Of the High Performance Gallium Arsenide ( GaAs ) Nanowires ( NWs )

8/14/2019 Of the High Performance Gallium Arsenide ( GaAs ) Nanowires ( NWs )

1/48

CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

DEPARTMENT OF

PHYSICS AND MATERIALS SCIENCEBACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) IN MATERIALS ENGINEERING

2011-2012

DISSERTATION

Synt!"#" $n% &$'$&t!'#$t#n

* t! #+ ,!'*'$n&! +$..#/ $'"!n#%! ( G$A" ) n$n#'!" ( N" )

*' ".$' &!.. $,,.#&$t#n"

y

CHEUNG SIU O


2/48

y

S/#tt!% #n ,$'t#$. */.*#.!nt * t!

'!3/#'!!nt" *' t! %!+'!! *

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS)

IN

MATERIALS ENGINEERING

*'

C#ty Un#4!'"#ty * Hn+ Kn+

M$'& 2012

Synt!"#" $n% &$'$&t!'#$t#n

* t! #+ ,!'*'$n&! +$..#/ $'"!n#%! ( G$A" ) n$n#'!" ( N" )

*' ".$' &!.. $,,.#&$t#n"

CHEUNG SIU O

P'5!&t S/,!'4#"'6 D'7 8nny C H


3/48

T$.! * Cnt!nt"

Table of Contents...........................................................................................................i

2.1 Introduction of GaAs.................................................................12.2 GaAs Nanowires (GaAs NWs)....................................................2

2.3 The growth mechanism of the fabrication of GaAs NWs...........3

2.3.1 Vaor!so"id!so"id (V##) mechanism.....................................3

2.3.2 Vaor!"i$uid!so"id (V%#) growth...........................................&

2.& The rocess arameters...........................................................'

2.&.1 The use of cata"st for GaAs NWs.......................................'

2.&.2 The substrate temerature.................................................

2.&.3 The source temerature.....................................................*2.&.& The recursor ratio+ Growth time and carriers gas ............*

2.' ,haracteri-ation of the GaAs NWs............................................

2.'.1 The diameter distribution of GaAs NWs............................../

2.&.1 The e"ectrica" erformance of NWs fie"d effect transistors

(NW 0T)....................................................................................1

2.'.2 The re"ation between the I# 4 VG# and I# 4 VG# of 0T

for GaAs NWs.............................................................................11

2.. Nanowires a"ication5 the NWs so"ar ce"".............................12

&.1 The sam"e rearation5.........................................................1*

&.3 The so"ar ce"" de6ice fabrication5............................................1/

&.&.1 "ectrica" and 7hoto6o"taic (7V) measurement.................21

5. Results and Discussion...........................................................................................21

'.1 #tructura" characteri-ation.....................................................22

'.3 The e"ectrica" measurement of the GaAs NWs so"ar ce"".........2*

6. Conclusion ..............................................................................................................32

7. References...............................................................................................................33

[35] Mller, C. M. !"olena#, R. Microstructure e$olution durin% de&ettin% in

t'in (u fil)s, (cta Mater. 2*1*, 5+, 6*356*-5......................................................35

(c#no&led%)ent

I /.% .#9! t !:,'!"" y !$'t*!.t t$n9" t t"! $4! +/#%!% $n% $""#"t!% !

t &,.!t! t#" %#""!'t$t#n7

F#'"t.y; I /.% .#9! t t$n9 y "/,!'4#"' D'7 8nny H **!'!% ! $ &$n&!

i


4/48

t 5#n #" t!$ $n% t #n4!"t#+$t! t#" ,'*!""#n$. *#!.%7 I /.% .#9! t t$n9" *' t!

,'*!""#n$. $n% /"!*/. $%4#&!" "/++!"t!% y # " t$t I &$n $4! $ &.!$' #n% t

&n%/&t t! !:,!'#!nt $n% '#t! t! '!,'t7

S!&n%.y; I /.% .#9! t t$n9 D'7


5/48

/i%ure 5.T'e %eneral &or#in% "rinci"le of ;'ili"s

/i%ure 6. 0a is t'e dia)eter statistics of t'e 8s obtained fro) t'e TM i)a%es,

0b is t'e


6/48

T$.!27 T! "t$n%$'% ,%!' %#**'$&t#n ,$tt!'n (R!*!'!n&! &%!6 00-01?-0?@0

(P%!' " '.%7 In

'!&!nt y!$'"; t! "ynt!"#" * n$n-"&$.! $t!'#$." #" * ,$'$/nt #,'t$n&! $" #t

i6


7/48

!.," t '!%/&! &"t *' $t!'#$. !:t'$&t#n $n% #t $y $4! /n#3/! *$4'$.!

,',!'t#!" !n &,$'!% t t! /.9 $n% t#n *#. %!4#&!"7

P$'t#&/.$'.y; t! /"! * t! IIIV "!#&n%/&t' - +$..#/ $'"!n#%! (G$A") #" t! !..-

9nn $t!'#$. *' $9#n+ N ".$' &!.. %!4#&!" %/! t #t" "/,!'#' ,',!'t#!"

#n&./%#n+ t! !:&!..!nt &$''#!' #.#ty; %#'!&t $n% +$, (E+ 17?@!V) $n%

#n"!n"#t#4#ty t !$t7

In t#" ,'5!&t; t! G$A" n$n#'!" !'! "ynt!"#!% y t! !t% * t! . &"t

tt /, $,,'$& 4#$ t! +'t * N" #t t! 4$,'-.#3/#%-".#%; VLS

!&$n#" #t t! "/'&! t!,!'$t/'! (0 C); +'t t!,!'$t/'! (00 C *'

$nn!$.#n+ $n% @0 C *' +'#n+); +'t t#! *' 1/' $n% 100 "&& H2 +$" *.

(,'!""/'! 07@ T'')7 T! !$n %#$!t!' * t! n$n#'!" 4$'#!% %#'!&t.y #t t!

t#&9n!"" * t! +.% &$t$.y"t7 T! ".$' &!.. %!4#&!" !'! *$'#&$t!% y t! !t% *

,t.#t+'$,y #t t !.!&t'%!" A./#n/ $n% N#&9!.7 M'!4!'; t! !**#!n&y

$n% !.!&t'#&$. ,',!'t#!" * n$n#'! $"!% ".$' &!.. %!4#&!" #t %#**!'!nt "#!" *

N" !'! "t/%#!%7 T! ,t#$. %#$!t!' * n$n#'!" (@07 10n) $"

"ynt!"#!% y &$t#n+ t! "/"t'$t! #t ?n +.% &$t$.y"t t#&9n!""7

T! +'!$t!"t *#.. *$&t' ( ?7J) $n% !**#!n&y ( 07J) !'! */n% *' t!

n$n#'!" ".$' &!.." #t ,t#$. n$n#!" %#$!t!' $n+ ? "$,.!" (t#&9n!"" *

&$t$.y"t6 27@ n; ? n; n; 12 n) %/! t t! $#,.$'> ,',!'ty * t#" ,t#$.

"#! * n$n#'!"7 T! ,',"!% $n% %!. (3/$.#t$t#4! %!.) !:,.$#n#n+ t! #+

,!'*'$n&! $#,.$' "t'/&t/'!% ".$' &!.. "t'/&t/'! $" %#"&/""!%7 F/'t!'

#n4!"t#+$t#n * t! $#,.$' ,',!'ty * n$n#'!" "/.% ! &n%/&t!% #n '%!' t

"!t $ '! $&&/'$t! 3/$nt#t$t#4! %!. #n t! */t/'!7

6


8/48

6i


9/48

1. Antroduction

N$nt!&n.+y $" !!n #%!.y /"!% #n 4$'#!% #n%/"t'#!"7 In ,$"t %!&$%!"; t! /"!"

* n$n#'!" !'! $,,.#!% #n $ '$% '$n+! #n&./%#n+6 !.!&t'n#&"; ,t!.!&t'n#&" $n%

"!n"'" 1-?7

On! * '!$"n" * /"#n+ n$n#'!" #" %/! t #t" "/'*$&! - %!,!n%!nt ,',!'ty7 T!

!nt#'! n$n"t'/&t/'! ,',!'t#!" (!.!&t'#&$.; ,t#&$.; t!'$.; &!#&$.; !&$n#&$.;

#.+#&$. !t&7) &$n ! !**!&t!% y "#,.y !n+#n!!'#n+ t! "/'*$&! ,',!'t#!" * t!

n$n#'!"; #& &$n ,'4#%! *.!:##.#ty n *$'#&$t#n+ %!"#'!% %!4#&!"7

In t%$y>" '.%; t! n! t!&n.+y * t! N" &$n ! /"!% #n &n4!'"#n %!4#&!"

#& &n4!'t t! t!'$. $n% ".$' !n!'+y #nt !.!&t'#ty7 T! $%4$nt$+!" * /"#n+

n$n#'!" ".$' &!.." 4!' $*!'-$"!% ' t#n-*#. %!4#&!" '!.$t!% t !.!&t'#&$.;

,t#&$. $n% "t'$#n '!.$:$t#n !**!&t" . &"t $n% n! &$'+! "!,$'$t#n !&$n#"7

T! '$%#$. 5/n&t#n %!"#+n * ".$' &!.." !.," t '!%/&! '!*.!&t#n $n% #t $" $n

!:t'!! .#+t t'$,,#n+7 T! "#n+.!-&'y"t$..#n! "t'/&t/'! * t! n$n#'!" &$n $." !

"ynt!"#!% n t! nn-!,#t$:#$. "/"t'$t!7

In t! *..#n+ "!&t#n"; t! .#t!'$t/'! "!$'& * t! "ynt!"#" * G$A" N" $n% t!

,t4.t$#& (PV) $,,.#&$t#n (".$' &!..) $'! %#"&/""!%7

2. iterature searc' re$ie&

271 Int'%/&t#n * G$A"

G$..#/ $'"!n#%! (G$A") #" t! IIIV"!#&n%/&t' #& #" $ &,/n% * t!

!.!!nt" +$..#/ $n% $'"!n#&7 T! $,,!$'$n&! * t! &,/n% $n% #t" &'y"t$.

"t'/&t/'! $'! "n #n *#+/'!1$ $n% @7

1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_group


10/48

F#+/'! 1 7 ($) #" t ! $,,!$'$n&! * G$A" ; () #" t! &/#& #n& .!n%! &'y"t$. "t'/&t/'!

* t! G$A" @

T! "/,!'#' *!$t/'!" * G$A" #n&./%! #t" #+ "$t/'$t!% !.!&t'n 4!.ty $n% #+

!.!&t'n #.#ty (000 &24")7 T/"; t! G$A" t'$n"#"t'" &$n ! */n&t#n!% $t $

*'!3/!n&y /, t 2@0 GH7 B!"#%!"; t! G$A" %!4#&!" $4! $ +% ,!'*'$n&! $t

#+ *'!3/!n!" %/! t #t" #+ &$''#!' #.#ty $n% . '!"#"t#4! %!4#&! ,$'$"#t#&"

@7

A."; t! $n% +$, * t! G$A" #" $ #+ %#'!&t $n% +$, (&."! t t! #%!$. !n!'+y

$n%-+$, E+ 17?@!V * ".$' &!..") " t$t t! G$A" %!4#&!" $'! #n"!n"#t#4! t

!$t; #t &$n ! /"!% *' !#tt#n+ .#+t $n% #t $" $ /& #+!' ,t#&$. $"',t#n

&!**#!nt 7

272 G$A" N $n#'! " (G$A" N")

D/! t t! $4! "/,!'#' *!$t/'! * G$A"; G$A" N" ,'4#%! n! %#!n"#n$.

/#.%#n+ .&9" * #+ ,!'*'$n&! !.!&t'n#&"; ,tn#&" $n% ,t4.t$#&" (".$'

&!..")7 T!'! $'! $ .t * $,,'$&!" #n ,'!,$'#n+ $ #+.y &'y"t$..#n! G$A" N" "/&

$" t! t, %n !tn+ $,,'$&; tt-/, "./t#n-$"!% +'t; .$"!'

$.$t#n; .!&/.$' !$ !,#t$:y(MBE)10 $n% !t$.-'+$n#& &!#&$. 4$,'

%!,"#t#n (MOCVD)117

2

(a) (b)


11/48

27 T! +'t !&$n#" * t! *$'#&$t#n * G$A" N"

P$'t#&/.$'.y; t! !t% /"!% #n t#" ,'5!&t #" "#,.! ".#% "/'&! CVD; #& #" $

'!$&t' * $ %/$. n! '#nt$. t/! */'n$&!7 On! n! #" *' t! ".#% "/'&! (G$A"

,%!') #.! t! t!' n! #" *' t! "$,.! "/"t'$t!7

2771 V$,'-".#%-".#% (VSS) !&$n#"

T! 4$,'- ".#%- ".#% (VSS) !&$n#" #" /"!% t +' t#" n! %#!n"#n$.

"t'/&t/'!7 T! +'t !&$n#" &$n ! "!!n #n *#+/'! 26

F#+/'! 2 7T ! +'t !&$n#" * G$A" /"#n+ N# $" $ &$t$.y"t 12

In *#+/'! 2; t! "t$+!1 '!,'!"!nt" t$t t!'! #" $ %#**/"#n * G$ $t" #nt t! N#

&$t$.y"t ,$'t#&.!" $n% t! N#G$ $..y "!!% #" *'!%7 In "t$+! 2; t! A'"!n#& 4$,' #"

"/,,.#!% t t! #nt!'*$&! !t!!n t! N t#, $n% %y $n% t!'! #" $ '!$&t#n !t!!n

t! +$" $n% t! G$ *' "/,!'-"$t/'$t#n #n t! &$t$.yt#& t#,"7 A." t! nn - ",!'#&$.

t#," "!'4!% $" t! "!!%" $'! #n t! *' * ".#% "t$t! %/'#n+ t! +'t7 In "t$+! ;

t! VIII '$t# %!&'!$"!% #n +'#n+ "t$+!7 M'! !:&!"" G$ $t" #,#n+! %#**/"!

3


12/48

*' t! "/"t'$t! "/'*$&! t t! N "/'*$&! t #n%/&! t! '$%#$. N +'t7 In t!

*#n$. "t$+! V; $ '$%#$. N +'t * !$4y &$t#n+ $n% t$,!'#n+ &$n ! "!!n7 12

2772 V$,'-.#3/#%-".#% (VLS) +'t

B!"#%!"; t!'! #" $nt!' "##.$' !t% &$..!% 4$,'- .#3/#%-".#% (VLS) +'t7

A" t! t#! *' t! +'t * $ &'y"t$. t'/+ %#'!&t $"',t#n * $ +$" ,$"! n t $

".#% "/'*$&! #" .n+7 T! &$t$.yt#& .#3/#% $..y ,$"! !., $"' $ 4$,' t "/,!'-

"$t/'$t#n .!4!." '$,#%.y7 T! &'y"t$. #.. t!n ! +'n *' n/&.!$t!% "!!%" $t t!

.#3/#% ".#% #nt!'*$&!7 1

T! !&$n#" #" "#,.! $n% #t &$n ! %!"&'#!% #n "t$+!" $" "n #n *#+7 F#'"t;

t! .#3/#% $..y %',.!t #" ,'!,$'!% /,n t! "/"t'$t!7 T! "/"t$n&! #" +'n $" $

4$,' #& $"'" n t! .#3/#% "/'*$&! ' %#**/"!" #n %',.!t"7 F#n$..y t!'! $'!

n/&.!$t#n $n% "/,!'- "$t/'$t#n $t t! .#3/#% ".#% #nt!'*$&! $n% ,'!,#t$t#n "t$'t"

#& '!"/.t #n t! $:#$. &'y"t$. +'t7 1

F#+/'! 7 t! +'t !&$n#" * t! VLS ?1

In y ,'5!&t; t! "/'&! * t! G$A" ".#% "/'&! (,%!') #" /"!%7 D/'#n+ t!

&


13/48

!4$,'$t#n * t! "/'&!; t! G$A" ,%!' %#""$t! t G$ $n% A" $t n t!

"/'*$&! .$y!' * t! ,%!'; t! A" $t" #.. t!n *' t! A"24$,'7 Bt t! A"2

4$,' $n% t! !4$,'$t!% G$ $t" $'! *.!% t t! "/"t'$t! y t! y%'+!n &$''#!'

+$" $n% %#**/"! #nt t! +.% &$t$.y"t7 !n t! "/,!'-"$t/'$t#n #" '!$&!% $t t!

.#3/#% ".#% #nt!'*$&!; t! ,'!,#t$t#n * t! G$A" t$9!" ,.$&! $n% t! n$n#'!"

"t$'t" t *'7 T! '!$"n *' &"#n+ t! VLS +'t !&$n#" #" t$t #t #" t!

ty,#&$. +'#n+ !&$n#" *' t! "ynt!"#" * n$n#'!"7 A."; t! +'#n+ %!4#&!

(S#,.! ".#% &!#&$. 4$,' %!,"#t#n) #" t! '! "#,.! $n% !&n#&$. !t%

*' t! "ynt!"#" !n &,$'!% t .$"!' $.$t#n; MOCVD $n% MBE !t%"7

27? T! ,'&!"" ,$'$!t!' "

T!'! $'! n/!'" * +'t ,$'$!t!'" #& n!!% t ! &n&!'n!% #n '%!' t

t$#n t! %!"#'$.! n$n#'!"7 T! ,$'$!t!'" $'! $" %#"&/""!% $" t! *..#n+

"!&t#n"7

27? 71 T! /"! * &$t$.y"t *' G$A" N"

F' t! &$t$.y"t /"!%; /"/$..y '!"!$'&!'" /.% /"! +.% (A/) n$n-&./"t!'" (NC")

,$'t#&.!" t $&t $" $ &$t$.y"t %/! t t! . !/t!&t#& !.t#n+ t!,!'$t/'! *' $..y#n+

#t t! N $t!'#$."7 12

A,$'t *' +.%; ! $'! t'y#n+ t #n4!"t#+$t! n $.t!'n$t#4! !t$." "/& $"

$./#n/ 1@ $n% n#&9!. 1 *' t! VLSVSS +'t7 In ,$'t#&/.$'; t!'! #" $

"/&&!""*/. "ynt!"#" t!&n#3/! n t! +'t y /"#n+ t! N# NC" $" $ &$t$.y"t7 T!

+'n N" $'! */n% t $4! . %!*!&t %!n"#t#!"; /n#*' %#$!t!'; "t#!t'#&;

"#n+.! &'y"t$..#n! #t "t "/'*$&! $n% $ +% !.!&t'#&$. ,!'*'$n&!712

On t! +'t * t! N" #t &$t$.y"t; t!'! $'! $#n.y t'!! ,$'$!t!'" #&

'


14/48


15/48

27? 7 T! "/'&! t!,!'$t/'!

B!"#%!"; $t t! . "/'&! t!,!'$t/'!"; #n!**#!nt ,'!&/'"'" $'! %!.#4!'!% *' t!

N" +'t7 12

At t! #+ "/'&! t!,!'$t/'!"; t /& !4$,'$t!% ,'!&/'"'" '!"/.t #n t!

"#+n#*#&$nt t$,!'#n+ $n% &$t#n+ * N"; #& .!' t! +$t! &/,.#n+ !**#!n!" #n

t! %!4#&! $n% %!+'$%! t! N" %!4#&! ,!'*'$n&!7 12

T!'!*'! t! "/'&! t!,!'$t/'! "/.% ! &nt'..!% #t#n t! '$n+! !t!!n @0

C $n% @0C7 In ,$'t#&/.$'; #+!' +'t y#!.% $n% *!!' &$t#n+" * t! N" &$n

! t$#n!% /n%!' $ 00 C "/'&! t!,!'$t/'! !n &,$'#n+ #t t$t * @0 C

12

27? 7? T! ,'!&/'"' '$t#; G't t#! $n% &$''#!'" +$"

F' t! "#,.! ".#% "/'&! CVD t!&n#3/!; t! VIII ,'!&/'"' '$t# &$nnt !

&nt'..!% %#'!&t.y7 In"t!$%; t! +'t t#! $n% t! &$''#!' +$" *. &$n ! &nt'..!%

#n '%!' t $4! $n #n%#'!&t &nt'. * t! ,'!&/'"' '$t#7

T! VIII '$t# %!&'!$"!" #t t! +'t ,'.n+ !&$/"! * t! ,!'"#"t!nt

4!','!""/'! * A"24$,'7 T/"; t!'! #" .!"" '!$&t#n !t!!n t! A"2$n% G$ #n t!

&$t$.y"t N" #nt!'*$&! $n% t! !:&!"" G$ $t" /.% #,#n+! nt ' %#**/"! *'

t! "/"t'$t! t t! N" "/'*$&!7 C$t#n+ $n% t$,!'" $'! '!"/.t!% $" "n #n t! *#+27

10;207

At t! "$! t#!; t! !$n *'!! ,$t * ,'!&/'"' .!&/.!" #" '!%/&!% y t! #+

+$" *. ' ,'&!"" ,'!""/'! #& .!$%" t '! #,#n+!!nt * t! .!&/.!" n

t! N" "/'*$&!" $n% "/"t'$t!"7 T! VIII ,'!&/'"' '$t# /.% t!n ! *$"t!'

'!%/&!% $n% '! $n% '! &$t#n+" $n% t$,!'" $'! "!'4!% 217

*


16/48


17/48

F#+/'! @ 7T! +!n!'$. '9#n+ ,'#n,.! * P#.#," P!'t

T!'! $'! tt$..y t'!! !t%" *' t!


18/48

In ,$'t#&/.$'; t! %#$!t!' %#"t'#/t#n * t! N" #.. ! $.t!'!% y t! t#&9n!"" *

&$t$.y"t n t! "/"t'$t!7

F#+/'! 7 ($) #" t! %#$!t!' "t$t#"t#&" * t! N" t$#n!% *' t! TEM #$+!"; ()

#" t!


19/48

$,,.#!% t t! +$t!7 F#+/'! & "" t! $&9-+$t!% G$A" NFET "t'/&t/'! #t t!

G$A" N"> %#$!t!' * 20 n $n% &$nn!. .!n+t * 2 ; N# (@0n) "/'&!%'$#n

!t$.; @0 n t!'$. :#%! +$t! %#!.!&t'#& $n% t! !$4#.y %,!% S# "/"t'$t! +$t!

2?7

2.5.2 T'e relation bet&een t'e AD! ! and AD! ! of /T for a(s 8s

F#+/'! 7($) t! IDS VGS $n% () IDS VDS &/'4!" * G$A" N FET 12

F#+/'! "" t! '!.$t#n !t!!n t! IDS VGS $n% IDS VGS * FET; t! , ty,!%

&n%/&t#n>" t'$n"#"t' "" $ #n#$. y"t!'!"#" #t $n ON &/''!nt In$'/n% -172

nA $t -? V VDS $n% - V VGS7 T! '!"/.t" $'! %/! t /n#nt!nt#n$. %,#n+ * '!"#%/$.

&$'n %/'#n+ t! +'t * N" $n% t! #n4!"t#+$t#n #" "t#.. n+#n+ *'

"/"t#t/t#n+ t! , ty,! %,$nt &$'n %/'#n+ t! +'t 12; 2@7

A,$'t *' t#"; *' t! +'$,; $ '!",!&t$.! '!"/.t ONOFF '$t# (I ONIOFF Q 10) #"

$!4!%7 At -2 V VDS; #t "!% t! G$A" NFET $" t! +% +$t! &/,.#n+ $n%

. OFF- "t$t! .!$9$+! 127

T! $4! !:,!'#!nt$. '!"/.t" ,'#"! t! G$A" N" &$n ! /"!% *' #+

,!'*'$n&! !.!&t'n#& %!4#&!" $n% t!y #,.#!% t$t G$A" N" #.. $4! $ 4$'#/"

*/t/'! !.!&t'n#& $,,.#&$t#n7 P$'t#&/.$'.y; t! !n!'+y &'#"#" $n% "'t$+! '!"/.t #n t!

*$'#&$t#n * t! ".$' &!.. #& #" n! * t! #+ &n&!'n" $n+ %#**!'!nt &/nt'#!"

11


20/48

$.. 4!' t! '.%7 T! n$n-"&$.! ".$' &!.. &$n ! ,t!nt#$..y /"!% t %!4!., t!

"&$.$.! $n% $**'%$.! PV t!&n.+y #n t! */t/'!7 On! * t! !..-9nn PV

t!&n.+#!" #" t! ".$' &!.. #n n$n-"&$.!7

2.6 . Nanowires application: t he NWs solar cell

Ant!' *$/" $,,.#&$t#n *' N" #" t! ".$' &!.. (,t4.t$#& &!..); #& #" $

".#% "t$t!!.!&t'#&$. %!4#&! t$t t! !n!'+y * .#+t#" &n4!'t!% #nt !.!&t'#tyy t!

,t4.t$#& !**!&t7

T! !**#!n&y * !n!'+y &n4!'"#n %!,!n%" n t! $"',t#n * t! #n%!nt

,tn" 27

T! $%4$nt$+!" * /"#n+ n$nt!&n.+y 4!' t! /.9 $n% t#n *#. $t!'#$." $'!

t$t t! +'t * t! n$n$t!'#$. &$n ! /n%!'+n! $t /& .!' t!,!'$t/'!7 T!

$t!'#$. !:t'$&t#n &"t &$n ! '!%/&!%7 A."; t! n$n$t!'#$. $" !tt!' .#+t

$"',t#n &$,$#.#ty $n% &$''#!'" &..!&t#n !**#!n&y t$n t$t * t! /.9 $n% t#n

*#. $t!'#$."; *' !:$,.!6 *' t! t#n *#. ty,!% ".$' &!..; t! $t!'#$. $" t !

$!4!% t &!'t$#n t#&9 t $"' $5'#ty ,$'t * t! #n%!nt ,tn7 In ,$'t#&/.$'

*' t! $t!'#$." t$t #" ,.y&'y"t$..#n! #t t! "'t #n'#ty &$''#!' %#**/"#n .!n+t;

t!'! #" $ ,'.! * &$''#!'" &..!&t#n #n t! t#&9 $t!'#$." 7

T %!$. #t t#" ,'.!; ,!,.! /"!% t! n$n- ".$' &!.. #& &$n 't+n$.#!

t! .#+t $"',t#n $n% &$''#!' &..!&t#n %#'!&t#n $" "n #n *#+/'! 27

12
http://wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)http://wiki/Lighthttp://wiki/Electricityhttp://wiki/Photovoltaic_effecthttp://wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)http://wiki/Lighthttp://wiki/Electricityhttp://wiki/Photovoltaic_effect


21/48

F#+/'! 7 t! n$n"t'/&t/'! #t #,'4!% &$''#!' &..!&t#n

A&&'%#n+ t t! $4! $%4$nt$+!" * n$n-$t!'#$."; t! n$nt!&n.+y !&$!

$ ,$'$/nt #,'t$nt $,,.#&$t#n *' t! PV t!&n.+y 7

L$t!"t I,'4!!nt * t! G$A" ".$' &!..

A,$'t *' $9#n+ /"! * t! $.t!'n$t#4! II-VI &,/n% "!#&n%/&t'"; t! #+

"/'*$&! '!n$t#n 4!.t#!" &$n ! '!%/&!% y $,,.y#n+ t! "/'*$&! &$t#n+ n

t! n$n&'y"t$..#n! *#. 27 T! /"! * "/'*$&! &$t#n+ #" t #n&'!$"! !.!&t'n

%#**/"#n .!n+t" #& !., $:##! t! ,tn $"',t#n #n #+ $4!.!n+t7 T!

:#%! "!.. (&$t#n+) "t, '!n$t#n y t! #n&','$t#n * !n!'+y $''#!' #&

!$n" t! ,t-+!n!'$t!% !.!&t'n $n% #" "!,$'$t!% *' t! :#%#!% ",!!" #t#n

!.!&t'.yt!7 A." t! &$t#n+ &$n ! $&t!% $" $ ,$""#4$t#n t! '!n$t#n &!nt!'"

n t! "/'*$&! * t! N"7 T/"; t! &n4!'"#n !**#!n&y * t! %y! "!n"#t#!% ".$'

&!.. &$n ! #,'4!%7

13


22/48

3. becti$es

My ,'5!&t $#" $'! t "ynt!"#! $n% &$'$&t!'#! G$A" n$n#'!" *&/"#n+ n t!

!**!&t * %#**!'!nt +.% &$t$.y"t t#&9n!"" (27@ n; ? n; n; 12 n) n t! ,y"#&$.

,',!'t#!" * n$n#'!" $n% t !4$./$t! t! &''!",n%#n+ ,t4.t$#& ,!'*'$n&!

* t"! n$n#'!" /t#.##n+ "#,.! S&tt9y $''#!' ".$' &!.. "t'/&t/'!

1&


23/48

In t#" ,'5!&t; ! $4! *$'#&$t!% "!4!'$. n$n#'!" ".$' &!.. %!4#&!" #t %#**!'!n&!

t#&9n!"" * +.% &$t$.y"t7 M'! #,'t$nt.y; t! "t'/&t/'! * /' ".$' &!.. (S#,.!

S&tt9y $''#!' ".$' &!.. "t'/&t/'!) #" ".#+t.y %#**!'!nt *' t! ty,#&$. ".$' &!..

"t'/&t/'!7 It #" !:,.$#n!% #n t! *#+/'! 7

1'


24/48

F#+/'! 7 T! ty,#&$. ".$' &!.. "t'/&t/'! (,-n 5/n&t#n) $n% t! S#,.! S&tt9y

$''#!' ".$' &!.. "t'/&t/'! (S&tt9y Cnt$&t)

B$"#&$..y; #t #" !""!nt#$. *' t! ".$' &!.. "t'/&t/'! t $4! $ %!,.!t#n '!+#n #&

,'4#%!" $ $''#!' $n% &nt'." t! &$''#!'" *.#n+ %#'!&t#n7 Ty,#&$..y; t#" %!,.!t#n

'!+#n &$n ! *' y t! %#'!&t &nt$&t !t!!n t "!#&n%/&t'" #t %#**!'!nt

$n% +$, !n!'+y ' F!'# .!4!.; #t #" " &$..!% ,-n 5/n&t#n7

H!4!'; #n t#" ,'5!&t; t! %!,.!t#n '!+#n #" *'!% y t! %#'!&t &nt$&t !t!!n

t! "!#&n%/&t' (n$n#'!) $n% t! !t$. !.!&t'%!; #& #n%/&!" $ "&tt9y

$''#!' $t t! &nt$&t '!+#n $" "n #n *#+/'! 7 T! !:t!% !.!&t'n" &$n *. #n

n! %#'!&t#n $n% &/''!nt #" t!n +!n!'$t!%7 Bt t! n$n#'!" "ynt!"#" $n% t! ".$'

&!.. *$'#&$t#n ,'&!"" $'! '#tt!n #n t! *..#n+ "!&t#n7

-. E"eri)ental "rocedure

1


25/48

T!'! $'! $#n.y @ "t!," *' t! .! ,'5!&t $n% !$& * t! #n&./%#n+ t! %!t$#.

,'&!%/'!" $'! &.!$'.y "n #n t! n+ ,$'$+'$,"7

? 71 T! "$,.! ,'!,$'$t#n6

17 T! t ,-ty,! '&/.$' "$,!% S#S#O2 "/"t'$t!" ($*!') !'! ,'!,$'!%

27 T! "/"t'$t!" !'! &/t #nt ,#!&!" #n t! %!"#'!% %#!n"#n

7 A&!tn! $n% $.&. !'! /"!% t &.!$n t! "/"t'$t! y t! /.t'$"n#& &.!$n!'

?7 T! "!t/, * t! /.t'$"n#& &.!$n!' $" "!t #n 1@ #n/t!" $n% t! ,!' $" "!t t

,!' 7

@7 A*t!' t! &.!$n#n+ ,'&!""; n#t'+!n +$" $" /"!% t '!4! t! $.&. $n%

$&!tn! n t! "/'*$&! * t! "/"t'$t!"7

7 T! &$t$.y"t /"!% $" t! +.% $n% #t $" ,.$&!% n t t! "/"t'$t!" t &!'t$#n

t#&9n!"" (27@ n; ? n; n; 12 n) y t!'$. !4$,'$t#n7

7 T! "/"t'$t!" #t &$t$.y"t !'! ,.$&!% #nt t! 4$&// &/,$'% !*'! t!y

!'! /"!%7

?72 T! +'t * G$A" N"

T! !t% /"!% *' t! +'t * G$A" N" $" t! "#,.! ".#% "/'&! CVD

t!&n#3/!7 T! %/$.-n! '#nt$. t/! */'n$&! $" /"!% $n% n! n! *' t! ".#%

"/'&! (G$A" ,%!') $n% t! t!' *' t! "$,.! "/"t'$t!7 T!'! !'! t

"!,$'$t!% !$t!'" #n t! */'n$&! ,'4#%#n+ $ "!,$'$t!% !$t#n+ *' t n!"7

17 T! "/"t'$t! #t &$t$.y"t $" t$9!n /t *' t! %!"#&&$t' $n% $" '!$%y

27 T! "/"t'$t! $" #!'"!% #nt $.&. #n t! !$9!'

7 T! .! "!t $" ,.$&!% #nt t! /.t'$"n#& &.!$n!' $n% "t$'t!% &.!$n#n+ #t

,!' ? $n% t! %/'$t#n #" @ #n/t!"

?7 T! G$A" ,%!' $n% t! &'/.!" !'! t$9!n *' t! /#%#ty &nt'..!%

1*


26/48

&/,$'% (E.!&t'n#& %'y &$#n!t)

@7 M!$"/'!!nt" * t! !#+t" * t! &'/.!" !'! !$"/'!% y t! !.!&t'n#&

$.$n&! "!,$'$t!.y $n% t! %$t$ * !#+t" !'! t$9!n

7 1+ * t! G$A" ,%!' $" $%%!% #nt t! &'/.!" "!,$'$t!.y; t! tt$. !#+t"

!'! !$"/'!% $+$#n $n% t! %$t$ * n! !#+t" !'! t$9!n7

7 T! */'n$&! $" "#t&!% n #n $ "t$n%y %! $n% t! +.$"" t/! $" ,.$&!% #n

t! */'n$&!7 T! t!,!'$t/'! *' t! G$A" ,%!' $" 0 - 00 C $n% t$t *

t! "/"t'$t! $" "!t $t 00 C7

7 A*t!' &.!$n#n+ * t! "/"t'$t!; #t $" ,.$&!% #nt t! +.$"" t/! #t t! .%

$9#n+ t! #n&.#n!% $n+.! * $/t 20 %!+'!!7 T!n t! .! "!t $" ,.$&!% 7@

& $$y t! #%%.! * t! */'n$&! #n"#%! t! +.$"" t/!7

7 T! &'/.!" !'! ,.$&!% "!,$'$t!.y #nt t! 3/$'t t/!; t! ,"#t#n" $" ? &

$n% & $$y t! #%%.! * t! */'n$&! #n"#%! t! +.$"" t/!7 T! &$''#!' +$"

t/!" !'! &nn!&t!% t t t! !n% * t! t/!7

107 T! &nt'. ,$n!." !'! "#t&!% n; t! *. '$t! * t! y%'+!n +$" $" "!t t

100 "&& ("t$n%$'% &/#& &!nt#!t!' ,!' #n/t!)7

117 T! ,/, $" "#t&!% n; t!n 4$.4! $" "#t& n #n $ ". '$t! !n t!

'!$%#n+ n t! &nt'. ,$n!. " t! 4$./! * 17


27/48

17 !n t! */'n$&! '!$&!% t! t!,!'$t/'! 00 C; t! +'t * t! G$A" N"

"t$'t!% $n% t! %/'$t#n *' t! +'t $" .$"t!% *' 1 /'7

17 A*t!' t! +'t $" *#n#"!%; t! */'n$&! $" &.!% %n t $'/n% 0C; t!

,/,#n+ * t! y%'+!n $" "t,,!% $n% t! ,/, $" "#t&!% **

17 T! n#t'+!n +$" $" ,/,!% t +.$"" t/! /nt#. t! '!$%#n+ n t! &nt'. ,$n!.

'!$&!% t! 4$./! 7


28/48

F#+/'! 7 t! +!n!'$. ,'&!"" * ,t.#t+'$,y

17 T! ,t'!"#"t $" ,/t n t! "/'*$&! * t! n! "/"t'$t! y ",#n &$t#n+

27 T! $"9 $" ,.$&!% n t, * t! "/'*$&! $n% .#t+'$,y $" ,'&!!% y UV

.#+t

7 T! /n$nt!% ,t'!"#"t $" '!4!% y t! %!4!.,!'

?7 T! !.!&t'%! $" %!,"#t!% n t! "/'*$&! * t! "/"t'$t!

@7 T! .#*t ** ,'&!"" $" %n! y t! '!4!' PG $n% t! "$,.! $" '!$%y *'

!.!&t'#&$. $n% ,t4.t$#& !$"/'!!nt7

7 T! "!&n% !t$. !.!&t'%! .$y!' $" ,'!,$'!% y '!,!$t#n+ 2-@7

T! $t!'#$." /"!% *' t! !.!&t'%!" $'! N#&9!. $n% A./#n/7

2


29/48

?7? C$'$&t!'#$t#n

T! #n4!"t#+$t#n * t! &'y"t$. 3/$.#ty; '#!nt$t#n $n% t! ',.+y * t! G$A"

N" $'! "t/%#!% y t!


30/48

@ 71 St'/&t/'$. & $'$&t!'#$t#n

17 St'/&t/'$. $n$.y"#" * G$A" N" y :-'$y %#**'$&t!t!' (" .$ n 2%"#n=; +#4!n 071@? n

T$.!17 T! 2= 4$./!" t$9!n *'


31/48

G$A" B

R!*!'!n&! &%!6 00-01?-0?@0 (P%!'


32/48

,$"! $" */n%7

F/'t!''!; t! '!.$t#4! #nt!n"#ty * t! ,!$9" #n t! N"


33/48

?0 K0 0 100 1200

10

20

B0

?0

N/-

2!'

D#$!t!' (n)

M!$n6 II7I n

St%7 %!47 1K n

F#+/'! 1 ; ($) t! ',.+y * N" ( n A/ &$t$.y"t) $n% () t! &''!",n%#n+

%#$!t!' "t$t#"t#&

A/ &$t$.y"t * t#&9n!"" 12n6

K0 0 100 120 1?0 1K0 10 2000

10

20

B0

?0

N/-2!'

D#$!t!' (n)

M!$n6 1227K n

St%7 %!47 2@7@ n

F#+/'! 1? ; ( $ ) t! ',.+y * N" (12 n A/ &$t$.y"t) $n% () t! &''!",n%#n+%#$!t!' "t$t#"t#&

F' t! $4! SEM #$+!"; ! */n% t$t t! +'n n$n#'!" $4! $ n$''

%#$!t!' %#"t'#/t#n $n% $ "t "/'*$&!7 F!!' t$,!'#n+ $n% "/'*$&! &$t#n+ * t!

n$n#'!" $'! "!'4!%7

T! $4! "t$t#"t#&" * N" %#$!t!'" $'! %!t!'#n!% *' t! "t$t#"t#&" * 100

#n%#4#%/$. N" *' t! SEM #$+!" (S&$.! $'@00 n)7

T! $4! '!"/.t" "!% t$t t! !$n %#$!t!' * t! N" $" t! .$'+!"t *'

t! 12 n t#&9 A/ &$t$.y"t "/"t'$t!; #.! t! !$n %#$!t!' $" t! "$..!"t *'

t! 27@ n t#&9 A/ &$t$.y"t "/"t'$t!7 It #,.#!% t$t t! !$n %#$!t!' #n&'!$"! #t

t! #n&'!$"! #n t#&9n!"" * A/ &$t$.y"t &$t!% n t! "/"t'$t!7 T#" &/.% !

!:,.$#n!% y t! %!!tt#n+ ,'&!"" * t! A/ &$t$.y"t &$t n t! "/"t'$t! (t#n *#.)7

2'

0b0a

0a 0b


34/48

A&&'%#n+ t t! .#n!$' y%'%yn$#& ",#n%$. %!!tt#n+ t!'y *' .#3/#% *#.";

t! !$n ,$'t#&.! "#! W%,Q ,$'t#&.! $n% t! &$'$&t!'#"t#& ",$n+ " #n&'!$"! #t t!

*#. t#&9n!"" t; t$t #" "Kt2$n% W%,Q Gt@!'! K $n% G $'! &n"t$nt7 0-27

D/'#n+ t! %!!tt#n+ ,'&!"" * t! ".#% *#."; #t "t$'t" #t 4#% n/&.!$t#n 4#%

+'t ,$'t#&.! *'$t#n7 F' ,.y&'y"t$..#n! *#." n t! *.$t "/"t'$t!"; 4#%

n/&.!$t#n &&/'" %/! t +'$#n /n%$'y +'4#n+; #t #" &&/''!% y "/'*$&! %#**/"#n

$t t! +'$#n /n%$'#!" $n% $n #nt!'"!&t#n !t!!n t! +'$#n /n%$'y t'#,.! 5/n&t#n"

$n% t! "/"t'$t! "/'*$&! ;?7

A." $&&'%#n+ t M/!..!' $n% S,.!n$9 '!,'t"; %/'#n+ %!!tt#n+; $t #+ $n+.!

+'$#n /n%$'#!"; .!" (.$'+! "/"t'$t!-!:,"#n+ 4#%") $'! */n% t ,'!%#n$nt.y

,'t'/%! #nt t! *#. @7 D/'#n+ $nn!$.#n+ ,'&!""; t!'! #" $ &,!t#n+ 9#n!t#&

,'&!"" !t!!n t! +'$#n /n%$'y +'4#n+ $n% +'$#n +'t7 G'$#n #" +'n y t!

'!%/&t#n * tt$. +'$#n /n%$'y !n!'+y #& 4$'#!" #t t! tt$. +'$#n /n%$'y

$'!$7

M#&'"&,#&$..y; t! '!%/&t#n * t! +'$#n /n%$'y $'!$ /n%!'+!" t+!t!' #t

t! 4!!nt * t! #n%#4#%/$. /n%$'#!" $n% t! '!%/&t#n * t! /n%$'y

&/'4$t/'!7 T! 4!.t#!" * /n%$'#!" 4!!nt %!&'!$"! !n t! +'$#n "#!" +'

t $/t t'!! t#!" t! *#. t#&9n!"" 7 A*t!' t$t; +'4#n+ &&/'" $n% t!

*'!% +'4!" "t, t! */'t!' /n%$'#!" t#n ?7 T!'!*'!; t! !$n

%#$!t!' * t! +'n +'$#n" $n% t! &$'$&t!'#"t#& ",$n+ * +'$#n /n%$'y t'#,.!

5/n&t#n" ( #7!7 t! ,$'t#&.! "#! $n% ",$n+ *' t! %!!tt!% ,$'t#&.!" )#n&'!$"! #t

t! *#. t#&9n!""7 In $%%#t#n; $&&'%#n+ t t! !:,!'#!nt$. #n4!"t#+$t#n &n%/&t!%

y 8#'$n $n% T,"n; #t "" t$t t! 4#% +'t '$t! R4 %'$$t#&$..y %!&'!$"!"

#t #n&'!$"#n+ *#. t#&9n!"" t (R4 DtX ;!'! D #" $ &n"t$nt) 7 It */'t!'

,'4!" t$t t! ,$'t#&.! "#! $n% ,$'t#&.! ",$n+ #n&'!$"!" #t *#. t#&9n!""7 A" t!

2


35/48

%#$!t!' * N" 4$'y #t t! ,$'t#&.! "#!; t! +'!$t!' $'! t! ,$'t#&.! "#!" $n% t!

+'!$t!' $'! t! "#!" * t! N"7

@ 7 T! !.!&t'#&$. !$"/'!!nt * t! G$A" N" ".$' &!..

E.!&t'#&$. !$"/'!!nt" * t! "$,.!" #n %#**!'!nt t#&9n!"" * &$t$.y"t6

F#+/'! 1@ 7 ($) #" t! !.!&t'#&$. !$"/'!!nt * "$,.! A/ &$t$.y"t t#&9n!"" 27@ n;

() #" t! !.!&t'#&$. !$"/'!!nt * "$,.! A/ &$t$.y"t t#&9n!"" ? n; (&) #" t!

!.!&t'#&$. !$"/'!!nt * "$,.! A/ &$t$.y"t t#&9n!"" n; (%) #" t! !.!&t'#&$.

!$"/'!!nt * "$,.! A/ &$t$.y"t t#&9n!"" 12 n

T! '!"/.t" t$9!n *' t! A+#.!nt ?1@@C " t! /n"t$.! ,',!'t#!" * t! N";

t! 27@n "$,.! "!% t! %!"#'!% &$'$&t!'#"t#& (,- ty,!) $n% ?n>" n! "!%

$#,.$' ,',!'ty; !'!$" t! n $n% 12 n "$,.!" "!% t! n-ty,!

&$'$&t!'#"t#& * "!#&n%/&t'7

T! '!$"n *' t#" #" ,'!"/!% t ! %/! t t! #nt!'*$&! t'$,,#n+ "t$t!" !t!!n

2*


36/48

G$A" &'! $n% t! :#%! "!..; $n% t#" #" "t#.. /n%!' #n4!"t#+$t#n7

@7? T! Pt4.t$#& !$"/'!!nt * t! G$A" N" ".$' &!..

S!4!'$. S$,.!" !'! t$9!n t /n%!'+ t! Pt4.t$#& (PV) !$"/'!!nt; #t $"

&n"#"t!% * t! !$"/'!!nt * %$'9 &n%#t#n $n% 1 ".$' #nt!n"#ty #../#n$t#n ($#'

$"" AM17@ (100 &2) )7

In t#" ,'5!&t; ! $% */n% t$t t! !**#!n&y * t! A/ &$t$.y"t t#&9n!"" ? n>"

"$,.! $" t! .$'+!"t $n+ ? "$,.!"7 It '!$&!% t! !**#!n&y $,,':#$t!.y /,

t 07 J #t t! *#.. *$&t' ?7J

-072 070 072 07? 07K 07-12

-10

-

-K

-?

-2

0

2

?

I(,A)

V (V)

D$'9

H#+

E**#&!#n&y6 07KJ

FF6B?7J

F#+/'! 1 7 ($) SEM #$+! * n! ty,#&$. G$A" N PV &!.. ,'!,$'!% y ? n A/; $n%

() #" t! &''!",n%#n+ IV &/'4!" /n%!' %$'9 $n% 1 S/n #../#n$t#n7

T! '!$"n *' t#" #+ !**#!n&y "$,.! &$n ! !:,.$#n!% y t! #nt!'n$. "t'/&t/'!

!t!!n t! !.!&t'%!" $n% t! n$n#'!"; $." t! !:#"t!n&! * t! $#,.$'

,',!'ty * t! n$n#'!" #& #" t! t'$n"*'$t#n "t$+! (*' , - ty,! t n - ty,!)

2

i

(l

0b0a


37/48

* t! n$n#'!" #n &!'t$#n %#$!t!'7

A ".$' &!.. ,!'$t!" 4!' $ #%! '$n+! * &/''!nt $n% 4.t$+! y &nt#n//".y

#n&'!$"#n+ t! '!"#"t#4! .$% n $n #''$%#$t!% &!.. *' !' (S't '&/#t I"&) t $

&!'t$#n 4$./! (O,!n '&/#t V&)7

T! ,'#n,.! * t! ".$' &!.. ,!'$t#n &$n ! !:,.$#n!% #n t! F#+/'! 2@6

2/

0b

0a


38/48

F#+/'! 1 7 T! ,'#n,.! * ".$' &!.. %!4#&! ($6 ,-ty,!; 6 $#,.$'; &6 n-ty,!)

!n t! N #" #n &nt$&t #t t! N#&9!. ('9 */n&t#n @72 !V) $n% A./#n/

('9 */n&t#n ?72 !V); t! &n%/&t#n $n% t! 4$.!n&! $n% *' t! "!#&n%/&t'

(N) "t$'t t !n% !&$/"! * t! F!'# .!4!. %#**!'!n&!" $n+ t! n$n#'!" $n%

t! t !.!&t'%!"7 O#& &nt$&t (N#&9!.) $n% S&tt9y $''#!' (A./#n/) &$n !

*'!% $t t! !.!&t'%!" "!,$'$t!.y *' ,-ty,! N7 Cn4!'"!.y; O#& &nt$&t

(A./#n/) $n% S&tt9y $''#!' (N#&9!.) &$n ! *'!% $t t! !.!&t'%!" "!,$'$t!.y

*' n-ty,! N7

M'! #,'t$nt.y; t! $4! '!"/.t" "!% t$t t! ,-ty,! &$'$&t!'#"t#& * t! N"

&$n+!" t t! n-ty,! ,',!'ty !n t! %#$!t!' '!$&!% $ &!'t$#n 4$./!7

D/'#n+ t! t'$n"*'$t#n; t! "t$t! n$!% A#,.$'> &&/'" $n% t! N" "

t! t n $n% , ty,! &$'$&t!'#"t#& $" "n #n *#+/'! 2@()7 T! 4$.!n&! $n% t!

&n%/&t#n $n%" !n% $t t "#%!" (N#&9!. $n% A./#n/) " t$t t! !.!&t'n".!"

*. '! !$"#.y !n &,$'!% t t! n $n% , ty,! "t'/&t/'!"7 T! V " t! .$'+!"t

$n+ t! t'!! "t'/&t/'!"; #& .!$%" t $n #n&'!$"! #n t! !.!&t'#&$. !**#!n&y *

t! .! "y"t!7

!n ,tn" &! t t! N; t! !.!&t'n" $t t! 4$.!n&! $n% $'! !:t!% t

t! &n%/&t#n $n% $n% t!n *. %n t t! A./#n/ "#%!; #.! t! .!" *.

3

0c


39/48

t t! n#&9!. "#%!7 T/"; &/''!nt #" +!n!'$t!% $n% #t *." $t $ &/nt!'&.&9#"!

%#'!&t#n7 T "t/%y #t" !**#!n&y; A+#.!nt ?1@@C "!#&n%/&t' $n$.y!' #" /"!% *'

+!n!'$t#n+ 4.t$+!" t '!&'% t! &''!",n%#n+ &/''!nt /t,/t7 I* t! +#4!n &/''!nt

*. $" "$! $" t! ".$' &!.."> &/''!nt *. (N!+$t#4! 4.t$+!); t! tt$. &/''!nt *.

#.. ! .$'+!'7 T! n!+$t#4! 4.t$+! t!n "t$'t" t &$n+! "t!, y "t!, t t! ,"#t#4!

"#%! (P"#t#4! 4.t$+!)7 I* t! 4.t$+! '!$&!" 0V; t! n!t &/''!nt *. #.. ! t! ".$'

&!..>" &/''!nt (I"&)7 I* t! ,"#t#4! 4.t$+! #n&'!$"!; t! ".$' &!..>" &/''!nt #.. ! "

&$..!% **"!tZ y t! +#4!n &/''!nt; #& &$/"!" t! %!&'!$"! * t! n!t &/''!nt /nt#.

!' &/''!nt #" '!&'%!% y t! /.t#-!t!' (V&)7 F#n$..y; t! %$t$ #" ,.tt!% n I%" 4"7

V%" +'$, $n% t! $:#/ ,!' ,#nt ($:##!% V[I) #" t! .$% #& t!

#''$%#$t!% &!.. &$n %!.#4!' $:#/ !.!&t'#&$. ,!' $t t$t .!4!. * #''$%#$t#n7 F'

t! $4! +'$," $n% %$t$; t! *#.. *$&t' &$n ! &$.&/.$t!%7 F#.. *$&t' #" t! '$t# *

t! $&t/$. $:#/ t$#n$.! ,!' (I$: V$:); t t! ,'%/&t * "'t '&/#t

&/''!nt (I"&)$n% t! ,!n '&/#t 4.t$+! (V&)7 It #" $." $n #,'t$nt ,$'$!t!' *' t!

!n!'+y y#!.% * $ ,t4.t$#& &!..7 T! #+!' #" t! *#.. *$&t'; t! #+!' #" #t"

!3/#4$.!nt "/nt '!"#"t$n&! t! .!' #" #t" !3/#4$.!nt "!'#!" '!"#"t$n&!7 T!'!*'! #t

!.," t '!%/&! t! ."" * &/''!nt ,'%/&!% y .#+t #& #" %#""#,$t!% #n #nt!'n$.

.""!" ?07

F' t! &$.&/.$t!% '!"/.t; t! !**#!n&y * t! ?n "$,.! $" t! .$'+!"t

(07J) $n+ t! ? "$,.!"7 T! "t'/&t/'! * t! ?n "$,.! &/.% ! "!!n y t!

I-V +'$, $n% $n $#,.$' "t'/&t/'! $" ,'4!%; #& #,.#!% t! $#,.$'

"t'/&t/'! !:#"t!% #n t! %#$!t!' '$n+! * $'/n% @0n7 An $#,.$' "t'/&t/'!

,'4#%!% t! .$'+!"t ,!n '&/#t 4.t$+! (V&) $n% t!'!*'! t! .$'+!"t !**#!n&y *

t! ".$' &!.. &/.% ! t$#n!%7

31


40/48

T! '!"/.t *' t! $#,.$' "t'/&t/'! $" !n&/'$+#n+ $n% t! ,',"!% $n%

%!. #n t! %#"&/""#n ,$'t &$n ! $&t $" $ 3/$.#t$t#4! %!. *' t! %!!, !4$./$t#n

* $#,.$' "t'/&t/'! #n t! */t/'!7 F' t! *.. /, '9; */'t!' #n4!"t#+$t#n *

t! $#,.$' "t'/&t/'! * N" "/.% ! &n%/&t!% $n% "t/%#!% #n '%!' t $4! t!

'! $&&/'$t! 3/$nt#t$t#4! %!. !:,.$#n#n+ t$t #+ ,!'*'$n&! $#,.$'

,',!'t#!"7

F' #,'4!!nt; $" t! !:#"t#n+ %!4#&! *' ,t.#t+'$,y #" ."#n+ #t"

$&&/'$&y; n! $n% '! $%4$n&!% %!4#&! &$n ! /"!% *' t! ,t.#t+'$,y #n

'%!' t $4! $ !tt!' &nt$&t !t!!n t! n$n#'!" $n% !.!&t'%!" $n% t! $%5/"t$.!

&$nn!. .!n+t * t! ".$' &!.. %!4#&!7

6. Conclusion

S!4!'$. "$,.!" * t! N" #t %#**!'!nt +'t ,$'$!t!'" !'! "ynt!"#!%

$n% t! !**#!n!" * t! N ".$' &!.." !'! !:$#n!%7 T! "t %!"#'$.!

%#$!t!' * t! N" $" @07 10n $n% ?n t#&9 A/ &$t$.y"t $" t! "t

!**!&t#4! t#&9n!"" #n t! +'t * &''!",n%#n+ "#! * N"7 T! ,t4.t$#&

,!'*'$n&! t$9!n *' t! $#,.$' "t'/&t/'!% n$n#'!" $" t! !"t $n+ t! ?

"$,.!"7 A 3/$.#t$t#4! $n% %!. $" ,',"!% $n% %#"&/""!% t! #+ !**#!n&y *

t#" ".$' &!.. #t $#,.$' "t'/&t/'!7 It #" $%4#"$.! *' t! #n4!"t#+$t#n n '!

$&&/'$t! 3/$nt#t#4! %!. #n t! */t/'!7

32


41/48

7. References

1 G/%#9"!n M S; L$/n L 8;$n+ 8; S#t D C $n% L#!!' C M 2002 G't *

N "/,!'.$tt#&! "t'/&t/'!" *' n$n"&$.! ,tn#&" $n% !.!&t'n#&" N$t/'! ?1@ 1

20

2 Y$n R


42/48

10 C. C; S,#'9"9$ D; F'#!' M; A"t'!#t!' G $n% M''$. A F I 200 G$-

$""#"t!% &$t$.y"t-*'!! +'t !&$n#" * G$A" N" y .!&/.$' !$ !,#t$:y

Py"7 R!47 B 1@@2

11 P!'""n A I; L$'""nM ; St!n"t' S; O.""n B 8; S$/!."n L

$n%$..!n!'+ L R 200? S.#%-,$"! %#**/"#n !&$n#" *' G$A" N +'t N$t7

M$t!'7 1

12 H$n N7; $n+ F7Y7; H/# A7T7; H/ 8787; S$n G7C7; F!#


43/48

21 K'y.y/9 S; D$4y%4 A V $n% L!4#n I 2010 T$,!'#n+ &nt'. * S# N" +'n

*' S#C.? $t '!%/&!% ,'!""/'! ACS N$n @ @?

22 #9#,!%#$ tt,6!n7#9#,!%#$7'+#9#


44/48

D#"t'#/t#n" #n T#n G!'$n#/ F#."; 87 A,,.7 Py"7 1; 2; 2?22?7

Ry F/n+-2012-L!&t/'!?-N$nt!&n.+y7,%*; P$+! 1

8#'$n; E7 T,"n; C7 V7 87 E.!&t'n7 M$t!'7 10; 1; 11@1107

tt,6!n7#9#,!%#$7'+#9#A#']$""](".$']!n!'+y) 100 &2

?0 tt,6!n7#9#,!%#$7'+#9#S.$']&!..]!**#!n&y

?1 ST L!!- L!&t/'! 2 N$nt!&n.+y7,%*; P$+! @

3
http://bbcswebdav/pid-1266672-dt-content-rid-6446343_2/xid-6446343_2http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/AppData/bbcswebdav/pid-1257095-dt-content-rid-6318749_2/xid-6318749_2http://bbcswebdav/pid-1266672-dt-content-rid-6446343_2/xid-6446343_2http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/AppData/bbcswebdav/pid-1257095-dt-content-rid-6318749_2/xid-6318749_2


45/48

3*


46/48

(""endiEB

D!t$#. &$.&/.$t#n" * t! !**#!n&y * t! %#**!'!nt "$,.!"6

T! !**#!n&y * t! ".$' &!.. &$n ! &$.&/.$t!% y t! *..#n+ !3/$t#n6

E**#!n&y

.!n+t)(&$nn!.:n$n#'!)*$'!$"!&t#n$.(&'"":)#''$%#$n&!(L#+t

F$&t')(F#..:)I:(V "&& :

100J

!'! F#!.% F$&t' (FF) I:V

I:V

"&)&

-$:-$:

T! 27@ n "$,.!6

-07? -072 070 072 07?-K

-?

-2

0

2

?

K

I(,A)

V (V)

D$'9H#+

E**#!n&y6

FF6 2?J

F#+/'! 17 ($) SEM #$+! * n! ty,#&$. G$A" N PV &!.. ,'!,$'!% y 27@ n A/;

$n% () #" t! &''!",n%#n+ IV &/'4!" /n%!' %$'9 $n% 1 S/n #../#n$t#n7

T! !**#!n&y

&:101?2:&10:?0:)(100C&(072?):(070):)(170B:10

--2

-12

070?J

T! ? n "$,.!6

i

i

(l

0a 0b


47/48

-072 070 072 07? 07K 07-12

-10

-

-K

-?-2

0

2

?

I(,A)

V (V)

D$'9

H#+

E**#&!#n&y6

FF6B?7J

F#+/'! 17 ($) SEM #$+! * n! ty,#&$. G$A" N PV &!.. ,'!,$'!% y ? n A/; $n%

() #" t! &''!",n%#n+ IV &/'4!" /n%!' %$'9 $n% 1 S/n #../#n$t#n7T! !**#!n&y

&:10?0:&10:@7?:)(100C&

(07B?):(07KK):)(7:10--2

-12

07J

T! n "$,.!6

-07K -07? -072 070 072 07? 07K-K

-?

-2

0

2

I(,A)

V (V)

D$'9

H#+

E**#!n&y6

FF6 B17?J

F#+/'! 207 ($) SEM #$+! * n! ty,#&$. G$A" N PV &!.. ,'!,$'!% y n A/; $n%

() #" t! &''!",n%#n+ IV &/'4!" /n%!' %$'9 $n% 1 S/n #../#n$t#n7

ii

i

(l

i

(l

0b0a

0b0a


48/48

T! !**#!n&y

&:101@2B:&10:7:)(100C&

(07B1?):(07@2@):):10(?7?K--2

-12

07@@J

T! 12 n "$,.!6

-07? -072 070 072 07? 07K 07-

-K

-B

0

B

K

I(,A)

V (V)

D$'9

H#+ E**#!n&y6

FF6 2J

F#+/'! 217 ($) SEM #$+! * n! ty,#&$. G$A" N PV &!.. ,'!,$'!% y 12 n A/;

$n% () #" t! &''!",n%#n+ IV &/'4!" /n%!' %$'9 $n% 1 S/n #../#n$t#n7

T! !**#!n&y

&10?:10:&1017@:10:)(100C&(072):(07B@):):10(?702

--2

-12 07J

(l

i0a 0b

Of the High Performance Gallium Arsenide ( GaAs ) Nanowires ( NWs )

Documents

Transcript of Of the High Performance Gallium Arsenide ( GaAs ) Nanowires ( NWs )