Nutrition

� the activities by which organisms ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

� there are two types

� animals are __________

� plants are __________

Nutrition

� there are two types:

� animals are consumers

� plants are producers

I. Autotrophic Nutrition

� the ability by which plants, certain bacteria, and certain protists

manufacture organic compounds (have

__ and __ ) from inorganic compounds

ATP

organic

sugars

___________(like CO2 and H2O)

I. Autotrophic Nutrition

A) Chemosynthesis:

� a way organisms can make nutrients

________________________________;

these are not digested in any manner!

B) Photosynthesis:B) Photosynthesis:

� the ability to _____________________

________________________________

________________________________

During photosynthesis, light (radiant)

energy is converted into the chemical

energy of organic molecules

Photosynthesis

During photosynthesis, light (radiant) energy is converted

into the chemical energy of organic molecules

Energy cycle sun

plants

H2Oglucosesugars

O2CO2

animals, plants

ATP

Another view…

Photosynthesis

sun

producers, autotrophs

H2O

Cellular Respiration

organicmolecules

food

O2CO2

consumers, heterotrophs

ATP

wastewastewaste

Photosynthesis

Remember, which organic compound is the main

source of energy for all living things?CARBOHYDRATES!

1) the carbohydrates made from photosynthesis ___________________ _________________________________

2) photosynthesis also releases a waste product– ___________ –which is used product– ___________ –which is used for aerobic respiration by most life

The sun supplies the plants with

a means to make carbohydrates

for themselves, which is then

used for energy–by plants AND

the things that eat plants for the

carbohydrates they make!

Photosynthesis in cells

� most cells that carry out photosynthesis contain ____________

� these contain the green pigment____________ , which absorbs the____________ , which absorbs the

energy of the sunlight…

…which is actually all the colors of the

spectrum together.

Photosynthesis in cells

The green light is reflected off the chlorophyll,

which is why you see the plant to be green.

Plants actually absorb the red and blue

wavelengths (color) of light the best!

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts

Leaf

Leaves

absorbsunlight & CO2

CO2sun

Chloroplastsin cell

Chloroplast

makeENERGY & SUGAR

Chloroplastscontain

Chlorophyll

Chloroplast

Inside the chloroplast…

� Photosynthesis = 2 steps� _______________________

� collect sun energy

+

sun

+

H2O

� collect sun energy

� use it to make ATP

� _______________________� take the ATP energy

� collect CO2 from air &

H2O from ground

� use all to build simple sugars

ATP

simple

sugars

+

CO2

a.k.a.

a.k.a.

What happens to the glucose next?

1) ____________________________________________________________________

2) ____________________________________________________________________

3)3) it can be converted into storage carbos, polysaccharides (starch!) by the

process of ________________________

+

H2O

+

H2O

They can always be broken back down to monosaccharides

by adding water, called ______________ (digestion)

What do plants need to grow?

� The “factory” for making energy & sugars

� chloroplast

� Fuels

� sunlight CO

sunO2

� sunlight

� carbon dioxide

�water

� The Helpers

� enzymes

� chlorophyllH2O

sugars

ATP

enzymes

CO2

Photosynthesis

ENERGYbuilding reactions

ATP

sun

There are 2 major

reactions that happen

in the chloroplast

during the process of

H2O

SUGARbuilding reactions

ATP

CO2sugar

during the process of

photosynthesis…

Photosynthesis–Chloroplast Parts

GRANA STROMA

Photosynthesis–The Light Reactions

� a.k.a. The Photochemical Reactions

� a.k.a. The Energy Building Reactions

� a.k.a. The Light-Dependent Reactions

� ____________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

ATP

sun

1) light hits the chlorophyll in the grana

2) the light energy does 2 things

Photosynthesis–The Light Reactions

splits water

(H2O) into

hydrogen (H)

and oxygen (O)

H2O

H O

ATP

light split

Photosynthesis–The Dark Reactions

� a.k.a. The Carbon Fixation Reactions

� a.k.a. The Calvin Cycle

� a.k.a. The Light-Independent Reactions

� ____________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________

� PGAL is basically ½ of a glucose molecule

PGAL–phosphoglyceraldehyde (C3H6O3)

Photosynthesis–The Reactions

Water

H

The poetic perspective

� All of the solid material of every plantwas built out of thin air

� All of the solid material of every animalwas built from plant material

Then all the cats, dogs,

mice, people & elephants…

are really strands of air woven

together by sunlight!

sunair

� algae can absorb the necessary materials for autotrophic nutrition

directly through its ________________

� _________________________________

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2lightenergy →→→→+ ++

Photosynthesis–Adaptations

� __________________________________________________________________

� in complex, terrestrial ( ______ ) plants, photosynthesis happens in leaves

� LEAVES: are broad, flat

leaves

Photosynthesis–Adaptations

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2lightenergy →→→→+ ++

� LEAVES: are broad, flat structures that allow a lot of light ( __ and ___ wavelengths are most effective; ____ is least effective) to be absorbed at once

roots

shoot

Function of Leaf Structures

� cuticle

� ___________________

___________________

� has 2 functions

____________________� ____________________

� ____________________

____________________

Function of Leaf Structures

� epidermis

� ____________________

___________________

� called upper and lower

epidermisepidermis

Function of Leaf Structures

� palisade layer

� cells here have a high

concentration of

____________;

________________________________________

____________________

____________________

P for photosynthesis P for palisade layer

Function of Leaf Structures

� spongy layer

� a layer of the leaf

where _______ (O2 and

CO2) circulate

some _______________ � some _______________

happens here

S for sponge (full of air) S for spongy layer

Function of Leaf Structures

� stomate

� ____________________ ____________________

� allows for the exchange of O2, CO2, and H2O of O2, CO2, and H2O (vapor)

� the size is controlled by the...

Function of Leaf Structures

� guard cells

� ____________________

___________________

� have a few chloroplast

so they can make food so they can make food

for energy to work

Guard cells & Homeostasis� Homeostasis

� keeping the internal environment of the plant balanced

� Stomates open

let CO in� let CO2 in� needed to make sugar

� let H2O out � so it gets to leaves

� let O2 out� get rid of waste product

� Stomates close

� if too much H2O evaporating

Function of Leaf Structures

� veins (vascular bundle)

� larger tubes that carry

materials; 2 types

� XYLEM– _____________

� PHLOEM– ____________� PHLOEM– ____________

� carried out by organisms that are __________________________________

__________________________________

� these organisms must obtain ____________ organic molecules from

II. Heterotrophic Nutrition

____________ organic molecules from

their environment

1) Ingestion

� _________________________

2) Digestion

� the process of ____________

Processes of Heterotrophic Nutrition

intracellulardigestion

the process of ____________

_________________________

__________________ (easier

to dissolve) molecules

� can happen inside the cell

( ___________ ) or outside

the cell ( ____________ )

digestion

extracellulardigestion

2) Digestion–2 types

A) Mechanical Digestion

� ___________________________________________________________________________

� accomplished by cutting,

Processes of Heterotrophic Nutrition

� accomplished by cutting, grinding, tearing of food

B) Chemical Digestion

� where large, insoluble (hard to dissolve) molecules are changed chemically by enzymes to smaller, more soluble molecules by the process called _________________________

3) Absorption

� ____________________________

____________________________

4) Egestion (Elimination)

____________________________

Processes of Heterotrophic Nutrition

� ____________________________

____________________________

� some heterotrophs might not

have the necessary enzymes to

break down certain nutrients

Different diets; different lives

� All animals eat other organisms

�Herbivores

� eat mainly ______

� gorillas, cows,

rabbits, snails

ADAPTATIONS FOR HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION

rabbits, snails

�Carnivores

� eat other _______

� sharks, hawks, spiders, snakes

�Omnivores

� eat ____________________

� cockroaches, bears, raccoons, humans

� humans evolved as hunters, scavengers & gatherers

Here are a few example of how other heterotrophs are

adapted to carry out nutrition…

I. Fungi� multicellular fungi or _________

their food supply

� fungi use filaments (tubes) called rhizoids which secrete digestive

enzymes right on the food; the food is enzymes right on the food; the food is

digested OUTSIDE the fungus (this is

an example of ________________

digestion)

� the nutrients are then funneled up the

rhizoids like a straw

Here are a few example of how other heterotrophs are

adapted to carry out nutrition…

II. Protozoans� these are the animal-like protists

� protists do not have (digestive) organs because they are unicellular

� food is digested INSIDE the cells �( _________________ ) with the help of

lysosomes

A) Ameba

� food is ingested by ___________ (fake feet)

that surround and

engulf food particles

by the process of by the process of

____________________

� once food is absorbed, it is stored in a ____________ , where __________combine

with it

� any waste products are stored in a vacuole until shipped out of the cell

B) Paramecium

� the sweeping action of small hairs ( ____ ) move

food to the oral groove

� the food particles are then enclosed in a _______________ inside the cell_______________ inside the cell

� intracellular digestion occurs as a lysosome come over to it and digests it

� the end products that are not used are released through a fixed ______________

� paramecium also have a ______________ ___________________________________