Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh

1. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 1 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Ng php ting Anh Mc lc Tm tt ng php ting Anh ...................................................................................................................... 7 1. Cu trc chung ca mt cu trong ting Anh:..................................................................................... 7 1.1 Subject (ch ng):........................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 Verb (ng t): ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.3 Complement (v ng):.................................................................................................................. 8 1.4 Modifier (trng t):...................................................................................................................... 8 2. Noun phrase (ng danh t)................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Danh t m c v khng m c (Count noun/ Non-count noun): ...................................... 8 2.2 Cch dng qun t khng xc nh "a" v "an" .......................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Dng an vi: .................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Dng a vi:...................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Cch dng qun t xc nh "The" ............................................................................................. 10 2.3.1 Sau y l mt s trng hp thng dng dng The theo quy tc trn:................................. 11 2.3.2 Bng s dng "the" v khng s dng "the" trong mt s trng hp in hnh................... 12 2.4 Cch s dng another v other. .................................................................................................. 13 2.5 Cch s dng little, a little, few, a few........................................................................................ 14 2.6 S hu cch ............................................................................................................................... 14 3. Verb phrase (ng ng t) ............................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Present tenses (cc thi hin ti)................................................................................................. 16 3.1.1 Simple Present (thi hin ti thng)................................................................................... 16 3.1.2 Present Progressive (thi hin ti tip din) ......................................................................... 16 3.1.3 Present Perfect (thi hin ti hon thnh)............................................................................. 17 3.1.3.1 Cch dng SINCE v FOR: .......................................................................................... 18 3.1.3.2 Cch dng ALREADY v YET:................................................................................... 18 3.1.3.3 Thi hin ti hon thnh thng dc dng vi mt s cm t ch thi gian nh sau:... 18 3.1.4 Present Perfect Progressive (thi hin ti hon thnh tip din) ........................................... 19 3.2 Past tenses (cc thi qu kh)..................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1 Simple Past (thi qu kh thng): ..................................................................................... 19 3.2.2 Past Progresseive (thi qu kh tip din): .......................................................................... 20 3.2.3 Past Perfect (thi qu kh hon thnh): ............................................................................... 21 3.2.4 Past Perfect Progressive (thi qu kh hon thnh tip din): .............................................. 22 3.3 Future tenses (cc thi tng lai) ............................................................................................... 22 3.3.1 Simple Future (thi tng lai thng): ................................................................................ 23 3.3.2 Near Future (tng lai gn): ................................................................................................ 23 3.3.3 Future Progressive (thi tng lai tip din):....................................................................... 23 3.3.4 Future Perfect (thi tng lai hon thnh): .......................................................................... 24 4. S ha hp gia ch ng v ng t................................................................................................ 24 4.1 Cc trng hp ch ng ng tch khi ng t ........................................................................ 24 4.2 Cc t lun i vi danh t hoc i t s t................................................................................. 25 4.3 Cch s dng None v No.......................................................................................................... 26 4.4 Cch s dng cu trc either... or (hoc...hoc) v neither... nor (khng...m cng khng) ......... 26

2. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 2 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS 4.5 V-ing lm ch ng ..................................................................................................................... 27 4.6 Cc danh t tp th..................................................................................................................... 27 4.7 Cch s dng a number of, the number of: ................................................................................. 28 4.8 Cc danh t lun s nhiu ....................................................................................................... 28 4.9 Cch dng there is, there are ...................................................................................................... 29 5. i t .............................................................................................................................................. 30 5.1 Subject pronoun (i t nhn xng ch ng) ............................................................................. 30 5.2 Complement pronoun (i t nhn xng tn ng)...................................................................... 31 5.3 Possessive pronoun (i t s hu)............................................................................................ 32 5.3.1 Possessive adjectives (Tnh t s hu)................................................................................. 32 5.4 Reflexive pronoun (i t phn thn) ........................................................................................ 32 6. Tn ng (complement / object) v cc vn lin quan ................................................................... 33 6.1 ng t dng lm tn ng.......................................................................................................... 33 6.1.1. Loi 1: ng t nguyn th lm tn ng (to + verb) ........................................................... 33 6.1.2. Loi 2: ng t Verb-ing dng lm tn ng ....................................................................... 33 6.1.3 Bng di y l nhng ng t m tn ng sau n c th l mt ng t nguyn th hoc mt verb-ing m ng ngha khng thay i. ................................................................................. 34 6.1.4 Bn ng t c bit ........................................................................................................... 34 6.1.5 ng t ng sau gii t..................................................................................................... 35 6.1.5.1 Verb + preposition + verb-ing....................................................................................... 35 6.1.5.2 Adjective + preposition + verb-ing: .............................................................................. 35 6.1.5.3 Noun + preposition + verb-ing:..................................................................................... 36 6.1.6 ng t i sau tnh t:......................................................................................................... 36 6.2 i t ng trc ng t nguyn th hoc V-ing trong tn ng ................................................ 36 6.2.1 Trng hp tn ng l ng t nguyn th .......................................................................... 37 6.2.2 Trng hp tn ng l V-ing............................................................................................... 37 7. Mt s ng t c bit (need, dare, to be, get)................................................................................ 37 7.1 Need .......................................................................................................................................... 37 7.1.1 Need dng nh mt ng t thng: ................................................................................... 37 7.1.2 Need dng nh mt tr ng t........................................................................................... 38 7.2 Dare (dm)................................................................................................................................. 38 7.2.1 Dng nh mt ni ng t................................................................................................... 38 7.2.2 Dng nh mt ngoi ng t............................................................................................... 39 7.3 Cch s dng to be trong mt s trng hp .............................................................................. 39 7.4 Cch s dng to get trong mt s trng hp: ............................................................................ 40 7.4.1. To get + P2......................................................................................................................... 40 7.4.2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: Bt u lm g....................................................................... 40 7.4.3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lm cho ai/ ci g bt u.................................................................... 40 7.4.4. Get + to + verb ................................................................................................................... 40 7.4.5. Get + to + Verb (v hnh ng) = Come + to + Verb (v nhn thc) = Gradually = dn dn40 8. Cu hi............................................................................................................................................ 41 8.1 Cu hi Yes/ No......................................................................................................................... 41 8.2 Cu hi ly thng tin (information question) .............................................................................. 41 8.2.1 Who hoc What: cu hi ch ng........................................................................................ 41 8.2.2 Whom hoc What: cu hi tn ng...................................................................................... 42 8.2.3 When, Where, How v Why: Cu hi b ng ...................................................................... 42 3. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 3 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS 8.3 Cu hi phc (embedded question) ............................................................................................ 42 8.4 Cu hi ui (tag questions)....................................................................................................... 43 9. Li ni ph ha................................................................................................................................ 44 9.1 Ph ho cu khng nh ............................................................................................................. 44 9.2 Ph ho cu ph nh................................................................................................................. 45 10. Cu ph nh (negation)................................................................................................................. 45 10.1 Some/any:................................................................................................................................ 46 10.2 Mt s cc cu hi dng ph nh li mang ngha khc (khng dng du ?): ...................... 46 10.3 Hai ln ph nh....................................................................................................................... 46 10.4 Ph nh kt hp vi so snh.................................................................................................... 46 10.5 Cu trc ph nh song song .................................................................................................... 46 10.6 Ph nh khng dng th ph nh ca ng t ........................................................................ 47 10.7 Th ph nh ca mt s ng t c bit................................................................................. 47 10.8 No matter................................................................................................................................. 47 10.9 Cch dng Not ... at all; at all ................................................................................................... 48 11. Cu mnh lnh............................................................................................................................... 48 11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip .......................................................................................................... 48 11.2 Mnh lnh gin tip:................................................................................................................. 48 11.3 Dng ph nh ca cu mnh lnh............................................................................................ 48 12. Cc tr ng t (Modal Auxiliaries)............................................................................................... 49 12.1 Cu ph nh dng tr ng t................................................................................................. 49 12.2 Cu nghi vn dng tr ng t ................................................................................................. 50 13. Cu iu kin................................................................................................................................. 50 13.1 iu kin c th thc hin c (iu kin c thc hay iu kin dng I)................................. 50 13.2 iu kin khng th thc hin c (iu kin khng c thc hay iu kin dng II, III)......... 51 13.2.1 iu kin khng c thc hin ti (dng II)...................................................................... 51 13.2.2 iu kin khng c thc trong qu kh (dng III) ............................................................. 51 13.3 Cch s dng will, would, could, should trong mt s trng hp khc ................................... 52 13.4 Cch s dng if trong mt s trng hp khc ......................................................................... 52 13.5 Cch s dng Hope v Wish. ................................................................................................... 54 13.5.1 Wish tng lai:............................................................................................................... 54 13.5.2 Wish hin ti .................................................................................................................. 55 13.5.3 Wish qu kh ................................................................................................................. 55 13.6 Cch s dng as if, as though (c nh l, nh th l)................................................................ 55 13.6.1 thi hin ti: .................................................................................................................. 56 13.6.2 Thi qu kh:.................................................................................................................... 56 13.7 Cch s dng used to, (to be/get) used to.................................................................................. 56 13.7.1 Used to + Verb:................................................................................................................. 56 13.7.2 To be/ to get used to + V-ing/ Noun: Tr nn quen vi...................................................... 57 13.8 Cch s dng would rather....................................................................................................... 57 13.8.1 Loi cu c mt ch ng ................................................................................................... 58 13.8.1.1 Thi hin ti: .............................................................................................................. 58 13.8.1.2 Thi qu kh: ............................................................................................................. 58 13.8.2 Loi cu c hai ch ng..................................................................................................... 58 13.8.2.1 Cu cu kin hin ti (present subjunctive): ............................................................. 58 13.8.2.2 Cu gi nh i lp vi thc t hin ti................................................................... 58 4. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 4 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS 13.8.2.3 Cu gi nh tri ngc vi thc t qu kh............................................................. 59 14. Cch dng mt s tr ng t hnh thi thi hin ti ................................................................... 59 14.1 Cch s dng Would + like ...................................................................................................... 59 14.2 Cch s dng could/may/might:............................................................................................... 60 14.3 Cch s dng Should: .............................................................................................................. 60 14.4 Cch s dng Must .................................................................................................................. 61 14.5 Cch s dng have to ............................................................................................................... 61 15. Dng tr ng t din t tnh hung qu kh (modal + perfective) .......................................... 61 15.1 Could, may, might + have + P2 = c l ................................................................................. 61 15.2 Should have + P2 = L ra phi, l ra nn................................................................................... 62 15.3 Must have + P2 = chc l , hn l ...................................................................................... 62 16. Cch dng should trong mt s trng hp c th khc ................................................................. 62 17. Tnh t v ph t ........................................................................................................................... 63 17.1 Tnh t..................................................................................................................................... 63 17.2 Ph t ...................................................................................................................................... 64 17.2.1 Adverb of manner: ............................................................................................................ 65 17.2.2 Adverb of place:................................................................................................................ 66 17.2.3 Adverb of time: ................................................................................................................. 67 17.2.4 Adverb of frequency:......................................................................................................... 67 17.2.5 Disjunctive adverb:............................................................................................................ 67 18. Lin t (linking verb)..................................................................................................................... 67 19. Cc dng so snh ca tnh t v ph t........................................................................................... 68 19.1 So snh ngang bng.................................................................................................................. 68 19.2 So snh hn km...................................................................................................................... 70 19.3 Php so snh khng hp l....................................................................................................... 72 19.3.1 S hu cch:...................................................................................................................... 72 19.3.2 Dng thm that of cho danh t s t:.................................................................................. 72 19.3.3 Dng thm those of cho cc danh t s nhiu: ................................................................... 72 19.4 Cc tnh t v ph t c bit................................................................................................... 73 19.5 So snh bi s .......................................................................................................................... 73 19.6 So snh kp.............................................................................................................................. 74 19.7 Cu trc No sooner... than (Va mi ... th ...) ...................................................................... 75 19.8 So snh hn km khng dng than (gia 2 i tng).............................................................. 75 19.9 So snh bc nht (t 3 i tng tr ln) .................................................................................. 76 20. Danh t dng lm tnh t ............................................................................................................... 76 20.1 Khi no dng danh t lm tnh t, khi no dng tnh t ca danh t ?................................... 77 21. Cch dng Enough......................................................................................................................... 77 22. Much, many, a lot of v lots of trong mt s trng hp khc ..................................................... 77 22.1 Much & many.......................................................................................................................... 77 22.2 Phn bit alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal vi many/ much...................................................... 79 22.3 More & most............................................................................................................................ 79 22.4 Long & (for) a long time .......................................................................................................... 80 23. Cc cm t ni mang tnh quan h nhn qu .................................................................................. 81 23.1 Because, Because of................................................................................................................. 81 23.2 So that...................................................................................................................................... 81 23.3 So v such................................................................................................................................ 82 5. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 5 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS 23.3.1 Dng vi tnh t v ph t:................................................................................................ 82 23.3.2 Dng vi danh t m c s nhiu: ............................................................................... 82 23.3.3 Dng vi danh t khng m c:.................................................................................. 82 23.3.4 Dng vi danh t m c s t:..................................................................................... 83 23.3.5 Dng such trc tnh t + danh t: .................................................................................... 83 23.4 Mt s cm t ni khc:........................................................................................................... 83 23.4.1 Even if + negative verb: cho d. ........................................................................................ 83 23.4.2 Whether or not + positive verb: d c hay khng. .............................................................. 83 23.4.3 Cc t nghi vn ng u cu dng lm t ni .................................................................. 83 23.4.4 Mt s cc t ni c quy lut ring.................................................................................... 84 23.4.5 Unless + positive = if ... not: Tr phi, nu khng............................................................... 84 23.4.6 But for that + unreal condition: Nu khng th................................................................... 84 23.4.7 Otherwise + real condition: Ko, nu khng th. ................................................................ 84 23.4.8 Otherwise + unreal condition: Ko, nu khng th. ............................................................ 84 23.4.9 Provided/Providing that: Vi iu kin l, min l ( = as long as) ..................................... 84 23.4.10 Suppose/Supposing = What ... if : Gi s .... th sao, Nu ..... th sao................................. 84 23.4.11 If only + S + simple present/will + verb = hope that: hi vng rng................................... 85 23.4.12 If only + S + simple past/past perfect = wish that (Cu /k khng thc = gi m)............ 85 23.4.13 If only + S + would + V:.................................................................................................. 85 23.4.14 Immediately = as soon as = the moment (that) = the instant that = directly: ngay lp tc/ ngay khi m ................................................................................................................................. 85 24. Cu b ng (passive voice) ........................................................................................................... 85 25. Mt s cu trc cu khin (causative)............................................................................................. 87 25.1 To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khin ai, bo ai lm g ..................................... 87 25.2 To have/to get sth done = lm mt vic g bng cch thu ngi khc ...................................... 87 25.3 To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth = Bt buc ai phi lm g.......................................... 88 25.4.1 To make sb + P2 = lm cho ai b lm sao........................................................................... 88 25.4.2 To cause sth + P2 = lm cho ci g b lm sao.................................................................... 88 25.5 To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = cho ai, cho php ai lm g .......................... 88 25.6 To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gip ai lm g ............................................................................. 88 25.7 Ba ng t c bit: see, watch, hear ....................................................................................... 89 26. Cu phc hp v i t quan h ..................................................................................................... 89 26.1 That v which lm ch ng ca mnh ph ........................................................................... 89 26.2 That v which lm tn ng ca mnh ph ............................................................................ 89 26.3 Who lm ch ng ca mnh ph.......................................................................................... 90 26.4 Whom lm tn ng ca mnh ph........................................................................................ 90 26.5 Mnh ph bt buc v khng bt buc................................................................................. 90 26.5.1 Mnh ph bt buc. ...................................................................................................... 90 26.5.2 Mnh ph khng bt buc............................................................................................. 90 26.5.3 Tm quan trng ca vic s dng du phy i vi mnh ph....................................... 91 26.6 Cch s dng All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which ................................ 91 26.7 Cch loi b i t quan h trong mnh ph ........................................................................ 92 27. Cch s dng mt s cu trc P1 .................................................................................................... 92 28. Cch s dng mt s cu trc P2 .................................................................................................... 93 29. Nhng cch s dng khc ca that................................................................................................. 94 29.1 That dng vi t cch l mt lin t (rng)............................................................................... 94 6. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 6 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS 29.1.1 Trng hp khng bt buc phi c that............................................................................ 94 29.1.2 Trng hp bt buc phi c that. ..................................................................................... 94 29.2 Mnh that ............................................................................................................................ 94 29.2.1 Dng vi ch ng gi it v tnh t. .................................................................................... 94 29.2.2 Dng vi ng t to thnh mt mnh c lp.............................................................. 95 30. Cu gi nh (subjunctive) ............................................................................................................. 95 30.1 Dng vi would rather that....................................................................................................... 95 30.2 Dng vi ng t. .................................................................................................................... 96 30.3 Dng vi tnh t....................................................................................................................... 96 30.4 Th gi nh trong mt s trng hp khc .............................................................................. 97 31. Li ni bao hm (inclusive)............................................................................................................ 98 31.1 Not only ..... but also (khng nhng ... m cn) ........................................................................ 98 31.2 As well as (va ... va ...)......................................................................................................... 99 31.3 Both ..... and... (va ... va)...................................................................................................... 99 32. to know, to know how.................................................................................................................... 99 33. Mnh th hin s nhng b ....................................................................................................100 33.1 Despite/Inspite of (bt chp, cho d, ...) ..................................................................................100 33.2 Although/Even though/Though (mc du)...............................................................................100 33.3 However + adj + S + linkverb = d c .... i chng na th .... .................................................101 33.4 Although/ Albeit + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier.......................................................101 34. Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln....................................................................................................101 35. Mt s cc ng t c bit khc ..................................................................................................103 36. S ph hp v thi gia hai v ca mt cu ..................................................................................103 37. Cch s dng to say, to tell ...........................................................................................................104 38. One v You ...................................................................................................................................105 38.1 One.........................................................................................................................................105 38.2 You.........................................................................................................................................106 39. i trc i t phi c mt danh t tng ng vi n ...................................................................106 40. S dng V-ing, to + verb m u mt cu ................................................................................107 40.1 S dng Verb-ing....................................................................................................................107 40.2 ng t nguyn th (to + verb) m u cu.............................................................................109 41. ng t (V-ing, V-ed) dng lm tnh t........................................................................................109 42. Thng tin tha (redundancy).........................................................................................................110 43. Cu trc song song trong cu ........................................................................................................110 44. Chuyn i v tr tn ng trc tip v gin tip..............................................................................111 45. Cu trc tip v cu gin tip........................................................................................................112 46. Khi ph t ng u cu nhn mnh, phi o cu trc cu......................................................113 Cch lm bi trc nghim ng php........................................................................................................116 Nhng t d gy nhm ln......................................................................................................................117 47. Cch s dng gii t.....................................................................................................................120 48. Mt s ng ng t thng gp ....................................................................................................123 Bng cc ng t bt quy tc..................................................................................................................124 7. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 7 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Tm tt ng php ting Anh 1. Cu trc chung ca mt cu trong ting Anh: Mt cu trong ting Anh thng bao gm cc thnh phn sau y: V d: SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT MODIFIER John and I ate a pizza last night. We studied "present perfect" last week. He runs very fast. I like walking. 1.1 Subject (ch ng): Ch ng l ch th ca hnh ng trong cu, thng ng trc ng t (verb). Ch ng thng l mt danh t (noun) hoc mt ng danh t (noun phrase - mt nhm t kt thc bng mt danh t, trong trng hp ny ng danh t khng c bt u bng mt gii t). Ch ng thng ng u cu v quyt nh vic chia ng t. Ch rng mi cu trong ting Anh u c ch ng (Trong cu mnh lnh, ch ng c ngm hiu l ngi nghe. V d: Don't move! = ng im!). Milk is delicious. (mt danh t) That new, red car is mine. (mt ng danh t) i khi cu khng c ch ng tht s, trong trng hp , It hoc There ng vai tr ch ng gi. It is a nice day today. There is a fire in that building. There were many students in the room. It is the fact that the earth goes around the sun. 1.2 Verb (ng t): 8. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 8 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS ng t l t ch hnh ng hoc trng thi ca ch ng. Mi cu u phi c ng t. N c th l mt t n hoc mt ng ng t. Ng ng t (verb phrase) l mt nhm t gm mt hoc nhiu tr ng t (auxiliary) v mt ng t chnh. I love you. (ch hnh ng) Chilli is hot. (ch trng thi) I have seen the movie three times before. (auxiliary: have; main verb: seen) I am going to Sai Gon tomorrow. (auxiliary: am; main verb: going) 1.3 Complement (v ng): V ng l t hoc cm t ch i tng tc ng ca ch ng. Cng ging nh ch ng, v ng thng l danh t hoc ng danh t khng bt u bng gii t, tuy nhin v ng thng ng sau ng t. Khng phi cu no cng c complement. V ng tr li cho cu hi What? hoc Whom? John bought a car yesterday. (What did John buy?) Jill wants to drink some water. (What does he want to drink?) She saw John at the movie last night. (Whom did she see at the movie?) 1.4 Modifier (trng t): Trng t l t hoc cm t ch thi gian, a im hoc cch thc ca hnh ng. Khng phi cu no cng c trng t. Chng thng l cc cm gii t (prepositional phrase), ph t (adverb) hoc mt cm ph t (adverbial phrase). Chng tr li cu hi When?, Where? hoc How? Mt cm gii t l mt cm t bt u bng mt gii t v kt thc bng mt danh t (VD: in the morning, on the table,...). Nu c nhiu trng t trong cu th trng t ch thi gian thng i sau cng. John bought a book at the bookstore. (Where did John buy a book?) She saw John at the movie last night. (Where did she see John? When did she see him?) She drives very fast. (How does she drive?) Ch rng trng t thng i sau v ng nhng khng nht thit. Tuy nhin trng t l cm gii t khng c nm gia ng t v v ng. She drove on the street her new car. (Sai) She drove her new car on the street. (ng) 2. Noun phrase (ng danh t) 2.1 Danh t m c v khng m c (Count noun/ Non-count noun): Danh t m c: L danh t c th dng c vi s m, do n c 2 hnh thi s t v s nhiu. N dng c vi a hay vi the. VD: one book, two books, ... Danh t khng m c: Khng dng c vi s m, do n khng c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. 9. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 9 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS N khng th dng c vi a, cn the ch trong mt s trng hp c bit. VD: milk (sa). Bn khng th ni "one milk", "two milks" ... (Mt s vt cht khng m c c th c cha trong cc bnh ng, bao b... m c. VD: one glass of milk - mt cc sa). Mt s danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit. VD: person - people; child - children; tooth teeth; foot feet; mouse mice ... Mt s danh t m c c dng s t/ s nhiu nh nhau ch phn bit bng c "a" v khng c "a": an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish. Mt s cc danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water ... i khi c dng nh cc danh t s nhiu ch cc dng, loi khc nhau ca vt liu . This is one of the foods that my doctor wants me to eat. Danh t "time" nu dng vi ngha l "thi gian" l khng m c nhng khi dng vi ngha l "thi i" hay "s ln" l danh t m c. You have spent too much time on that homework. (thi gian, khng m c) I have seen that movie three times before. (s ln, m c) Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi cc danh t m c v khng m c. WITH COUNTABLE NOUN WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUN a(n), the, some, any the, some, any this, that, these, those this, that none, one, two, three,... None many a lot of a [large / great] number of (a) few fewer... than more....than much (thng dng trong cu ph nh, cu hi) a lot of a large amount of (a) little less....than more....than Mt s t khng m c nn bit: sand food meat water money news measles (bnh si) soap information air mumps (bnh quai b) economics physics mathematics politics homework Note: advertising l danh t khng m c nhng advertisement l danh t m c, ch mt qung co c th no . 10. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 10 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS There are too many advertisements during TV shows. 2.2 Cch dng qun t khng xc nh "a" v "an" Dng a hoc an trc mt danh t s t m c. Chng c ngha l mt. Chng c dng trong cu c tnh khi qut hoc cp n mt ch th cha c cp t trc. A ball is round. (ngha chung, khi qut, ch tt c cc qu bng) I saw a boy in the street. (chng ta khng bit cu b no, cha c cp trc ) 2.2.1 Dng an vi: Qun t an c dng trc t bt u bng nguyn m (trong cch pht m, ch khng phi trong cch vit). Bao gm: Cc t bt u bng cc nguyn m a, e, i, o: an aircraft, an empty glass, an object Mt s t bt u bng u, y: an uncle, an umbrella Mt s t bt u bng h cm: an heir, haft an hour Cc t m u bng mt ch vit tt: an S.O.S/ an M.P 2.2.2 Dng a vi: Dng a trc cc t bt u bng mt ph m. Chng bao gm cc ch ci cn li v mt s trng hp bt u bng u, y, h. VD: a house, a university, a home party, a heavy load, a uniform, a union, a year income,... ng trc mt danh t m u bng "uni..." phi dng "a" (a university/ a uniform/ universal/ union) (Europe, eulogy (li ca ngi), euphemism (li ni tri), eucalyptus (cy khuynh dip) Dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh nh: a lot of/a great deal of/a couple/a dozen. Dng trc nhng s m nht nh thng l hng ngn, hng trm nh a/one hundred - a/one thousand. Dng trc "half" (mt na) khi n theo sau mt n v nguyn vn: a kilo and a half, hay khi n i ghp vi mt danh t khc ch na phn (khi vit c du gch ni): a half - share, a half - holiday (ngy l ch ngh na ngy). Dng vi cc n v phn s nh 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth. Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, 4 times a day. 2.3 Cch dng qun t xc nh "The" Dng the trc mt danh t c xc nh c th v mt tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc c cp n trc , hoc nhng khi nim ph thng, ai cng bit. The boy in the corner is my friend. (C ngi ni v ngi nghe u bit l cu b no) The earth is round. (Ch c mt tri t, ai cng bit) 11. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 11 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Vi danh t khng m c, dng the nu ni n mt vt c th, khng dng the nu ni chung. Sugar is sweet. (Ch cc loi ng ni chung) The sugar on the table is from Cuba. (C th l ng trn bn) Vi danh t m c s nhiu, khi chng c ngha i din chung cho mt lp cc vt cng loi th cng khng dng the. Oranges are green until they ripen. (Cam ni chung) Athletes should follow a well-balanced diet. (Vn ng vin ni chung) 2.3.1 Sau y l mt s trng hp thng dng dng The theo quy tc trn: The + danh t + gii t + danh t: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico. Dng trc nhng tnh t so snh bc nht hoc only: The only way, the best day. Dng cho nhng khong thi gian xc nh (thp nin): In the 1990s The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph: The man to whom you have just spoken is the chairman. The + danh t s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt: The whale = whales (loi c voi), the deep-freeze (thc n ng lnh) i vi man khi mang ngha "loi ngi" tuyt i khng c dng the: Since man lived on the earth ... (k t khi loi ngi sinh sng trn tri t ny) Dng trc mt danh t s t ch mt nhm, mt hng ngi nht nh trong x hi: The small shopkeeper: Gii ch tim nh/ The top offcial: Gii quan chc cao cp The + adj: Tng trng cho mt nhm ngi, chng khng bao gi c php s nhiu nhng c xem l cc danh t s nhiu. Do vy ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu: The old = The old people; The old are often very hard in their moving The + tn gi cc i hp xng/ dn nhc c in/ ban nhc ph thng: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles. The + tn gi cc t bo (khng tp ch)/ tu bin/ cc khinh kh cu: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg The + h ca mt gia nh s nhiu = gia nh nh: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children Thng thng khng dng the trc tn ring tr trng hp c nhiu ngi hoc vt cng tn v ngi ni mun m ch mt ngi c th trong s : There are three Sunsan Parkers in the telephone directory. The Sunsan Parker that I know lives on the First Avenue. Tng t, khng dng "the" trc ba n: breakfast, lunch, dinner: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning. Tr khi mun m ch mt ba n c th: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious. Khng dng "the" trc mt s danh t nh home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v... khi n i vi cc ng t v gii t ch chuyn ng ch i n l mc ch chnh hoc ra khi cng v mc ch chnh: Students go to school everyday. The patient was released from hospital. Nhng nu n hoc ra khi khng v mc ch chnh th dng "the". 12. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 12 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Students go to the school for a class party. The doctor left the hospital for lunch. 2.3.2 Bng s dng "the" v khng s dng "the" trong mt s trng hp in hnh C "The" Khng "The" + Dng trc tn cc i dng, sng ngi, bin, vnh v cc cm h (s nhiu) The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes + Trc tn cc dy ni: The Rocky Mountains + Trc tn nhng vt th duy nht trong v tr hoc trn th gii: The earth, the moon + The schools, colleges, universities + of + danh t ring The University of Florida + The + s th t + danh t The third chapter. + Trc tn cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu kin tn khu vc phi c tnh t ho The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese economy) + Trc tn cc nc c hai t tr ln (ngoi tr Great Britain) The United States, The Central African Republic + Trc tn cc nc c coi l mt qun o hoc mt qun o The Philipines, The Virgin Islands, The Hawaii + Trc tn cc ti liu hoc s kin lch s The Constitution, The Magna Carta + Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu s the Indians + Trc tn mt h Lake Geneva + Trc tn mt ngn ni Mount Vesuvius + Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chm sao Venus, Mars + Trc tn cc trng ny nu trc n l mt tn ring Stetson University + Trc cc danh t i cng vi mt s m Chapter three, Word War One + Trc tn cc nc ch c mt t: China, France, Venezuela, Vietnam + Trc tn cc nc m u bng New, mt tnh t ch hng: New Zealand, North Korean, France + Trc tn cc lc a, tnh, tiu bang, thnh ph, qun, huyn: Europe, Florida + Trc tn bt k mn th thao no baseball, basketball + Trc cc danh t tru tng (tr mt s trng hp c bit): 13. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 13 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS + Trc tn cc mn hc c th The Solid matter Physics + Trc tn cc nhc c khi cp n cc nhc c ni chung hoc khi chi cc nhc c . The violin is difficult to play Who is that on the piano freedom, happiness + Trc tn cc mn hc ni chung mathematics + Trc tn cc ngy l, tt Christmas, Thanksgiving + Trc tn cc loi hnh nhc c trong cc hnh thc m nhc c th (Jazz, Rock, classical music..) To perform jazz on trumpet and piano 2.4 Cch s dng another v other. Hai t ny thng gy nhm ln. Dng vi danh t m c Dng vi danh t khng m c an + other + danh t m c s t = mt ci na, mt ci khc, mt ngi na, mt ngi khc (= one more). another pencil = one more pencil the other + danh t m c s t = ci cui cng cn li (ca mt b), ngi cn li (ca mt nhm), = last of the set. the other pencil = the last pencil present Khng dng Other + danh t m c s nhiu = my ci na, my ci khc, my ngi na, my ngi khc (= more of the set). other pencils = some more pencils The other + danh t m c s nhiu = nhng ci cn li (ca mt b), nhng ngi cn li (ca mt nhm), = the rest of the set. the other pencils = all remaining pencils Other + danh t khng m c = mt cht na (= more of the set). other water = some more water The other + danh t khng m c = ch cn st li. the other water = the remaining water Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh; nu ch ng l bit (c nhc n trc ) th ta c th b danh t i sau another hoc other, ch cn dng another hoc other nh mt i t l . Khi danh t s nhiu b lc bt (trong cch ni tt nu trn) th other tr thnh others. Khng bao gi c dng others + danh t s nhiu: I Don 't want this book. Please give me another. (another = any other book - not specific) I Don 't want this book. Please give me the other. 14. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 14 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS (the other = the other book, specific) This chemical is poisonous. Others are poisonous too. (others = the other chemicals, not specific) I Don 't want these books. Please give me the others. (the others = the other books, specific) Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng one hoc ones ng sau another hoc other thay cho danh t: I Don 't want this book. Please give me another one. I don't want this book. Please give me the other one. This chemical is poisonous. Other ones are poisonous too. I don't want these books. Please give me the other ones. This hoc that c th dng vi one nhng these v those khng c dng vi ones, mc d c 4 t ny u c th dng thay cho danh t (vi vai tr l i t) khi khng i vi one hoc ones: I don't want this book. I want that. 2.5 Cch s dng little, a little, few, a few Little + danh t khng m c: rt t, khng (c khuynh hng ph nh) I have little money, not enough to buy groceries. A little + danh t khng m c: c mt cht, I have a little money, enough to buy groceries Few + danh t m c s nhiu: c rt t, khng (c tnh ph nh) I have few books, not enough for reference reading A few + danh t m c s nhiu: c mt cht, I have a few records, enough for listening. Trong mt s trng hp khi danh t trn c nhc n th pha di ch cn dng little hoc few nh mt i t l (cng ging nh i vi other/another; this/that). Are you ready in money. Yes, a little. Quite a few + m c = Quite a bit + khng m c = Quite a lot of + noun = rt nhiu. 2.6 S hu cch The noun's + noun: Ch c dng cho nhng danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho cc vt. The student's book, The cat's legs. 15. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 15 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS i vi danh t s nhiu c sn "s" ui ch cn dng du phy The students' book. Nhng i vi nhng danh t i s nhiu c bit khng "s" ui vn phi dng y du s hu cch. The children's toys, The people's willing Nu c hai danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang du s hu. Paul and Peter's room. i vi nhng tn ring hoc danh t c sn "s" ui c th ch cn dng du phy v nhn mnh ui khi c hoc dng s hu cch v phi thay i cch c. Tn ring khng dng "the" ng trc. The boss' car = the boss 's car [bosiz] Agnes' house = Agnes 's [siz] house. S hu cch cng c dng cho thi gian (nm, thng, thp nin, th k) The 1990s' events: nhng s kin ca thp nin 90 The 21st century's prospects. Dng cho cc ma trong nm tr ma xun v ma thu. Nu dng s hu cch cho hai ma ny th ngi vit nhn cch ho chng. Ngy nay ngi ta dng cc ma trong nm nh mt tnh t cho cc danh t ng sau, t dng s hu cch. The Autumn's leaf: chic l ca nng thu. Dng cho tn cc cng ty ln, cc quc gia The Rockerfeller's oil products. China's food. i vi cc ca hiu c ngh nghip c trng ch cn dng danh t vi du s hu. In a florist's At a hairdresser's c bit l cc tim n vi tn ring: The Antonio's Dng trc mt s danh t bt ng vt ch trong mt s thnh ng a stone's throw from ...(Cch ni u mt tm nm). 3. Verb phrase (ng ng t) Nh cp phn cu trc chung ca cu, ng ng t ting Anh gm c mt ng t chnh v mt hoc nhiu tr ng t. ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh: Qu kh (Past) Hin ti (Present) Tng lai (Future) 16. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 16 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Mi thi chnh li chia thnh nhiu thi nh din t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng. 3.1 Present tenses (cc thi hin ti) 3.1.1 Simple Present (thi hin ti thng) Dng din t mt hnh ng mang tnh thng xuyn (regular action), theo thi quen (habitual action) hoc hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh qui lut. I walk to school every day. Khi chia ng t thi ny, i vi ngi th nht (I), th hai (you) v th 3 s nhiu (they) ng t khng phi chia, s dng ng t nguyn th khng c to nh v d nu trn. i vi ngi th 3 s t (he, she, it), phi c "s" sau ng t v m phi c c ln: He walks. She watches TV Thng dng thi hin ti thng vi mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh today, present day, nowadays,... v vi cc ph t ch tn sut nh: always, sometimes, often, every + thi gian ... Simple present thng khng dng din t hnh ng ang xy ra thi im hin ti (now), ngoi tr vi cc ng t th hin trng thi (stative verb) nh sau: know believe hear see smell wish understand hate love like want sound have need appear seem taste own Cc t trong danh sch trn thng cng khng bao gi xut hin trong thi tip din (hin ti tip din, qu kh tip din...). Mt s v d khc v thi hin ti thng: They understand the problem now. (stative verb) He always swims in the evening. (habitual action) We want to leave now. (stative verb) The coffee tastes delicious. (stative verb) Your cough sounds bad. (stative verb) I walk to school every day. (habitual action) 3.1.2 Present Progressive (thi hin ti tip din) 17. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 17 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra vo thi im hin ti. Thi im ny c xc nh c th bng mt s ph t nh : now, rightnow, at this moment. Dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn, c bit l trong vn ni. The president is trying to contact his advisors now. (present time) We are flying to Paris next month. (future time) Cc ng t trng thi (stative verb) bng sau khng c chia th tip din (bt c thi no) khi chng l nhng ng t tnh din t trng thi cm gic ca hot ng tinh thn hoc tnh cht ca s vt, s vic. know believe hear see smell wish understand hate love like want sound have need appear seem taste own Nhng khi chng quay sang hng ng t hnh ng th chng li c php dng th tip din. He has a lot of books. He is having dinner now. (ng t hnh ng: n ti) I think they will come in time. I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (ng t hnh ng: ang ngh v) 3.1.3 Present Perfect (thi hin ti hon thnh) Thi hin ti hon thnh dng : (1). Din t mt hnh ng xy ra mt thi im khng xc nh trong qu kh. John has traveled around the world. (We don't know when) (2). Ch mt hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh. George has seen this movie three time. 18. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 18 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS (3). Mt hnh ng bt u din ra trong qu kh v vn cn xy ra hin ti. John has lived in that house for 20 years. (He still lives there.) = John has lived in that house since 1984. (Gi s hin nay l 2004) 3.1.3.1 Cch dng SINCE v FOR: FOR + khong thi gian: for three days, for ten minutes, for twenty years ... SINCE + thi im bt u: since 1982, since January, ... 3.1.3.2 Cch dng ALREADY v YET: Already dng trong cu khng nh, already c th ng ngay sau have v cng c th ng cui cu. We have already written our reports. We have written our reports already. Yet dng trong cu ph nh, cu nghi vn. Yet thng xuyn ng cui cu. We havent written our reports yet. Have you written your reports yet? Trong mt s trng hp th ph nh, yet c th ng ngay sau have nhng phi thay i v mt ng php: ng t PII tr v dng nguyn th c to v khng dng not. John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet. 3.1.3.3 Thi hin ti hon thnh thng dc dng vi mt s cm t ch thi gian nh sau: Dng vi now that... (gi y khi m...) Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply for the scholarship. Dng vi mt s ph t nh till now, untill now, so far (cho n gi). Nhng cm t ny c th ng u cu hoc cui cu. 19. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 19 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS So far the problem has not been resolved. Dng vi recently, lately (gn y) nhng cm t ny c th ng u hoc cui cu. I have not seen him recently. Dng vi before ng cui cu. I have seen him before. Xem thm cc ng t bt quy tc 3.1.4 Present Perfect Progressive (thi hin ti hon thnh tip din) Ch i vi cc hnh ng thc loi (3) ca thi hin ti hon thnh chng ta mi c th dng thi hin ti hon thnh tip din. John has been living in that house for 20 years. = John has lived in that house for 20 years. Phn bit cch dng gia hai thi: Present Perfect Present Perfect Progressive Hnh ng chm dt hin ti do c kt qu r rt. I've waited for you for half an hour. (and now I stop waiting because you didn't come). Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti, c kh nng lan ti tng lai do khng c kt qu r rt. I've been waiting for you for half an hour. (and now I'm still waiting, hoping that you'll come) 3.2 Past tenses (cc thi qu kh) 3.2.1 Simple Past (thi qu kh thng): Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra dt im ti mt thi gian xc nh trong qu kh (khng cn din ra hoc nh hng ti hin ti). Thi im trong cu c xc nh r rt bng mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh: yesterday, at that moment, last week, ... He went to Spain last year. Bob bought a new bicyle yesterday. Maria did her homework last night. 20. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 20 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Mark washed the dishes after dinner. We drove to the grocery store this afternoon. George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night. 3.2.2 Past Progresseive (thi qu kh tip din): Thi qu kh tip din dng din t: (1) mt hnh ng ang xy ra trong qu kh th b mt hnh ng khc chen ngang (khi ang... th bng...). Trong trng hp ny, mu cu chung l: I was watching TV when she came home. hoc When she came home, I was watching television. (2) Hai hnh ng cng ng thi xy ra trong qu kh. Trong trng hp ny, mu cu sau c p dng: Martha was watching television while John was reading a book. hoc While John was reading a book, Martha was watching television. Cu trc sau y cng i khi c dng nhng khng thng dng bng hai mu trn: 21. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 21 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS While John was reading a book, Martha watched television. (3) Mt hnh ng ang xy ra ti mt thi im xc nh trong qu kh: Martha was watching TV at seven oclock last night. What were you doing at one oclock this afternoon? Henry was eating a snack at midnight last night. 3.2.3 Past Perfect (thi qu kh hon thnh): Thi qu kh hon thnh c dng din t: (1) mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh, trong cu thng c c 2 hnh ng: Thi qu kh hon thnh thng c dng vi 3 ph t ch thi gian l: after, before v when. 22. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 22 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Ph t when c th c dng thay cho after v before trong c 4 mu trn m khng lm thay i ngha ca cu. Chng ta vn bit hnh ng no xy ra trc do c s dng qu kh hon thnh. The police came when the robber had gone away. (2) Mt trng thi tn ti mt thi gian trong qu kh nhng chm dt trc hin ti. Trng hp ny tng t trng hp (3) i vi hin ti hon thnh nhng trong trng hp ny khng c lin h g vi hin ti. John had lived in New York for ten years before he moved to VN. 3.2.4 Past Perfect Progressive (thi qu kh hon thnh tip din): Ch i vi cc hnh ng thuc nhm (2) ca thi qu kh hon thnh ta mi c th dng thi qu kh hon thnh tip din, vi ngha ca cu khng thay i. John had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to VN. Lu : Thi ny ngy nay t dng, ngi ta thay th n bng Past Perfect v ch dng khi no cn in t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng. 3.3 Future tenses (cc thi tng lai) 23. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 23 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS 3.3.1 Simple Future (thi tng lai thng): Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l ng php M chp nhn vic dng will cho tt c cc ngi, cn shall ch dng vi cc ngi I, we trong mt s trng hp nh sau: a ra ngh mt cch lch s: Shall I take you coat? Dng mi ngi khc mt cch lch s: Shall we go out for lunch? Dng ng gi trong khi mc c, mua bn: Shall we say : $ 50 Thng c dng vi 1 vn bn mang tnh php qui buc cc bn phi thi hnh iu khon trong vn bn: All the students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dorm rule. Trong ting Anh bnh dn , ngi ta thay shall = must dng cu ny. N dng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai nhng khng xc nh c th. Thng dng vi mt s ph t ch thi gian nh tomorrow, next + time, in the future, in future, from now on. 3.3.2 Near Future (tng lai gn): Din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai gn, thng dng vi cc ph t di dng: In a moment (lt na), at 2 o'clock this afternoon.... We are going to have a reception in a moment N ch 1 vic chc chn s phi xy ra theo nh d tnh cho d thi gian l tng lai xa. We are going to take a TOEFL test next year. Ngy nay ngi ta thng dng present progressive. 3.3.3 Future Progressive (thi tng lai tip din): Dng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai. At 8:00 am tomorrow morning we will be attending the lecture. Good luck with the exam! We will be thinking of you. Dng kt hp vi present progressive khc din t hai hnh ng ang song song xy ra. Mt hin 24. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 24 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS ti, cn mt tng lai. Now we are learning English here, but by this time tomorrow we will be attending the meeting at the office. c dng cp n cc s kin tng lai c xc nh hoc quyt nh (khng mang ngha tip din). Professor Baxter will be giving another lecture on Roman glass-making at the same time next week. Hoc nhng s kin c mong i l s xy ra theo mt tin trnh thng l (nhng khng din t nh ca c nhn ngi ni). You will be hearing from my solicitor. I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect. D on cho tng lai: Don't phone now, they will be having dinner. Din t li ngh nh nhn mun bit v k hoch ca ngi khc Will you be staying in here this evening? (ng c d nh li y ti nay ch ) 3.3.4 Future Perfect (thi tng lai hon thnh): Dng ch mt hnh ng s phi c hon tt vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai. N thng c dng vi trng t ch thi gian di dng: by the end of....., by the time + sentence We will have accomplished the English grammar course by the end of next week. By the time human being migrates to the moon, most of the people alive today will have died. 4. S ha hp gia ch ng v ng t Trong mt cu ting Anh, ch ng v ng t phi ph hp vi nhau v ngi v s (s t hay s nhiu) The worker works very well. s t s t The workers work very well. s nhiu s nhiu 4.1 Cc trng hp ch ng ng tch khi ng t Trong cu ting Anh, c nhiu trng hp rt kh xc nh c u l ch ng ca cu do ch ng v ng t khng i lin vi nhau. The boys in the room are playing chess. Thng thng trong cc trng hp , mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u v cc danh t theo sau in the room) thng nm gia ch ng v ng t. Cc ng gii t ny khng nh hng n vic chia ng t. The study of languages is very interesting. Serveral theories on this subject have been proposed. 25. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 25 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS The view of these disciplines varies from time to time. The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly. Ch rng trong cc v d trn cc danh t nm trong ng gii t u tri ngc vi ch ng v s t / s nhiu nhng ng t lun c chia theo ch ng chnh. Cc cm t sau cng vi cc danh t i theo sau n to nn hin tng ng ch ng. Chng ng gia ch ng v ng t, phn tch khi 2 thnh phn bi du phy. Chng cng khng c nh hng g n vic chia ng t. Together with along with accompanied by as well as Mary, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight. Mr. Robbins, accompanied by her wife and children, is arriving tonight. Nu 2 danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (tng ng vi they) Mary and her manager are going to a party tonight. Nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng or th ng t phi chia theo danh t ng sau or. Nu danh t l s t th ng t phi chia s t v ngc li. Mary or her manager is going to answer the press interview. 4.2 Cc t lun i vi danh t hoc i t s t l cc danh t bng sau (cn gi l cc i t phim ch). any + singular noun no + singular noun some + singular noun anybody anyone anything nobody no one nothing somebody someone something every + singular noun everybody everyone everything each either * neither * * Either v neither l s t nu chng khng i vi or hoc nor. Either (c ngha 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi hoc 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr ln phi dng any. Neither (khng mt ai trong hai) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr ln dng not any. Everybody who wants to buy a ticket should be in this line. Something is in my eye. Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk. 26. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 26 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Neither of his pens is able to be used. If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work. No problem is harder than this one. Nobody works harder than John does. 4.3 Cch s dng None v No None v No u dng c vi c danh t s t v s nhiu. Nu sau None of the l mt danh t khng m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu sau n l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu. None of the + non-count noun + singular verb None of the + plural count noun + plural verb None of the counterfeit money has been found. None of the students have finished the exam yet. Nu sau No l mt danh t m c s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu sau n l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t phi ngi th 3 s nhiu No + {singular noun / non-count noun} + singular verb No + plural noun + plural verb No example is relevant to this case. No examples are relevant to this case. 4.4 Cch s dng cu trc either... or (hoc...hoc) v neither... nor (khng...m cng khng) iu cn lu nht khi s dng cu trc ny l ng t phi chia theo danh t i sau or hoc nor. Nu danh t l s t th ng t chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li. Nu or hoc nor xut hin mt mnh (khng c either hoc neither) th cng p dng quy tc tng t (nh cp phn trn) Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today. Either John or his friends are going to the beach today. Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before. Either John or Bill is going to the beach today. Neither the director nor the secretary wants to leave yet. 27. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 27 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS 4.5 V-ing lm ch ng Khi V-ing dng lm ch ng th ng t cng phi chia ngi th 3 s t. Knowing her has made him what he is. Not studying has caused him many problems. Washing with special cream is recommended for scalp infection. Being cordial is one of his greatest assets. Writing many letters makes her happy. Ngi ta s dng V-ing khi mun din t 1 hnh ng c th xy ra nht thi nhng khi mun din t bn cht ca s vt, s vic th phi dng danh t Dieting is very popular today. Diet is for those who suffer from a cerain disease. ng t nguyn th cng c th dng lm ch ng v ng t sau n s chia ngi th 3 s t. Nhng ngi ta thng dng ch ng gi it m u cu. To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book. 4.6 Cc danh t tp th l cc danh t bng sau dng ch 1 nhm ngi hoc 1 t chc nhng trn thc t chng l nhng danh t s t, do vy cc i t v ng t theo sau chng cng ngi th 3 s t. Congress family group committee class Organization team army club crowd Government jury majority* minority public The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal. The family was elated by the news. The crowd was wild with excitement Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation. The organization has lot many members this year. Our team is going to win the game. Tuy nhin nu cc thnh vin trong nhm ang hot ng ring r, ng t s chia ngi th 3 s nhiu: Congress votes for the bill. (Quc hi b phiu cho d lut, gm tt c mi ngi) Congress are discussing about the bill. (Quc hi ang tranh lun v d lut, tc l mt s tn thnh, mt s phn i. Thi TOEFL khng bt li ny). 28. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 28 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS * Danh t majority c dng tu theo thnh phn sau n chia ng t The majority + singular verb The majority of the + plural noun + plural verb The majority believes that we are in no danger. The majority of the students believe him to be innocent. The police/the sheep/the fish + plural verb. The sheep are breaking away The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in the bank A couple + singular verb A couple is walking on the path The couple + plural verb The couple are racing their horses through the meadow. Cc cm t nhm sau ch mt nhm ng vt hoc gia sc. Cho d sau gii t of l danh t s nhiu th ng t vn chia theo ngi ch ng chnh ngi th 3 s t: flock of birds/ sheep, school of fish, herd of cattle, pride of lions, pack of dogs The flock of birds is circling overhead. The herd of casttle is breaking away. A school of fish is being attacked by sharks. Tt c cc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o, ... khi c cp n nh mt th thng nht th u c xem l mt danh t s t. Do cc ng t v i t theo sau chng phi ngi th 3 s t. Twenty-five dollars is too much for the meal. Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that radio. Two miles is too much to run in one day. He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another fifty. 4.7 Cch s dng a number of, the number of: A number of = Mt s nhng ..., i vi danh t s nhiu, ng t chia s nhiu. A number of + plural noun + plural verb A number of students are going to the class picnic (Mt s sinh vin s i ...) A number of applicants have already been interviewed. The number of = S lng nhng ..., i vi danh t s nhiu, ng t vn ngi th 3 s t. The number of + plural noun + singular verb... The number of days in a week is seven. (S lng ngy trong tun l 7) The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small. 4.8 Cc danh t lun s nhiu 29. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 29 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Bng sau l nhng danh t bao gi cng hnh thi s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th nn cc i t v ng t i cng vi chng cng phi s nhiu. scissors shorts pants jeans tongs trousers eyeglasses pliers tweezers Nu mun chng thnh ngi s t phi dng a pair of... The pants are in the drawer. A pair of pants is in the drawer. These scissors are dull. (Ci ko ny cn. Ch ch c 1 ci ko nhng cng dng vi these) 4.9 Cch dng there is, there are c dng ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti mt ni no . Ch ng tht ca cu l l danh t i sau ng t. Nu n l danh t s t th ng t to be chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li. Mi bin i v thi v th u to be cn there gi nguyn. There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars. Threre is a storm approaching. There was an accident last night. There was water on the floor. There have been a number of telephone calls today. There were too many people at the party. Lu : Cc cu trc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be = chc chn l s c There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter. (Chc chn l s c rc ri khi c y nhn c th anh ta) Do you think there is likely to be snow. (Anh cho rng chc chn s c tuyt ch) 30. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 30 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Trong dng ting Anh quy chun hoc vn chng mt s cc ng t khc ngoi to be cng c s dng vi there: ng t trng thi: stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ live ng t ch s n: enter/ go/ come/ follow/ develop In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker. (Ti mt th trn nh c c mt ng th giy ngho sng ) There remains nothing more to be done . (Ch cn c g na m lm) Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black. (Bng c mt hnh bng k l mc ton en i vo) There followed an uncomfortable silence. (Sau l mt s im lng n kh chu) There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: ka/ th l/ ri th There he comes (Anh ta n ri kia ka) There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an hour. (Anh y ri, ti ang ch anh n hn mt ting ri y) 5. i t i t c chia lm 5 loi vi cc chc nng s dng khc nhau, bao gm: 5.1 Subject pronoun (i t nhn xng ch ng) I You He She It We You They i t nhn xng ch ng (cn gi l i t nhn xng) thng ng v tr ch ng trong cu hoc ng sau ng t be, ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as, that... I am going to the store. We have lived here for twenty years. The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I. It was she who called you. 31. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 31 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS George and I would like to leave now. We students are going to have a party. Ngay sau cc ngi s nhiu nh we, you bn c th dng mt danh t s nhiu lm r we, you l ch ci g. We students are going to have a party (Sinh vin chng ti .....) You guys (Bn my) We/ You/ They c th dng vi all/ both. Trong trng hp cu c ng t n th chng i lin vi nhau: We all go to school now. They both bought the ensurance You all come shopping. Nhng nu all hoc both i vi cc i t ny dng cu c tr ng t th all hoc both s ng sau tr ng t: We will all go to school next week. They have both bought the insurance. All v Both cng phi ng sau ng t to be, trc tnh t We are all ready to go swimming. Dng he/she thay th cho cc vt nui nu chng c xem l c tnh cch, thng minh hoc tnh cm (ch, mo, nga...) Go and find the cat if where she stays in. How's your new car? Terrrific, she is running beautifully. Tn nc, tn cc con tu c thay th trang trng bng she (ngy nay it dng). England is an island country and she is governed by a mornach. Titanic was the biggest passenger ship ever built. She could carry as many as 2000 passenger on board. 5.2 Complement pronoun (i t nhn xng tn ng) me you him her it us you them i t tn ng ng v tr tn ng (ng sau ng t hoc gii tr khi gii t m u mt mnh mi). Bn cn phn bit r i t tn ng vi i t ch ng. Ch ng l ch th ca hnh ng (gy ra hnh ng), cn tn ng l i tng nhn s tc ng ca hnh ng. They invited us to the party last night. The teacher gave him a bad grade. I told her a story. The policeman was looking for him. ng sau us c th dng mt danh t s nhiu trc tip, ging nh i vi i t nhn xng ch ng. The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students. 32. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 32 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS 5.3 Possessive pronoun (i t s hu) mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs Ngi ta dng i t s hu trnh khi phi nhc li tnh t s hu + danh t cp trc . N c ngha: mine = ci ca ti; yours = ci ca (cc) bn; ... Do chng thay th cho danh t. ng bao gi dng c i t s hu ln danh t. Mc d cch vit ca his v its i vi tnh t s hu v i t s hu l ging nhau nhng bn cn phn bit r hai trng hp ny. This is my book; that is yours. (yours = your book) Your teacher is the same as his. (his = his teacher) Jills dress is green and mine is red. (mine = my dress) Your books are heavy, ours are heavy too. (ours = our books) 5.3.1 Possessive adjectives (Tnh t s hu) my your his her its our your their Tnh t s hu khc vi i t s hu (nu trn y) ch n b ngha cho danh t ch khng thay th cho danh t. Gi l tnh t s hu v n th hin tnh cht s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vi danh t i sau n. Ch rng cng dng tnh t s hu i vi cc b phn trn c th. John is eating his dinner. This is not my book. The cat has injured its foot. The boy broke his arm yesterday. She forgot her homework this morning. My food is cold. 5.4 Reflexive pronoun (i t phn thn) myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 33. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 33 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Dng din t ch ng va l tc nhn gy ra hnh ng, va l tc nhn nhn tc ng ca hnh ng . N ng ngay ng sau ng t hoc gii t for, to cui cu. Jill bought himself a new car. Ch : Jill bought him a new car th cu c ngha khc: him = another person. I washed myself He sent the letter to himself. She served herself in the cafeteria. We hurt ourselves playing football John and Mary hurt themselves in a car accident. You can see the difference for yourselves. Dng nhn mnh vic ch ng t lm ly vic g, trong trng hp ny n ng ngay sau ch ng hoc sau t by. I myself believe that there is no God. She prepared the nine-course meal by herself. John washed the dishes by himself. The students themselves decorated the room. Ch : dng s nhiu self bin thnh selves. 6. Tn ng (complement / object) v cc vn lin quan 6.1 ng t dng lm tn ng Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng u i hi tn ng ng sau n l mt danh t. Mt s cc ng t li i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. ng t dng lm tn ng c chia lm hai loi: 6.1.1. Loi 1: ng t nguyn th lm tn ng (to + verb) Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th khc. agree attempt claim decide demand desire expect fail forget hesitate hope intend learn need offer plan prepare pretend refuse seem strive tend want wish John expects to begin studying law next semester. Mary learned to swim when she was very young. The committee decided to postpone the meeting. The president will attempt to reduce inflation rate. Trong cu ph nh, thm not vo trc ng t lm tn ng: John decided not to buy the car. 6.1.2. Loi 2: ng t Verb-ing dng lm tn ng 34. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 34 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng theo sau n phi l mt Verb-ing admit appreciate avoid can't help delay deny resist enjoy finish miss postpone practice quit resume suggest consider mind recall risk repeat resent John admitted stealing the jewels. We enjoyed seeing them again after so many years. You shouldnt risk entering that building in its present condition. He was considering buying a new car until the prices went up. The Coast Guard has reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits. Trong cu ph nh, thm not vo trc Verb-ing. John regretted not buying the car. Lu rng trong bng ny c mu ng t can't help doing/ but do smt c ngha khng th ng c phi lm g With such good oranges, we can't help buying two kilos at a time. 6.1.3 Bng di y l nhng ng t m tn ng sau n c th l mt ng t nguyn th hoc mt verb-ing m ng ngha khng thay i. begin can't stand continue dread hate like love prefer start try He started to study after dinner = he started studying after dinner. Lu rng trong bng ny c mt ng t can't stand to do/doing smt: khng th chu ng c khi phi lm g. He can't stand to wait (waiting) such a long time. 6.1.4 Bn ng t c bit l nhng ng t m ng ngha ca chng s i khc hon ton khi tn ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th hoc verb-ing. 1a) Stop to do smt: dng li lm g He stoped to smoke = Anh ta dng li ht thuc. 1b) Stop doing smt: dng lm vic g He stoped smoking = Anh ta b thuc. 2a) Remember to do smt: Nh s phi lm g Remember to send this letter. = Hy nh gi bc th ny nh. 35. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 35 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS 2b) Remember doing smt: Nh l lm g I remember locking the door before leaving, but now I can't find the key. c bit n thng c dng vi mu cu: S + still remember + V-ing : Vn cn nh l ... I still remember buying the first motorbike 3a) Forget to do smt: qun s phi lm g I forgot to pickup my child after school = Ti qun khng n con. 3b) Forget doing smt: (qun l lm g). c bit n thng c dng vi mu cu S + will never forget + V-ing: s khng bao gi qun c l ... She will never forget meeting the Queen = C y khng bao gi qun ln gp N hong 4a) Regret to do smt: Ly lm tic v phi lm g (thng dng khi bo tin xu) We regret to inform the passengers that the flight for Washington DC was canceled because of the bad weather. 4b) Regret doing smt: Ly lm tic v lm g He regrets leaving school early. It's the biggest mistake in his life. 6.1.5 ng t ng sau gii t Tt c cc ng t ng ngay sau gii t u phi dng V-ing. 6.1.5.1 Verb + preposition + verb-ing Sau y l bng cc ng t c gii t theo sau, v vy cc ng t khc i sau ng t ny phi dng dng verb-ing. Verb + prepositions + V-ing approve of be better of count on depend on give up insist on keep on put off rely on succeed in think about think of worry abount object to look forward to confess to John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice. He insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane. Hery is thinking of going to France next year. Fred confessed to stealing the jewels Ch rng 3 ng t cui cng trong bng trn, c gii t to i sau ng t. l gii t ch khng phi l to trong ng t nguyn th (to do st), nn theo sau n phi l mt verb-ing ch khng phi l mt verb nguyn th. We are not looking forward to going back to school. Jill objected to receiving the new position. He confessed to causing the fire. 6.1.5.2 Adjective + preposition + verb-ing: 36. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 36 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Adjective + prepositions + V-ing accustomed to afraid of intent on interested in capable of fond of successful in tired of Mitch is afraid of getting married now. We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends. I am fond of dancing. We are interested in seeing this film. 6.1.5.3 Noun + preposition + verb-ing: Noun + prepositions + V-ing choice of excuse for intention of method for possibility of reason for (method of) There is no reason for leaving this early. George has no excuse for droping out of school. There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price. He has developed a method for evaluating this problem. Cc trng hp khc: Trong cc trng hp khc, ng t i sau gii t cng phi dng verb-ing. After leaving the party, he drove home. He should have stayed in New York instead of moving to Maine. 6.1.6 ng t i sau tnh t: Ni chung, nu ng t i ngay sau tnh t (khng c gii t) th c dng dng nguyn th. Nhng tnh t bao gm. anxious boring dangerous hard eager easy good strange pleased prepared ready able usual common difficult It is dangerous to drive in this weather. Mike is anxious to see his family. We are ready to leave now. It is difficult to pass this test. Ch : able v capable c ngha nh nhau nhng cch dng khc nhau: (able/ unable) to do smt = (capable/ incapable) of doing smt. 6.2 i t ng trc ng t nguyn th hoc V-ing trong tn ng 37. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 37 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS 6.2.1 Trng hp tn ng l ng t nguyn th Trong trng hp tn ng l ng t nguyn th (loi 1) th bt c danh t hay i t no trc tip ng trc n cng phi dng tn ng (complement form). Joe asked her to call him. S + V + {pronoun/ noun in complement form} + [to + verb] ... Sau y l mt s ng t i hi tn ng l mt ng t nguyn th c i t lm tn ng gin tip. allow ask beg convince expect instruct invite order permit persuade prepare promise remind urge want We ordered him to appear in court. I urge you to reconsider your decision. They were trying to persuade him to change his mind. The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late. You should prepare your son to take this examination. 6.2.2 Trng hp tn ng l V-ing Trong trng hp tn ng l mt V- ing th i t/danh t phi dng s hu. Subject + verb + {pronoun/ noun}(possessive form) + verb- ing... We understand your not being able to stay longer. We object to their calling at this hour. He regrets her leaving. We are looking forward to their coming next year. We dont approve of Johns buying this house. We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner. 7. Mt s ng t c bit (need, dare, to be, get) 7.1 Need 7.1.1 Need dng nh mt ng t thng: a) ng t i sau need ch dng nguyn th khi ch ng l mt vt th sng: 38. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 38 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS My friend needs to learn Spanish. He will need to drive alone tonight. John needs to paint his house. b) ng t i sau need phi dng verb-ing hoc dng b ng nu ch ng khng phi l vt th sng. The grass needs cutting OR The grass needs to be cut. The telivision needs repairing OR The TV needs to be repaired. Your thesis needs rewriting OR Your thesis needs to be rewritten. Ch : need + noun = to be in need of + noun Jill is in need of money. = Jill needs money. The roof is in need of repair. = The roof needs repairing. Want v Require cng i khi c dng theo mu cu ny nhng khng ph bin: Your hair wants cutting All cars require servicing regularly 7.1.2 Need dng nh mt tr ng t Ch dng th nghi vn hoc ph nh thi hin ti. Ngi th ba s t khng c "s" tn cng. Khng dng vi tr ng t to do. Sau need (tr ng t) l mt ng t b to: We needn't reserve seats - there will be plenty of rooms. Need I fill out the form? Thng dng sau cc t nh if/ whether/ only/ scarcely/ hardly/ no one I wonder if I need fill out the form. This is the only form you need fill out. Needn 't + have + P2 : L ra khng cn phi You needn't have come so early - only waste your time. Needn't = khng cn phi; trong khi mustn't = khng c php. You neednt apply for a visa to visit France if you hold a EU passport, but if you are not an EU citizen, you mustnt unless you have a visa. 7.2 Dare (dm) 7.2.1 Dng nh mt ni ng t Khng dng th khng nh, ch dng th nghi vn v ph nh. Did they dare (to) do such a thing? = Dared they do such a thing? (H dm lm nh vy sao?) He didn't dare (to) say anything = He dared not say anything. (Anh ta khng dm ni g.) 39. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 39 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Dare khng c dng th khng nh ngoi tr thnh ng I dare say/ I daresay vi 2 ngha sau: Ti cho rng: I dare say there is a restaurant at the end of the train. Ti tha nhn l: I daresay you are right. How dare/ dared + S + Verb in simple form: Sao ... dm (t s gin gi) How dared you open my letter: Sao my dm m th ca tao. 7.2.2 Dng nh mt ngoi ng t Mang ngha thch thc: Dare sb to do smt = Thch ai lm g They dare the boy to swim across the river in such a cold weather. I dare you to touch my toes = Tao thch my dm ng n mt si lng ca tao. 7.3 Cch s dng to be trong mt s trng hp To be of + noun = to have: c (dng ch tnh cht hoc tnh cm) Mary is of a gentle nature = Mary c mt bn cht t t. To be of + noun: Nhn mnh cho danh t ng ng sau The newly-opened restaurant is of ( ngay) the Leceister Square. To be + to + verb: l dng cu to c bit, s dng trong trng hp: - truyn t cc mnh lnh hoc cc ch dn t ngi th nht qua ngi th hai n ngi th ba. No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police. - Dng vi mnh if khi mnh chnh din t mt cu iu kin: Mt iu phi xy ra trc nu mun mt iu khc xy ra. (Nu mun... th phi..) If we are to get there by lunch time we had better hurry. Something must be done quickly if the endangered birds are to be saved. He knew he would have to work hard if he was to pass his exam - c dng thng bo nhng yu cu xin ch dn: He asked the air traffic control where he was to land. - c dng kh ph bin truyn t mt d nh, mt s sp t, c bit khi n l chnh thc. She is to get married next month. The expedition is to start in a week. We are to get a ten percent wage rise in June. - Cu trc ny thng dng trn bo ch, khi l ta bo th to be c b i. The Primer Minister (is) to make a statement tomorrow. were + S + to + verb = if + S + were + to + verb = th nu (mt gi thuyt) Were I to tell you that he passed his exams, would you believe me. was/ were + to + verb: din t tng v mt s mnh nh sn They said goodbye without knowing that they were never to meet again. Since 1840, American Presidents elected in years ending in zero were to be died (have been destined to die) in office. to be about to + verb = near future (sp sa) They are about to leave. Be + adj ... (m u cho mt ng) = t ra... Be careless in a national park where there are bears around and the result are likely to be tragical indeed. 40. English Grammar Review! Copyright Hp Group (www.hp-vietnam.com) Trang 40 Please visit our website for more English study materials, including level A, B, C, TOEFL and IELTS Be + subject + noun/ noun phrase/ adjective = cho d l ... Societies have found various methods to support and train their artists, be it the Renaissance system of royal support of the sculptors and painters of the period or the Japanese tradition of passing artistic knowledge from father to son. ( cc x hi u tm thy mt s phng php h tr v o to cc ngh s, cho d l h thng h tr cc nh iu khc v ho s ca cc hong gia thi k Phc hng hay phng php truyn th hiu bit ngh thut t cha sang con theo truyn thng Nht Bn) To have technique is to possess the physical expertise to perform whatever steps a given work may contain, be they simple or complex. (C c k thut l s c c s iu luyn thc hin bt k thao tc no m mt cng vic i hi, cho d l chng n gin hay phc tp) 7.4 Cch s dng to get trong mt s trng hp: 7.4.1. To get + P2 get washed/ dressed/ prepared/ lost/ drowned/ engaged/ married/ divorced. Ch vic ch ng t lm ly mt vic g hoc tnh hung m ch ng ang gp phi. You will have 5 minutes to get dressed.(Em c 5 pht mc qun o) He got lost in old Market Street yesterday. (tnh hung b lc ng) Tuyt nhin khng c ln trng hp ny vi dng b ng. 7.4.2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: Bt u lm g We'd better get moving, it's late. 7.4.3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lm cho ai/ ci g bt u. Please get him talking about the main task. (Lm n bo anh ta hy bt u i vo vn chnh) When we get the heater running, the whole car will start to warm up. (Khi chng ta cho my si bt u chy..) 7.4.4. Get + to + verb -

Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh

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