PERPUSTAKAAN UMP

U 111111111111 0000080349

DESIGN AND DEVELUI-'IVItIN I Ut LILU1L) HJiJNVLING DEVICE AT FKP

NUR HAFIZA IRYANI BrNTI ZAHANAPI

Report submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering

Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAI-iANG

AUGUST 2013

vu'

ABSTRACT

Liquid handling device (LHD) is a prototype system that can be used in FKP laboratory to transfer liquid substances from the main tank to other containers. Based on the concept, this study is aimed to develop a liquid device that have multifunction, which are transferring liquid substances to other containers manually and can refill the liquid from other source into tank automatically. The LHD has leveling system, using ultrasonic sensor which is used to state the balance of liquid in the tank, and in the refilling process, it helps to control the process where it stops the process automatically when the maximum level is reached. Single-stage DC pump is used to pump in and out liquid substances from the tank. The liquid-crystal display (LCD) informs the users about the balance of the liquid in tank. Indicators are used to trigger display warning about the process running by the device. There are three phases in this project. Phase I is designing system. Phase II covers the programming. The programming is built using Arduino IDE using C language. Phase III is building circuit and hardware, including the piping system. Pump, ultrasonic sensor, LCD, indicators and switches are connected at the Arduino board (microcontroller ATmega328). The system is validated by running 3 types of experiments to obtain and compare the time taken and speed of the Castrol Cooledge BI and Shell Tellus 68 between LHD and rotary hand drum pump (RHDP), experiment to obtain speed and volume of liquid obtained by RHDP by its revolution and efficiency test for refilling process using Cooledge Bi. The result shows speed of LHD is 16.68% slower than RHDP in pumpingCooledge BI out from the tank and speed of LHD is 81.74% slower than RHDP in pumping Tellus 68. Both of the situations happen due to low voltage of pump in the device and LHD need to use higher voltage pump to produce more speed and reduce more time. Based on the result, the selection of the pimp must be improvised to make the handling liquid device suitable to be implemented in the FKP lab.

ix

ABSTRAK

Alat pengendalian cecair (LHD) ialah system prototaip yang boleh digunakan di makrnal FKP untuk rnemindahkan cecair daripada tangki yang asal ke bekas yang lain. Baerdasarkan konsep mi, projek .ini bertujuan untuk membuat alat uñtuk cecair yang mempunyai pelbagai fungsi, iaitu mernindahkan cecair ke bekas-bekas yang lain secara manual dan mengisi semula cecair daripada sumber yang lain ke dalam tangki secara automatik. LHD juga rnempunyai system yang mengukur tahap baki cecair di dalam tangki, menggunakan sensor ultrasonic dan di dalarn proses pengisian semula cecair, ia mengawal proses dengan memberhentikan proses tersebut secara automatik apabila rnencapai tahap maksirna. Pam satu peringkat berarus terus digunakan untuk mengepam cecair masuk dan keluar daripada tangki. Paparan kristal cecair (LCD) digunakan untuk memaparkan baki cecair di dalam tangki. Penunjuk cahaya digunakan untuk mencetuskan paparan amaran.tentang proses yang sedang dijalankan oleh alat tersebut. Terdapat tiga fasa di dalam projek ini. Fasa pertama untuk mereka bentuk sistem. Fasa kedua ialah pengaturcaraan (programming). Pengaturcaraan dibina menggunakan perisian Arduino IDE dan rnenggunakan bahasa C. Fasa keiga ialah membina litar dan perkakasan, termasuk sistern perpaipan. Pam, sensor ultrasonik, LCD, penunjuk cahaya dan suis disamhungkan pada papan Arduino (microcontroller ATmega328). Sistem mi diuji berdasarkan tiga jenis eksperimen iaitu eksperirnen untuk rnendapatkan dan mernbandinkan masa dan kelajuan yang diambil oleh Castrol Cooledge BI and Shell Tellus 68 rnenggunakan LHD dan pain tangan putar (RHDP), eksperimen untuk mendapatkan kelajuan dan isipadu cecair menggunakan RHDP berdasakan pusingan dan eksperimen kecekapan alat untuk proses pengisian semula menggunakan Cooledge BI. Keputusan rnenunjukkan kelajuan LHD lebih perlahan 16.68% daripada RHDP untuk mengepam keluar Cooledge BI daripada tangki dan kelajuanLHD lebih perlahan 81.74% daripada RJIDP untuk mengepam keluar Tellus 68. Kedua-dua situasi mi adalah disebabkan oleh pam yang digunakan di dalam projek mi bervoltan rendah. LHD harus menggunakan pam yang bervoltan lebih tinggi untuk menghasilkan kelajuan yang lebih la dan untuk pengambilan masa yang singkat. Berdasarkan keputusan tersebut, pemilihan pam mestilah diubahsuai untuk membolehkan alat pengendalian cecair mi boleh digunakan di dalam makmal FKP.

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

EXAMINER'S APPROVAL DOCUMENT iii

SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION iv

STUDENT'S DECLARATION v

DEDICATION vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii

ABSTRACT viii

ABSTRAK ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF TABLES xiii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Objectives 6

1.4 Scope of Study 6

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Liquid Handling Device 8

2.2 Single Stage Centrifugal Pump 12

2.3 Ultrasonic Sensor 19

2.4 Arduino Uno and Microcontroller 22

2.5 Viscosity 27

2.6 Castrol Cooledge BI 29

27 Shell Tellus 68 31

2.8 Summary 33

Xi

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Phases 37

3.2.1 Phase I: Designing of System 37

3.2.2 Phase II: Programming 40

3.2.3 Phase III: Circuit and Hardware 43

3.2.4 Equipment and Electronic Device of

Hardware 48

3.2.4.1 HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor 48

3.2.4.2 Arduino Uno (Micro controller

ATmega328) 50

3.2.4.3 Single Stage Centrifugal Pump 52

3.2.4.4 Teletron TMC 1000-P Converter 55

3.2.4.5 Liquid-crystal Display (LCD) 56

3.2.4.6 Indicators 58

3.2.4.7 Piping Installation Equipment 59

3.3 Tests 61

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 63

4.2 Liquid Handling Device Prototype 63

4.3 Programming of the System 66

4.4 Tests 70

4.4.1 Time taken and speed experiments of

LHD and RHDP 70

4.4.2 Test of speed of RHDP 74

4.4.3 Efficiency test of refilling process using

Cooledge BI 77

XII

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 intrbduction 79

5.2 Conclusion 79

5.3 Problem Encounters 80

5.4 Recommendations 81

REFERENCES 83

APPENDICES

A Calculation of Capacity of Liquid in Tank in Percentage 85

BI Calculation of Viscosity and Pressure of Cooledge BI 86

(LHD)

B2 Calculation of Viscosity and Pressure of Tellus 68 (LHD) 87

B3 Calculation of Viscosity and Pressure of Cooledge BI

(RHDP) 88

B4 Calculation of Viscosity and Pressure of Tellus 68 (R!-IDP) 89

C Programming in C Language using Arduino IDE 90

Di Data of Time Taken Tabulated from Test (LHD) 95

D2 Data of Time Taken Tabulated from Test (RHDP) 97

D3 Data of Time Taken tabulated from Test of RHDP Speed 99

D4 Data of Time Taken Tabulated from Efficiency Test of

LHD Using Cooledge BI 101

El Gantt Chart for Semester I (PSM 1) 103

E2 Gantt Chart for Semester 2 (PSM 2) 104

E3 Gantt Chart for Short Semester (PSM 2) 105

LIST OF TABLES

xi;i

Table No. Tittle

2.1 Physical piDperties of Castrol Cooledge BI

2.2 Physical characteristics of Shell Tellus Oil

3.1 HC-SR04 specifications

3.2 Features of Arduino uno (ATmega328)

3.3 Specifications of ZC-A40 Pump

3.4 Specifications of Teletron TMC-100P

3.5 Equipment for piping installation of prototype

4.1 Time taken, speed and efficiency for LHD

4.2 Time taken, speed and efficiency for RHDP

4.3 Speed of RHDP

5.1 Analysis and troubleshoot table

Dl -1 Data of time taken tabulated from test using LHD

(Cooledge BI)

D1-2 Data of time taken tabulated from test using LHD (Tellus

68)

D2-1 Data of time taken tabulated from test using RHDP

(Cooledge BI)

132-2 Data of time taken tabulated from test using RHDP (Tellus

68)

D3-1 Data of time taken tabulated from test speed of RHDP

D4-1 Data of time taken tabulated from LHD efficiency test using

Cooledge BI

Page

30

32

49

52

54

56

59

71

71

76

80

95

96

97

98

99

101

LISTS OF FIGURES

xv

PageFigure Contents

1.1 The use of a manual rotary hand drum pump causes dirty

environment in the store room

1.2 Oil spill on the liquid store floor can cause accident to the

people

2.1 illustration of mechanism of squeezing pumping

2.2 A schematic representation of a squeezing pump unit

2.3 Bi-directional (forward and backward) pumping rates

corresponding to roller speeds on a linear micro channel

2.4 Schematic of a micro pump with elastic buffer mechanism

2.5 Back-pressure characteristic using fluid (water) and device

Al

2.6 Principle of centrifugal pump of Goulds-model 3185

2.7 Single and double stage (suction) pump

2.8 Test loop layout and instrumentation (number is the location

of pressure transducer)

2.9 Centrifugal pump test setup

2.10 Centrifugal pump performance diagram at different working

conditions for original impeller geometry

2.11 Centrifugal pump test rig

2.12 Viscosity-temperature curve of oil

2.13 Pump performance for different viscosities of fluid

2.14 Schematic of operation of a traditional rotating vane pump

2.15 Schematic of operation of the suction phase of a proposed

twin vane rotating vane pump

2.16 Block diagram of the measurement system

2.17 Block diagram of the SVM system

2.18 Schematic diagrams of the ultrasonic sensors

2.19 Structur6 of an application based condition monitoring

system

4

5

9

9

10

11

11

12

13

13

14

15

16

16

17

18

18

20

20

21

22

xv

2.20 New stub tuner control system that uses different kinds of

Arduino boards 23

2.21 SHT2 15 acquisition system for the standalone version 24

2.22 Prototype of the blind aids device 25

2.23 Sensor section in the prototype probe 26

2.24 Schematic diagram of the microcontroller based automated 27

water level sensing and controlling system

3.1 Main phase of the methodology 36

3.2 Overall flowchart of the system 38

3.3 Steps to power up the device 39

3.4 Steps to transfer out liquids substance out from the tank 39

3.5 Steps to refill liquid substances into the tank 40

3.6 Schematic diagram of liquid handling device 44

3.7 Part A of the hardware 45

3.8 Structure of box casing in Part A of hardware 45

3.9 Part B of the hardware 46

3.10 Inner part of prototype 46

3.11 Prototype of liquid handling device 47

3.12 Two paths of piping system of LHD 47

3.13 HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor 48

3.14 Dimensional drawing of HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor 49

3.15 The timing diagram of HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor 50

3.16 Arduino uno (Microcontroller ATrnega3 28) 50

3.17 Arduino pin mapping 51

3.18 Single-stage Centrifugal Pump (ZC-A40) 53

3.19 Dimensional Diagram of ZC-A40 Pump 54

3.20 Tel etronTMC-1000P 55

3.21 Position of polarity socket at box casing 56

3.22 Diagram of the LCD 57

3.23 Dimensional diagram of the LCD 57

3.24 Block diagram of LCD 58

3.25 Diagram of Indicators 58

4.1 Prototype of liquid handling device 65

xvi

4.2 Overall part A of the hardware 65

4.3 Overall part B of the hardware 66

4.4 Coding for phase i in programming 67

4.5 Coding for switch 1 system 68

4.6 Coding for switch 2 system 69

4.7 The basic coding of measurement system of ultrasonic

system 70

4.8 Speed of LHD and RHDP 72

4.9 Time taken of LHD and RHDP 73

4.10 Efficiency of LHD and RHDP 73

4.11 Speed of RHDP 75

4.12 Efficiency test of refilling process of LHD 77

4.13 Calculation of efficiency test of LI-ID 77

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FKP Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering

LHD Liquid Handling Device

RHDP Rotary Hand Drum Pump

IDE Integrated Development Environment

USB Universal Serial Bus

PDMS Polydirnethyisiloxane

VAMP Valve and Micro Pump

SVM Support Vector Machine

ETA Electronic Travel Aids

PCB Printed Circuit Board

AC Alternate Current

DC Direct Current

xvii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Liquid is the state of matter with a definite volume but following the container

shape. It is tiny vibrating particles of matter that are held together by forces called

chemical bonds. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a

container, and maintains a constant density.

Liquids are characterized by a resistance to flow, called viscosity. The viscosity

of a liquid decrease as temperature rises and increases with pressure (Schmelzer et a!,

2005). Viscosity is also related to the complexity of the molecules constituting the fluid

where it is low in liquefied inert gases and high in heavy oils. Liquid like oils that have

high viscosity needed a substantial applied stress to flow but different with liquid in low

viscosity, for example water that can flow faster with the same stress applied (Kaminski

et al, 2005).

Liquids substances have a variety of uses in Faculty of Manufacturing

Engineering (FKP) milling lab, as lubricants, solvents, and cutting fluids. In

manufacturing process, the surfaces of tools, dies, and work pieces are subjected to

forces and contact pressure that use lubricants as a controlling process parameter to

reduce friction and wear (Kalpakjian and Schmid, 2006). In FKP milling lab, there are a

few types of liquid that are used in daily operational work. There are water, hydraulic

oil, cutting fluid, electrical discharge machining oil (EDM), and others available in the

manufacturing laboratory. Two main liquid substances in the lab are cutting fluid and

hydraulic oil.

2

Baradie (1996) has proposed that cutting fluids initially act as coolants that flow

over the tool; chip and work piece in manufacturing process to remove heat thus reduce

temperatures in the cutting zone. Cutting fluid is a type of coolant and lubricant

designed specifically for metal working and machining process. Cutting fluid also

maximizes the life of the cutting tip by lubricating the working, reducing tip welding,

improving surface finish and flushing away chips from the cutting zone (Kalpakjian and

Schmid, 2006). Cutting fluid is also important to prevent rust on machine parts and

cutters.

Hydraulic fluid is used mainly to transmit power efficiently and to lubricate

components (Scott, 1979). In lubricating, it is used to reduce friction and wear. Proper

lubrication wills longer equipment life thus reduces operating and maintenance costs.

Hydraulic fluid keeps the system in an efficient condition from rusting, corroding and

eroding, and compatible with the equipment's moving parts and seals. There are a lot of

types of hydraulic fluid for example water based fluids, soluble oils, invert emulsion,

water glycol fluids, etc.

In measurement system, ultrasonic sensor uses wave of sound to measure

distance raging from several centimetres up to a few meters. These sensors work on a

principle similar to radar and sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting

the echoes from radio or sound waves. Ultrasonic sensors utilize transducer, which

transform an electrical signal into an ultrasonic wave and vice versa and it actively

transmit acoustic waves and receive them (Hauptmann et al., 1998). Ultrasonic sensor

for level, flow, concentration and particle distribution are widely used in process

automation (Puttmer, 2006). Ultrasonic sensor can be used to measure the amount of

liquid in the tank, where the sensor measures the distance from the top of tank to the

surface of the fluid.

Centrifugal pump is a most common pump used in industries, agriculture and

domestic applications. Its impeller design demands an understanding of the internal

flow at rated and part load operating condition (Shah et al., 2013).

The viscosity of fluid will cause the reduction of fluid flow in the impeller and

volute of the pump (Shojaeefard et al., 2012). Based on different distance, this will lead

to variation in time taken and speed of the fluid through the pump when it been

transferred to the other tank.

Expressed in simple language, liquid handling is loading, moving and unloading

of liquid. To do it safely and economically, different types of tackles, gadgets and

equipment are used. Manufacturing laboratory had been used manual handling device,

which is a rotary hand drum pump (RHDP) since it is been opened. It is a need to

introduce and implement a new way of handling the liquid substances, which is using

handling device that less used of manpower. The liquid handling device also is

introduce to eliminate a few waste that is occur in the lab, affects from the used of

rotary hand drum pump.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Liquid handling device (LHD) is very important in FKP, especially at milling

lab because every machine in the lab using liquid substances as lubricant, cutting liquid,

and others. The high capacity of oil and coolant usage daily makes the high demand of

better quality of liquid handling device. There is also demand of a good levelling system

of the liquid substances in the storage tank, to make sure the lab will not running out of

the fluids.

If the liquid substances are running out, especially the two main liquid

substances in the lab; hydraulic oil and cutting fluid, all of the machines cannot be

operated. Hydraulic oil is very important for all machines because it is a .medium for

power transfer, lubrication and control (Scott, 1979). The students also cannot

machining their work piece well without cutting fluid because the structure of the

machined work piece become rough and the tools can be wear or broken, then damage

the work piece (Smith et al., 1988).

4

For the current situation, all of oils and cutting fluid are manually handled when

they are transferred from their main tank to the other machines or oil cans. The staff and

students use RHDP to pump out the oil and cutting fluid from the tank drum. This cause

a lot of oils and cutting fluids spill out onto the store floor because the users of the pump

cannot estimate the exact time needed to pump out the volume of liquid wanted. The

pump is operated based on rotation gears and depends of each of user effort applied.

This can cause accident for those people who not realise about the oil spill. It is also

make the floor and tank top look messy and dirty based on Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2

below. The usage of the manual pump also will demand more man power, more time

and all work related to usage of liquid substance will become roughly and slowly done

in the lab.

Figure 1.1: The use of a manual rotary hand drum pump causes dirty environment in

the store room. (FKP, 2013)

I

7/k .'

Figure 1.2: Oil spill on the liquid store floor can cause accident to the people. (FKP,

2013)

Therefore, to overcome this problem, the prototype device to handle the liquid

substances automatically and manually is introduced. A pump is attached at liquid tank,

as a motor to pump out the hydraulic oil and cutting fluid from the tank drum and is

connected straight to a container. The pump also can refill the oil from another tank

drum into the liquid storage device.

Another problem that is faced by laboratory users is they do not know how to

figure out the amount of the liquid substances in the drum tank. It is because the oil

drum tank is not transparent. They are also not had any instrument to measure the

balance or the remaining oil in the tank. This can cause waste of liquid substance,

because even the previous tank used still has the remaining oil, there will be somebody

that is not alarmed with the situation, open a new oil tank. This can cause waste of

material and loss of money to our faculty.

Based on the situation, LHD is made to pump out the liquid substances easily

and is equipped by single stage pump to pump out the liquid and ultrasonic sensor to

detect the balance of liquid in the tank attached with the alarm device. The sensor will

be programmed and controlled by microcontroller on Arduino board.

6

The sensor will alarm people about the remaining balance of the oil in the tank

by trigger the visual signal device and display it on an electronic visual device that will

be connected to the sensor.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

There are 2 main objectives that are highlighted in this project.

i. To develop and analysis liquid handling device at Faculty of Manufacturing

Engineering (FKP) lab.

ii. To compare the speed and time taken between using rotary hand drum pump and

liquid handling device in handling Castrol Cooledge BI and Shell Tellus 68 in

FKP lab.

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

Liquid handling device prototype (LHD) has been recommended for handling

two main liquid substances in FKP laboratory which are Cooledge BI and Tellus 68.

This project is dividing into three phases. Phase I is designing system, Phase II is

programming and Phase HI is building circuit and hardware.

For phase I, the system is been designed to define the equipment and materials

needed to design the LHD. The design of the device showed the flow path of liquid

substances that is built in piping system.

Phase II where the programming is built. Arduino board is used to link give

command to the electronics components in the device, except the piping system.

Programming is made using Arduino integrated development environment (IDE)

software in C programming language. The programming will be divided in two main

system, which is manually and automatically handling system. It is transferred to

Arduino board using universal serial bus (USB) cable.

7

Phase III is building circuit and hardware. The hardware prototype is made

based on design of the system in Phase I. The hardware been made to be compatible

with the flow rate of Cooledge BI and Tellus 68 liquid substance. The circuit is put in a

box casing to avoid contact with the liquid substances, avoiding short circuit from

happened.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LIQUID HANDLING DEVICE

Liquid handling device prototype (LHD) is made in this project as a device that

can be implemented in the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering (FKP) milling

laboratory. It is a device that can overcome several issues faced by the existed rotary

hand drum pump (RHDP) that is used in the lab from beginning. LHD used a few

equipment that help transfer out and refilling liquid substances into the tank.

Lim et a!, (2003) has proposed a liquid handling device that used pumping

method, use an external roller to squeeze out fluid in an integrated micro channel. It

used microfluidic system, which is using microfluidic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

chip based on electric forces. The experiment in this research using a mechanism of

squeezing pumping to measure the pumping rate based on the speed of roller.

The illustration of the mechanism is based on Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2

represents schematic diagram of a squeezing pump unit, where 1 represent a squeezing

roller, 2 the cover plate of a micro channel, 3 a micro channel containing a pumping

medium, and 4 the base plate of the micro channel. It has opposite equally direction

which are forward (A) and backward (B) pumping schemes. Result of the experiment is

the roller speed is directly proportional to the pumping rate, in both opposite and

backward position based on Figure 2.3.

(B) _

rC_ Figure 2.1: Illustration of mechanism of squeezing pumping (Lim et al, 2003)

Figure 2.2: A schematic representation of a squeezing pump unit, (1) The controller for

a motorized actuator, (2) a motorized actuator, (3) a linear translational stage, (4) a z-

axis translator, (5) a home-made roller holder, (6) a squeezing roller, (7) a PDMS chip

with a pumping micro channel, and (8) a support plate for the chip. (Lim et al, 2003)

10

3000

2000

1000

100 200 300 400 Roller Speed (.tm/s)

Figure 2.3: Bi-directional (forward and backward) pumping rates corresponding to

roller speeds on a linear micro channel (Lim et al, 2003)

Research by Pidoll (2013) is about literature survey on electrostatics test of

liquid handling system under worst case condition. The testing equipment is dealt for

flowing solvent, fuel, contaminated liquids, spraying liquids, and reconstruction of

accidents. There are two test method are made to check the chargeability of fuel. In

method 1, test fuel is flowed from a dispenser through grounded fuel dispensing nozzle

with fuel dispenser filter attached to nozzle inlet into a container at 45 I/min and the

flow to earth from container must exceed 100 nA. In method 2, a vehicle pump flow test

fuel through grounded filter at 120 1/h into metal container. The current flow must

exceed 25 nA, from container to earth. In conclusion, all five condition of the

experiment show that the recommended lowest application temperature is below

freezing point, measuring at 4.5 ± 1.5 °C.

Valve and micro pump (VAMP) is a device that is able to control fluid flow in

both directions; forward and reversed, using valve mode and two-direction working of

micropump (Stehr et al, 1996). VAMP had been through experiment to discuss the

frequency-dependent pump effect and tested for water, oil and gas. Based on Figure 2.4,

a mechanism consists of a pump chamber, bounded by a pump diaphragm, two fluid

ports and an elastic buffer element is been made.

11

Using oil, water and gas, the performance of the VAMP is analyzed based on the

pressure, voltage and frequency act on it and their effects to the liquids and gas flow

rate in several different types of VAMP. Figure 2.5 show one of the result showing the

effect of back pressure characteristic to the pump rate using water and device Al. It

shows that lower pressure apply on it with higher frequency produce low pump rate

compare to the one that is lower frequency.

adhesive 1ezo-bmorph dlhragm adhesive

Figure 2.4: Schematic of a micro pump with elastic buffer mechanism (Stehr et al,

1996)

low-

I

(55 HZ) VdW90 15DV

am -Rock wow

(14O I) - •

2 4

Figure 2.5: Back-pressure characteristic using fluid (water) and device Al (Stehr et

al, 1996)

ischarge\

Impeller

Suction Casing

Casing

peller

Suction r :ye

Impeller

Discharge St

12

2.2 SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A pump is a machine that increases pressure of fluid by increasing its energy. A

centrifugal pump is a pump that uses rotating impeller and rotational mechanism to

increase the pressure of a fluid. The fluid enters the pump near the rotating axis, flowing

into the rotating impeller. The impeller consists of a rotating disc with several vanes

attached which is normally slope backwards, reversely from the direction of rotation.

When the fluid is streaming into the impeller at a certain speed due to the suction

system, it is captured by the rotating impeller vanes. Based on Figure 2.6 which is pump

mechanism of Goulds (Modell 3185), the fluid is increased by pulse transmission,

following the curvature of the impeller vanes from the impeller centre or eye outwards.

It reaches its maximum velocity at the impeller's outer diameter and leaves the impeller

into a diffuser or container.

Figure 2.6: Principle of centrifugal pump of Goulds-model 3185

(http://www.gouldspumps.com)

Single stage pump is different by double stage pump by its amount of suction

flow. Single stage pump or known as single suction pump only having one pump inlet

and outlet, while double stage pump (double suction pump) has two inlets and outlet.

The principle of both pumps can be referred on Figure 2.7, based on pump Goulds

(model 3185 and model 3409).

Double Suction (Goulds - Model! 3409) Single Suction (Goutds -Modell 3185)

13

Figure 2.7: Single and double stage (suction) pump (http://www.gouldspumps.com )

Research by Rzentkowski et al, (2000) is about variation energy emitted from

different designs of centrifugal pump. It is affected by magnitude of pressure pulsation

at the pump discharge and non-resonance free. Rzentkowski et al, have formulated

experimental method in examining characteristics of pump at the blade-passing

frequency. They assess the effects of resonance in test loop, then decompose measured

signal with the pump action and loop acoustic in a linear superposition of pressure wave

transmission and excitation. The results conclude that the pump act either as pressure or

velocity source or in the test loop (Figure 2.8), there is nearly resonance effects

affecting the performance of pumps. The pressure wave also travelling in the direction

of pump outlet defines the pump pulsation level, depends on the pump designs

Venturi

Figure 2.8: Test loop layout and instrumentation (number is the location of pressure

transducer) (Rzentkowski et al, 2000)