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Whatismeantbystaterecognitionin

internationallaw

NURULLAHYAMALIJUDGE

GENERALDIRECTORATEOFINTERNATIONALLAWSAND

FOREIGNAFFAIRS

MINISTRYOFJUSTICETURKEY

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION2

I.STATESASTHEMAINSUBJECTSOFINTERNATIONALLAW3

II.RECOGNITION5

A-RECOGNITIONOFSTATES6B-RECOGNITIONOFGOVERNMENTS7C-DEFACTOANDDEJURERECOGNITION8D-PREMATURERECOGNITION9E-IMPLIEDRECOGNITION9F-CONDITIONALRECOGNITION9G-COLLECTIVERECOGNITION10H-WITHDRAWALOFRECOGNITION10

III-NON-RECOGNITION10IV-LEGALCONSEQUENCESOFRECOGNITION11V-CONCLUSION12

BIPLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION

SomedefinitionsofinternationallawcanbefoundontheWebasfollows:

Thebodyoflawsgoverningrelationsbetweennations1,Internationallawisthetermcommonlyusedforreferringtothesystemofimplicitandexplicitagreementsthatbindtogethernation-statesinadherencetorecognizedvaluesandstandards,differingfromotherlegalsystemsinthatitconcernsnationsratherthanprivatecitizens....2,Acomplexnetworkofprinciples,treaties,judicialdecisions,customs,practices,andwritingsofexpertsthatarebindingonStatesintheirmutualrelations.3Thecommonpointofthedefinitionsisthat,internationallawdealswiththestatesandstatesactivities.AdditiontotheStatesandtheStatesactivitiesinternationallawhasawiderangeofinterests,asShawindicatesPublicinternationallawcoversrelationsbetweenstates...andregulatestheoperationsofthemanyinternationalinstitutions4Nevertheless,the

statesweretheoriginalandremaintheprimaryactorsintheinternationallegalsystem.5

Thisessayconsidersanimportantcaseofinternationallaw,recognition.Tomakeiteasiertounderstand,firstitdescribesthestatesandthecriteriaofstatehood.Afterthat,itwillfocusontheconceptofrecognition,thedifferencewaysinwhichitcanoccurandthekindsofsituationsitmayapplyin.Finallythispaperwillconcludebyoutliningthelegalresultsofrecognition.

1wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn,accessedon02January2009

2Wikipedia,InternationalLaw,en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law,accessedon02January20093PoliticalGeographyGlossary,

www.umsl.edu/~naumannj/geog%202001%20glossaries/political%20geographyh/POLITICALL%20GEOGRAPHY%20GLOSSARY.doc,accessedon02January20094M.N.Shaw,InternationalLaw,(6thed.,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge2008)25n4above,218

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I.STATESASTHEMAINSUBJECTSOFINTERNATIONALLAWInalllegalsystems,thesubjectoflawisanentity,whichhasenforceablerightsanddutiesatthelaw.Itcanbeacompanyoranindividualandbotharedefinedaslegalpersonbythelaw.6Legalpersonalityisthemainclausefortheentitiestofunctionorinotherwordstoallegeandenforceaclaim.7

InternationallawisconstitutedbyStatesanditisgenerallyconcerningtheactivitiesandthetransactionsofStates.AsWarbricksaysInternationallaw.....hassomethingtodowithStates8FiftyyearsagoitwasgenerallyadmittedthatStatesaretheonlylegalpersonsoftheinternationallaw9,buttodayconceptionisratherdifferent,theparticipantscanberegardedas;states,internationalorganisations,regionalorganisations,non-governmentalorganisations,publiccompanies,privatecompaniesandindividuals.10

Internationallawstatesthat,anentitywhichmeetstheinternationallegalcri

teriaofstatehoodisabletobeaState.11AndtheArticle1oftheMontevideoConventiononRightsandDutiesofStatesprovidesthecriteriaofthestatehood.AccordingtheConventionastateshouldhave;a)apermanentpopulationb)adefinedterritoryc)governmentandd)capacitytoenterintorelationswithotherstates.Similarly,theArbitrationCommissionoftheEuropeanConferenceonYugoslaviainOpinionNo.1declaredthattheStateiscommonlydefinedasacommunitywhichconsistsofaterritoryandapopulationsubjecttoanorganisedpoliticalauthorityandthatsu

chaStateischaracterizedbysovereignty12

a)apermanentpopulation;theremustbesomepeopletoestablishtheexistenceofaStatebutthereisnotaspecificationofaminimumnumberofpeopleandagainthereisnotarequirementthatallofthepeoplebenationalofthestate.13

b)territory;thesecondqualificationisterritorywherethepermanentpopulationliveon.However,thereisnotanecessityofhavingwell-establishedboundariesasthe

6Ibid,1957ibid,1958C.Warbrick,StatesandRecognitioninInternationalLawinMalcolm.D.Evans(ed.),InternationalLaw,2nded.,OUP,2006,chapter7.,218

9D.P.oconnel,InternationalLawforStudents,(Stevens&Sonsltd.,1971)10n4above,196

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11n8above,21812n4above,19813I.Brownlie,PrinciplesofPublicInternationalLaw,(7th.ed.OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford2008)70;Shaw,n4above199;Warbrick,n8above232;

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internationalCourtofJusticesaidintheNorthSeaContinentalShelfcases,...thereis...norulethatthelandfrontiersofastatemustbefullydelimitedanddefined.14Thewell-knownexampleistheuncertaintyofthelandfrontiersofIsraelwhenitwasadmittedasaState.15

c)government;AStaterequiresagovernmentthatfunctionsasapoliticalbodywithinthelawoftheland.ButitisnotaconditionprecedentforrecognitionasanindependentState16

d)capacitytoenterintorelationswithotherstates;thefourthandlastqualificationisaboutindependency,inotherwordsindependenceisindicatedbythecriterionofcapacitytoenterintorelationswithotherstates.17

Whataretherightsandduties,thepowersandimmunitiesthatattachtoanentitybecauseitisaState?Crawford(2006,pp40-41)givesalistoffiveexclusiveand

generallegalcharacteristicsofStates:

(1)Stateshaveplenarycompetencetoperformactsintheinternationalsphere-maketreatiesandsoon.

(2)StatesareexclusivelycompetentwithrespecttotheirinternalaffairsexclusivemeansplenaryandnotsubjecttocontrolbyotherStates.(3)Statesarenotsubjecttointernationalprocesswithouttheirconsent.(4)Statesareregardedininternationallawasequal,itisaformal,notamoralorpoliticalprinciple(5)StatesentitledtobenefitfromtheLotuspresumption,especiallythatany

derogationfromthepreviousprinciplesmustbeclearlyestablished.18ThesearethecriteriaandtheconsequencesofbeingaState,thenextchapterwillfocusontobeacceptedasaState.

14NorthSeaContinentalShelf,Judgment,ICJReports1969,p.3,para4615Warbrick,n8above23316Shaw,n4above20017I.Brownlie,PrinciplesofPublicInternationalLaw,(7th.ed.OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford2008)7118Warbrick,n8above,242

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II.RECOGNITIONAtthefirstyearsof20th.century,therewerenearlyfiftystatesintheworldarena,justbeforetheWorldWarIIthenumberreachedapproximatelyseventy-fiveandin2005,therewerealmost200.19EachStatecreation,againandwithsomeproblems,puttherecognitionconceptontheagendaofinternationalcommunity.Recognitionhasbecomemuchimportantespeciallybyreasonofitsresults.WhatismeantbyrecognitionofStates?Grantdefinesitasaprocedurewherebythegovernmentsofexistingstatesrespondtocertainchangesintheworldcommunity.20Then,itcanbesaidthat,recognitionisanactivityofStatesasalegalpersonofinternationallaw.

Asmentionedabovebecauseofitsresults,todayrecognitionisapopularsubjectofinternationallaw.Recognitionofanentitydoesntmeanonlythatthisentityhasmettherequiredqualifications,butalsothattherecognisingstatewillenterintorelationswiththerecognisedStateandletthatStatetoenjoyusuallegalconsequencesofrecogni

tionsuchasprivilegesandimmunitieswithinthedomesticlegalorder21Thereforeitisclaimedthat,generallythedecisionoftorecogniseornot,dependsonpoliticalviewsratherthanlegalgrounds.22ItisrightbecausetoenterintorelationswithaforeignStateandpermitsomeprivilegestoher,isdirectlyrelevanttotheStatesinterests.Thus,whenStatesgiveadecisionaboutrecognition,ofcoursetheywillweightheadvantagesagainstthedisadvantagesofthisdecision.

Isthereadutyofrecognition?LauterpachtandGuggenheimhugtheopinionthatrecognitionisconstitutive,butthatthereisadutytorecognise.23ThispointofviewhasbeencriticisedasbearingnorelationtotheStatepracticeandforitsinconsistency.24Browlieassertsthat,recognitionisanoptionalandpoliticalactandthereisnodutyinthisregard.25

19J.Crawford,TheCreationofStatesinInternationalLaw,(2th.,ClarendonPress,Oxford2006)420T.D.Grant,TheRecognitionofStates:LawandPracticeinDebateandEvolution,(PraegerPublishers,

Westport,CT.1999)21InternationalLaw,Recognition,http://web.wits.ac.za/NR/rdonlyres/E0A48346-CB0B-4BEC-95B1DD3FD4DEDD58/0/Overhead15.doc,accessedon02January200922Shaw,n4above,44523Browlie,n17,8624ibid8725ibid88

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A-RECOGNITIONOFSTATES

Therearemainlytwotheoriesrelevanttorecognition,theconstitutiveandthedeclaratorytheory.TheconstitutivetheoryassertsthatStatesandgovernmentsdonotlegallyexistuntilrecognisedbytheinternationalcommunityandthedeclaratorytheoryadoptsthatStatesandgovernmentsgainintheinternationalpersonalitywhentheycomeintoexistence.26

Accordingtheconstitutivetheory,creationofanewStatedependsontheacceptanceofpresentStates.ThenewStatewillhavetherightsanddutiesatthetimeofbeingrecognised.However,thistheoryhassomequeries,suchaswhatwillhappenifsomeexistingStatesrecognisethenewoneandtheothersdonot?Andhowitcouldbepossibletoputinforcesomerestrains,likeprohibitiononaggression,againsttheunrecognisedState?27ThedeclaratorytheoryclaimsthataStatewillbeformedfreefromtheconsentsoftheotherStates,justaftershemeettheinternationalrequirem

ents.ThisapproachislaiddowninthefirstsentenceofArticle3oftheMontevideoConvention(1933),"Thepoliticalexistenceofthestateisindependentofrecognitionbytheotherstates."Thedeclaratorytheoryseemstobemoreadequateforpracticethantheother.28

Sincetherecognitionhasapoliticalside,inpracticetheStatespreferamiddlewaybetweenthesetwodoctrine;inadditiontoclassicqualificationstoseeksomebasicrequirementsofinternationallawforrecognition.29Inthepast,itwassuffici

entforanewStatetofulfillthefourcriteria.In1930ssomeStatesalsolookedforthatanewStatemustobeysomefundamentalstandardsoftheinternationalcommunity.30Asanexampleforrecenttimes,intheEuropeanCommunitiesDeclarationonthe"GuidelinesontheRecognitionofnewStatesinEasternEuropeandtheSovietUnion"itisindicatedthat'TheCommunityanditsmemberStatesadoptacommonpositionontheprocessofrecognitionofthesenewStates,whichrequires:

-respectfortheprovisionsoftheCharteroftheUnitedNationsandthe

commitmentssubscribedtointheFinalActofHelsinkiandintheCharterofParis,especiallywithregardtotheruleoflaw,democracyandhumanrights;-guaranteesfortherightsofethnicandnationalgroupsandminoritiesinaccordancewiththecommitmentssubscribedtointheframeworkoftheCSCE26Dr.A.Kirchner,PublicInternationalLaw:RecognitionofStatesandGovernments

http://74.125.77.132/search?q=cache:DYc8uDhkiD4J:mlecture.unibremen.de/intern/ws2005_2006/fb06/vak-06009/

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20051110/folien.pdf+%22RECOGNITION+OF+STATES%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=50&gl=uk,accessedon02January200927Shaw,n4above,44628ibid44629ibid44630A.Cassese,InternationalLaw,(2nded.,OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford2005)

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-respectfortheinviolabilityofallfrontierswhichcanonlybechangedbypeacefulmeansandbycommonagreement;-acceptanceofallrelevantcommitmentswithregardtodisarmamentandnuclearnon-proliferationaswellastosecurityandregionalstability;-commitmenttosettlebyagreement,includingwhereappropriatebyrecoursetoarbitration,allquestionsconcerningStatesuccessionandregionaldisputes.TheCommunityanditsmemberStateswillnotrecogniseentitieswhicharetheresultofaggression.

AttheendoftheDeclaration,asaconclusion,itisaddedthatThecommitmenttotheseprinciplesopensthewaytorecognitionbytheCommunityanditsmemberStatesandtotheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelations.However,itwillbewell-advisedtorepeatthat,inpracticerecognitionisusedfortopointoutpoliticalapprovalordisapproval.Politicalassessmentsalwayseffectthedecision.31

B-RECOGNITIONOFGOVERNMENTS

Asmentionedabovethethirdcriteriaofthestatehoodisaneffectivegovernment,

thereforeadecisiontorecogniseanewStategenerallyincludestherecognitionofgovernment.32Theymightbeseenassimilarconcepts;however,recognitionofagovernmentisdifferentfromrecognitionofaState.Recognitionofgovernmentwouldbediscussedwherethechangeofthegovernmentisunconstitutional.33Inpractice,theeffectivecontrolofthenewgovernmentovertheterritoryisapreferablecriterionfortherecognitionbutitrequiresbeingsettledandlikelytocontinue.34Theotherdifferenceisthat,therecognitionofaStateisaboutitslegalpersonalityontheotherhandrecognition

ofagovernmentisrelevanttothestatusoftheadministrativeauthority.35

Effectivecontrolhasacommonusebutitisnottheonlyapproachfortherecognitionofgovernment,theTobardoctrinehandlesitinadifferentway.AccordingtoTobardoctrine,anunconstitutionalchangeofthegovernmentshouldberecognisedonlywhenthepeopleacceptit.ThiswasusedbyUnitedStatesinCentralAmericaespeciallyinordertoprotectstability.36

In1980UKdeclaredthat,itwouldnotrecognisethegovernmentsapartfromStates.Shawarguesthatcorrectly,thereasonofthisdeclarationwasthepercep

tionthatrecognitionmeantapprovalandwasoftenembarrassingforinstanceincaseofregimes

31n21above32Warbrick,n8above,25333Shaw,n4above,45434Ibid44635ibid45636ibid457

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violatinghumanrights.37Thispoliticalchange,tonotrecognisegovernmentsofficially,wasfollowedbytheothercountriesafterashorttime.

C-DEFACTOANDDEJURERECOGNITION

Akehurstarguesthatthedistinctionbetweendefactoanddejurerecognitionisoneofthemostconfusedcircumstancesofrecognitionandatfirsthandheobjectstheexpressionsdefactoanddejurerecognition.Accordingtohim,theyaretechnicallyincorrect,sincethewordsdejureorthedefactodescribesthegovernmentnottheactofrecognition.38Indeed,thesubjectisaboutthelegalstatusofthegovernment.Similarly,Austgivesadefinitionofthedefactoanddejurerecognitionbyrelyingonthelegalstatusofthegovernment:Recognitiondejuremeansthattheentityfullysatisfiestheapplicablelegalcriteria;recognitiondefactoisonlyofthecurrentpositionoftheentity,andisthereforeusuallyprovisional39

Dejurerecognitionisofcoursestronger,whiledefactorecognitionismoretentativeandmoreconnectedwitheffectivecontroloftherecognisedstateoveritsterritory,aswhentheUnitedKingdomrecognisedtheSovietUniondefactoin1921,butdejureonlyin1924.40

Theassessmentsorthedefinitionsofthebothconceptscanbechangeindifferentsituationsbutitisthefactthateverythingisrelevanttotheintentionofthegovernmentconcernedandthegeneralcontextoffactandlaw.41Defactorecognitioncanbe

thoughtasanattitudeofwaitandsee,sinceitincludesambiguity.Thismethodgivestherecognisingstatetheopportunityofactinginaccordancewiththepoliticalfactsanditsinterests.42

D-PREMATURERECOGNITION

SinceitisapoliticaldecisionofStates,insomecircumstances,therecognitionoccursbeforethecriteriaofstatehoodhavebeenfulfilledbythenewState.Insuchcases,

theproblemistodeterminetheprematurerecognitionisaninterventionintheinternal

37ibid45838P.Malanczuk,M.B.Akehurst,AkehurstsModernIntroductiontoInternationalLaw(Routledge,1997)8839A.Aust,HandbookofInternationalLaw(CambridgeUniversityPress,2005)26

40Wikipedia,Recognitionofstatesandgovernments,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di

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plomatic_recognition,accessedon05January2009

41Brownlie,n17above,9142Shaw,n4above,460

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affairsofanotherstateorisanadmissiblerecognitionofanewstatethathasemergedorisemergingasaresultofsecession.43RecognitionsofBosnia-HerzegovinaandCroatiawerethewell-knownexamplesofprematurerecognitioninthenearpastasbothstateshadnotaneffectivecontrolontheirwholepartsofterritoriesatthetimebeingrecognised.

E-IMPLIEDRECOGNITION

Recognitionisaboutintentionandmaybeexpressedorimplied.44TounderstandhowaStatemayrecogniseanotherStatebyimplicationitisnecessarytolookintothesomecertaincircumstances.Lauterpachtstatesthat,theestablishingofdiplomaticrelationsandmaybe,togranttheexequaturorsigningabilateraltreatyincludesextensiverelationsbetweenthetwostatesjustifytheimplication.45AcongratulationmessagetoanewStateforobtainingsovereigntywillbearrecognitionofthatState,butunofficial

contactsdonothavethesameresult,justliketheinformalrelationsestablishedbetweenUnitedStatesandCommunistChinainthe1960sandearly1970s.46

ItdoesnotmeanrecognitionwhentwostatesbothsignedamultilateraltreatysuchasUnitedNationsCharter.IsraelandmanyArabcountriesareUNmembersatthepresentbutitdoesnotchangeArabnon-recognitionoftheIsraelState.OntheotherhandwhenaStateaffirmsthemembershipintheUNofanentity,needlesstosaythatrecognitionoccurs.Asanexample,UnitedKingdomrecognisedtheFormerYugoslav

RepublicofMacedoniabysupportingitsmembershipintheUN.47

Inpracticetheimpliedrecognitionisnotpreferredsincethestateswanttohavetheircontrolofrecognitionandingeneraltheyuseaformalwayforit.48

F-CONDITIONALRECOGNITION

ConditionalrecognitionmeansthattorecogniseanentityasaStateonlywhenitfulfillssomeconditions.ItwasfirstseenintheBerlinCongressof1878,GreatBritain,France,ItalyandGermanymarkedtherecognitionofBulgaria,Serbia,Romaniaan

dMontenegrowiththeconditionthatthesecountrieswouldnotimposeanyreligiousdisabilitiesonanyoftheirsubjects.

43ibid46144Brownlie,n17above,9145ibid9146Shaw,n4above,46347ibid464

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48ibid464

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Itmaycausesomepoliticalproblemsbutthenon-observanceoftheconditionwouldnotinvalidatetherecognition.Sincethelawdoesnotattachvaluetoanyconditionunlessitdependuponagreementsmadebytheparticularparties.49

G-COLLECTIVERECOGNITION

In1971theInternationalLawCommissionstatedthatcollectiverecognitionmeansthatStatesactcollectivelyduringtheprocessofreceivinginformationofthesituation,evaluatingthatinformationandreachingadecision,andcommunicatingthatdecision50ThismaybeseenasaresultofincreasedcorporationbetweentheStates.TheideaofactcollectivelyhasbeenasubjectofadebatesincethefoundationoftheLeagueofNationsandtheestablishmentoftheUnitedNations.51However,theStatespreferredtokeepthecontrolofrecognitionintheirauthorisedbodies.AsShawstatedThemostthatcouldbesaidisthatmembershipoftheUnitedNationsconstitutespowerfulevidenceofstatehood52

H-WITHDRAWALOFRECOGNITION

Sometimesitispossibletowithdrawnagrantedrecognition.Especially,itiseasierforthedefactorecognition53sincethepositionisdifferentwiththedefactorecognitionwhichincludesanambiguityforthefutureoftheentity.Ifthegovernmentoftheentitylosestheeffectivecontrolonitsterritorytherewillbenogroundforrecognitionanditmaybetakenback.Ontheotherhanddejurerecognitionismoredifficulttowithdraw

becauseasmentionedaboveitisstrongerthandefactorecognition.DejurerecognitionmaybethecaseonlyiftheStateisannexedorconqueredbyanotherState.

III-NON-RECOGNITION

Thedoctrineofnon-recognition,alsoknownastheStimsonDoctrineofnonrecognition,meanstonotgrantrecognitiontothenewentitiesorthesomefactualpositionswhicharetheresultofanyillegalactionssuchasusingforce.54Itsupportedthe

49ibid465

50Document:-A/CN.4/245,Surveyofinternationallaw-WorkingPaperpreparedbytheSecretary-GeneralinthelightofthedecisionoftheCommissiontoreviewitsprogrammeofworkExtractfromtheYearbookoftheInternationalLawCommission:-1971,vol.II(2),p.18

51Shaw,n4above,46652ibid,46653ibid,46654S.K.Verma,AnIntroductiontoPublicInternationalLaw,(PHILearning,2004)

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110

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principlethatlegalrightscannotobtainfromanillegalsituation.(exinjuriajusnonoritur)55

ThedoctrinewasbroughtforwardbytheUnitedStatesSecretaryofState,Mr.Stimsonin1932,relevanttotheJapaneseoccupationofManchuria.56ItwasacceptedbyaresolutionoftheAssemblyoftheLeagueofNations.Intheresolutionitisstatedthat;

ConsideringthattheprinciplesgoverninginternationalrelationsandthepeacefulsettlementofdisputesbetweenmembersoftheLeagueabovereferredtoareinfullharmonywiththePactofParis,whichisoneofthecorner-stonesofthepeaceorganizationoftheworld,andunderArt.2ofwhichtheHighContractingPartiesagreethatthesettlementorsolutionofalldisputesorconflicts,ofwhatevernatureandwhateverorigintheymaybe,whichmayariseamongthem,shallneverbesoughtexceptbypacificmeans;...proclaimsthebindingnatureoftheprinciplesandprovisions

referredtoaboveanddeclaresthatitisincumbentuponthemembersoftheLeagueofNationsnottorecognizeanysituation,treaty,oragreement,whichmaybebroughtaboutbymeanscontrarytotheCovenantoftheLeagueofNationsortothePactofParis....57

HoweverthisintentiondidnotreflecttothepracticeuntiltheSecondWorldWar;theItalianoccupationoftheEmpireofEthiopiaandtheGermantakeoverofCzechoslovakiawererecogniseddefactoovertheyearsbyWesternPowers.58After1945itwasagaindiscussedandtookplaceinsomeinternationalinstrumentssuc

hasUNCharter(Article2(4)),thedraftDeclarationontheRightsandDutiesofStatesandSecurityCouncilresolution242(1967)onthesolutiontotheMiddleEastconflict.59EspeciallydraftDeclarationontheRightsandDutiesofStatesindicatedthat,everyStatehasthedutytorefrainfromrecognizinganyterritorialacquisitionbyanotherStatewhereachievedbymeansofthethreatoruseofforceorinanyothermannerinconsistentwithinternationallawandorder.Inthiscontext,in1990,theSecurityCounciladopted

resolution662,whichcharacterisedtheIraqiannexationofKuwaitnullandvoidandcalledonallstatesandinstitutionsnottorecognisetheannexation.60

IV-LEGALCONSEQUENCESOFRECOGNITION

RecognitionisaunilateralactofaStateandonethathasinternationallegalconsequences,forinstancewhereStategrantrecognitiontoanentity,itacceptsthattheywillhaverelationssubjecttointernationallawonbasisofState/State.61Inp

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ractice,likeclaimedbydeclaratorytheory,thepoliticalexistenceofaStateisnotboundtotherecognitionofotherStates,thereforeanunrecognisedStatehastoactcomplywiththe

55Shaw,n1above,46856ibid,46857Events1932,http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1932.html,accessedon06January200958Shaw,n4above46859ibid,above,46960ibid,above47061Warbrick,n8above250

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internationallawrules.62Itmeansthat,whentheStatessignaninternationalagreementwhichissignedbyaStatetheyhavenotrecognised,theywillhavetherighttoaskfromthatstatetofulfilltheresponsibilitiesgrowoutoftheagreement.63

Afterrecognition,therecognisingStateswouldrespecttotherightsofthenewStatewhichindicatedintheInternationalLawCommissionDraftDeclarationonRightsandDutiesofStates,1949,suchasrighttoindependenceandhencetoexercisefreely,righttoexercisejurisdictionoveritsterritoryandoverallpersons,righttoequalityinlawwitheveryotherState,rightofindividualorcollectiveself-defenseagainstarmedattack64

Theparticipationintheinternationalprocessisnottheonlyresultofrecognition,atthesametimetherecognisedStatewillbeabletoenjoyusuallegalconsequencesofrecognitionsuchasprivilegesandimmunitieswithinthedomesticlegalorder.A

sanexample,PlessislistssomeprivilegesandimmunitieswithinthemunicipallawofUnitedKingdomasfollows:

.OnlyarecognizedstateorgovernmenthaslocusstandiintheUKcourts

.Onlyarecognizedstateorgovernment(oritsagents),maypleadimmunityfromsuit.Itcannotbesuedwithoutitsconsent..Onlythelegislative,executiveorjudicialactsofarecognizedstateorgovernmentwillbegivenlegaleffectwithintheUnitedKingdom65Shawaddsonemoreitwillbeentitledtopossessionintherecognisingstateof

propertybelongingtoitspredecessor.66

V-CONCLUSION

Recognitionisoneofthemostdifficultandcomplicatedtopicsininternationallaw.Itiscomplicatedbecauseitinvolvesimportantpoliticalresultsandlegaleffectsbothininternationalandmunicipallaw.Politicalassessmentsalwayseffecttherecognitiondecision.WheretheStatesgiveadecisionaboutrecognition,ofcoursetheywillweightheadvantagesagainstthedisadvantagesofthisdecision.Ifitislookedinto

thesomecasesrelevanttorecognitionininternationallaw,Ithinkitcanbeunderstoodclearly,to

62Shaw,n4above47163ibid47164TextadoptedbytheInternationalLawCommissionatitsfirstsession,in1949,65M.D.Plessis,RecognitionOfStates&Government,UniversityOfKwazulu-NatalFacultyOfLaw

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InternationalLaw2007(1),http://www.library.und.ac.za/Recognition_states_governments.doc,accessedon07January2009

66Shaw,n4above472

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grantrecognitioncompletelydependsonpoliticalconsiderations.Inmypointofview,recognitionforaStatemeansmerelytodecidethat,whetheritissuitableforherneedsornot.

Therearebasicallytwotheoriestoexplicaterecognition;theconstitutiveandthedeclaratorytheory.TheconstitutivetheoryassertsthatStatesandgovernmentsdonotlegallyexistuntilrecognizedbytheinternationalcommunityandthedeclaratorytheoryadoptsthatStatesandgovernmentsgainintheinternationalpersonalitywhentheycomeintoexistence.IthinkthedeclaratorytheoryismoreconformabletoreasonandparalleltothepracticeofinternationallawanditissupportedbytheMontevideoConventiononRightsandDutiesofStates.However,Ithinkitisverydifficulttolaydownaregulationonstateactivities,sincetheyarenotstable.Theymaychangetimetotime.Rulesconcerningrecognitionhavethesamecharacter.Everycaseshouldbeassessedin

itself.

InternationallawismadebyStatesandagainbreachedbyStates.Thereisalwaysanexceptionofrulesininternationallaw.Theimportantthingistofindalegalcoverandnowadaysitdoesnotseemtobesodifficult.IthinkinthepastStatesweremorehonest,itwaseasytounderstandwhattheyreallyintendtodobuttodaythesituationisdifferent,anexplanationorabehaviorcanbeunderstoodonlyafterseeingtheresults.Anditiscalledpolicywhichthedecisionofrecognitionrelyon.

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