4.5to5points)from90%to100%.

RESULTS

The structure of the developed technique ofphysicaltrainingoflightweightcategoriesmuaythaiathletesisprovidedonFigure1.

Thealgorithmoftechniquerealizationconsistsin the consecutive solution of the followingtasks:•determinationofphysicalfitnesslevelofmuaythaiathletes;•correctionofthelagcom-ponents;• increase infitness level in general.Integratedassessmenttechniqueofmuaythaiathletes’physicalfitnesstakesthecentralplaceinthedevelopedtechnique(Figure2).

Assessment scales of the general and spe-cialphysicalfitnessaredevelopedconsideringsportsqualificationandweightcategoryofath-letes(Tables2and3).

Atthebeginningofthepedagogicalexperimentindicatorsoftestingofphysicalfitnessingroupshave no significant differences (р>0.05). The

Figure 1. Structure of physical training technique of light weight categories in muay thai athletes’ at training stage.

The algorithm of technique realization consists in the consecutive solution of the following tasks: • determination of physical fitness level of muay thai athletes; • correction of the lag components;• increase in fitness level in general. Integrated assessment technique of muay thai athletes’ physical fitness takes the central place in the developed technique (Figure 2).

Technique of physical fitness assessment of muay thai athletes of light weight categories

Assessment of the general physical fitness

Assessment of special physical fitness

Gradation of physical fitness by absolute and relative estimates

Identification of the lag components of physical fitness

The 3-minute test consisting of 9 exercises of the shock technique of muay thai

Assessment scales of special physical fitness

Assessment scales of the general physical fitness

Pedagogical testing with application of a complex of test exercises (run, jump, with weight, coordination, flexibility)

Training programs. Programs include complexes of means for development of special and general physical fitness: speed; strength; endurance; flexibility; coordination and high-speed and strength abilities.

Control of athlete’fitness by the trainer

Trainer

Athlete

Decision-making by the trainer of rather training process

Figure 1. Structure of physical training technique of light weight categories in muay thai athletes’ at training stage.

Original Article | Science of Martial Arts

36 | VOLUME 14 | 2018 smaes.archbudo.com

Assessment technique of physical fitness of muay thai athletes’ of light weight categories

Assessment of the general physical fitness

30 m, 150 m in motion, s; 1000 m standing start, (min: s)

Shot put (4kg), (m); bench press (kg); pull up, times

Body inclination forward (the athlete stands on a gymnastic bench), (cm)

Run

standing long jump from the place, m; a 5-fold standing jump on one leg (right/left), m; Standing vertical jump (touch of right), (cm)

Tests and indicators

Jump

With weight

On coordination

On flexibility

Standing long jump (backward in the direction of the motion), (m); reproduction 50% of force of a hand (the right/left hand) with visual and without visual analyzer (kg)

Assessment of special physical fitness

The combined 3-minute test

1- two-sided double punches: straight left hand jab − body straight right knee strike (quantity of combinations for 20 s); 2- two-sided double punches: right hand jab − body straight left knee strike (quantity of combinations for 20 s); 3- one-sided combinations of straight left knee strikes (number of strikes for 20 s); 4- one-sided combinations of straight right knee strikes (number of blows for 20 s); 5- two-sided combinations of straight knee strikes (number of strikes for 20 s); 6- three-punches combinations of hands: straight left hand punch − straight right hand punch − side left hand punch (quantity of combinations for 20 s); 7- one-sided combinations of side strikes by left leg (quantity of combinations for 20 s) 8- one-sided combinations of side strikes by right leg (number of blows for 20 s); 9 two-sided combinations of strikes by elbows: straight strikes by the left elbow − by the right elbow − side strikes by the left elbow − by the right elbow − side roundhouse strike by the right elbow (quantity of combinations for 20 s).

Assessment of fitness level scales

The conclusion on the general physical fitness

Figure 2. Structure of an integrated assessment of physical fitness technique of muay thai athletes of light weight categories.

Cherkashin IA et al. – Optimization of physical training...

© ARCHIVES OF BUDO SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS AND EXTREME SPORTS 2018 | VOLUME 14 | 37

performedanalysisshowsignificantimprove-mentofindicatorsofthegeneralandspecialphysical fitness of athletes (Tables 4 and 5).Change isconfirmedbothbymeansofpara-metricalandnonparametriccriteria.AccordingtoStudent’st-test.15of16appliedtestshaveconfirmedanincreaseinthegeneralefficiencyofathletes.Itisdeterminedthetendencytothereliabilityofdifferencesonlyinthetestpulluponhighbar(p<0.1).Thesignificantimprovementofindicatorsisconfirmedinallspecialworkingcapacitytests.

ApplicationofRosenbaumQcriteriondeter-minedsignificantimprovementofindicatorsinallspecialtestsandthevastmajorityoftestsforthegeneralworkingcapacity(seeTable4).Onlyinonetest(reproductionof50%offorceofthelefthandwithoutvisualanalyser).signifi-cantchanges(p>0.05)aren’tconfirmed.

ItisrevealedthesignificantimprovementofonlyoneindicatoraccordingtoStudent’st-testinthecourseoffitness.Itwastestresultsofreproduc-tion50%offorceofthelefthandwiththevisualanalyser.TheapplicationofRosenbaumQcrite-rionhasshownmoreexpressedchanges.Resultsofstandinglongjump(Q=7,p<0.05),reproduc-tion50%offorcewiththevisualanalyseroftherighthand(Q=7,p<0.05)andtimeoftwo-sidedcombinationsofstrikesbyelbowshavesignifi-cantlyimproved(Q=7,p<0.05).

Theindividualassessmentofathletes’conditionwasperformedalongwiththedefinitionofgroupindicatorsofphysicalfitness.Intheexperimen-talgroupofathletesbeforetheexperiment.9persons(45%)hadtheaveragelevelofphysicalfitness.7persons–belowaverage(35%)and4persons–aboveaverage(20%).Developmentofphysicalfitnesscomponentswasinharmoni-ous.Forexample:theathlete,whohadaserial

Table 2. Assessment of the general physical fitness of muay thai athletes (n = 40) of light weight categories.

Test (indicator)General physical fitness levels

low below average average above average high

30 m run (in motion) (s) >4.63 4.41÷4.63 4.18÷4.40 3.95÷4.17 ≤3.94

150 m run (in motion) (s) >22.16 21.31 ÷22.16 20.44÷21.30 19.57÷20.43 ≤19.56

1000 m run standing start (min: s) >3:08 2:59÷3:08 2:48÷2:58 2:38÷2:47 ≤2:37

Standing long jump (m) ≤2.21 2.22÷2.31 2.32÷2.41 2.42÷2.51 >2.51

5-fold standing jump on the right leg (m) ≤10.71 10.72÷11.43 11.44÷12.16 12.17÷12.88 >12.88

5-fold standing jump on the left leg (m) ≤10.42 10.43÷11.21 11.21÷12.00 12.01÷12.79 >12.79

Standing vertical jump (touch with the right hand of a measuring ruler) (cm) ≤36 37÷41 42÷46 47÷51 >51

Shot put below forward (4 kg) (m) ≤9.86 9.87÷10.73 10.74÷11.61 11.62÷12.49 >12.49

The bar press weight relation (the athlete lies on a back) to the body weight (relative units) ≤0.91 0.92÷0.98 0.99÷1.05 1.06÷1.11 >1.11

Pull up on a high bar (abs) ≤10 11÷14 15÷19 20÷24 >24

Reproduction of 50% of force of the right hand with the visual analyser (kg) >6 5÷6 3÷4 1÷2 ≤0

Reproduction of 50% of force of the left hand with the visual analyser (kg) >6 5÷6 3÷4 1÷2 ≤0

Reproduction of 50% of force of the right hand without visual analyser (kg) >9 7÷9 5÷6 2÷4 ≤1

Reproduction of 50% of force of the left hand without visual analyser (kg) >9 8÷9 6÷7 4÷5 ≤3

Standing long jump backward in the direction of the motion (m) ≤1.23 1.24÷1.31 1.32÷1.39 1.40÷1.47 >1.47

Body inclination forward (the athlete stand on a gymnastic bench) (cm) ≤16 17÷18 19÷21 22÷23 >23

Original Article | Science of Martial Arts

38 | VOLUME 14 | 2018 smaes.archbudo.com

number1(experimentalgrouplist),hadaboveaverageleveloffitness(4pointsand72%frommaximumpossiblephysicalfitness).Otherindica-torsoftheathletenumber1:speedcorrespondedtoalowlevel(1point.20%);theendurance;high-speedandpowerabilities;coordination;flexibility–areestimatedon4points;thespecialphys-icalfitnesscorrespondedtotheaverage level(3points,60%).Thatisthislevelofphysicalfit-nesshasbeenreachedbymeansof5compo-nentsofphysicalfitness.Oneofthecomponents(speed)considerablylags.Levelofspecialphysicalfitnessisalsoinsufficientlydeveloped.

The developed technique of physical trainingwasdirectedtoharmonizationofdevelopmentofphysicaltrainingcomponents.Repeatedtest-ingoftheexperimentalgroupathletesconfirmedthegrowthofphysicalfitnesslevelandchangeofspecificweightofathleteswithvariousfit-nesslevel.Itwasrevealed2athletes(10%)withthehighlevelofphysicalfitness.Thequantityofmuaythaiathleteswithaboveaveragelevelhasgrownto10persons(50%).Specificweightofathleteswiththeaveragelevelwas8athletes(40%).Therelativeassessmentofphysicalfitnesshasincreasedinallparticipants.Itisdetermined

positivechangeofthegeneral leveland inte-grated assessment of athletes’ fitness due totheharmoniousdevelopmentofphysicalfitnesscomponents.

Incontrolgroup5athletes(25%)hadalevelofphysicalfitnessaboveaverage,8athletesaveragelevel(40%),7athletesbelowaveragelevel(35%).Theydemonstratedtheinharmoniousdevelop-mentofphysicalfitnesscomponentsaswellasrepresentativesoftheexperimentalgroupatthebeginningoftheexperiment.Thenumberofath-leteswithaboveaveragelevelofphysicalfitnesshasincreasedupto35%attheendoftheexperi-ment.Specificweightofmuaythaiathleteswithanaveragelevelofphysicalfitnesshasconsider-ablyincreasedupto60%.Specificweightofath-leteswithbelowaveragelevelwasreducedupto5%.Therewerenoathleteswithhighlevelandalsowiththeharmoniousdevelopmentofphysi-calfitnesscomponents.

DISCUSSION

Ourobservationsentitleustoalotofdesensitiza-tionrelatedtothepracticeofmuaythaitraining.

Table 3. Assessment of special physical fitness levels of muay thai athletes (n = 40) of light weight categories.

Test (indicator)General physical fitness level

low below average average above average high

Two-sided double punches:left hand jab − body straight right knee strike (abs for 20 s)

≤14 15÷16 17÷18 19 ÷ 21 >21

Two-sided double punches:right hand jab − body straight left knee strike (abs for 20 s)

≤9 10÷13 14÷17 18 ÷ 20 >21

One-sided combinations of straight right knee strikes (abs for 20 s) ≤20 21÷23 24÷25 26 ÷ 28 >29

One-sided combinations of straight left knee strikes (abs for 20 s) ≤19 20÷21 22÷24 25 ÷ 26 >27

One-sided combinations of straight left knee strikes (abs for 20 s) ≤18 19÷23 24÷28 29 ÷ 33 >33

Three-shock series hands: direct stroke by the left hand − direct stroke by the right hand − side left-hand blow (abs)

≤7 8÷11 12÷14 15 ÷ 18 >18

One-sided combinations of straight left leg strikes (number of blows for 20 s) ≤17 18÷20 21÷22 23÷25 >25

One-sided combinations of straight right leg strikes in 20 s ≤17 18÷19 20÷22 23÷24 >24

Two-sided combinations of strikes by elbows: straight strikes by the left elbow − by the right elbow − side strikes by the left elbow − by the right elbow − side roundhouse strike by the right elbow (abs for 20 s)

≤2 3÷4 5÷6 7÷8 >8

Cherkashin IA et al. – Optimization of physical training...

© ARCHIVES OF BUDO SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS AND EXTREME SPORTS 2018 | VOLUME 14 | 39

Thefollowingcomponentinphysicaltrainingtech-niqueofmuaythaiathleteslightweightcategoriesdevelopmentofrecommendationstotrainersis:complexesforthedevelopmentofspeed,force,endurance,flexibility,coordinationandhigh-speedandpowerabilitiesbecametheircontents.

Trainingmicrocycle inmuaythaiconsistsof6educationalandtrainingoccupationsanddayofrest (Sunday).Threedaysaweek(Tuesday,Thursday and Saturday) are devoted to thedevelopmentofphysicalqualitiesandabilities.Itisappliedtheorientationnomorethanontwophysicalqualitiesinoneday.Tuesdayisadayof special physical fitness, high-speed, power

abilitiesandflexibilitydevelopment.Thursdayisadayofspecialphysicalfitness,enduranceandcoordinationdevelopment.Saturdayisadayofdevelopmentofspecialphysicalfitness,speedandstrength.

The analysis of competitive activity demon-stratedthebestsuccessofexperimentalgroupathleteswithhighandaboveaverage levelofphysicalfitness.Theywoncompetitionsmoreoften than control groupathleteswith aboveaveragefitnesslevel.

All 20 athletes of the experimental groupthroughoutthecompetitiveperiodparticipated

Table 4. Results of testing of physical fitness of athletes muay thai light weight categories of experimental group (n = 20) in dynamics of an experiment.

Test (indicator) Before experiment After experiment t Q

30 m run (in motion) (s) 4:38 ±0.05 4:14 ±0.06 3.16 8

150 m run (in motion) (s) 20:87 ±0.24 19:88 ±0.18 3.32 13

1000 m run from high start (min: s) 2:53 ±0.03 2:41 ±0.01 3.96 17

Standing long jump (m) 2.37 ±0.02 2.51 ±0.02 −4.40 17

5-fold standing jump on the right leg ( m) 11.73 ±0.18 12.41 ±0.17 −2.74 10

5-fold standing jump on the left leg ( m) 11.59 ±0.19 12.69 ±0.18 −4.13 18

Standing vertical jump (touch with the right hand of a measuring ruler) (cm) 43.20 ±1.14 46.50 ±1.06 −2.12 14

Shot put below forward (4 kg) ( m) 11.72 ±0.17 12.57 ±0.19 −3.44 16

The bar press weight relation (the athlete lies on a back) to the body weight (relative units) 1.02 ±0.01 1.10 ±0.01 −4.02 17

Pull up on a high bar (abs) 17.55 ±1.06 20.25 ±1.06 −1.81 7

Reproduction of 50% of force of the right hand with the visual analyser (kg) 1.32 ±0.02 1.42 ±0.02 −3.44 11

Reproduction of 50% of force of the left hand with the visual analyser (kg) 0.95 ±0.14 0.30 ±0.11 3.79 17

Reproduction of 50% of force of the right hand without visual analyser (kg) 1.15 ±0.18 0.35 ±0.11 3.77 19

Reproduction of 50% of force of the left hand without visual analyser (kg) 4.45 ±0.49 2.90 ±0.32 2.66 4

Standing long jump backward in the direction of the motion. m 5.15 ±0.41 3.50 ±0.36 3.05 7

Body inclination forward (the athlete stand on a gymnastic bench) (cm) 18.90 ±0.41 23.45 ±0.69 −5.69 22

Two-sided double punches: left hand jab − body straight right knee strike (abs for 20 s) 18.00 ±0.64 20.85 ±0.60 −3.23 9

Two-sided double punches: right hand jab − body straight left knee strike (abs for 20 s) 16.40 ±1.09 19.75 ±0.89 −2.38 13

one-sided combinations of straight right knee strikes (abs for 20 s) 23.45 ±0.55 26.90 ±0.59 −4.26 18

one-sided combinations of straight left knee strikes (abs for 20 s) 20.30 ±0.66 26.30 ±0.62 −6.62 18

one-sided combinations of straight left knee strikes (abs for 20 s) 24.95 ±0.65 26.30 ±0.69 −3.85 20

Three-shock series hands: direct stroke by the left hand − direct stroke by the right hand − side left-hand blow (abs) 13.65 ±0.70 16.30 ±0.75 −2.59 10

one-sided combinations of straight left leg strikes (number of blows for 20 s) 18.65 ±0.53 24.40 ±0.50 −7.82 33

one-sided combinations of straight right leg strikes in 20 s 19.00 ±0.68 23.90 ±0.43 −6.12 28

two-sided combinations of strikes by elbows: straight strikes by the left elbow − by the right elbow − side strikes by the left elbow − by the right elbow − side roundhouse strike by the right elbow (abs for 20 s)

4.20 ±0.24 7.45 ±0.28 −8.95 34

Original Article | Science of Martial Arts

40 | VOLUME 14 | 2018 smaes.archbudo.com

in two competitions (championship of SakhaRepublic and the International Tournament,Russia).Eightathletesofthisgrouphavepartici-patedinthechampionshipofFarEasternFederalDistrict(Russia).OneathleteparticipatedintheRussianCup.Allcontrolgroupathletescouldn’tparticipateinonecompetitionbecameofinju-ries.Oneathletewithbelowaveragelevelwasinjuredpriortotheperformance.Threeathleteswiththeaveragelevelwereinjuredduringthefirst competitions – the championship of theSakhaRepublic(Russia)andcouldn’tparticipate

inthenexttournaments.InthisgrouptherewerenoparticipantsoftheRussianCup.Sevenath-leteshaveparticipatedinthechampionshipofFarEasternFederalDistrict.

Theexperimentalgroupathleteswiththehighfit-nesslevelofreadinesshavesuccessfullyspentthecompetitiveperiod.Theathlete,whohadaserialnumber1(experimentalgrouplist),performedinweightcategoryupto54kghaswonfirstplaceinthreecompetitions–thechampionshipofSakhaRepublic.thechampionshipofFarEasternFederal

Table 5. Results of physical fitness testing of muay thai athletes of light weight categories of control group (n = 20) in dynamics of an experiment.

Test (indicator)

Testing results (x– ±) m

before experiment after experiment t

30 m run (in motion) (s) 4:38 ±0.03 4:34 ±0.03 0.87

150 m run (in motion) (s) 20:86 ±0.23 21:02 ±0.18 −0.53

1000 m run from high start (min: s) 2:53 ±0.04 2:51 ±0.01 0.43

Standing long jump (m) 2.38±0.02 2.40 ±0.02 −0.62

5-fold standing jump on the right leg (m) 11.70 ±0.15 11.75 ±0.15 −0.22

5-fold standing jump on the left leg (m) 11.61 ±0.20 11.68 ±0.17 −0.28

Standing vertical jump (touch with the right hand of a measuring ruler) (cm) 42.85 ±1.30 43.25 ±1.32 −0.22

Shot put below forward (4 kg) (m) 11.73 ±0.18 11.81 ±0.17 −0.32

The bar press weight relation (the athlete lies on a back) to the body weight (c.u.) 1.02 ±0.01 1.03 ±0.01 −0.55

Pull up on a high bar (abs) 17.60 ±1.08 18.15 ±1.02 −0.37

Reproduction of 50% of force of the right hand with the visual analyser (kg) 1.31 ±0.03 1.32 ±0.02 −0.25

Reproduction of 50% of force of the left hand with the visual analyser (kg) 0.85 ±0.13 0.35 ±0.15 2.51

Reproduction of 50% of force of the right hand without visual analyser (kg) 1.10 ±0.12 0.85 ±0.15 1.29

Reproduction of 50% of force of the left hand without visual analyser (kg) 4.40 ±0.35 3.80 ±0.33 1.25

Standing long jump backward in the direction of the motion (m) 5.20 ±0.29 4.55 ±0.26 1.69

Body inclination forward (the athlete stand on a gymnastic bench) (cm) 18.80 ±0.41 19.00 ±0.37 −0.36

Two-sided double punches: left hand jab − body straight right knee strike (abs for 20 s) 18.15 ±0.62 18.30 ±0.59 −0.18

Two-sided double punches: right hand jab − body straight left knee strike (abs for 20 s) 16.00 ±0.89 16.30 ±0.81 −0.25

One-sided combinations of straight right knee strikes (abs for 20 s) 23.80 ±0.54 24.15 ±0.50 −0.48

One-sided combinations of straight left knee strikes (abs for 20 s) 20.40 ±0.78 21.10 ±0.58 −0.72

One-sided combinations of straight left knee strikes (abs for 20 s) 25.10 ±0.84 25.80 ±0.84 −0.59

Three-shock series hands: direct stroke by the left hand − direct stroke by the right hand − side left− hand blow (abs) 13.45 ±0.71 13.65 ±0.62 −0.21

One-sided combinations of straight left leg strikes (number of blows for 20 s) 18.95 ±0.68 19.30 ±0.68 −0.36

One-sided combinations of straight right leg strikes (number of blows for 20 s 19.55 ±0.53 19.95 ±0.47 −0.57

Two-sided combinations of strikes by elbows: straight strikes by the left elbow − by the right elbow − side strikes by the left elbow − by the right elbow − side roundhouse strike by the right elbow (abs for 20 s) 4.13 ±0.24 4.85 ±0.26 −2.03

Cherkashin IA et al. – Optimization of physical training...

© ARCHIVES OF BUDO SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS AND EXTREME SPORTS 2018 | VOLUME 14 | 41

District,theInternationalTournamentinRussianCuphaswonabronzeaward.Theathlete,whohadaserialnumber3(experimentalgrouplist)(upto57kg)haswonthreecompetitions–champi-onshipoftheSakhaRepublic,FarEasternFederalDistrictandtheInternationalTournament.Nineathleteswithaboveaveragelevelofphysicalfit-nesssuccessfullyparticipatedintwocompetitions–championshipsofSakhaRepublicandFarEasternFederalDistrict.InthechampionshipoftheSakhaRepublicinweightcategoryupto51kgtwoath-leteswonthethirdplaces.Inweightcategoryupto54kgathleteswononesecondandtwothirdplaces.Incategoryupto57kgathleteswononesecond.twothirdplaces.InchampionshipofFarEasternFederalDistricttheywon4medalswhichincludesonesilver[theathlete,whohadaserialnumber5(experimentalgrouplist),upto54kg],threebronze[theathlete,whohadaserialnum-ber2(experimentalgrouplist)–categoryupto51kg;theathlete,whohadaserialnumber6(experimentalgrouplist)–categoryupto54kg;theathlete,whohadaserialnumber4(experi-mentalgrouplist)–categoryupto57kg).Theexperimentalgroupathleteswiththeaveragefit-nesslevel(9people)participatedinthechampi-onshipofSakhaRepublicbutlose.

Representativesofcontrolgroupwithaboveanaveragefitnesslevel(7people)inthechampi-onshipoftheSakhaRepublicwonthreeprizes:thesecond–inweightcategoryupto51kg[theathlete,whohadaserialnumber3(experimen-talgrouplist)];thethird–incategoryupto54kg[theathlete,whohadaserialnumber1(exper-imentalgrouplist)];thesecond–inweightcat-egoryupto57kg[theathlete,whohadaserialnumber13(experimentalgrouplist)].Twoath-leteswereincludedintotheprize-winningthreein the championship of Far Eastern FederalDistrict–theathlete,whohadaserialnumber3(experimentalgrouplist)(the2ndplace)andtheathlete,whohadaserialnumber13(experimen-talgrouplist)(the3rdplace).

Optimizationofselectionandpredictionofath-letes’successisarelevantscientificandprac-ticaltaskofsportsscience.Variousapproachesandtechniquesareappliedtoitssolving.Aninte-gratedapproachandadequatestatisticalanalysisbecomethekeyissuesofsuchresearches.

It was confirmed the necessity of an inte-gratedapproachatthesuccessfulpredictionin

kickboxing[29].Theathletes’morphologicalandfunctionalindicatorsatrestandatthereactiontoloadwereappliedfortheprediction.Theassess-mentscalesofthegeneralandspecialphysicalfitnesswerecreatedonthebasisoftheobtainedresults.Theyarebasedonthemethodofsigmadeviations.Thismethod is a standardassess-mentofphysicaldevelopmentandphysicalfit-ness.Howeverothertechniquesarealsoappliednowadays.

Thus,thespecialcentiletablesaredevelopedonthebasisofresultsoftestsimplementationandindicatorsrestorationafterloadsconsider-ingathletes’genderandage[30].ThetechniqueofsuccessfulpredictioninkickboxingisbasedonconsecutiveWaldanalysis[29].Thefollow-ingdesignisappliedintheresearch–thedivi-sionofathleteswithanidenticallevelofskillintothegroupswithdifferentfitnesslevel.

The absence of significant differences at thebeginningoftheresearchpointstothehomo-geneityoftheexaminedgroupsofathletes.Thesimilarityofworkingcapacityindicatorsingroupsconfirmstheproximityofthefunctionallevelofmuaythaiathletes.

The similar approach was applied in otherresearch [31].Authors applied the battery ofteststoanassessmentofthegeneralandspe-cialefficiencyofmuaythaiathletes.Itisdefinedtheexistenceofinterrelationsbetweenthestud-ied indicators. It isconfirmedthevalidityandinformationalcontentoftheappliedtests.Theimportanceofspecifictestsforthemonitoringofafunctionalconditionofathletesisemphasizedinanotherresearch[30].

Thedevelopedtechniqueofintegratedassess-mentofthephysicalfitnessofmuaythaiath-letes of light weight categories includespedagogicaltestsandestimateindicatorsoftheratingscales.Thetechniqueisavailabletotheapplicationinthetrainingprocesswithoutadditional equipment.The technique allowstoobtainnecessaryoperational informationabout the current state of athletes and tocarryoutthecomprehensivecomplexassess-mentofthegeneralandspecialphysicalfitness.Suchapproachallows:topayattentiontothedevelopmentofthelagcomponentsofphysi-calfitness;tomakecorrectionsinthecreationof training occupations and plans of sports

Original Article | Science of Martial Arts

42 | VOLUME 14 | 2018 smaes.archbudo.com

training;topredictsportsresults,durationandsuccessofaperformancethroughoutallsportscareer.Alsoallowstoreveal“leaders”amongtheathletescapabletoachievehighresultsandsubsequentlytokeepthematallnextstages.Thetechniqueallowstoimprovethecontrolsystemandselectionofmuaythaiathletes.Inthisaspect.ourresearchsupplementsworkofotherauthors[21,23]andexpandknowledgeoftrainingfeaturesofmuaythaiathletes[32].

Thestrongandfaststrikes isamajorfactorof success inmuay thai.Therefore tests forassessment of special working capacity arebasedontheperformanceofcombinationsandstrikes.Itallowstoconsiderthemspecificformuaythai.Theavailabledataconfirmthelegit-imacyofthisassumption.

Theanalysisofthebiomechanicalindicatorsoftheroundhousekickofmuaythaiathleteswithadifferentlevelofskilliscarriedoutinotherresearch[33].Athletes-beginnerswerecharac-terizedbytheexistenceofasymmetrybetweentheleftandrightlegs,adifferenceofspeedandamplitudeofthejointsmovement.Theimpor-tanceofsufficientstrengthofextremitiesmus-clesandflexibilityofjointsforstrikingblowsinkickboxingisconfirmedinotherresearch[34].

Distributionofathletesaccordingtothelevelofphysicalfitnessbymeansofthedevelopedratingscalesallowsto individualize loadsofmuaythaiathletes.Thereceivedresultsallowtoconfirmthattheappliedexperimentalpro-grampromotedtheimprovementofthegen-eralandspecialphysicaltrainingofmuaythaiathletesoflightweightcategories.Theappro-bationoftheexperimentalprogramconfirmeditshighefficiency.Theimprovementofprac-ticallyallindicatorsofthegeneralandspecialworkingcapacitywasdeterminedintheexper-imentalgroup.Ittestifiesofhighinformationalcontentandspecificityoftheappliedbatter-iesoftests.Changesinthecontrolgroupwereexpressedmuchless.

Itisdefinedthepositiveinfluenceofthedevel-opedtechniqueofphysicaltrainingofmuaythai athletesof lightweight categories.Theimprovement has expressed an increase inthelevelofathletesphysicalfitness,harmo-nious development of physical fitness com-ponents and also effective carrying out thecompetitiveperiod.Throughout4competitions(ChampionshipsofSakhaRepublic,FarEasternFederal District, International Tournament.RussianCup)athleteshavewon6gold,3sil-verand10bronzemedals.

CONCLUSIONS

Theconductedresearchesconfirmedefficiencyofthedevelopedtechniqueforoptimizationofphysicaltrainingofthequalifiedmuaythaiath-letesoflightweightcategories.Thecentrallinkofthetechniqueisintegratedassessmentofphys-icalfitnessofathletesbymeansofthebatteryoftests.Athletesofexperimentalgroupdem-onstratedsignificantimprovementofindicatorspracticallyinalltestsofthegeneralandspecialworkingcapacity.Resultsofathletesofcontrolgroupweresignificantlyworse.Theanalysisofcompetitiveactivityofathletesconfirmedhighsuccessofparticipantsofexperimentalgroup.

Thedevelopedtechniqueofintegratedassess-mentofphysicalfitnessincludesacomplexofpedagogicaltests,thedifferentiatedratingscales,analgorithmofconductingtestingandidentifi-cationofathletes’fitnesslevel.Thegradationofphysicalfitnessofmuaythaiathletesbyabsoluteandrelativeestimatesforcorrectionofthetrain-ingprocessdirectedtoincreaseinlevelofphysi-calfitnessofathletesiscarriedout.

Cherkashin IA et al. – Optimization of physical training...

© ARCHIVES OF BUDO SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS AND EXTREME SPORTS 2018 | VOLUME 14 | 43

REFERENCES

1. CiccottiS,BrunaT,Ritti-DiasRMetal.Cardiovasculareffectsof16weeksofmar-tialartstraininginadolescents.RevSocBrasMedTrop2018;24(3):212-215

2. EggletonK,StewartL,KaskA.NgatiwaiWhakapakariTinana:strengtheningbodiesthroughaKaupapaMaorifitnessandexer-ciseprogramme.JPrimHealthCare2018;10(1):25-30

3. BoghossianP,WhiteA,SanowDetal.CriticalThinking.Pedagogy.andJiuJitsu:WeddingPhysicalResistancetoCriticalThinkingRadical.Pedagogy2017;14(1):21-40

4. GavaganCJ,SayersMGL.Abiomechani-calanalysisoftheroundhousekickingtech-niqueofexpertpractitioners:AcomparisonbetweenthemartialartsdisciplinesofMuayThai.Karate.andTaekwondo.PLoSONE2017;12(8):e0182645

5. BolachB,WitkowskiK,ZerzutMetal.Injuriesandoverloadsinthai boxing (muay thai).ArchBudo2015;11:339-349

6. ChaabèneH,TabbenM,MkaouerBetal.AmateurBoxing:PhysicalandPhysiologicalAttributes.SportsMed2015;45(3):337-352

7. KladovEV,Shul’pinaVP.Supervisiongeneralandspecialphysicalfitnessofkickboxersintraininggroups.Sovremennyeproblemynaukiiobrazovaniia2014;(6):187-191[inRussian]

8. OuerguiI,DavisP,HoucineNetal.Hormonal.Physiological.andPhysicalPerformancedur-ingSimulatedKickboxingCombat:DifferencesbetweenWinnersandLosers.IntJSportsPhysiolPerform2016;11(4):425-431

9. Pia-GaevichShA,EpovOG.Criteriaforeval-uationofphysicalfitnessofhighlyskilledathletesofshocktypesofsinglecombatsontheexampleoftaekwondoofVTF.Uchenyezapiskiuniversitetaim.PFLesgafta2016;9:207-211[inRussian]

10.SaienkoVG.Developmentofphysicalqualitiesinsportsmenofdifferentqualificationofthelightweightcategoryupto70kg.specializinginKyokushinkarate.MolodasportivnanaukaUkrainy2017;3(11):177-180[inUkrainian]

11.NajmiN,AbdullahMR,JuahirHet al.Comparisonofbodyfatpercentageandphys-icalperformanceofmalenationalseniorandjuniorkarateAthletes.JFundamApplSci2018;10(1):485-511

12.JamesLP,KellyVG,BeckmanЕМ.Reviewoftheliterature:highperformancetestingfortheelitemixedmartialartist.MedJAust2014;6:55-66

13.JamesLP,HaffGG,KellyVGetal.TowardsaDetermination of the PhysiologicalCharacteristicsDistinguishingSuccessfulMixedMartialArtsAthletes:ASystematicReviewofCombatSportLiterature.SportsMed2016;46(10):1525-1551

14.PodrigaloLV,VolodchenkoAA,RovnayaOAetal.Analysisofadaptationpotentialsofkickbox-ers’cardio-vascularsystem.PedagogPsycholMed-BiolProblPhysTrainSports2017;21(4):185-191

15.SlimaniM,ZnazenH,SellamiMetal.Heartratemonitoringduringcombatsportsmatches:abriefreview.IntJPerformAnalSport2018;18(2):273-292

16.RibasMR,OliveiraN,ZairCetal.Associationofactn3r577xandacei/dpolymorphismsinbrazilianswrestlers.RevSocBrasMedTrop2017;23(6):469-472

17.KorobeynikovGV,Korobeynikova LG,RomanyukLVetal.Relationshipofpsycho-physiologicalcharacteristicswithdifferentlevelsofmotivationinjudoathletesofhighqualification.PedagogPsycholMed-BiolProblPhysTrainSports2017;21(6):272-278

18.RomanenkoV,PodrigaloL,IermakovSetal.Functionalstateofmartialartsathletesduringimplementationprocessofcontrolledactiv-ity–comparativeanalysis.JPhysActHealth2018;6:87-93

19.KhamaganovBP.Developmentofphysicalfea-turesandtestingofthai-boxers’generalendur-ance.VestnikBuriatskogogosudarstvennogouniversiteta2015;(13):107-111[inRussian]

20.MohamadNI,ChinnaseeCh,HemapandhaWetal.Sportscience-basedresearchonthesportofmuaythai:areviewoftheliterature.WalailakJSciTechnol2017;14(8):615-625

21.CinisAV.ThegeneralandspecialphysicaltrainingoftheThaiboxersinayearcycle.In:VIInternationalScientificandPracticalConferenceCurrentProblemsofPhysicalCulture.SportandTourism;2010:68-72[inRussian]

22.TurnerAN.StrengthandconditioningforMuayThaiathletes.JStrengthCondRes2009;31(6):78-92

23.GarmaevVBJ,PavlovAE.Physicaltrainingofthaiboxersatthestageofadvancedspecial-ization.VestnikBuriatskogogosudarstvennogouniversiteta2015;(13):13-17[inRussian]

24.ZaiashnikovSI.MuayThai.Moscow:OlympiaPress;2002[inRussian]

25.LeeBCY,McGillSM.Effectoflong-termisometrictrainingoncore/torsostiffness.JStrengthCondRes2015;29(6):1515-1526

26.LeeB,McGillS.Theeffectofcoretrain-ingondistallimbperformanceduringbal-listicstrikemanoeuvres.JSportsSci2017;35(18):1768-1780

27.James LP, Ke l ly VG. Beckman ЕМ.Periodization formixedmartialarts.JStrengthCondRes2013;35(6):34-45

28.CherkashinIA,KrivoruchenkoEV,SkriabinSPetal.Scientificandmethodicalensur-ingpreparationofasportsreserveoftheSakhaRepublic(Yakutia).Teoriiaipraktikafizicheskojkul’tury2015;(10):51-53[inRussian]

29.PodrigaloLV,VolodchenkoAA,RovnayaOAetal.Thepredictionofsuccessinkickbox-ingbasedontheanalysisofmorphofunc-tional.physiological.biomechanicalandpsychophysiologicalindicators.PhysEducStud2018;22(1):1-56

30.AgostinhoMF,OlivioJuniorJAl,StankovicN.Comparisonofspecialjudofitnesstestanddynamicandisometricjudochin-uptests’performanceandclassificatorytables’developmentforcadetandjuniorathletes.JExercRehabil2018;14(2):244-252

31.ZhangX,TambovskijAN,CherkashinIAetal.PedagogicaltestsforassessingthephysicalpreparednessofthestudentspracticingMuayThai.PhysEducStud2018;22(4):221-231

32.CherkashinIA,OkhlopkovPP,MigalkinAGetal.PhysicalfitnesstestsofhighlyskilledMuayThaifighters.Teoriiaipraktikafiziches-kojkul’tury2017;7:69-72[inRussian]

33.ChinnaseeC,MohamadNI.NadzalanAMetal.Lowerlimbkinematicsanalysisduringroundhousekickamongnovicesinmuaythai.JFundamApplSci2018;9(6S):1002-1010

34.PodrigaloLV,VolodchenkoAA,RovnayaOAetal.Analysisofmartialartsathletes’gonio-metricindicators.PhysEducStud2017;21(4):182-188

35.SuhongsaC.MuayThai.Manchester:IAMTF;1999

36.DictionaryofSportandExerciseScience.Over5.000TermsClearlyDefined.London:A&BBlack;2006

37.MartensR.SuccessfulCoaching.London:HumanKinetics;2004

Cite this article as: CherkashinIA,KrivoruchenkoEV,JagiełłoWetal.Optimizationofphysicaltrainingofthequalifiedmuaythaiathletesoflightweightcategories.ArchBudoSciMartialArtExtremeSport2018;14:31-43