Luoc Su Duc Phat - HT Chon Thien

8/3/2019 Luoc Su Duc Phat - HT Chon Thien

1/22

Lc S c PhtH.T.Chn Thin

---o0o---Ngun

http://www.quangduc.comChuyn sang ebook 16-8-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://w ww.phatphaponline.org

Mc LcNhn Xt V S LiuB Tt Trc Khi Nhp ThaiB Tt Vo Thai MNgy n SanhThn Th Hong T

Tng Mo Ca Hong Ti Sng V Gio Dc Ca Thi TQung ng Tu Hnh Ca Thi TCon ng Gio HaNhng Ngy Cui CngNhng Li Dy Cui CngL Ha Thiu X Li V Dng Thp Tn Th X Li

---o0o---

Nhn Xt V S Liu

C rt nhiu s liu ghi li khc nhau v ngy, thng, nm lin h n cc skin lch s c Pht. Cc nh hc gi Pht gio v cc nh nghin cu Phthc nu nhiu l do v s sai bit . Chng hn, Lng Khi Siu trongtp "Pht hc Nghin cu Thp bt thin" cho rng: "V ngi n xemthng lch s, v li, quan nim thi gian ca h rt m h, nn nhng sch

v n ng i vi nin i sanh dit ca c Pht khng mt sch no chpr rng, minh xc"i. V iu ny, khng hn l ngi n khng c quannim r rng v thi gian, hay khng c quan nim lch s r rng. Lch scho thy ngi n c quan nim lch s sm nht, c bit l Pht gio.Chng ta c th nhn thy nhiu s liu qua nm Nikyas v bn A-hm(gamas), qua bia k ca vua A-dc (Asoka), trong Thin Kin Lut, T-b-sa, A-t-t-ma v.v...
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/


2/22

Ngi vit ngh rng s sai khc v cc nin i lch s c Pht c thl do cc l do n gin sau y:

- Lch ghi ca cc nc thi xa khc nhau, v cc lch ghi y li khc hnvi Ty lch m th gii hm nay ang dng, n cng khc hn vi m lchca Trung Hoa.

- Thi c Pht ti th, gm c k kit tp u tin, cc v tu s thiu iukin ghi chp, ch trng tuyn. Khi trng tuyn, cc v t thng nh rni dung gio l gii thot m kh nh ng ngay, thng ca cc s kin lchs, hoc khng ch ghi li cc ngy, thng y... Cng c th cc s liughi li ng cc ngy, thng lch s, nhng tri qua cc thay i, chin tranh,cc th k truyn tha v.v... cc s liu y b tht lc, hoc b ghi chp sailm.

- C khi do s tranh chp nh hung gia cc hc phi m ngy, thng, nmra i ca ng Gio ch hay ca h t tng b sa li khc i, nh trnghp cnh tranh nh hng Pht, Lo, Khng Trung Hoa.

- Cng c th c cc ti liu gi do ngoi o nh tro vo cc ti liu lchs ca Pht gio phc v ca ngoi gio.

- Cng c th do cc l do x hi, chnh tr ca cc thi i, ti liu b ghi lilch i, hoc do s ghi chp ch quan v b gii hn ca ngi bin kho.- Cng c th s liu c ghi li v c iu chnh theo quan nim ca b

phi.Qua mt s l do va nu, chng ta khng phi qu bn tm n s chnhxc ca mt s s kin lch s v cc ngy, thng, lch s ca c Pht. iung ghi nhn nht l hu ht cc s liu, gm bia k ca vua A-dc, uxc nhn c Pht l mt nhn vt lch s, ch khng phi l mt nhn vtthn thoi, d c nhn di ci nhn ca Bc tng hay Nam tng. y, ngi vit lc s c Th Tn da trn kinh tng Nikya, kinh tngA-hm (gama), bia k ca vua A-dc, ti liu ca k i hi Tng HiPht gio Th gii hp ln II ti Tokyo nm 1952, vi s tham kho thm tiliu Pht gio ca Edward J. Thomas (tc gi cun "The life of Buddha","Buddhist Thought", "Early Budhist Scriptures") v ca Kimura Taiken (tcgi ca b "Lch s T tng Nguyn Thy, Tiu tha v i tha").

---o0o---


3/22

B Tt Trc Khi Nhp Thai

Nam tng v Bc tng nhn khc nhau v c Pht, Thng ta b v ichng b cng nhn khc nhau v Ngi.

Bc tng cho rng c Pht thnh Pht t lu, kipy n ch l th hin.Nam tng th cho rng kip ny ca Th Tn l kip cui cng thnh Pht;kip trc y, Ngi l B Tt cung tri u-sut (Tusita) -- ci tri th ttrong su ci tri Dc gii (T thin vng, Tam thp tam, D-ma, usut. Ha lc v Tha ha t ti). Ci ny c bn ngn tui th, tng ngvi nm trm by mi su triu nm ca con ngi trn tri t (theo kinhi Bn, Trng B kinh III; kinh Hi Hu V Tng Hu Php, Trung B III;V Tng Hu Php, Trung A-hm, s 32 i I, 469c; v Kinh Tp, Tiu Bkinh).

Quan nim ca Bc tng th tng t vi quan nim tn gio ca phn lncc tn gio khc, thng c khuynh hng siu thc, Thnh ha v Gioch.Thng ta b th nhn c Pht mt cch hin thc hn, i st vi cc skin lch s. Nhng c hai Nam v Bc tng, u xc nhn: trc khi thnhPht, Th Tn c gi l mt B Tt u-sut.

Cch nay chn mi mt kip (1 kip "kappa, kalpa": bng i sng ca mtth gii, bng mt ngy m ca ci tri Phm thin, bng bn ngn ba trmhai mi triu nm tri t: theo T in Sanskrit ca Amarasimhakosa),

Th Tn Ti`-b-thi (Vipassi) ra i. Cch nay ba mi mt kip, Th TnThi-kh (Sikhi), T-x-ph (Vessasbh), Cu-lu-tn (Kakusandha), Cu-na-hm (Kongamana) v Th tn Ca-dip (Kassapa) ra i. (Theo kinhi Bn v V T Hu Php, nh va trch dn trn).

u-sut, Th Tn lun lun an tr trong chnh nim tnh gic. Mt ln,mt s ch Thin u-sut v ch Thin cc ci Sc gii, "cc v Tritrc y c Th Tn T-b-thi gio ha - thut li cho B Tt nghe vcc s kin ch Th Tn trc y ra i v thnh cu B Tt xung trn ha chng sinh". Nay l thi im ca c Th Tn.

---o0o---

B Tt Vo Thai M

(Theo kinh Hi Hu V Tng Hu Php; V Tng Hu Php...)Khi ht tui th u-sut, B tt chnh nim tnh gic i vo thai m,


4/22

Hong hu Ma-da (Myadevi) kinh thnh Ca-t-la-v (Kapilavatthu, Skt.Kapilavastu).By gi mt ho quang k diu, thng xa ho quang ch Thin, thng xa nhsng mt tri, soi sng khp cc ci, khp n nhng ni ti tm m nhsng mt tri khng th soi thu, mi nghn th gii rung ng, chn ngmnh B tt trong thai m nh trong chic hp kim cng trong sng, c

bn Thin t canh gc bn gc tri, khng cho loi Ngi hay khc loiNgi xc phm n thai nhi v Hong hu.

Trong lc mang thai, ngi m hng y nm dc cng c (sc, thanh,hng, v, xc) v thy r thai nhi nh thy r vin ngc trong lng bntay, vi y cc b phn ca c th, rt hon m. Thi gian mang thai lmi thng. Trong thi gian ny, tm ngi m thng hoan h, khng khiln dc vi bt c ngi khc phi no.

---o0o---

Ngy n Sanh

(Theo kinh i Bn; V Tng Hu Php...)

Theo truyn thuyt Pht gio, m ca B tt ng m sanh. Hong hu Ma-da sanh Hong t ni ci hoa V-u, khi ang thng hoa vn NgLm-t-ni (Lumbini). Khi ra khi lng m, Thi t oai nghim nh mt

Php s ang bc xung Php ta, sng chi nh mt vin hng ngc,thanh tnh, khng dnh mt cht d no t lng ngi m, chn Thi tkhng chm t, c bn Thin t (ri chuyn qua tay con ngi), tThi t trc Hong hu v tha: "Hong hu hy hoan h. Hong hu vasanh mt v nhn". T h khng c mt dng nc m v mt dng ncmt tm gi cho Thi T v Hong hu. Thi t ng vng chn, mt hngv phng Bc, buc i by bc (y l by bc i truyn thng ca chPht), c lng trng che, nhn khp mi phng, ri ct ting ni vi gingm nh ting chim Ca-lng-tn-gi (sng Hi-m), va trm hng nhting Ngu vng, rng: "Ta l bc Ti thng i. Ta l bc Tn knh

i. Nay l i sng cui cng, khng cn sanh li na".

Truyn thng kinh Bc tng v A-hm (Kinh i Bn Duyn) cho rng Thit sanh ra t hng bn hu ca Hong hu, bc i hay bc, tay ch tri,tay ch t m ni rng: "Trn tri v di t ch c Ta l hn c".By gi, mt ho quang k diu... chiu khp mi nghn th gii, cc thgii u chn ng, rung ng.


5/22

i hi Pht gio Th gii hp k II ti Tokyo (Nht Bn), 1952, ghi ngyPht n sinh l ngy trng trn thng Vesaskha ca n , nm 624 trcTy lch. Ngy, thng, nm ny da vo truyn thng ca Pht gio TchLan. Theo , Pht lch tnh t nm c Pht nhp Nit bn, nm 544 trcTy lch.

Theo Edward J. Thomas trong cun "The life of Buddha as Legend andHistory", n hnh London nm 1956, th ngy n sanh vo nm 563trc Ty Lch. Cch tnh ny da vo bia k ca triu i cc vua x Ma-kit-, vua A-dc v Chandagupta, lin h n s kin lch s ca cPht.Theo ti liu ca Lng Khi Siu, trong tp "Pht hc Nghin cu Thp btthin", dn chng t "Thin Kin Lut" th Pht nhp Nit Bn vo nm th35 vua Kinh Vng nh Chu, hay l nhm i Ai Cng nm th 7 nc L,

tc trc Ty Lch 485 nm; lin sau khi Pht nhp Nit bn, Tn gi u-ba-ly (Upli) kit tp Lut tng, lp nn b Thin Kin Lut. Mi nm, vongy T t, b lut c dng hng cng dng v ghi vo pha sau mtim (chm). B lut ny c truyn tha lin tc. Ngi Tng-gi-bt--la(Sanghabhadra) em b Lut sang Trung quc vo i T, nm 489 Ty lchv dch ra Hn vn ti cha Trc Lm, Qung Chu. Ngy T t nm y ghin im th 967 (Da vo y xc nh nm Pht nhp Nit bn).

---o0o---

Thn Th Hong T

(Theo Kinh i Bn; Kinh Tp - Sutta Nipatta; bia k ca vua A-Dc; v tiliu Edward J. Thomas).

Thi t tn l Tt t a (Siddhattha, Skt. Siddhar-tha), thn ph l vua TnhPhn (Suddhodana) v thn mu l Hong hu Ma-da (My), dng diThch Ca (Sakya, Skt. Skya), giai cp St--li (Khattya, Skt. Kastriya), kinh Ca-t-la-v (Kapilavatthu, Skt. Kapilavastu) thuc x Nepal Therai,

ng Bc n .

Di mu ca Thi t l Ma-ha-ba-x-ba- (Mahpajapati) em rut caHong hu Ma-da, con gi ca vua Anjana, dng h Koliya.

By ngy sau khi n sanh, hong hu Ma-da thc sinh v cung tri u-sut. B Ma-ha-ba-x-ba- nui dng Hong t v sau k v vua Tnh


6/22

Phn.

---o0o---

Tng Mo Ca Hong T

(Kinh i Bn, Kinh Tp, Tiu B Kinh).

Lin sau ngy n sanh, vua Tnh Phn cho mi cc Ba-la-mn n xemtng Thi t. Cc B-la-mn tu rng: "Thi t c ba mi hai tngtt, l mt bc v nhn. Ai c ba mi hai tng qu s s l mt Chuynlun Thnh vng nu sng ti gia; s l mt A-la-hn, Chnh ng Gicnu xut gia". Ring o s A-t- (Asita) ngi tu ni Hi-m, vn c nghe li ch Thin Tam thp tam bn tn v Thi t rng Ngi s l

bc Chnh ng Gic, qu quyt ni rng "Thi t nht nh s xut gia,nht nh s thnh Pht v chuyn bnh xe Php".

Ba mi hai tng qu ca Thi t gm c:1. Lng bn chn bng phng.2. Gt chn thon.3. Ngn tay, ngn chn thon di.4. Tay, chn mm mi.5. Chn c mn da li.

6. Mt c trn nh con s.7. ng chn nh chn con d rng.8. Tay di n u gi.9. Tng m m tng.10. Da trn mt, bi khng th no dnh.11. Mi l chn lng c mt lng mc.12. Mu da nh ng, mu sc nh vng.13. Lng mc xoy trn v pha bn phi, mu xanh m nh thuc bimt.14. Thn hnh cao thng.

15. By ch trn y.16. Na mnh trc thn s t.17. Khng c lm khuyt gia hai vai.18. Thn cn i nh cy bng (Nigrodha), b cao ca thn bng b di cahai si tay dang rng.19. Na thn trn vung trn.20. V gic ht sc bn nhy.


7/22

21. Quai hm s t.22. C bn mi rng.23. Rng khng khuyt h.24. Rng trn lng.25. Rng u n.26. Li rng v di.27. Ging ni m nh ting chim Ca-lng-tn-gi28. i mt mu xanh m.29. C lng mi nh con b ci.30. C mt si lng trng mn gia hai lng my.31. Hai lng bn chn c hai hnh bnh xe vi mt ngn tm xe.32. C nhc k trn u.

Mt s ti liu khc cn k thm tm mi v p ph na.

---o0o---

i Sng V Gio Dc Ca Thi T

(Theo cc Kinh i Bn, Trng B Kinh III; Kinh Thnh Cu, Trung BKinh I; i Kinh Saccaka, Trung B Kinh I; Nidnakatth, Tiu B Kinh;Kinh La-ma, A-hm; i I 775C).

Thu nh, Thi t c vua Tnh Phn v Di mu cng chiu, chm sc v

gio dc rt hon m, c mi ngi yu v. Cc danh s T-sa-mt-a-la(Visvmistra) dy Thi t v vn; San---b (Ksantidiva) dy v v k tnm by tui. Khng bao lu sau Thi t tinh thng vn v.

Ngoi ti nng li lc, Thi t c cc bc thy v mi ngi qu knh vc hnh v tnh ngi.

Trong mt bui l xung rung (h in) do nh vua ch tr, gia lc cc thn mi m xem l, Thi t, by gi cn nh, mt mnh ngi kit gi di cicy Gioi (Rose-apple) v chng nhp S thin. Khi vua cha tr li thy dngdp trm t, tnh mc ca Thi t y o kh, phi kinh ngc tht ln:

"i, con thn yu! y l ln th hai cha nghing mnh trc con" (Ln thnht vo lc n sanh).

Ln ln, Thi t Tt-t-a lun lun l v trm t v cuc sng. Vua TnhPhn lo lng, cho xy ct ba ta nh hp vi ba ma kh hu, v truyn choThi t hng th sung mn nm th dc lc. Nhng hnh phc trn giankhng lm khuy kho c u t ca ngi xut th, Thi t vn mi ngy


8/22

xch li gn vi quyt nh xut gia. Nh vua li vi ci Cng cha nclng ging Da-du--la (Yasodhra), mt trang tuyt sc, cho Thi t vi hyvng hng sc tnh yu ca nng s buc chn Thi t.

C nhng ln ra khi bn ca thnh, do chi vn Ng, chng kin cccnh sanh, gi, bnh, cht, lng Thi t tr nn u bun, dao ng n cc.Mt hm, ni chuyn vi mt o s sng i ly dc, Thi t thy thonghin ng sau mu ngi thanh thot ny mt con ng gii thot.By gi, Thi t va hai mi chn tui, b Da-du--la va mi mang thai(c ti liu chp by gi b sanh Rhula). Thi t nht quyt t b cungvng vo rng xanh tm o.

---o0o---

Qung ng Tu Hnh Ca Thi T

(Theo Kinh Thnh Cu, Trung B Kinh I; i Kinh Saccaka; Kinh La-Ma;i I. 775C; Kinh S T Hng, i I, Trung B I; Kinh Kh m, A-hm,i I. 584-C; bia k ca vua A-dc; v ti liu Kimura Taiken).

Nhn thy r tng v thng v kh au ang ba xung quanh cuc sng,m rm thng hai m lch, Thi t ln nga Kin-trc (Kanthaka) cng vingi hu cn trung thnh Xa-nc (Chandaka) vt hong thnh vo Hy-m

li ng sau cuc sng thng yu v vng v.Di chn ni Tuyt, Thi t li mt ln na t gi Xa-nc thn thng vKin-trc trn qu (S chp, v sau Kin-trc b n m cht). ng trc

Ngi l rng xanh, ng sau Ngi l sanh t.

Thi t tm n hc o vi A-a-la Gi-a-na (Alra Klma), mt o s chng c V s hu x nh. Khng bao lu, Ngi chng c nhng gm Alra chng c. Bit rng y khng phi l ch gii thot, Ngi tgi Alra n hc o vi u- Gi-la-ma T (Uddaka Rmaputta), v o

s chng c Phi tng phi phi tng x nh. Ch trong mt thi gianngn, Ngi chng c nhng g m Uddaka chng c. Li bit rng yvn cn trong vng sanh t, Ngi li ra i, chng cn ai theo hc ona. Ngi cng vi nm anh em Tn gi Kiu-trn-nh (Kodanna) tu khhnh su nm. Ngi tr thnh o s nht kh hnh, nht bn u, nht ym ly, v nht c c Thin nh. Cho n khi thn ch cn da bc


9/22

xng, Ngi nhn ra rng y ch l mt ng ng tu lm ln; ri mt mnhmt bng ra i.

Trong thi gian kh hnh, c ba t tng c bit cha tng c trc y khi ln trong tm Ngi.

- Nh vi mt khc cy xanh, y nha sng, trong nc th s khngnhm ln la c. Cng vy, vi lng y dc vng, tham i, ngi tu skhng chng c Chnh ng Gic.

- Nh vi khc cy xanh y, sau khi vt ra khi nc, s khng nhm lnc la. Cng vy, vi lng y tham i, nhit no, ngi tu s khng in chng ng V thng B ?

- Nh vi khc cy kh, c ly ra khi nc, v c trn mt ch tkh, vi lm la, ngi ta c th nhm ln c la. Cng vy, vi lngx ly dc i, tham i, ngi tu c th chng c A-la-hn. Chnh ng Gicii.

Ngi bt u dn ht n lc vo vic tu tp Thin nh, dng tm ch ngtm. N lc tu tp qu mc, thn Ngi b au n v tm Ngi dao ng.

Ngi tp nn th n thi gian lu nht c th nn c, li cng nghe aun bt an. N lc nn th thm nhiu ln na, Ngi vn khng thy cnh sng gii thot. Bng nhin, trong mt thong, Ngi nh li kinh nghimvo S thin trong dp l Xung rung, lng y hn hoan, Ngi tin rng y

l ng vo Chnh gic.

Ngi i n nc Ma-kit- (Magadha) t lc u-lu-tn-loa (Uruvel), nic mt khm rng xinh p, c con sng trong tro, m chy gn, c lngmc rt d kht thc. Ngi dng chn v chn y lm c im tm o saucng.

Ngi gi chnh nim, tnh gic hnh Thin, ly dc v ln lt vo T scnh, hng tm n Tam minh, Ngi thy r l Duyn khi, kho tc thun chiu, bit rng:

Do ci ny c mt, ci kia c mt;Do ci ny sanh, ci kia sanh;Do v minh c hnh, do hnh c thc v.v...

Ngi thy r nguyn nhn ca kh au: chnh s tp khi ca Mi hai nhnduyn l tp khi ca ton b kh un. canh mt ny, Ngi chng Tcmnh thng (Tc mnh minh) thy r v lng kip qu kh ca mnh (Tthn).


10/22

Sang canh hai, Ngi chng Thin nhn thng (Thin nhn minh), thy r vlng kip qu kh ca chng sanh, vi cc nghip nhn v nghip qu, vthy r con ng th nghip ca chng sanh.Qua canh ba, Ngi tc nghch chiu Duyn khi:

Do ci ny khng c, ci kia khng c;Do ci ny dit, ci kia dit;Do v minh dit nn hnh dit v.v...

Ngi nh tht thy kh au, nguyn nhn ca kh au, s on tn kh auv con ng a n on tn kh au. canh ny, Ngi chng Lu tnthng (Lu tn minh), bit rng y ra i sng cui cng, khng cn tisanh na - u canh mt, khi vo Thin nh lc l khi Ngi chng rtro Thin nh thng, Tha tm thng v Thn tc thng. Nh th canh ba,

Ngi chng Lc thng.

n canh nm, Ngi tc thun v nghch chiu. Duyn khi, thy r:

Do ci ny c, ci kia c;Do ci ny sanh, ci kia sanh;Do ci ny khng c, ci kia khng c;Do ci ny dit, ci kia dit.

ng lc sao mai mc, Ngi chng c V thng Chnh ng Gic. Ngi

l v A-la-hn Chnh ng Gic u tin trong hin kip. V sau, Ngi cxng tn l Th Tn, y mi danh hiu: Nh Lai, ng Cng, ChnhBin Tri, Minh Hnh tc, Thin Th, Th Gian Gii, V Thng S iu

Ng Trng Phu, Thin Nhn S, Pht, Th Tn.

---o0o---

Con ng Gio Ha

c Th Tn phn vn trc con ng gio ha: Gio l gii thot th t

nh, thm su, ly dc, v ng, i ngc vi tp qun ham mun v suy tchp ng ca con ngi, lm sao con ngi chp nhn gio l y?Gia lc y, Phm thin Sahampati xut hin thnh cu Th Tn cu th,chuyn bnh xe Php v hnh phc cho ch Thin v loi Ngi. Ri hnhnh h sen trc mt, c nhng cng sen vn ra khi mt nc, c nhngcng lng chng, c nhng cng su trong lng nc v.v... gi ln trongTh Tn hnh nh cn c bt ng ca con ngi: C nhng cn c thp nh


11/22

nhng cnh sen y h, nhng cn c trung bnh nh nhng cnh sen lng chng nc, cng c nhng cn c cao c th tip nhn gio l giithot ca Ngi, nh nhng cnh sen nh ra khi mt nc c th tip thunh sng mt tri. Th Tn lin quyt nh ln ng chuyn vn bnh xePhp.

Ngi dng tu nhn qun st ai s l ngi c c duyn c trc. Ngingh n hai v thy c, Alra v Uddaka. Hai ngi thc sanh. Tip n

Ngi ngh n nm ngi bn cng tu kh hnh, thy h ang tr vnNai (Lc Uyn), Banares (Bransi). Ngi lin i b n y. Ti y, biphp u tin v T c ging gi l "S Chuyn Php Lun". Nghexong, Tn gi Kiu-trn-nh (Kodanna) chng c Tu--hon. Th Tn thunhn nm Tn gi lm cc t u tin.

Ln u tin, Ngi Tam Bo c hnh thnh, khi u ca Gio hi Pht

gio.Th Tn ging tip V ng, rng Nm un l v thng, nu ai thot khitham i, th s ra khi ti sinh, c gii thot. Nm Tn gi: Kiu-trn-nh(Kodanna) B-ph (Vappa), B- (Bhaddhiya), Ma-ha-nam (Mahnma) vThuyt Th (Assaji) ln lt chng c A-la-hn.

Th Tn tip Da-x (Yasa) Benares vi bn ngi khc na, tt c uc A-la-hn. Th l, ti Benares, Gio hi c hnh thnh gm mi mtv A-la-hn (k c Th Tn).

Sau khi dy mi v A-la-hn u tin mi v i v mt phong hongha, Th Tn tip tc i n u-lu-tn-loa (Uruvela) thuyt php ba anhem Ca-dip (Kassapa) v ngt mt ngn t ca ba Ngi. y, vua Tn-

b-sa-la (Bimbisra) yt kin Th Tn. Sau khi nghe Th Tn thuyt ging,nh vua hiu php, lin cung thnh Th Tn cng mt ngn v A-la-hn thtrai, ri dng cng Th Tn v ch Tng tnh x Trc Lm (Veluvana), mtkhun vin rng ln gn thnh Vng X. By gi l thng Vesakha, giathng t v thng nm dng lch, u ma kit h. Gio hi ca Th Tn anc ma ma u tin y. Hai thng tip theo ma an c, Th Tn v ch

Tng tr Vng X. Chnh trong thi gian ny, mt o s tu kh hnh cngt nm trm t, trong c tn gi X-Li-Pht (Sriputta) v Mc-Kin-Lin (Moggallna), c Th Tn ha . T y, thng c mt ngnhai trm nm mi v T-kheo thp tng Th Tn.

Tn gi X-li-pht v Mc-kin-lin vn l hai ngi bn ch thn. Trnng tm o gii thot, trc khi gp Th Tn, Tn gi X-li-pht


12/22

chng c Tu--hon qu khi ln u tin nghe Tn gi Thuyt th ni tmtt gio l Duyn khi. Sau , trc Th Tn, hai Tn gi u chng cA-la-hn.Tn gi X-li-pht l bc tr tu bc nht ca Gio hi, Tn gi Mc-kin-lin l bc thn thng nht. Do l , Th Tn chn Tn gi X-li-phtlm trng t, bc Tng qun Chnh php v chn Tn gi Mc kin linl i t th hai. T y, hai Tn gi thng thay mt Th Tn hngdn Tng chng. y l thi im nh du s pht trin mnh ca Gio hiPht gio di s lnh o ca Th Tn.

Gia ma ng nm y, Th Tn tr v Ma-kit-, Vua Tnh Phn hay tin,lin gi mt s thn v phi on gm mt ngn ngi n thnh mi ThTn v thm hong triu. C phi on u xut gia. Nh vua li phi mt

phi on gm mt ngn ngi khc i thnh mi. Tt c li u xut gia,

khng tr v triu. Ln th ba nh vua c Ka-lu--di (Kludyi), con mti thn, l bn cng tui thi trai tr ca Thi t Tt-t-a, Ka-lu--dicng xut gia. Tt c hai ngn ngi ca hai on s gi v Ka-lu--diu chng c A-la-hn. Lin sau , Ka-lu--di bch ln Th Tn lithnh cu ca vua Tnh Phn. Th Tn nhn li, ri cng mt ngn hai trmnm mi v T-kheo ln ng ha Hong tc.

By gi, Nan- (Nanda), em trai ca Th Tn, v La-hu-la (Rhula) conca Th Tn u xut gia. Vua Tnh Phn c T--hm, di mu Ma-ha-ba-x-ba- c Tu--hon (v sau di mu cng b Da-du--la xut gia v

c A-la-hn); vua Tnh Phn ti v v c A-la-hn vo lc x bo thn,ng theo truyn thng ca Pht- ghi Kinh i Bn. Cc hong thn B- (Bhaddiya), A-nu-lu- (Anuruddha), A-nan (nanda), B-gi(Bhagu), Bc-cu-la (Kimbila), -b-t-a (Devadatta) cng ngi thht tc ca cc hong thn, u-ba-ly (Upli), cng xin xut gia. B- tu c lin Tam minh, A-nu-lu- c Thin nhn v Tc mnh minh, A-nan c Tu--hon. u-ba-ly v sau c A-la-hn, -b-t-a c Tthin sc gii.

Tip tc cuc hnh trnh hong ha, Th Tn n X-v (Svatth) c sCp C c (Anthapindika), nhn ngi vn v Tnh x K Hon(Jetavana) do c s ny dng cng, v n c s Lc Mu (Viskh). Haingi c s ny h php rt c lc, hng ngy n vn an sc khe c ThTn v lo t s cng dng (y o, thc n, thuc men v sng ta) cho chTng.

Nm th nm sau ngy Th Tn thnh o, b Ma-ba-x-ba- c Th


13/22

Tn nhn li, qua li khn khon thnh cu ca Tn gi A-nan, cho xut giakm theo iu kin "Bt Knh Php". Gio hi Ni ra di t y.T y, khi Gio hi Tng v Ni thnh lp vi s Tng-Ni kh ng, nhiuqui lut tu hnh bt u c thit lp.

Theo ti liu ca Edward J. Thomas, Chng X, trong cun "The Life ofBuddha...", th mt s vn gii lut bt u tng hnh vo nm th susau ngy Th Tn chuyn bnh xe Php, v thnh hnh r t nm th misau ngy thnh o. Theo Lut tng th gii lut hn nhin c t ra tnm th mi ba, do Tn gi u-b-ly c trch (vn ny s c bnn phn Gii hc, chng Php Bo).

Trong gio hi Tng v Ni, Th Tn tu duyn ha mi giai cptrong x hi, khng phn bit giu ngho, nam n, sang hn, ngi c trnh

vn ha cao, thp, a v v.v.:- Tn gi X li Pht v Mc-kin-lin i biu thnh phn hc gi, tr

thc.- Tn gi A-nu-lu-, A-nan... i biu cho thnh phn hong tc,vua cha.- Tn gi u-ba-ly i biu giai cp cng nhn.- Tn gi Angulimla l mt tng cp.- N tn gi Patcr l ngi bnh dn, lon tr v au kh cng (mt ht cha m, em, chng v con).

- Mt c gi giai cp cng inh.- Ni c Addahakasi vn l k n, v.v... (Trng lo Ni k).Th Tn tip tc gio ha sanh cho n tm mi tui mi vo

Nit bn v d y. Kinh chp, hng t ni bt ca Ngi gm c:V ch Tng: (Tng Chi B Kinh I, Phm Ti Thng).- Tn gi Kiu-trn-Nh l v xut gia u tin.- Tn gi X-li-pht: Tr tu nht.- Tn gi Mc-kin-lin: Thn thng nht.- Tn gi Ca-dip: u nht.

- Tn gi u-ba-ly: Tr gii nht.- Tn gi A-nu-lu-: Thin nhn nht.- Tn gi B- (Bhaddiya): m thanh vi diu nht.- Tn gi Ph-lu-na (Punna Mantniputta): Thuyt php nht.- Tn gi Ca-chin-din (Mah Kaccana): Thuyt ging rng ri nht- Tn gi B- (Bhaddiya): Qu tc nht.


14/22

- Tn gi Pindola Bhradyja: Ni php vi ting rng s t nht.- Tn gi La-hu-la: a thch hc tp nht.- Tn gi Tu-b- (Subhti): Thanh tnh v v trnh nht, ccng dng nht.- Tn gi Rdha: Bin ti nht.- Tn gi Kip-tn-na (Mah Kappina): Gio gii nht.- Tn gi Revata: c c Thin nh nht.V ch Ni:- N tn gi Ma-ha-ba-x-ba-: Trng lo Ni nht (tu u tin).- Khem: Tr tu nht.- Uppalavann: Thn thng nht.- Dhammadinn: Thuyt php nht.- Nand: Tu thin nht.- Bakul: Thin nhn nht.

- Bhaddakccna: i thng tr nht.- Kisagotami: nht mang th y.- Sigalkamt: Tn gii nht.- Son: Tinh cn nht.V Nam c s:- C s Tapassubhalli: quy y u tin.- Cp C c: B th nht.- Citta: Thuyt php nht.- Hatthaka lavaka: Nhip phc hi chng nht.- Hatthigmaka Uggata: H tr ch Tng nht.- Ambattha: Tnh tn nht.- Nakulapit: Thn mt nht.V N c s:- Sujta (Tu-x-): Quy y u tin.- Viskh: B th nht.- Khujjutar: a vn nht.- Uttara: Tu thin nht.- Suppiy: Sn sc bnh nhn nht.- Ktiyni: Tnh tn nht.

- Nakulamt: Thn mt nht.- ...

---o0o---


15/22

Nhng Ngy Cui Cng

(Theo kinh i Bt Nit bn. Trng B Kinh III).

Nm tm mi tui, tr nn gi yu, Th Tn quyt nh nhp Nit Bn

V d y, sau ba ln Ma vng (Mra) thnh cu, v sau ba ln Th Tngi cho Tn gi A-nan thnh cu Th Tn tr th m Tn gi khngnhn ra ca Ngi.

Ba thng cui cng, Th Tn cng Tn gi A-nan i b t thnh VngX n Beluva.

Trn ng i, trong thi gian ny, Th Tn ngn c mt chin spxy ra gia x Ma-kit- ca vua A-x-th (Ajatasattu) v x Bt-k(Vajji).Th Tn tip tc nhng ai ng c . Du s ngoi o Subbaddhal ngi sau cng c Th Tn cho xut gia, th i gii. Khng baolu sau , Subbadha c A-la-hn. y l v A-la-hn sau cng trckhi Th Tn nhp dit.

Mt c s khc, C s Thun- (Cunda), ngi th st, c Th Tnthuyt php khch l, dng cng Th Tn chic o kim sc (vng chi)v cng dng ba n sau cng. Trong ba n ny, ngoi mn n thngv cn c th mc nh (Skara-madde). Dng xong, Th Tn b bnh l

huyt, au n, nhng Th Tn dng nh lc nhip phc khi bnh cngTn gi A-nan tip tc cuc hnh trnh n Kusinra. Th Tn dy Cunda" l mt loi nm c; ch tr Nh Lai n xong mi khng b cht, hyem chn phn thc n cn li". Th Tn li dn d Tn gi A-nan hynh tan mi hi hn c th xy ra trong lng Cunda v ba cm cngdng y, v nh tan d lun bn tan hiu lm v lng thnh cngdng ca Cunda - (Theo kinh i Bt Nit-Bn, Trng B III).

---o0o---

Nhng Li Dy Cui Cng

- "Ny A-nan, Php v Lut m Ta ging dy v trnh by, sau khi Tadit , chnh Php v Lut y s l bc o s ca cc ng" (Ibid. tr.154).


16/22

- "Ny A-nan, sau khi Ta dit , c th hu b nhng hc gii nh nht"(Ibid. tr. 154).

- "Ny cc T-kheo (By gi c mt nm trm v T-kheo u l Thnhhu hc), v hc, nu c T-kheo no nghi ng v Pht, Php v chngTng, o hay phng php, thi hy hi i, v sau ch c hi tic...".Th Tn hi ba ln, nhng tt c u im lng, biu l s khng cn cnghi ng.

- "Ny cc T-kheo, nay Nh Lai khuyn cc ng; Cc php hu vi l vthng, hy tinh tn, ch c phng dt" (Ibid. tr. 156).Chnh y l li dy sau rt trong nhng li dy sau cng ca Nh Lai.Th Tn Nhp V D Y Nit-Bn

Th Tn dy Tn gi A-nan cng i n rng Ta-la (Sl) ca dng hMall Kusinra. Ta-la t nhin tr hoa tri ma y cnh. Th Tn dydn ch nm, u hng v pha Bc, gia hai cy Ta-la song i. ThTn nm nghing v hng bn phi, hai chn ln nhau. Sau khi dyxong nhng li dy cui cng. Th Tn nhp nh s Thin ri xut sThin, nh Thin ri xut nh Thin.... Phi Tng phi phi tng ri xutPhi tng phi phi tng, nhp Dit th tng ri xut Dit th tngnh, nhp Phi tng phi phi tng ri xut phi tng phi phi tng...nhp s Thin, xut s Thin, cho n nhp t Thin, xut t Thin, ThTn lp tc dit .

Sau khi Th Tn nhp dit, ch Thin v loi Ngi, nhng ai cha tntr tr tham i th khc than, o no; nhng ai tn tr tham i th vngtr trong chnh nim rng: "Cc hnh l v thng, lm sao c th khcc?"

---o0o---

L Ha Thiu X Li V Dng Thp Tn Th X Li

Dn chng Mall Kusinr lin tc nh l, cung knh cng dng kimthn Th Tn vi cc iu ma, iu nhc, hng v hoa, ri lp nhngdn ha thiu ti n Makuta Bandhana.

Kim thn ca Th Tn c hc 500 lp vi (c mt lp vi tinh, mtlp vi th), t vo mt hm u bng st, hm ny li c bc kn bi


17/22

mt hm st khc. Dn ha thiu lm bng loi g hng thm.Dn ha thiu khng th bt la cho n khi Tn gi i Ca-dip kp vnh l di chn Th Tn. (Khi c tin Th Tn th tch th Tn gii Ca-dip ang gia chng ng t Pv n Kusinra).Khi thiu xong, khng c thn hay tro cn li, m ch c X li. Mtdng nc t h khng v mt dng nc t cy ta-la ri tt dn ha.Dn Mall th ri tt vi cc th nc thm.

Dn Mall tn tri X-li trong ging ng, sut by ngy cung knhnh l, dng v, nhc, hng hoa cng dng.

X Li c phn chia lm tm phn cho:1. Vua nc Maggadha.2. Dng h Licchavi Vesni (Dng St--li).

3. Dng Thch-ca Ca-t-la-v.4. Dng ngi Puli Allakappa (Dng St--li).5. Nhng ngi Koli Rmagma (Dng St--li).6. Nhng ngi Mall Kusinra.7. Nhng ngi Mall Pv.8. B-la-mn Vethadipaka.Mi ngi thp c dng ln tn th X-li:- Tm thp tn th tm phn X-li.- Mt thp th ci bnh dng phn chia X-li.- Mt thp tn th tro X-li.

S Khc Bit Gia T Tng n V Pht Gio Di Thi Th TnT tng n trc thi c Pht v trong thi c Pht:Cc nh nghin cu v t tng n thng c nhiu nhn nh khcnhau. Pht biu v s lin h gia V- v Pht gio cng th. Phi lmt cng trnh nghin cu tht cng phu mi c th c s phn bit rrng v c gi tr v nhng im d ng gia tng n v Pht gio.

Trong phn trnh by ngn gn ny, chng ti ch trng trng dnvi nhn nh tiu biu v thm vo kin ca ring mnh da vo nm

Nikya v bn Agma.Theo Radhakrishnan v Moore, trong cun "Indian Philophy", Trit ln chia ra lm nm giai on:* Giai on I: T 2500 TTL n 600 TTL l giai on ca t tng V-.* Giai on II: T 600 TTL n 200 TL l giai on t tng Anh hng


18/22

ca.* Giai on III: L giai on ca nhng th k u Ty Lch, giai onca Kinh (Sutra). Giai on ny gm cc phi Trit hc:- Nyna hay Thc ti lun l (Logical Realism).- Vaisesika hay Thng lun, hay a nguyn thc ti lun.- Smkhya hay s lun, hay Tin ha nh nguyn lun (EvolutionaryDualism).- Yoga hay Thin nh.- Prva Mmamsa: nhng cng trnh din dch u tin v V- lin hn Gii, v Uttara Mimamsa hay nhng kho cu v sau v V linh n tri kin, cng gi l V-n- (Vedanta), ch ca V-.

* Giai on IV: l giai on hc thut, giai on ca cc bn lun vit gii thch cc Kinh ra i.

* Giai on V: T tng n ng thi.

Giai on V- l giai on t tng ca vn ha v vn minh Aryans,t Trung truyn qua. y l giai on trit hc tu thnh Upanishads.C bn loi V-: Xng tng ci Bit (Rig-Veda), Ve- v T t (Yajur-Veda); Ve- v Thn ch, Ca vnh (Samma-Veda), v V- do o sAtharva truyn li, c tnh cch tham bc v trin khai nghi ca ba b kia(Atharva-Veda).

T tng ch yu ca ngi n trong thi V- ny l: Chn l doThng mc khi cho loi Ngi u mi chu k v tr (mi chu k:

4320 triu nm trn tri t. Rig-Veda cp n rt nhiu v thn nh thnMt tri (Srya), thn La (Aggi), thn Bu tri (Dyaus), thn Bo t(Maruts), thn Gi (Vayu hay Vta), thn Nc (pas), thn Bnh minh(Usas), thn t (Prthiv), v.v... Nhng theo Radhakrishnan v Moore (Ibid,tr. 5) khi dn n th v thn no th v thn y tr nn v Thn cha t (ngsng to v hy dit v tr.) V th, V- va mang ngha a thn, vamang ngha nht thn, c th c gi l u ng thn (Henotheism hayKathenotheism).

n thi k th hai ca t tng n , Pht gio xut hin cng vi

K-na gio (Jainism), Saivism v Vaisnavism.Pht gio xut hin c ngha l Pht gio mang mt ni dung khc vi

ni dung t tng n by gi v trc .

P.D. Mehta, trong cun "Early Indian Religious Thought", nh xut bnLusac v Company Limited xut bn London nm 1956, vit rng: "Tn


19/22

gio c c Pht xut th rt c o, n khc bit mt cch sng stvi tt c cc tn gio ln khc. Chnh php, m khng phi l mt conngi thn thnh hay tuyt i, l sui ngun. Mc ch l v ng, s chmdt kh au, v s chng ng bt t, Nit bn...".

(But Religion as pronounced by the Buddha is so orginal that it is startlingdifferent from all the other great religions. The Dhamma, and not a Divine

Person or Absolute, is the fountain head. The goal is selflessness, thecessation from being a source of sufffering and evil, and the realization ofthe Deathlessness of Nirvna...) (p. 186-187).

Geogre Grimm, mt hc gi ngi c, l mt Pht t, trong phn phlc "The Doctrine of the Buddha as the Flower of Indian Thought" ca cun"The Doctrine of the Buddha" (Bn dch ra Anh ng ca T-kheo Slcra)

vit: "Gio l ca c Pht cng gi l gio l ca V ng, tng phn vigio l Ng ca V-n-a" (... "The Doctrine of the Buddha is also calledthe doctrine of not-I, anatt-vda, as contrasted with the I-doctrine, the Att-vda, of the Vedanta") - (p. 370).

C rt nhiu kinh Nikya v gama trnh by s khc bit r rng gia cchc thuyt n v Pht gio. Chng ti, ngi vit, ghi nhn y l quanim ring ca Thng ta b v Nht thit hu b.

Kinh Phm Vng (Brahmajla Suttam) trnh by c su mi hai lun chp

ca cc hc thuyt n by gi khc bit hn vi Pht gio. Trong cmi tm lun chp v qu kh (gm bn thng tr lun, bn bn thng

bn v thng lun, bn hu bin v bin lun, bn ngy bin, v hai vnhn lun), ba mi chn lun chp v tng lai (gm mi su lun chp ctng sau khi cht, tm lun chp v tng sau khi cht, tm lun chpkhng phi c tng khng phi khng c tng sau khi cht, v by ondit lun) v nm lun chp v hin ti Nit bn lun (Hn tng tngng: kinh Phm ng, A-hm).

Phm Tng ng Khng Thuyt (Avykata), Tng ng B Kinh IV, trnhby cc lun chp, cc quan im s d c mt l do s c mt ca i th, ihu, i i, l do c chp th ng (Sc, Th, Tng, Hnh v Thc). y lim khc bit r rng gia cc hc thuyt n di thi Th Tn viPht gio. Mt ng ch trng cc thuyt lin h n Ng, mt ng chtrng ht thy cc php l V ng. Mt s cc hc gi by gi cho rng ttng V- v Pht gio gp g nhau thuyt Nghip bo (Kamma, Skt.


20/22

Karma), Lun hi (Samsra) v Gii thot. Ngi vit ngh rng y ch ls ging nhau tn gi (danh t), nhng ni dung th cha ng nhng gkhc hn nhau. Ch trng v nghip bo, lun hi, nhn qu, gii thot caPht gio s c trnh by Chng Php Bo.

Kinh Phm ng (Hn tng, Trng A-hm, quyn 14) trnh by tng tv su mi hai lun chp trn v c kt lun ngay trong phm kinh nyrng "Ngoi o do chp th ng un m khi xng su mi hai lun chpy".Lp trng ca Nikya v gama c th c xem nh l lp trng trungthnh vi Pht gio khi nguyn (nguyn thy) nht. y hin r imkhc bit rt l nn tng gia Pht gio v cc t tng n ng thi vtrc .

i vo hin tng x hi ca s phn bit giai cp n , im khc bit sovi Pht gio li cng d thy hn. Hin tng phn chia giai cp y c tngn nm trc n thi Th Tn v ko di cho n cn i v hin i.Bn giai cp ca x hi n (Gm B-la-mn, St li, Ph-x v Th-)c ngun gc t kinh Rig-Veda, bn kinh xa nht ca n gio. Rig-Veda,chng X, 90, 11 ghi rng: "Ming Ngi thnh tu s B-la-mn (Brahmana),hai tay Ngi c to thnh chin s (Kshatriya), hai bp chn Ngi thnhthng nhn (Vaishya), hai bn chn Ngi thnh ti t (Shudra)".Cc ngi giai cp khc nhau khng c ci hi nhau, khng c nchung bn, khng c cng hnh l. Giai cp cng nh Th--la c bit

b hnh h v khinh mit.

Trong khi , Pht gio ch trng bnh ng giai cp, bnh ng gia conngi c mu cng , nc mt cng mn. Quan im ny c trnh bytrong nhiu kinh ca Nikya v gama. Chnh v im khc bit ny m cmt s B-la-mn gio cho n nay, xem Pht gio nh l th nghch, chorng chnh c Th Tn lm o ngc truyn thng n .

Ch trng bnh ng bn giai cp n l ch trng mang y tnh cchmng t tng v cch mng x hi. Ch trng ca Th Tn, cng viquan im v gio l gii thot ca Ngai, ni ln v tr c o ca Pht giotrong lch s n, cng nh trong lch s nhn loi. Cho d cc b phi Phtgio c nhn mt s nt khc bit nhau v Th Tn, iu cng khng lmthay i gi tr c o .


21/22

---o0o---

Ht


22/22

i . Bn dch ca Nguyn Hng, Pht hc vin Nha Trang, 1957.ii . i kinh Saccaka (Mahsaccakasuttam), Trung B I.

Luoc Su Duc Phat - HT Chon Thien

Documents

Transcript of Luoc Su Duc Phat - HT Chon Thien