Kingdom Animalia

General Characteristics

• Multicellular• Heterotrophic• Eukaryotic

Symmetry• Asymmetry – no symmetry (example:

sponge)• Radial Symmetry – body radiates from

center point (example: starfish)• Bilateral Symmetry – two sides (example:

humans)

Bilateral Symmetry

• Cephalization – have a head• Dorsal – back/top• Ventral – belly/bottom• Anterior/Cranial – front/toward the

head• Posterior/Caudal – back/toward the

tail

Major PhylaPorifera - sponges

• Simplest animals • Asymmetry• No tissues or organs• Filter Feed• Most are marine• Adults are sessile

Specialized cells • Choanocytes (collar cells) – have

flagella, move water through the sponge

• Amoeboid cells – digest food• Spicules – support, protection• Spongin – support, protection

Cnidaria – jellyfish,sea anemone

• Radial symmetry• Carnivores – capture prey with

tentacles – tentacles have stinging cells (cnidocytes) with nematocysts (harpoons)

• Digestive cavity with one opening

• Mainly Marine• Hydra –

freshwater

Two body formsPolyp • Cylindrical, pipe shape• Attach to rocks • SessileMedusa• Umbrella-shaped• Free-floating

Platyhelminthes – flatworms• Bilateral Symmetry• Thin, ribbonlike• Gastrovascular cavity with one

opening • Marine, freshwater, and damp

terrestrial habitat forms• Free-living and parasitic forms

– Free-living (example: planarian)•Simple nervous system•Highly branched gastrovascular system

•Cilia on ventral surface used to crawl

Rotifera - rotifers• Bilateral symmetry• Covered with chitin• Cilia around head used in

locomotion and feeding

Mollusca – snail, clam, octopus• Bilateral Symmetry

Body• Visceral mass – contains organs• Radula – rasping tonguelike

organ• muscular foot - locomotion• Mantle secretes shell

Classes1. Gastropods (“belly foot”)

•Snails and slugs•Freshwater, saltwater, terrestrial •Most protected by a single spiral shell•Many have a distinct head with eyes at tips of tentacles

2. Bivalves•Shells divided into two halves hinged together•Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops•Suspension feeders•Mantle cavity includes gills used for feeding and gas exchange•Sedentary

3. Cephalopods (“head foot”) •Fast, agile predators•Squids and octopuses•Mouth is at base of foot•Except for chambered nautilus, shell is small and internal or missing•Use beak-like jaws and radula to rip prey•Large brains and sophisticated sense organs•Giant squid is largest of all invertebrates

Annelida – segmented worms• Bilateral Symmetry• Segmented• Tube within a tube (mouth, anus)• Well-developed brain• Move by hydrostatic pressure

and setae (bristles)

Classes1. Oligochaetes -

Earthworms •Eat their way through soil, aerating and fertilizing it as they go

•Segments surrounded by longitudinal and circular muscles

•Hermaphrodites

2. Polychaetes •Largest group of annelids•Broad, paddle-like appendages and bristles•Marine•Trap food particles in feathery appendages

3. Hirudinea - Leeches•Mostly freshwater •Carnivores, Bloodsucking parasites on vertebrates

• Cut the skin with razor-sharp jaws/secretes an anesthetic and an anticoagulant

•Used medically to remove blood from bruises or relieve swelling when appendages are reattached

Arthropoda – joint-legged animals

• Segmentation• Exoskeleton – protein and chitin

– Molting – periodic shedding of exoskeleton

• Jointed appendages• Open circulatory system

Major Phyla1. Trilobita –

extinct2. Chelicerata –

horseshoe crabs, spiders

3. Uniramia – centipedes, millipedes, insects

4. Crustacea – crayfish, crabs

Figure 33.27 A trilobite fossil

Figure 33.28 Horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus

Figure 33.32 Insect flight, dragonfly

Class Insecta

General Characteristics• Three part body – head, thorax,

abdomen• Three pairs of legs attached to

thorax• No wings, one pair of wings, or two

pairs of wings – attached to thorax

Insect Success• Small size• Flight• Reproduce quickly and lay large

numbers of eggs• Metamorphosis

Metamorphosis• Incomplete

– egg, nymph – instars, adult– Example – dragonflies

• Complete– egg, larva, pupa, adult– Example - mosquitoes

Major Groups of Aquatic Insects• Ephemeroptera - mayflies

• Odonata – dragonflies, damselflies

• Plecoptera - stoneflies• Hemiptera – true bugs • Megaloptera - dobsonflies• Coleoptera - beetles• Trichoptera - caddisflies• Diptera – true flies (midges, black

flies, mosquitoes)

Aquatic Invertebrates• http://kywater.org/ww/bugs/intro.htm• http://www.epa.gov/bioiweb1/html/invertcl

ass.html• http://www.entomology.umn.edu/midge/VS

MIVP.htm

Class Crustacea

General Characteristics• Two-part body – cephalothorax

and abdomen• Two pairs of antennae• Walking legs attached to thorax• Lost appendages can be

regenerated

Groups of Crustaceans

• Isopods – (pill bugs)• Copepods – plankton• Decapods – lobsters, crayfish,

crabs, shrimp

Crayfish - External• Antennules (short) – sense touch,

taste, equilibrium• Antennae (long) – sense touch,

taste• Chelipeds – pincers – capture food,

defense• Mouthparts – mandibles, maxillae,

maxillipeds

• Carapace – tough covering of the cephalothorax

• Walking legs on thorax• Swimmerets on abdomen

create water currentsfunction in reproduction

males – transfer spermfemales – carry eggs

• Uropods – propel crayfish• Telson – flat paddle at the

posterior end

Crayfish - Internal• Digestive System mouth – esophagus - stomach –

intestine - anus• Respiratory System - gills under

carapace• Circulatory System - dorsal heart• Excretory System – green glands –

fluid wastes leaves through renal pores

• Nervous System ganglia – control nerve impulsesventral nerve cordcompound eyes on stalks

• Reproduction separate sexesinternal fertilizationfemale carries eggs with swimmerets

Echinodermata – spiny skinned animals

• Spiny skin• Endoskeleton with external bumps

or spines• Water vascular system – movement• Slow-moving or sessile• Marine• Sea stars, sand dollars, sea

urchins• Adults - radially symmetrical

– Water vascular system•Network of water-filled canals that branch into tube feet•Suction cup–like tube feet used for feeding, gas exchange, and locomotion

Aquatic Invertebrates: Trophic Levels• Predator – feed on other invertebrates

(e.g., dragonflies)• Omnivore – generalist feeders able to

feed on both dead and living organic matter (e.g., crayfish)

• Collector – consume fine pieces of organic matter (e.g., leaf fragments or other material on the stream bottom). This group can be further divided into: – Filtering Collectors (or Suspension

feeders)– (e.g., clams) – Gathering Collectors – (e.g., caddisfly

larvae)

• Scraper/Grazer – feed on attached periphyton located on submerged underwater surfaces (e.g., snails)

• Shredder – consume coarse organic matter such as leaves (e.g., sowbugs)

• Piercer – feed by piercing the tissues of other organisms (true bugs - hemiptera)

(

http://www.epa.gov/bioiweb1/html/invertclass.html)

• Habitat and Behavior Designations • Habitat and behavior designations detail the

functionality of the organism (e.g., the way it moves or searches for food). Habitat designations include:

• Clinger – able to remain stationery on bottom substrates in flowing waters

• Climber – feed in submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) by climbing

• Sprawler – can be found on both the surface of SAV and substrates

• Burrower – feed on fine organic matter while buried in sediments of lakes and streams

• Swimmer – can control the direction and velocity of their movements

• Diver - able to swim from the surface to the bottom of the water column

Chordata – vertebrates, fish

General Characteristics

• Notochord• Dorsal hollow

nerve cord• Pharyngeal slits• Tail

Figure 34.2 Chordate characteristics

Subphyla

1. Urochordata – tunicates2. Cephalochordata – lancelets3. Vertebrata - vertebrates

Figure 34.3 Subphylum Urochordata: a tunicate

Figure 34.4a Subphylum Cephalochordata: lancelet anatomy

Characteristics of VertebratesSkeleton

– Axial •Vertebral column•cranium

– Appendicular•Pectoral girdle•Pelvic girdle

Classes• Agnatha – jawless fishes• Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes• Osteichthyes – bony fishes• Amphibia – amphibians• Reptilia – reptiles• Aves – birds• Mammalia - mammals

AgnathaCyclostomes – circular mouth without jaws,

no scales, skeleton made of cartilage, lateral line

Two groups• Hagfishes – marine, feed on dead or

dying fish• Lampreys – marine and freshwater, free-

living or parasitic

Figure 34.9 A sea lamprey

Figure 34.8 A hagfish

ChondrichthyesJaws, skeleton made of cartilage,

placoid scales, paired finsTwo Groups• Rays• Sharks

Figure 34.11 Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray (bottom right)

OsteichthyesJaws, skeleton made of bone, paired

fins, various types of scales or no scales, some have swim bladder

Two Groups• Lobe-Finned Fishes – coelocanth• Ray-Finned Fishes

Figure 34.14 A coelocanth (Latimeria), the only extant lobe-finned genus

Figure 34.12a Ray-finned fishes: yellow perch