Lecture3 :Change Control

Lecturer: Kawther Abas

447CS – Management of Programming Projects

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Change Control System• A formal, documented process that

describes when and how official project documents and work may be changed.

• Describes who is authorized to make changes and how to make them.

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Level of Activity and Overlap of Process Groups Over Time

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What is Cost and Project Cost Management?

• Cost is a resource sacrificed or foregone to achieve a specific objective, or something given up in exchange.

• Costs are usually measured in monetary units, such as dollars.

• Project cost management includes the processes required to ensure that the project is completed within an approved budget.

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Project Cost Management Processes

• Cost estimating: Developing an approximation or estimate of the costs of the resources needed to complete a project.

• Cost budgeting: Allocating the overall cost estimate to individual work items to establish a baseline for measuring performance.

• Cost control: Controlling changes to the project budget.

Schedule

• Schedule development: Analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, and activity duration estimates to create the project schedule.

• Schedule control: Controlling and managing changes to the project schedule.

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What is Cost and Project Cost Management?

• Cost is a resource sacrificed or foregone to achieve a specific objective, or something given up in exchange.

• Costs are usually measured in monetary units, such as dollars.

• Project cost management includes the processes required to ensure that the project is completed within an approved budget.

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Project Cost Management Processes

• Cost estimating: Developing an approximation or estimate of the costs of the resources needed to complete a project.

• Cost budgeting: Allocating the overall cost estimate to individual work items to establish a baseline for measuring performance.

• Cost control: Controlling changes to the project budget.

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What Is Quality?

• The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines quality as “the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements” (ISO9000:2000).

• Other experts define quality based on:– Conformance to requirements: The project’s

processes and products meet written specifications.

– Fitness for use: A product can be used as it was intended.

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Software quality management

• Concerned with ensuring that the required level of quality is achieved in a software product

• Involves defining appropriate quality standards and procedures and ensuring that these are followed

• Should aim to develop a ‘quality culture’ where quality is seen as everyone’s responsibility

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What is quality?

• Quality, simplistically, means that a product should meet its specification

• This is problematical for software systems– Tension between customer quality requirements

(efficiency, reliability, etc.) and developer quality requirements (maintainability, reusability, etc.)

– Some quality requirements are difficult to specify in an unambiguous way

– Software specifications are usually incomplete and often inconsistent

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What Is Project Quality Management?

• Processes include:– Quality planning: Establish organisational procedures and

standards for quality. Identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them.

– Quality assurance: Periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards.

– Quality control: Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards. Ensure that procedures and standards are followed by the software development team.

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Quality management and software development

Software developmentprocess

Quality managementprocess

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

Standards andprocedures

Qualityplan

Quality review reports

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Project Risk Management Processes

• Risk management planning: Deciding how to approach and plan the risk management activities for the project.

• Risk identification: Determining which risks are likely to affect a project and documenting the characteristics of each.

• Qualitative risk analysis: Prioritizing risks based on their probability and impact of occurrence.

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Project Risk Management Processes (cont’d)

• Quantitative risk analysis: Numerically estimating the effects of risks on project objectives.

• Risk response planning: Taking steps to enhance opportunities and reduce threats to meeting project objectives.

• Risk monitoring and control: Monitoring identified and residual risks, identifying new risks, carrying out risk response plans, and evaluating the effectiveness of risk strategies throughout the life of the project.

The (dedicated) Project Team lies at one extreme end of the continuum which starts from undertaking projects using the (pure) functional form of project organization.

A project manager is selected to head a core group of personell assigned from two or more functional units of the organization and who are all required to work full-time on the project in question.

Project Teams are usually „cross-functional“ in nature and are a powerful means of dealing with complex assignments which may be difficult to do using other project organiza-tion forms.

The (Dedicated) Project Team

Corporation XCorporation X

Human Resources

Human Resources

MarketingMarketing EngineeringEngineering ProcurementProcurementManufacturingManufacturing

Finance &Administration

Finance &Administration

Project Manager

Project Team

MA1MA1 MA2MA2 MA3MA3 EN1EN1 EN2EN2 EN3EN3 MF1MF1 MF2MF2 MF3MF3 PR1PR1 PR2PR2

Forming a (Dedicated) Project Team

Staff are assigned away from various departments to work full-time on the project.

Other Areas

Definition: Senior Manager

• is a title given in a large company with a perceived need for additional levels in its management structure. In a hierarchy, Senior Manager falls between Manager and General Manger. The Senior Manager, like all managers, is responsible for planning and directing the work of a group of individuals, monitoring their work, and taking corrective action when necessary.