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JIHAD IN THE MODERN ERA:IMAGE AND REALITY

Dr. Iffat MalikFarzana Noshab

a!af Ab!"llah

Intro!"#tion

In th$ %ost&'ol! (ar )orl!* )ith th$ thr$at of #o++"nis+ o,$r* +or$ an! +or$ att$ntion isb$in- -i,$n in th$ ($st to th$ s"%%os$! thr$at %os$! b Isla+* an! s%$#ifi#all th$%h$no+$non of /iha!. A lot of a#a!$+i# an! /o"rnalisti# lit$rat"r$ has b$$n !$,ot$! to thisto%i#. In this* /iha! t$n!s to b$ %ro/$#t$! in a ,$r n$-ati,$ +ann$r & M"sli+s ar$ %ortra $!as fanati#s an! t$rrorists* th$ )hol$ ($st$rn #i,ilisation is #onsi!$r$! to b$ at risk* /iha! isb$in- )a-$! as %art of an int$rnational +o,$+$nt +ast$r+in!$! b Osa+a bin La!$n* an!so forth.

0nfort"nat$l * s$rio"s ob/$#ti,$ st"! of th$ /iha! %h$no+$non has b$$n n$-li-ibl$. This is)hat this +ono-ra%h %ro%os$s to !o: fin! th$ r$alit b$hin! th$ %ro/$#t$! i+a-$.

It )ill b$-in b bri$fl $1a+inin-: 234 th$ )a /iha! is %ortra $! in th$ non&M"sli+ )orl!*$s%$#iall in ($st$rn lit$rat"r$* an! 254 th$ #on#$%t of /iha! in Isla+ 2i.$. a##or!in- to th$6"r7an4. Fi,$ #as$ st"!i$s )ill b$ $1a+in$!: Af-hanistan* )h$r$ th$ +o!$rn&!a%h$no+$non is b$li$,$! to ha,$ ori-inat$!8 9osnia& oso,o* both in,ol,in- M"sli+s fi-htin-

$rbs8 'h$#hn a8 an! th$ t)o lon-&stan!in- str"--l$s #"rr$ntl !o+inant in th$ M"sli+)orl!* ash+ir an! ;al$stin$. In $a#h #as$ a bri$f histor of th$ #onfli#t )ill b$ -i,$n* th$r$asons )h th$ %arti$s ar$ fi-htin- 2$s%$#iall th$ M"sli+s4* )ho th$ ar$ fi-htin- a-ainst*

)ho is a#t"all fi-htin-* )hat th$ir -oals ar$* an! )h$th$r th$ fi-ht$rs in,ol,$! s$$th$+s$l,$s as in,ol,$! in a /iha!.

Ha,in- $1a+in$! all th$ #as$s in!i,i!"all an! #o+%arati,$l * th$ )ill b$ ass$ss$! to s$$ if th$ #onfor+ to th$ i+a-$ %ortra $! in th$ ($st* of all th$s$ Isla+i# 7+ilitant7 -ro"%s b$in-%art of so+$ 7int$rnational /iha! for#$7* or )h$th$r in $a#h #as$ M"sli+s )$r$ l$ft )ith no#hoi#$ b"t to tak$ "% ar+s in s$lf !$f$n#$.

Th$ +ono-ra%h )ill th$n $1a+in$ )h$th$r th$ n$-ati,$ + ths r$-ar!in- /iha! ar$!$lib$rat$l %$!all$! an! th$ir +oti,ations. For $1a+%l$* In!ia no) att$+%ts to -ainint$rnational s +%ath b %r$s$ntin- th$ ash+ir #onfli#t as %art of a )i!$r /iha!

+o,$+$nt8 this +ak$s th$ ($st t"rn a blin! $ $ to th$ r$al r$ason )h ash+iris ar$fi-htin-* na+$l for th$ir ri-ht of s$lf&!$t$r+ination an! a-ainst In!ian o%%r$ssion.

Finall * th$ +ono-ra%h )ill +ak$ s"--$stions as to ho) M"sli+s sho"l! r$s%on! to th$n$-ati,$ %ortra al of /iha! in th$ ($st* )h$r$ th$ n"+b$r of M"sli+ %o%"lations is on th$ris$.

;ortra al of Jiha!

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Ho) is /iha! %ortra $! an! s$$n in th$ ($st

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for+ of totalitarianis+ )ith anoth$r8 th$ o,i$t +o!$l )ith an Isla+i# on$.C

Finall * th$ st"! #onsi!$rs th$ ($st$rn #o,$ra-$ of th$ 7/iha!is7 & thos$ a#t"all $n-a-$! in /iha!. Th$ -$n$ral i+a-$ #on,$ $! of th$s$ is that +an ar$ ,$t$rans of th$ Af-han /iha!)ho* ha,in- 7finish$! th$ir )ork th$r$7* ha,$ +o,$! onto & an! ar$ in #onstant s$ar#h of &

n$) ar$nas of /iha!. Of thos$ fi-htin- th$ R"ssians in 'h$#hn a* a si-nifi#ant n"+b$r ar$sai! to b$ Af-hans* Arabs an! oth$rs* train$! in Af-hanistan. i+ilarl * In!ia #lai+s +ost ofth$ fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs it is fa#in- in ash+ir ar$ a#t"all non& ash+iris & ;akistani* Af-han*Arab.

'on#$%t of Jiha! in Isla+

Th$ t$r+ /iha! has b$$n "s$! so fr$>"$ntl an! $1t$nsi,$l in th$ s$ns$ of 7hol )ar7 that+ost %$o%l$ b$li$,$ this is )hat it +$ans. An $1a+ination of Isla+i# r$f$r$n#$s to /iha! inth$ 6"r7an an! "nnah* ho)$,$r* r$,$al that it is a#t"all a +"#h )i!$r #on#$%t. Th$ )or!

/iha! lit$rall +$ans 7stri,in-7* 7str"--l$7* b"t it is not a stri,in- /"st in )ar sit"ations. Jiha!

#an tak$ +an for+s. At its +ost basi# l$,$l* /iha! is a str"--l$ )ith on$7s s$lf* to o,$r#o+$"n&Isla+i# tho"-hts an! !$sir$s an! li,$ in a##or!an#$ )ith Allah7s )ill. In this s$ns$a#ti,iti$s lik$ %ra in-* fastin-* an! r$frainin- fro+ "n&Isla+i# a#ti,iti$s lik$ !rinkin- al#oholan! -a+blin-* all #o"nt as /iha!.

$#on!l * /iha! is stri,in- to s%r$a! an! $stablish Isla+. Th$ 6"r7an instr"#ts all M"sli+s to7En/oin -oo! an! forbi! $,il.7 This too #an tak$ +an for+s* ran-in- fro+ t$llin- non&M"sli+s abo"t th$ +$ssa-$ of th$ 6"r7an* to !iff$r$ntiatin- b$t)$$n -oo! an! ba! in fa+ilsit"ations* to for+in- Isla+i# %oliti#al %arti$s an! #ont$stin- in $l$#tions )ith th$ ai+ ofs$ttin- "% an Isla+i# -o,$rn+$nt. 9"t M"sli+s ar$ not allo)$! to "s$ for#$ to #on,$rt%$o%l$ to Isla+. Th$ 6"r7an str$ss$s: 7Th$r$ is no #o+%"lsion in r$li-ion* for th$ tr"th has

b$$n +a!$ +anif$st fro+ th$ fals$.7 F"rth$r+or$* it $n/oins r$s%$#t for 'hristians an!J$)s as 7;$o%l$ of th$ 9ook7 an! la s !o)n -"i!$lin$s for tr$at+$nt of non&M"sli+s. In thislar-$r #ont$1t* 7to $n/oin -oo! an! forbi! $,il7 is a +$ssa-$ for all h"+anit .

Thir!l * /iha! is a str"--l$ a-ainst a--r$ssion an! o%%r$ssion. (h$r$,$r th$r$ is o%%r$ssion*in/"sti#$* or M"sli+s ar$ !$ni$! th$ fr$$!o+ to )orshi%* str"--lin- to lib$rat$ th$+ is /iha!:

2M4ak$ %$a#$ b$t)$$n th$+ 2th$ t)o fi-htin- -ro"%s4* b"t if on$ of th$ t)o %$rsists ina--r$ssion a-ainst th$ oth$r* fi-ht th$ a--r$ssors "ntil th$ r$,$rt to Go!7s#o++an!+$nt.3

(ho$,$r trans-r$ss$s a-ainst o"* r$taliat$ lik$)is$ a-ainst hi+* an! f$ar Allah* an! kno)that Allah is )ith thos$ )ho f$ar hi+.33

An! )hat is )ron- )ith o" that o" !o not fi-ht in th$ #a"s$ of Allah* an! for thos$ )$ak*ill tr$at$! an! o%%r$ss$! a+on- +$n* )o+$n* an! #hil!r$n* )hos$ #r is: O"r Lor! R$s#"$"s fro+ this to)n )hos$ %$o%l$ ar$ o%%r$ssors.35

To thos$ a-ainst )ho+ )ar is +a!$* %$r+ission is -i,$n 2to fi-ht4 b$#a"s$ th$ ar$

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)ron-$!.35b

A-ain sin#$ thos$ )ho ar$ 7)$ak* ill tr$at$! an! o%%r$ss$!7 +a also in#l"!$ non&M"sli+s*this /iha! is to b$ !on$ on th$ir b$half as )$ll.

Th$ +$ans $+%lo $! for s"#h /iha! #an ,ar )i!$l . E#ono+i# %r$ss"r$* %oliti#s* !i%lo+a# *$t#. ar$ all tools that #an b$ "s$! to )a-$ /iha!. Militar )$a%ons ar$ in fa#t onl to b$ "s$!as a last r$sort* )h$n all oth$r a,$n"$s ha,$ b$$n $1ha"st$!. F"rth$r+or$* th$r$ ar$ stri#t-"i!$lin$s for th$ "s$ of for#$. This #annot b$ in!is#ri+inat$. M"sli+s #an onl fi-ht thos$#o++ittin- a--r$ssion or o%%r$ssion8 )o+$n* #hil!r$n* th$ si#k an! $l!$rl #annot b$atta#k$!8 on#$ th$ a--r$ssors ha,$ b$$n !$f$at$! or th$ -i,$ "% th$ir a--r$ssion* fi-htin-+"st sto%:

An! fi-ht in th$ %ath of Go! )ith thos$ )ho ar$ fi-htin- )ith o" an! !o not trans-r$ss*Go! lo,$s not thos$ )ho trans-r$ss ? 9"t if th$ #$as$ l$t th$r$ b$ no trans-r$ssion $1#$%ta-ainst th$ )ron-&!o$rs ? 3@

An! if th$ in#lin$ to %$a#$* th$n o" in#lin$ to it* an! tr"st in Go!.3

An! fi-ht th$+ on "ntil th$r$ is no +or$ %$rs$#"tion an! th$ r$li-ion b$#o+$s Allah7s* b"t if th$ #$as$* l$t th$r$ b$ no hostilit $1#$%t to thos$ )ho %ra#tis$ o%%r$ssion.3 b

Fro+ th$ abo,$ ,$r bri$f !$s#ri%tion of th$ #on#$%t of /iha! in Isla+* it sho"l! b$ #l$ar thatthis $n#o+%ass$s far +or$ than 7)a-in- hol )ar7. F"rth$r+or$* th$ #ir#"+stan#$s in )hi#hM"sli+s ar$ allo)$! to r$sort to for#$ ar$ li+it$! an! )$ll !$fin$!. Isla+ #$rtainl !o$s not"r-$ its follo)$rs to )a-$ in!is#ri+inat$ )ar a-ainst all non&M"sli+s. In bri$f* #ontrar to%o%"lar ($st$rn b$li$fs* Isla+ is not a r$li-ion of )ar b"t stron-l a!,o#at$s %$a#$:

;$a#$ is b$tt$r.3B

O o" )ho ha,$ fo"n! faith* $nt$r %$a#$ )holl .3C

'A E T0DIE

Ha,in- !$s#rib$! th$ )a in )hi#h /iha! is %ortra $! in ($st$rn* In!ian* an! oth$r non&M"sli+ lit$rat"r$ an! +$!ia* an! ha,in- $1%lain$! /iha! 7in th$or 7* #onsi!$r no) /iha! 7in%ra#ti#$7. As s$$n* th$ th$or is ,$r !iff$r$nt fro+ th$ i+a-$. Is th$ %ra#ti#$ also !iff$r$nt=In or!$r to ans)$r this >"$stion s$,$ral !iff$r$nt $1a+%l$s of #ont$+%orar 7/iha!7 ar$

anal s$!.

A. AFGHANI TAN

Th$ Af-han /iha! r$f$rs to th$ %$rio! of r$sistan#$ to #o++"nist r"l$* %arti#"larl th$o,i$t for#$s* fro+ 3 to th$ $arl 3 s. It !o$s not r$f$r to th$ in&fi-htin- that has

b$$n -oin- on sin#$ th$ )ith!ra)al of o,i$t for#$s fro+ Af-hanistan.

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Af-hanistan ha! b$$n "n!$r #o++"nist r"l$ sin#$ 3 @* )ith th$ stron-$r hal> %arttakin- o,$r in 3 . ;rior to th$ tak$&o,$r b th$ #o++"nists* th$ #o"ntr ha! b$$n r"l$!b a #$ntral r$-i+$ h$a,il !$%$n!$nt on lo#al %o)$r hol!$rs & lo alt )as bo"-ht )ith%atrona-$. Af-han so#i$t has tra!itionall b$$n ,$r r$li-io"s b"t also ,$r !i,i!$!.R$li-ion an! #"lt"r$ ha,$ b$$n #los$l int$r)o,$n. Di,isions ha,$ b$$n alon- $thni#* tribal

an! s$#tarian lin$s. On to this !$#$ntralis$! an! #ons$r,ati,$ so#i$t * th$ R"ssian&ba#k$!#o++"nists tri$! to i+%os$ #$ntralisation an! 7+o!$rnit 7.

Ma/or #han-$s )$r$ intro!"#$! in th$ +arria-$ la)s* $!"#ation s st$+ an! lan! o)n$rshi%.E!"#ation )as +a!$ +an!ator * #hall$n-in- th$ tra!itional !$#ision&+akin- a"thorit of th$fa+il h$a!s. Th$ national s#hool s st$+ )as r$,is$! alon- th$ lin$s of th$ o,i$t s st$+.R"ssian r$%la#$! En-lish as th$ offi#ial lan-"a-$. Lan! )as r$!istrib"t$! in a +ann$r thatl$ft $,$r on$ #onf"s$!8 f"rth$r* thos$ allott$! lan! )o"l! not tak$ it b$#a"s$ it ran #o"nt$rto th$ Isla+i# in/"n#tion not to tak$ oth$r7s %ro%$rt an! b$#a"s$ in +an #as$s it ha! b$$nin th$ oth$r7s fa+il for -$n$rations. A-ain th$ tra!itional s$t&"% )as b$in- #hall$n-$!. A!!to this th$ -r$at %o)$rs han!$! to stat$ offi#ials* an! th$ arbitrar +ann$r in )hi#h th$

$1$r#is$! th$+. Th$ o,i$t #ontrol of Af-hanistan )as to a lar-$ $1t$nt for+alis$! )h$n th$national fla- )as #han-$!* an! +o!$ll$! on that of th$ o,i$t r$%"bli#s.

No s"r%ris$ th$n that th$ Af-hans r$s$nt$! th$ #han-$s b$in- i+%os$! on th$+* an! th$in#r$asin- infl"$n#$ th$ o,i$t 0nion ha! on th$ir lan! an! th$ir li,$s. Th$ r$sist$! th$#han-$s* $,$n )ith ,iol$n#$. 9 3 * th$ l$,$l of r$sistan#$ an! anti&-o,$rn+$nt f$$lin-)as s"#h that th$ hal> r$-i+$ )as on th$ ,$r-$ of #olla%s$. It )as sa,$! t$+%oraril bth$ $ntr of o,i$t troo%s into Af-hanistan in D$#$+b$r 3 .

Th$ o,i$t int$r,$ntion #l$arl +ark$! an att$+%t to brin- th$ M"sli+ stat$ "n!$r th$#ontrol of an a,o)$!l ath$ist %o)$r. As s"#h r$sistan#$ to it )as in$,itabl$. This first

$+$r-$! as a s%ontan$o"s "%risin- )hi#h* tho"-h +ass&bas$!* )as fra-+$nt$! an! la#k$!a "nifi$! national l$a!$rshi%. Th$ r$sistan#$ took +an for+s: lo#al r$,olts "n!$r tra!itionalso#ial l$a!$rshi%* +"tini$s )ithin th$ ar+$! for#$s* "rban "%risin-s in,ol,in- Isla+ists* $t#.Th$ +ost for#$f"l r$sistan#$ #a+$ fro+ th$ #o"ntr si!$. Th$ %$o%l$ th$r$ )$r$ th$ +ostr$sistant to #han-$* $s%$#iall on$ i+%os$! fro+ abo,$ an! that int$rf$r$! )ith th$ a-$&ol!str"#t"r$ of so#i$t . 'o++"nist r$for+s )$r$ s$$n as int$rf$rin- )ith so+$thin- asf"n!a+$ntal an! inti+at$ as fa+il str"#t"r$s: this #o"l! not ha,$ b$$n tol$rat$!.

Th$ o,i$ts r$s%on!$! to this r$sistan#$ )ith br"t$ for#$. Tra!itional r$li-io"s l$a!$rs )$r$kill$!8 #i,ilian %o%"lation #$ntr$s )$r$ in!is#ri+inat$l bo+b$! for all$-$!l harbo"rin-$n$+i$s of th$ r$-i+$. Mor$ than t)o +illion Af-hans fl$! th$ir ho+$s* b$#o+in- r$f"-$$s.

D$s%it$ this harsh tr$at+$nt* Af-han o%%osition to th$ o,i$ts an! #o++"nists !i! not!i+inish. For th$+ it )as a bi! to r$stor$ th$ir t$rritorial int$-rit * th$ir %oliti#alin!$%$n!$n#$ an! to o,$rthro) an i+%osition "nnat"ral to th$ir so#i$t * r$li-ion an! #"lt"r$.

Th$ shar$! o%%osition to th$ o,i$ts "nifi$! Af-han so#i$t : all Af-hans ha! th$ sa+$ -oalb$for$ th$+ of !ri,in- o"t th$ o,i$ts. A +a/or fa#tor in a#hi$,in- this "nit of %"r%os$ )asth$ Isla+i# /iha! $l$+$nt in th$ r$sistan#$. Fro+ ,$r $arl on* th$ r$sistan#$ )as s$$n notsi+%l as a nationalist lib$ration str"--l$* b"t as on$ b$t)$$n th$ for#$s of Isla+ an! thos$

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of th$ "n-o!l * b$t)$$n o%%r$ss$! an! o%%r$ssor. It )as this /iha! $l$+$nt +or$ thanan thin- $ls$ )hi#h +obilis$! th$ Af-han %$o%l$.

Th$ Af-han +"/ahi!$$n* as th$ r$sistan#$ fi-ht$rs r$f$rr$! to th$+s$l,$s* r$#$i,$!s"bstantial s"%%ort fro+ o"tsi!$ so"r#$s* notabl th$ 0nit$! tat$s an! a"!i Arabia* as

)$ll as of #o"rs$ th$ sh$lt$r of ;akistan )hi#h b$#a+$ th$ front&lin$ stat$ in th$ )ar a-ainstth$ o,i$ts. Th$ 0 ba#k$! th$ +"/ahi!$$n !$s%it$ th$ir )a-in- an o,$rtl Isla+i# )ar* th$r$ason b$in- its -r$at$r hostilit to th$ #o++"nist s"%$r%o)$r. a"!i Arabia )as +oti,at$!%artl b s$lf&%r$s$r,ation an! %artl b a s$ns$ of M"sli+ broth$rhoo!.

0 ai! to Af-hanistan s)$ll$! fro+ K@ +illion in 3 * to +or$ than KC +illion< $arfro+ 3 C& . a"!i ai! +at#h$! or sli-htl $1#$$!$! this a+o"nt. Man r$sistan#$or-anisations $stablish$! th$ir h$a!>"art$rs in ;akistan* fro+ )h$r$ for$i-n ai! )as#hann$ll$! into Af-hanistan. A%%ro1i+at$l KB billion )orth of )$a%ons )$r$ s$nt to th$+"/ahi!$$n b$t)$$n 3 C& . Man !iff$r$nt %arti$s #ollaborat$! in -$ttin- ar+s to th$Af-hans. Th$ ar+s %i%$lin$* for $1a+%l$* in,ol,$! th$ 'IA* ;akistan7s I I an! th$

+"/ahi!$$n -ro"%s. ($a%ons th$+s$l,$s )$r$ a#>"ir$! fro+ 'hina* E- %t* Isra$l an!$ls$)h$r$.

Th$ Af-hans also r$#$i,$! ai! of anoth$r kin!: +an%o)$r. ;$o%l$ fro+ oth$r %arts of th$M"sli+ )orl! )$r$ !ra)n to fi-ht )ith th$ Af-han +"/ahi!$$n. (hat !r$) th$+ )as not th$fa#t that th$ Af-hans ha! b$$n o##"%i$! an! )$r$ tr in- to lib$rat$ th$+s$l,$s* b"t thatth$ )$r$ $n-a-$! in a /iha!. As )$ll as fro+ n$i-hbo"rin- ;akistan* M"sli+s fro+ th$ Arab#o"ntri$s* North Afri#a* $,$n E"ro%$* +a!$ th$ir )a to th$ #o"ntr . Ho)$,$r* it isi+%ortant to str$ss that th$ Af-han /iha! r$+ain$! $ss$ntiall a str"--l$ fo"-ht an! )a-$!b Af-hans th$+s$l,$s: th$ for$i-n $l$+$nt )as al)a s a +inorit .

R$sistan#$ -ro"%s )$r$ "n!$r #onsi!$rabl$ %r$ss"r$ to "nit$* an! to so+$ $1t$nt th$ !i!.Th$ %r$ss"r$* th$ ai!* an! th$ -r$at$st +oti,$ to !ri,$ th$ hat$! o,i$ts o"t of th$ #o"ntr#o"%l$! )ith th$ s$ns$ of )a-in- /iha!* $,$nt"all %ai! off. o,i$t for#$s )ith!r$) fro+Af-hanistan in 3 3.

Th$ Af-han /iha! )as a !$,$lo%+$nt si+"ltan$o"s )ith th$ "nfol!in- of th$ Isla+i#R$,ol"tion in Iran in 3 . 9oth )$r$ hi-hl si-nifi#ant for th$ )i!$r M"sli+ )orl!. (hil$th$ latt$r ins%ir$! oth$r M"sli+s to +ak$ Isla+i# -o,$rn+$nt th$ir -oal* th$ for+$r sho)$!th$+ th$ %ath of ar+$! str"--l$ & /iha! & as a ,iabl$ +$ans to a#hi$,$ s"#h -oals. Its$$+$! to sho) that a )ar fo"-ht in th$ na+$ of Allah )o"l! s"##$$!* $,$n in th$ fa#$ ofa%%ar$ntl i+%ossibl$ o!!s. Th$ Af-han +"/ahi!$$n7s !$f$at of on$ of th$ )orl!7s

s"%$r%o)$rs )as ,$r +"#h s$$n as a #ons$>"$n#$ of th$ir fi-htin- as M"sli+s rath$r thanas Af-hans.

Aft$r th$ !$f$at of th$ o,i$t 0nion an! #o++"nis+* th$ Af-hans r$,$rt$! to th$irtra!itional !i,isi,$n$ss an! fra#tio"sn$ss. (hat follo)$! )as a lon- %$rio! of #i,il )ar in)hi#h for+$r +"/ahi!$$n -ro"%s str"--l$! for !o+inan#$ o,$r $a#h oth$r. For this r$asonthis %$rio! #annot b$ !$s#rib$! as /iha!. (hat it sho)$!* ho)$,$r* )as ho) ,ital th$Isla+i# $l$+$nt )as !"rin- th$ antio++"nist str"--l$ in "nif in- th$ Af-hans. To!a *

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tho"-h th$ Taliban #ontrol o,$r B %$r#$nt of th$ #o"ntr * #i,il )ar #ontin"$s in th$ North&($st as th$ tr to o,$r#o+$ th$ last %o#k$ts of r$sistan#$. It is i+%ortant to str$ss thatAf-hanistan7s %ost&/iha! %robl$+s ar$ not !"$ to Isla+ or Isla+i# f"n!a+$ntalis+* b"t toth$ sha+$f"l )a in )hi#h thos$ on )hos$ b$half th$ fo"-ht a %ro1 )ar & th$ o,i$t0nion an! $,$n +or$ th$ 0nit$! tat$s & aban!on$! th$+ to th$ir fat$.

9. A HMIR

in#$ 3 * th$ ash+ir all$ has b$$n th$ sit$ of a +ilitant +o,$+$nt b ash+iriM"sli+s to obtain fr$$!o+ fro+ In!ian r"l$. It is !$not$! as /iha! b ash+iris an! oth$rM"sli+s8 In!ians also r$f$r to it as /iha!* tho"-h +or$ fr$>"$ntl as a s$#$ssionist ors$%aratist +o,$+$nt. (hil$ th$ for+$r #all it a /iha! in th$ tr"$ Isla+i# s$ns$ & a str"--l$a-ainst o%%r$ssion & th$ latt$r +$an th$ kin! of /iha! %ortra $! in th$ ($st$rn +$!ia: astr"--l$ b fanati#al M"sli+s fro+ all o,$r th$ M"sli+ )orl! b$nt on s%r$a!in- Isla+i# r"l$b for#$. Oth$r $l$+$nts ar$ )o,$n into this In!ian %ro%a-an!a* $.-. a##"sin- ;akistan ofs%onsorin- an! )a-in- th$ anti&In!ia +o,$+$nt. (hi#h is #orr$#t= In or!$r to ans)$r this

>"$stion it is n$#$ssar to a!!r$ss th$ follo)in- iss"$s: )h is an ar+$! str"--l$ "n!$r)ain th$ all$ * )ho is fi-htin-* a-ainst )ho+ an! for )hat=

R$asons for th$ %r$s$nt ash+iri str"--l$

Th$ ori-ins of th$ ash+iri str"--l$ !at$ ba#k to th$ ;artition of th$ In!ian "b#ontin$nt in3 . Ja++" an! ash+ir* a M"sli+&+a/orit stat$ b"t r"l$! b a Hin!" Mahara/a* )as#onti-"o"s to th$ t)o n$) stat$s of In!ia an! ;akistan* an! as s"#h #o"l! /oin $ith$r "n!$rth$ t$r+s of th$ ;artition %lan. Mahara/a Hari in-h )ish$! his tat$ to b$ in!$%$n!$nt* an!bri$fl n$-otiat$! a tan!still A-r$$+$nt )hi#h ;akistan a-r$$! b"t In!ia !i! not. Th$M"sli+ %o%"lation )as !i,i!$! b$t)$$n thos$ )ishin- to a##$!$ to ;akistan* an! follo)$rs

of #haris+ati# l$a!$r h$ikh Ab!"llah )ho & lik$ Hari in-h & also )ant$! in!$%$n!$n#$.

In 3 * th$ f"t"r$ of th$ tat$ ha! still not b$$n !$#i!$! )h$n* in r$s%ons$ to anti&M"sli+atta#ks in Ja++" b Hin!" R * ash+iri fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs* tribals fro+ n$)l for+$!;akistan7s North ($st$rn Fronti$r ;ro,in#$ #ross$! into th$ tat$ fro+ th$ )$st.3 Th$Mahara/a r$s%on!$! b a%%$alin- to N$) D$lhi for h$l%* )hi#h )as %ro,i!$! aft$r h$ si-n$!an Instr"+$nt of A##$ssion to In!ia. Th$r$ is #ontro,$rs abo"t )h$th$r an a-r$$+$nt )as$,$r si-n$!. Th$ infl"1 of In!ian ar+$! for#$s $,$nt"all l$! ;akistan7s r$-"lar ar+ toalso $nt$r th$ tat$.3 Th$ )ar that follo)$! $n!$! in a 0N&brok$r$! #$as$&fir$* )ith In!iain #ontrol of Ja++"* %ortions of ;oon#h* La!akh an! +ost of th$ all$ * an! ;akistan in#ontrol of th$ r$st of th$ for+$r tat$ 2o,$rall In!ia ha! t)o&thir!s* ;akistan on$ thir!4.

Th$ In!ian Go,$rnor&G$n$ral Mo"ntbatt$n7s a##$%tan#$ of Hari in-h7s a##$ssion )as +a!$#on!itional on this b$in- ratifi$! b th$ %$o%l$ of Ja++" an! ash+ir. This )as r$it$rat$! in0N r$sol"tions* %ass$! b th$ $#"rit 'o"n#il aft$r In!ia r$f$rr$! th$ !is%"t$ o,$r Ja++"an! ash+ir to that bo! : 7th$ >"$stion of th$ a##$ssion of th$ tat$ of Ja++" an!

ash+ir to In!ia or ;akistan )ill b$ !$#i!$! thro"-h th$ !$+o#rati# +$tho! of a fr$$ an!i+%artial %l$bis#it$.7 No s"#h %l$bis#it$ or r$f$r$n!"+ has $,$r b$$n #arri$! o"t. T)of"rth$r )ars b$t)$$n In!ia an! ;akistan in 3 CB an! 3 3 l$! to +inor alt$rations in th$

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#$as$&fir$ lin$ )hi#h lat$r b$#a+$ th$ Lin$ of 'ontrol "n!$r th$ 3 5 i+la A-r$$+$nt* b"t$ss$ntiall t)o thir!s of th$ tat$ has r$+ain$! "n!$r In!ian #ontrol* th$ r$st "n!$r;akistani #ontrol.

Th$ ash+iri fr$$!o+ str"--l$ is first an! for$+ost ai+$! at -i,in- ash+iris th$ ri-ht of

s$lf&!$t$r+ination %ro+is$! to th$+ b both In!ia an! th$ 0nit$! Nations an! a-r$$! to b;akistan. Ho)$,$r* it )o"l! b$ in#orr$#t to sa that this is th$ sol$ r$ason. A n"+b$r offa#tors sin#$ In!ia -ain$! #ontrol of %art of Ja++" an! ash+ir #a"s$! its inhabitants*%arti#"larl th$ M"sli+s* to b$#o+$ !isill"sion$! )ith an! hostil$ to In!ia.

Th$ first of th$s$ )as la#k of a"tono+ . As +$ntion$! th$ In!ian 'onstit"tion s"%%os$!l-"arant$$! th$ tat$ a hi-h !$-r$$ of a"tono+ * )ith onl !$f$n#$* for$i-n affairs an!#o++"ni#ations "n!$r f$!$ral #ontrol. In %ra#ti#$* tho"-h* s"##$ssi,$ In!ian -o,$rn+$nts$ro!$! that a"tono+ "ntil it )as /"st no+inal. A +a/or )a th$ )$r$ abl$ to !o this )asb +ani%"latin- th$ %oliti#al %ro#$ss. El$#tions in Ja++" an! ash+ir* 2)ith th$ $1#$%tionof thos$ h$l! in 3 4 )$r$ al)a s h$a,il ri--$! an! +ani%"lat$! to $ns"r$ N$) D$lhi7s

#hos$n #an!i!at$ )on offi#$. ;oliti#al o%%osition )as s"%%r$ss$!* fr$$!o+ of $1%r$ssion!$ni$!. ash+iri M"sli+s finall -a,$ "% on th$ ballot bo1 aft$r th$ 3 $l$#tions. Inthos$* th$ National 'onf$r$n#$ 2N'4* th$ %art that ha! tra!itionall stoo! for ash+iris7ri-hts* alli$! its$lf )ith 'on-r$ss. This l$! +an ash+iris to ,ot$ for an allian#$ of %arti$s*in#l"!in- so+$ r$li-io"s $l$+$nts* th$ M"sli+ 0nit$! Front 2M0F4. Ho)$,$r* #ontrar to$1%$#tations an! %r$&ballot in!i#ators* th$ M0F )as !$f$at$! b th$ N'&'on-r$ss allian#$.It )as )i!$l b$li$,$! that th$ %oll ha! b$$n ri--$! to a#hi$,$ that r$s"lt.

Th$ !$nial of %oliti#al ri-hts an! a"tono+ took %la#$ a-ainst th$ ba#k!ro% of a so#ialr$,ol"tion. A##$ss to s#hools* #oll$-$s an! "ni,$rsiti$s as )$ll as to so"r#$s of infor+ationlik$ T an! sat$llit$ !ish$s* %ro!"#$! a n$) -$n$ration of $!"#at$!* %oliti#all a)ar$

ash+iris. Th$ also ha! hi-h$r so#io&$#ono+i# $1%$#tations than th$ir for$fath$rs: ha,in--ain$! "ni,$rsit !$-r$$s th$ )ant$! -oo! /obs. 9"t In!ian $#ono+i# $1%loitation of th$

tat$* an! a !$lib$rat$ In!ian %oli# of !is#o"ra-in- s$lf&s"ffi#i$n# an! $n#o"ra-in-!$%$n!$n#$ on N$) D$lhi* +$ant that th$s$ )$r$ not to b$ ha!.

All th$s$ fa#tors +$ant that* b th$ $n! of th$ 3 s ash+iris )$r$ hi-hl fr"strat$! )ithIn!ian r"l$. At aro"n! th$ sa+$ ti+$ a n"+b$r of int$rnational !$,$lo%+$nts +a!$ th$+a)ar$ of +ass r$sistan#$ an! ar+$! str"--l$ as a )a to a#hi$,$ fr$$!o+ fro+ In!ian r"l$.

ash+iris )itn$ss$! on$* th$ #olla%s$ of #o++"nist r"l$ in E"ro%$ as a r$s"lt of +assa#tion* an! t)o* th$ s"##$ss of th$ Af-han +"/ahi!$$n* )ho for#$! th$ o,i$t 0nion to)ith!ra) fro+ Af-hanistan. Th$r$ )$r$ s%ora!i# in#i!$nts of ,iol$n#$ aft$r th$ ri--$! 3

$l$#tions* b"t th$ +ilitant fr$$!o+ str"--l$ r$all took off in 3 . Th$ a%%oint+$nt ofJa-+ohan as Go,$rnor that $ar* an! th$ harsh %oli# h$ i+%l$+$nt$! to ass$rt In!iana"thorit in th$ tat$* s%"rr$! th$ shift to +ilitan# .

Th$ In!ian -o,$rn+$nt7s r$s%ons$ to th$ +ilitan# has* for th$ +ost %art* b$$n to a%%l-r$at$r an! -r$at$r for#$ in an att$+%t to #r"sh th$ +o,$+$nt. This has $ntail$! !raftin-h"-$ n"+b$rs of %ara+ilitar an! r$-"lar for#$s into th$ stat$. Th$r$ has also b$$n h"+anri-hts ab"s$ on a +assi,$ s#al$. ;ra#ti#$s s"#h as tort"r$* ra%$* s"++ar $1$#"tion* razin-

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)hol$ ,illa-$s to th$ -ro"n! ar$ #o++on%la#$ in In!ian O##"%i$! ash+ir* in#itin- -r$at$rhatr$! in th$ ash+iris* an! h$n#$ +or$ in!i-$no"s s"%%ort for th$ ar+$! str"--l$.

Nat"r$ of Mo,$+$nt

(ho is fi-htin- in ash+ir= Th$r$ ar$ n"+$ro"s ar+$! -ro"%s o%$ratin- in In!ian O##"%i$!ash+ir* ,ar in- in str$n-th fro+ a han!f"l of +$n to a #onsi!$rabl$ for#$* "n!$r an"+br$lla or-anisation* th$ 0nit$! Jiha! 'o"n#il 20J'4* )hi#h %ro,i!$s a /oint %latfor+ as)$ll as allo)s th$+ to o%$rat$ in!i,i!"all .

Th$ fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs ar$ )a-in- a -"$rrilla str"--l$* #arr in- o"t a+b"sh$s on ar+%atrols* %lantin- bo+bs* #arr in- o"t -r$na!$ or +ortar atta#ks* $t#. Th$ fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rsar$ li+it$! b th$ir !i,isions an! b th$ir la#k of lar-$* so%histi#at$! )$a%ons. Th$ #onfin$!-$o-ra%hi#al t$rritor of th$ all$ & th$ +ain sit$ of #onfli#t & also n$#$ssitat$s th$s$ kin!sof #o,$rt atta#ks.

(ith r$-ar! to th$ nationalit of th$ fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs o%$ratin- in ash+ir* th$ +a/orit ar$$ith$r lo#als fro+ th$ all$ or ash+iris fro+ a#ross th$ bor!$r in Aza! ash+ir. Th$r$ is afor$i-n $l$+$nt & ;akistanis 2+ostl fro+ r$li-io"s or-anisations4* Af-hans* Arabs* $t#. & b"tthis is r$lati,$l s+all. For$i-n s"%%ort for th$ str"--l$ is +or$ s"bstantial* $s%$#iall fro+;akistan. Th$ %r$#is$ nat"r$ an! $1t$nt ,ari$s* b"t %$rio!i#all s"%%ortin- or-anisations in;akistan ha,$ %ro,i!$! f"n!s* ar+s an! oth$r s"%%li$s to th$ ash+iris )ho ha,$ also s$t"% trainin- #a+%s in Aza! ash+ir. (itho"t s"#h o"tsi!$ s"%%ort it )o"l! b$ ,$r !iffi#"ltfor th$ ash+iris to s"stain th$ir str"--l$.

Th$ a#ti,iti$s of th$ fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs ar$ tar-$t$! first an! for$+ost a-ainst th$ In!iana"thoriti$s an! s$#"rit for#$s. Th$ ;an!it #o++"nit * Hin!"s nati,$ to th$ all$ * fl$! th$ir

ho+$s at th$ b$-innin- of th$ #onfli#t. Th$ In!ian -o,$rn+$nt has b$$n a##"s$! of$n-in$$rin- th$ir !$%art"r$ for its o)n %ro%a-an!a %"r%os$s: th$ !i! not r$all fa#$ athr$at fro+ th$ M"sli+s. Th$ fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs ha,$ r$%$at$!l stat$! that th$ ha,$ no$n+it )ith th$ ;an!its or oth$r non&M"sli+ inhabitants of th$ tat$. Th$ir >"arr$l is )iththos$ %$r%$t"atin- In!ian r"l$ an! br"talit . This is born$ o"t b th$ fa#t that aban!on$!;an!it %ro%$rt has not b$$n ransa#k$! or !$stro $!. Th$r$ ha,$ b$$n isolat$! atta#ksa-ainst Hin!"s an! ($st$rn$rs in th$ all$ . 9"t th$s$ ar$* on$* b$li$,$! to b$ th$ )ork ofnon& ash+iri fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs* an! t)o* ha,$ b$$n stron-l #on!$+n$! b th$ M"sli+s ofth$ all$ * in#l"!in- th$ fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs. Th$ A+arnath +assa#r$ of Hin!" %il-ri+s in lat$5 * )as also attrib"t$! to ash+iri fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs. Ho)$,$r* a s"bs$>"$nt in,$sti-ationsho)$! it to b$ th$ a#t of In!ian Ar+$! for#$s. Th$ M"kh$r/$$ r$%ort )hi#h +a!$ this

fin!in-* is still a s$#r$t !o#"+$nt.

Goals of th$ Mo,$+$nt

Th$ ar+$! -ro"%s o%$ratin- in In!ian ash+ir ar$ !i,i!$! o,$r )h$th$r th$ sho"l! o%t foran in!$%$n!$nt Ja++" an! ash+ir or a##$!$ to ;akistan. Ho)$,$r* all ar$ "nit$! in th$ir!$sir$ to -$t ri! of In!ian o##"%ation. 9oth th$ ar+$! an! %oliti#al )in-s of th$ ash+irfr$$!o+ +o,$+$nt* th$ 0J' an! All ;arti$s H"rri at 'onf$r$n#$ 2A;H'4 r$s%$#ti,$l * ha,$

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fo#"ss$! on th$ ri-ht of s$lf&!$t$r+ination of th$ ash+iri %$o%l$ as th$ir i++$!iat$ -oal.That is )hat th$ ar$ str"--lin- for. D$#isions abo"t th$ tat$7s %$r+an$nt f"t"r$ ha,$b$$n !$f$rr$! to aft$r this %ri+ar -oal is a#hi$,$!.

Th$ ash+iri fr$$!o+ +o,$+$nt has a#>"ir$! an Isla+i# #hara#t$r an! is ,i$)$! b +ost

of thos$ %arti#i%atin- in it* as )$ll as b th$ )i!$r M"sli+ )orl!* as a /iha!. 7Isla+isation7 ofth$ fr$$!o+ str"--l$ )as %ro+%t$! b a n"+b$r of fa#tors. Firstl * th$ -ro)in- Isla+i##ons#io"sn$ss a+on- ash+iri M"sli+s. For +an $ars no) r$li-io"s %arti$s* in %arti#"larJa+a7at&i&Isla+i* ha,$ b$$n r"nnin- r$li-io"s $!"#ational instit"tions in In!ian&h$l!

ash+ir. Th$s$ ha,$ %ro!"#$! a )hol$ -$n$ration of ash+iri M"sli+s )ho s$$ Isla+ notsi+%l as a %$rsonal faith* b"t as so+$thin- to b$ i+%l$+$nt$! on a so#i$tal an!-o,$rn+$ntal l$,$l. $#on!l * th$ Af-han /iha!* )hi#h %ro,i!$! ins%iration for th$ +ilitantstr"--l$ in ash+ir* )as bas$! on Isla+. ash+iris ho%$! to -ain th$ sa+$ boost fro+fi-htin- in th$ na+$ of Allah. Thir!* th$ ash+iris7 fi-ht to lib$rat$ th$+s$l,$s fro+ In!iano%%r$ssion #onfor+s to th$ !$finition of /iha! in th$ 6"ran an! "nnah. Fo"rth* o%%ositionto In!ian r"l$ )as #onfin$! to th$ M"sli+ s$#tion of th$ tat$7s %o%"lation: n$ith$r its Hin!"

or 9"!!hist #o++"niti$s sho)$! a !$sir$ to ri! th$+s$l,$s of In!ian r"l$. Ha! th$r$ b$$n asi-nifi#ant non&M"sli+ anti&In!ia fa#tion* it )o"l! ha,$ b$$n har!$r to !$not$ th$+o,$+$nt as a /iha!.

'. ;ALE TINE

;al$stinian an-$r to)ar!s Isra$l an! th$ J$)s has b$$n %r$s$nt for +an !$#a!$s* alon-)ith r$sistan#$ to th$ir r"l$* b"t it is onl sin#$ th$ +i!&3 s that this a#>"ir$! an Isla+i##hara#t$r. ;rior to that th$ ;al$stinian fr$$!o+ str"--l$ )as )a-$! as a s$#"lar* nationalistlib$ration +o,$+$nt. Onl aft$r 3 * )h$n /iha! )as ,$r +"#h on $,$r on$7s li%s* #o"l!it b$ !$s#rib$! as s"#h. Th$ fo#"s h$r$ )ill b$ on th$ 7Isla+i#7 %$rio! of ;al$stinian

r$sistan#$* on$ that is on&-oin-.

R$asons for ;al$stinian An-$r

Th$ first an! ob,io"s r$ason is of #o"rs$ th$ Isra$li o##"%ation of ;al$stin$* an! %arti#"larlof th$ ($st 9ank an! Gaza. Th$ ;al$stinians ha,$ al)a s r$s$nt$! Isra$li o##"%ation ofth$ir lan!. Th$ir r$s$nt+$nt aros$ not /"st fro+ o##"%ation* b"t also fro+ th$ %oli#i$s%"rs"$! b th$ Isra$lis in th$ O##"%i$! T$rritori$s. J"st a f$) of th$s$ )ill b$ !$s#rib$!h$r$.

Lan! #onfis#ation: sin#$ 3 C th$ Isra$li -o,$rn+$nt* thro"-h ,ario"s -"is$s* $1%an!$!

#ontrol of lan! that )as o)n$! b ;al$stinians. 0s"all this o##"rr$! )itho"t !"$#o+%$nsation* an! so+$ti+$s )ith for-$! !o#"+$nts. ;al$stinians a%%$al$! a-ainst th$#onfis#ation of th$ir lan! in Isra$li #o"rts* b"t th$ la) )as )ritt$n in s"#h a )a that th$s$l!o+ %r$,ail$!. O,$r B5 %$r#$nt of lan! in th$ ($st 9ank an! #los$ to %$r#$nt of lan!in Gaza has #o+$ "n!$r Isra$li #ontrol sin#$ 3 C . This has s$rio"sl aff$#t$! th$;al$stinians7 abilit to $arn a li,in- sin#$ far+lan! that "s$! to b$ th$irs is no) -on$.

Th$ a#ti,$ %oli# of J$)ish s$ttl$+$nt in th$ #onfis#at$! lan!s %"rs"$! b Isra$l* r$all took

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off aft$r th$ $l$#tion of M$na#hi+ 9$-in as Isra$li ;ri+$ Minist$r in 3 . 9$-in )as#o++itt$! to hol!in- onto th$ O##"%i$! T$rritori$s %$r+an$ntl * an! to s$ttlin- th$+ )ithJ$)ish %o%"lations. H$ f$lt that th$ lan! b$lon-$! to th$ J$)ish %$o%l$ an! al)a s r$f$rr$!to it as Er$tz Isra$l. In #o&o%$ration )ith Ari$l haron an! ,ario"s r$li-io"s fr$$!o+fi-ht$rs* h$ b$-an an a--r$ssi,$ s$ttl$+$nt #a+%ai-n that b 3 ha! tak$n o,$r half of

th$ lan! of th$ ($st 9ank* on$ thir! of Gaza* an! ha! s$ttl$! 35 * J$)s in an! aro"n!East J$r"sal$+* in tra!itional ;al$stinian lan!. J$)s also r$t"rn$! to ol! J$)ishn$i-hbo"rhoo!s in ol! J$r"sal$+ an! H$bron. Th$ n$) J$)ish s$ttl$+$nts )$r$ !$lib$rat$l%osition$! in s"#h a )a as to s"rro"n! ;al$stinian %o%"lation #$ntr$s. As for+$r h$a! ofth$ Isra$li +ilitar * Ra%ha$l Eitan sai!* ;al$stinians )o"l! b$ lik$ 7#o#kroa#h$s in a bottl$7.

;al$stinians ha,$ also s"ff$r$! in oth$r )a s "n!$r Isra$li o##"%ation. ;al$stinian +$r#hants)$r$ r$stri#t$! an! ha! to #ont$n! )ith "nfair #o+%$tition fro+ th$ir Isra$li #o"nt$r%arts*)ho $n/o $! !iff$r$ntial tr$at+$nt fro+ th$ir -o,$rn+$nt. Th$ fr$>"$nt #"rf$)s i+%os$! bth$ Isra$li a"thoriti$s* lastin- so+$ti+$s for !a s at a ti+$* +a!$ lif$ a!!itionall !iffi#"ltfor th$ ;al$stinians. Thos$ )ith /obs #o"l! not -$t to th$ir /obs* thos$ )ith far+ ani+als

#o"l! not f$$! th$+* thos$ )ith #ro%s #o"l! not #ar$ for or har,$st th$+. E!"#ations"ff$r$! as s#hools an! #oll$-$s )$r$ #onstantl for#$! to #los$. Th$ ;al$stinians an! th$r$st of th$ )orl! #o++"nit %rot$st$! a-ainst s"#h 7#oll$#ti,$ %"nish+$nts7 an! th$ oth$r!$$!s +$ntion$! abo,$ as all forbi!!$n b int$rnational la). 9"t th$ Isra$li %osition )asthat* )hil$ th$ s"%%ort$! th$ G$n$,a 'on,$ntion* it !i! not a%%l to th$ir o##"%ation of th$($st 9ank an! Gaza.

E+$r-$n#$ of th$ ;al$stinian Intifa!a 20%risin-4

Th$ $l$+$nt of /iha! onl b$#a+$ si-nifi#ant in th$ ;al$stinian str"--l$ to)ar!s th$ $n! ofth$ 3 s for a n"+b$r of r$asons. Yass$r Arafat7s ;LO* )hi#h ha! initiall $n/o $! h"-$

%o%"lar s"%%ort a+on- ;al$stinians* sa) its %o%"larit !$#lin$ aro"n! th$ +i!&3 sb$#a"s$ of its fail"r$ to !$li,$r on its %ro+is$s. Its ar+$! str"--l$ )as r$!"#$! to an $+%tslo-an* )h$n th$ ;LO7s ar+$! )in- )as for#$! to $,a#"at$ fro+ L$banon* th"s $1%osin-th$ la#k of +ilitar +"s#l$. %lits an! fa#tionalis+ in th$ ;LO $1a#$rbat$! thisor-anisational )$akn$ss $,$n f"rth$r.

In th$ Arab ar$na* th$ ;al$stin$ %robl$+ sank to a %osition of s$#on!ar i+%ortan#$. Th$r$)$r$ a n"+b$r of r$asons for this in#l"!in- th$ )$akn$ss of th$ ;LO its$lf* th$ )ar inL$banon* th$ Iran&Ira> (ar an! a ,ari$t of %arti#"lar %robl$+s fa#in- $a#h Arab stat$int$rnall . Th$ A++an "++it 'onf$r$n#$ of No,$+b$r 3 r$fl$#t$! th$ -ro)in- Arabn$-li-$n#$ of ;al$stinian iss"$s. Th$ #onf$r$n#$ )as #all$! %ri+aril to a!!r$ss th$ Iran&

Ira> (ar. Altho"-h th$ ;al$stinian >"$stion )as lat$r a!!$! to th$ a-$n!a no +a/orr$sol"tions r$-ar!in- ;al$stin$ )$r$ iss"$!. This +a!$ th$ ;al$stinians r$alis$ h$l% )o"l!not #o+$ fro+ o"tsi!$: if th$ )ish$! to b$ fr$$ th$ )o"l! ha,$ to )in it b th$+s$l,$s.

All of th$ abo,$ l$! to !isill"sion+$nt )ith th$ 7tra!itional7 r$sistan#$ +o,$+$nt* th$ ;LO.D$#lin$ in %o%"lar s"%%ort for th$ ;LO #r$at$! a ,a#""+ that )as fill$! b 7Isla+ist7 -ro"%s.Ho)$,$r* asi!$ fro+ th$ ;LO7s )$akn$ss th$r$ )$r$ a n"+b$r of oth$r fa#tors in,ol,$! inth$ir ris$.

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Th$ Isla+i# r$,i,al in ;al$stin$ )as infl"$n#$! in %art b th$ r$-ion&)i!$ Isla+i# r$sistan#$an! %oliti#al $,$nts* in#l"!in- th$ Iranian r$,ol"tion. It )as also a r$s%ons$ to th$ $ff$#ts of th$ s$#"larisation of ;al$stinian lif$st l$s an! a -$n$ral +o,$ a)a fro+ th$ +os>"$ to th$#in$+a. As s"#h th$ i!$olo- of so+$ of th$ n$) Isla+ist -ro"%s )as not al)a s $1%r$ss$!

in t$r+s of a %oliti#al a-$n!a. Rath$r it )as bas$! on a notion of $n#o"ra-in- a r$li-io"lt"ral r$,i,al of Isla+ t %ifi$! b a r$t"rn to Isla+i# !r$ss an! Isla+i# so#ial #o!$s ofb$ha,io"r. Th$ a#ti,iti$s of or-anisations* lik$ th$ M"sli+ 9roth$rhoo!* #onfor+ to this8 th$or-anisation also -a,$ %ra#ti#al h$l% to th$ ;al$stinians* s$ttin- "% #lini#s an! s#hools* for$1a+%l$* )hi#h in t"rn in#r$as$! its o)n %o%"larit .3

o+$ #r$!it for th$ -ro)th of %oliti#al Isla+ -o$s* hi-hl ironi#all * to th$ Isra$li-o,$rn+$nt. For a lon- ti+$ aft$r its %o%"larit ha! start$! to !$#lin$* th$ Isra$lis#ontin"$! to s$$ th$ ;LO as th$ +ain o%%osition for#$ a-ainst th$ Isra$li o##"%ation of;al$stinian lan!. As s"#h th$ )$r$ k$$n for n$) ri,al -ro"%s to $+$r-$ a+on- th$;al$stinians )ho #o"l! #hall$n-$ an! $ro!$ th$ %o%"lar s"%%ort bas$ of th$ ;LO. 9asi#all *

th$ Isra$lis )$r$ tr in- to #o% th$ 9ritish E+%ir$7s 7!i,i!$ an! r"l$7 %oli# . Isla+ist -ro"%sr$%r$s$nt$! /"st s"#h an alt$rnati,$ !i,isi,$ for#$.

Th$ thir! #ontrib"tor fa#tor in th$ $+$r-$n#$ of +ilitant /iha!i Isla+* in th$ ;al$stinianr$sistan#$ )as th$ Af-han r$sistan#$ an! th$ $arl s"##$ss$s )hi#h th$ ;al$stinian7+"/ahi!$$n7 a#hi$,$!* #o"%l$! )ith th$ s$ns$ that nothin- )o"l! b$ a#hi$,$! thro"-htalkin- )ith Isra$l. For $1a+%l$* th$ 3 5 F$z ;$a#$ ;lan s%ok$ of Arab )illin-n$ss tor$#o-nis$ Isra$l as %art of a #o+%r$h$nsi,$ %$a#$ %lan in th$ r$-ion. An! th$ ;al$stinian&Jor!anian A##or! of F$br"ar 3 B* )hil$ s%$akin- of ;al$stinian s$lf&!$t$r+ination* +a!$no "n$>"i,o#al r$f$r$n#$ to an in!$%$n!$nt ;al$stinian stat$. As s"#h ;al$stinians sa) it ashi-hl #on#iliator . Isra$l7s r$f"sal to r$#o-nis$ an #han-$ in th$ Arab

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that $ar. J"st %rior to th$ "%risin- a bloo! #onfrontation b$t)$$n Isra$li s$#"rit for#$san! Isla+i# Jiha! +$+b$rs r$s"lt$! in th$ !$ath of fo"r ;al$stinians an! on$ Isra$liint$lli-$n#$ offi#$r. This %ro,ok$! h"-$ !$+onstrations on th$ str$$ts. On$ !a b$for$ th$"%risin- an Isra$li #itiz$n )as stabb$! to !$ath in Gaza. I++$!iat$l aft$r th$ stabbin-Isra$li For$i-n Minist$r* hi+on ;$r$s s"--$st$! that Isra$l #onsi!$r th$ i!$a of

!$+ilitarisin- th$ Gaza tri%. Th$ %$o%l$ of Gaza int$r%r$t$! th$ s"--$stion as a#ons$>"$n#$ of th$ir a#tions. It in!i#at$! to th$+ that Isra$l #o"l! b$ for#$! to i$l!.

Th$ intifa!a 7offi#iall 7 start$! on D$#$+b$r * 3 * )h$n th$ killin- of fo"r ;al$stinians ban Isra$li !ri,$r tri--$r$! off +ass %rot$sts. (hat !i! th$ intifa!a a#t"all #onsist of=9asi#all all for+s of #i,il %rot$st* an! #orr$s%on!in- +$as"r$s b th$ a"thoriti$s to #o+batth$s$. On th$ ;al$stinian si!$* th$ o"th th$r$ $n-a-$! in r$-"lar ston$ an! %$trol bo+bthro)in- a-ainst Isra$li for#$s. ;"bli# !$+onstrations !$no"n#in- Isra$li r"l$ )$r$#o++on%la#$. Th$ ;al$stinian fla-* nationalist -raffiti an! Isla+i# slo-ans #o"l! b$ s$$n$,$r )h$r$. Th$r$ )$r$ in a!!ition +or$ %lann$! atta#ks b +ilitant -ro"%s* $.-. atta#kson Isra$li %atrols* bo+bin-s.

Th$ !ri,in- for#$ b$hin! th$ intifa!a )as not th$ ;LO* b"t Isla+i# -ro"%s notabl Ha+as.Th$ +ana-$! to +obilis$ th$ $ntir$ ;al$stinian %o%"lation a-ainst Isra$l* so that th$intifa!a )as tr"l a +ass "%risin-. $#on!l * th$ Isla+ists #han-$! th$ -oals of th$r$sistan#$. Not for th$+ th$ %i$#$+$al +$as"r$s !$+an!$! b th$ ;LO: an $n! to#oll$#ti,$ %"nish+$nts* liftin- of #"rf$)s* $t#. No* th$ Isla+ists )$r$ )a-in- an all&o"t /iha!a-ainst non&M"sli+ o%%r$ssion. Th$ )ant$! nothin- l$ss than th$ $n! of Isra$li r"l$ an!#o+%l$t$ lib$ration for th$ ;al$stinians. o+$ )$r$ %r$%ar$! to s$ttl$ for a##$%tan#$ ofIsra$l )ithin its %r$&3 C bor!$rs* b"t oth$rs )ant$! to s$$ th$ $n! of Isra$l its$lf. h$ikhIbrahi+ al&6">a* a Ha+as l$a!$r* !$s#rib$! th$ -oals of th$ intifa!a as follo)s:

Th$ intifa!a is not ai+$! at to in- )ith th$ ;al$stinian iss"$ in th$ #ir#l$s of %oliti#s* orraisin- an! !is#"ssin- this iss"$ in #onf$r$n#$s or or-anisations* b"t is ai+$! at lib$ratin-th$ lan!* an! th$ hono"r an! #r$$!. It is ai+$! at th$ #o+%r$h$nsi,$ an! $1t$nsi,$lib$ration of ;al$stin$ fro+ th$ han!s of th$ i+%$rialist o%%r$ssors an! at r$storin- th$#a"s$ to its fr$$ an! in!$%$n!$nt Isla+i# fra+$)ork.5

Th$ final an! +ost i+%ortant fa#tor !istin-"ishin- this %$rio! of ;al$stinian r$sistan#$ fro+th$ $arli$r on$ )as th$ Isla+i# $l$+$nt. Th$ ;al$stinian o"th thro)in- ston$s a-ainst th$Isra$li ar+$! for#$s !i! so not /"st as ;al$stinians a-ainst Isra$lis* b"t as M"sli+s a-ainstnon&M"sli+ o%%r$ssors. On$ #ons$>"$n#$ of this 7Isla+isation7 of th$ r$sistan#$ )as that;al$stinians )$r$ far +or$ )illin- to -o to $1tr$+$ +$as"r$s* in#l"!in- sa#rifi#in- th$ir

li,$s. Th$ fir+l b$li$,$! that if th$ )$r$ kill$! th$ )o"l! b$ +art rs* -"arant$$! a%la#$ in h$a,$n. A n$) tool of r$sistan#$* lar-$l %ion$$r$! b Ha+as* )as th$ s"i#i!$bo+b$r. 'o+%arison of #as"alti$s in th$ 7s$#"lar7 an! Isla+i# %has$s of th$ ;al$stinianr$sistan#$ +ak$s #l$ar th$ )a Isla+ +a!$ th$ ;al$stinians +or$ )illin- to !i$ for th$ir#a"s$. A##or!in- to ;al$stinian so"r#$s 33B ;al$stinians )$r$ kill$! b$t)$$n 3 B an!3 * an! 5 )$r$ in/"r$! )hilst r$sistin- Isra$li o##"%ation. Fro+ th$ b$-innin- of th$intifa!a to 3 5 th$ n"+b$rs kill$! )$r$ %"t at 3*33 .

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Th$ Isra$li a"thoriti$s r$s%on!$! to th$ intifa!a )ith for#$. At on$ ti+$ th$r$ )$r$ +or$Isra$li sol!i$rs in th$ O##"%i$! T$rritori$s than it took to #on>"$r th$+ in 3 C . Th$s$sol!i$rs !i! not h$sitat$ to "s$ th$ir )$a%ons to #o"nt$ra#t th$ ;al$stinians & as att$st$! tob th$ lar-$ n"+b$rs kill$! or in/"r$!. Mass #"rf$)s )$r$ i+%os$! for !a s at a ti+$. Th$Isra$lis also st$%%$! "% th$ir tra!itional +$tho!s of #ontrollin- !isr"%ti,$ $l$+$nts in th$

%o%"lation: thos$ s"s%$#t$! of in,ol,$+$nt in fo+$ntin- th$ intifa!a )$r$ $ith$r arr$st$!)itho"t #har-$* or $1%$ll$! fro+ th$ T$rritori$s. Th$ fa+ili$s of thos$ in,ol,$! )$r$ alsotar-$t$!. It )as an! still is stan!ar! Isra$li %ra#tis$ to %"nish fa+ili$s as )$ll th$ in!i,i!"als!ir$#tl in,ol,$!* +ost #o++onl b b"ll!ozin- th$ fa+il ho+$. "#h r$taliator +$as"r$san! o%%r$ssion onl in#r$as$! ;al$stinian an-$r a-ainst Isra$l.

Th$ fa#t that ;al$stinian an-$r hit ho+$ r$s"lt$! in th$ Isra$lis r$sortin- to 7%$a#$7o,$rt"r$s* b sittin- !o)n at th$ n$-otiatin- tabl$ )ith th$ir for+$r bitt$r fo$* th$ ;LO. Inth$ fa#$ of Isla+i# +ilitant o%%osition th$ Isra$lis also r$alis$! th$ nationalist or-anisation#o"l! a#t"all b$ "s$f"l to th$+. Th$ 0 int$r$st in a#hi$,in- a Mi!!l$ East %$a#$ !$al*%arti#"larl hi-h aft$r 9ill 'linton b$#a+$ ;r$si!$nt* )as an i+%ortant fa#tor in this.

;ro-r$ss in th$ %$a#$ %ro#$ss l$! to !$#lin$ in %o%"lar s"%%ort for th$ Isla+i# fr$$!o+fi-ht$rs. For a )hil$ it s$$+$! as if Yass$r Arafat )o"l! b$ abl$ to r$a#h a !$al )ith th$Isra$lis* )hi#h )o"l! -i,$ th$ ;al$stinians th$ir lon-&!$sir$! in!$%$n!$nt stat$. This%ros%$#t !i+inish$! th$ a%%$tit$ for ar+$! str"--l$ a+on- lar-$ s$#tions of th$ ;al$stinian%o%"lation. In a!!ition th$ n$) ;al$stinian A"thorit * -rant$! ,ar in- !$-r$$s of a"tono+in th$ O##"%i$! T$rritori$s* #la+%$! !o)n on Ha+as an! oth$r Isla+ist a#ti,ists*i+%risonin- +an of th$+ in ;al$stinian /ails.

Isra$l7s fail"r$ to #o+%ro+is$ on f"n!a+$ntal ;al$stinian !$+an!s for so,$r$i-nt o,$r EastJ$r"sal$+* r$t"rn of ;al$stinian r$f"-$$s* !is+antlin- of J$)ish s$ttl$+$nts in ;al$stiniant$rritor * $t#.* l$! th$ %$a#$ %ro#$ss to finall #olla%s$ at 'a+% Da,i! in J"l 5 . Most

;al$stinians s$$+ to ha,$ #on#l"!$! that th$r$ is nothin- to b$ -ain$! fro+ talks )ithIsra$l: if an thin- is to b$ a#hi$,$! it )ill onl b$ thro"-h ar+$! str"--l$* /iha!.

Lik"! l$a!$r Ari$l haron7s ,isit to th$ T$+%l$ Mo"nt on $%t$+b$r 5 * 5 * a##o+%ani$!b a h$a,il ar+$! for#$* s%ark$! off anoth$r intifa!a. At th$ start of 5 3* this sho)$! nosi-n of abatin-* !$s%it$ a !$ath toll )$ll abo,$ @ . Most of thos$ kill$! ha,$ b$$n o"thsor #hil!r$n* shot b Isra$li s$#"rit for#$s )h$n thro)in- ston$s at th$+. Th$r$ ha,$ alsob$$n a n"+b$r of s"i#i!$ atta#ks. Th$ Isla+i# $l$+$nt is ,$r +"#h %r$s$nt in this s$#on!intifa!a. Thos$ kill$! s$$ th$+s$l,$s an! ar$ r$-ar!$! b oth$r ;al$stinians as +art rs.F"rth$r+or$* th$ killin-s & far fro+ !$t$rrin- oth$rs & s$$+ to b$ ha,in- th$ o%%osit$ $ff$#tof in#r$asin- anti&Isra$l hatr$! an! ins%irin- oth$rs to )a-$ /iha!. Th$ risin- !$ath toll is

in#r$asin- th$ s%irit of r$sistan#$ a+on- th$ ;al$stinians. As this st"! -o$s to %rint* th$r$a%%$ars to b$ no abat$+$nt $ith$r in Isra$l7s har!lin$ 7s$#"rit 7 %oli# * or th$ ;al$stinianr$sistan#$.

D. 'HE'HNYA

Histori#al 'h$#h$n Gri$,an#$s

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'h$#hn a has b$$n ho+$ to th$ 'h$#h$ns sin#$ th$ b$-innin- of r$#or!$! histor . Th$'h$#h$ns !i! not #o+$ to th$ North 'a"#as"s as s$ttl$rs* nor !i! th$ #o+$ as #on>"$rors.F"rth$r+or$* th$ n$,$r +a!$ a +o,$ to $1%an! b$ on! th$ir o)n lan!. 9 th$ +i!&3Cth#$nt"r Isla+ ha! alr$a! b$#o+$ a !o+inant for#$ in th$ North 'a"#as"s in#l"!in-'h$#hn a. Th$ North 'a"#asians* b$#a"s$ of th$ !istin#t nat"r$ of th$ir #"lt"r$* ha,$

al)a s r$sist$! b$in- bro"-ht into an i+%$rialist fol! an! ha,$ al)a s stri,$! to +aintainth$ir in!$%$n!$n#$ an! i!$ntit .

Fro+ th$ lat$ 3Cth #$nt"r on)ar!s th$ R"ssian $+%ir$ $+bark$! "%on a st$a! !ri,$ to$n-"lf th$ North 'a"#as"s. As th$ R"ssians in#h$! for)ar!* %$o%l$ of th$ aff$#t$! ar$as%r$%ar$! to !$f$n! th$ir ho+$lan!. Th$ first 'h$#h$n ar+$! r$sistan#$ )as born in r$a#tionto I+%$rial R"ssia7s onsla"-ht. Fro+ $arl on this ha! an Isla+i# tin-$: in 3 B a 'h$#h$nhol +an* Mans"r* !$#lar$! a hol )ar a-ainst th$ $n#roa#hin- R"ssians. As th$ R"ssians%"sh$! !$$%$r into th$ %lains of th$ North 'a"#as"s* th$ir a%%roa#h s%$ll$! !isast$r for th$lo#al inhabitants. Th$ R"ssians b"rnt -rain* raz$! )hol$ ,illa-$s* sla"-ht$r$! th$inhabitants.

Th$ r$lati,$l aloof hi-hlan!$rs )$r$ #o+%l$t$l "n)illin- to a##$%t th$ R"ssian olk. 9"t*altho"-h %r$!o+inantl M"sli+* th$ )$r$ stratifi$! alon- tribal* #"lt"ral an! #lass!istin#tions. "#h !i,isions %r$,$nt$! th$+ "nitin- in r$sistan#$. 9"t as R"ssian for#$s)r$ak$! +or$ an! +or$ ha,o# in th$ t$rritori$s th$ in,a!$!* th$ %ro,i!$! th$ 'h$#h$nsth$ r$>"ir$! in#$nti,$ to "nit$. I+a+ ha+il +ana-$! to hol! this r$sistan#$ of "nbrok$n)arfar$ for thr$$ !$#a!$s. In th$ 3 C s )ith th$ #a%t"r$ of ha+il r$sistan#$ in th$ ($st'a"#as"s too b$#a+$ )$ak$r. R"ssia )as abl$ to s"b!"$ th$ 'a"#asians b th$ ,irt"$ ofsh$$r str$n-th of n"+b$rs.

On#$ +ilitar r$sistan#$ ha! b$$n #o+%l$t$l s"%%r$ss$! th$ R"ssians ,$nt"r$! to

$thni#all #l$ans$ th$ 'a"#as"s. Lo#al %o%"lations )$r$ "%root$! an! abo"t 3.5 +illion%$o%l$ )$r$ !ri,$n fro+ th$ir lan! in +ass $1o!"s to b$ r$%la#$! b R"ssians an!'ossa#ks. It )as th$n that th$ R"ssians #o"l! for+all #lai+ th$ North 'a"#as"s as %art ofth$ir $+%ir$. Man of thos$ )ho fl$! !i$! of star,ation an! !is$as$8 +an of th$ r$st $n!$!"% in T"rk$ .

(h$n th$ 9olsh$,ik r$,ol"tion #a+$ in 3 3 %$o%l$ of th$ North$rn 'a"#as"s !$#i!$! tofi-ht alon-si!$ th$ R$! Ar+ . In r$t"rn th$ 9olsh$,iks %ro+is$! th$+ a"tono+ an!r$li-io"s fr$$!o+. Th$ in!$%$n!$n#$ +o,$+$nts of th$ North$rn 'a"#as"s* #o+%risin-to!a 7s Da-$stan* 'h$#hn a* In-"sh$tia* North Oss$tia an! arbar!ino&9alkaria /oin$!han!s )ith th$ R$! Ar+ . Ho)$,$r* as soon as th$ (hit$ Ar+ )as #o+%l$t$l !$f$at$! in

3 5 * th$ 'o++"nists >"i#kl s$t abo"t o##"% in- th$ $ntir$ 'a"#as"s. R$b$llion fro+'h$#hn a an! Da-$stan ros$ a-ain in 3 5 &53 as th$ir ho%$s for in!$%$n!$n#$ )$r$!ash$!. Th$ r$b$llion )as stran-l$! ,all$ b ,all$ b +assa#rin- an! !$%ortin- th$#i,ilian %o%"lations.

North 'a"#asians & 'h$#h$ns* In-"sh* ara#hai an! 9alkars & fo"-ht alon-si!$ th$ R"ssians)h$n (orl! (ar II #a+$. In 3 @ talin )ith no $,i!$n#$ a##"s$! fo"r North 'a"#asiannations of #ollaboratin- )ith th$ Nazis an! s$nt$n#$! th$+ to li>"i!ation. Th$s$ %$o%l$

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)$r$ h$r!$! to-$th$r b th$ s$#r$t %oli#$* loa!$! into #attl$ trains an! !"+%$! in th$)ast$lan!s of '$ntral Asia. Tho"san!s %$rish$! on th$ir )a in this -$no#i!$. Th$ n"+b$rof !$%ort$$s r$a#h$! C3 * of )hi#h * )$r$ 'h$#h$ns. Th$s$ %"nish$! %$o%l$)$r$ not allo)$! to r$t"rn to th$ir lan! "ntil a -$n$ration lat$r in 3 BC. (h$n th$ #a+$ba#k th$ fo"n! th$ir +os>"$s !$+olish$!. Th$ir )$!!in-s* b"rials an! #o"n#il of $l!$rs

)$r$ #on!$+n$! as %ri+iti,$. #hoolin- in th$ir +oth$r ton-"$ )as abolish$! an!R"ssifi#ation of lan-"a-$ initiat$!. National lit$rat"r$ )as #ra++$! )ith %ro%a-an!a thatonl fo+$nt$! f"rth$r anti&R"ssian* antio++"nist hatr$! a+on- th$ 'h$#h$ns. This stat$of affairs #ontin"$! ri-ht fro+ 3 B into 3 s.

'ont$+%orar 'h$#h$n (ars

For 'h$#h$ns th$ !r$a+ of in!$%$n!$n#$ n$,$r r$all !i$!. (ith "nfor-i,abl$ atro#iti$s ofth$ %ast an! #"lt"ral !istortion that #ontin"$! in th$ o,i$t $ars it )as onl nat"ral thatth$s$ %$o%l$ h$l! on to th$ir !r$a+. Not s"r%risin-l * th$n* )h$n th$ o,i$t 0nion finall!isint$-rat$! 'h$#hn a !$#lar$! its$lf in!$%$n!$nt in 3 3 "n!$r th$ l$a!$rshi% of Dzokhar

D"!a $,. 9"t th$ R"ssian f$!$ration )as no +or$ )illin- than its %r$!$#$ssor* th$ o,i$t0nion* to r$lin>"ish #ontrol of 'h$#hn a.

$,$ral int$rnal att$+%ts !"rin- 3 @& * s"%%ort$! b R"ssia* fail$! to o,$rthro)D"!a $,. Th$ R"ssian -o,$rn+$nt int$nsifi$! its #har-$s a-ainst D"!a $, a##"sin- hi+ ofr$%r$ssin- %oliti#al !iss$nt* #orr"%tion an! in,ol,$+$nt in int$rnational #ri+inal a#ti,iti$s.9 D$#$+b$r 3 * th$ R"ssian +ilitar )as a#ti,$l )orkin- to o,$rthro) D"!a $,. Dir$#tint$r,$ntion b th$ R"ssian for#$s s%ark$! th$ first 'h$#hn a )ar )hi#h last$! fro+ 3 &3 C.

Th$ fo#"s of this st"! !o$s not -i,$ s%a#$ for a #o+%l$t$ a##o"nt of )hat b$f$ll th$

'h$#h$ns. Th$ l$ast that #an b$ sai! is that R"ssian for#$s "s$! in!is#ri+inat$ an!!is%ro%ortionat$ a+o"nt of for#$ in atta#ks on 'h$#h$n to)ns an! ,illa-$s. 9 A%ril 3 B*5B* #i,ilians ha! b$$n kill$! alr$a! . R"ssian for#$s* not as o!! $1#$%tions b"t as a+att$r of %oli# * ,iolat$! int$rnational h"+anitarian la) an! h"+an ri-hts. Th$ not onl"s$! $1#$ssi,$ for#$ b"t %r$,$nt$! #i,ilians fro+ $,a#"atin- ar$as of i++in$nt !an-$r an!r$a#hin- saf$t . F"rth$r+or$* h"+anitarian or-anisations )$r$ k$%t fro+ assistin- #i,iliansin n$$!.

D$s%it$ this harsh r$%r$ssion* th$ 'h$#h$n -"$rrillas fo"-ht on an! R"ssia )as $,$nt"allfor#$! to $nt$r into a %$a#$ a-r$$+$nt )ith 'h$#hn a. This %$a#$ !$al* )hi#h r$%r$s$nt$!a h"+iliatin- !$f$at for th$ R"ssian for#$s at th$ han!s of 'h$#h$n fi-ht$rs* )as si-n$! in

Ma 3 b$t)$$n ;r$si!$nt Y$ltsin an! ;r$si!$nt Aslan Maskha!o,. It )as !$#i!$! to s$ttl$th$ !is%"t$ thro"-h %$a#$f"l +$ans an! to r$sol,$ 'h$#hn a7s %oliti#al stat"s %rior to 5 3.Th$ f"n!a+$ntal %ositions of th$ t)o si!$s r$+ain$! "n#han-$!: 'h$#hn a "lti+at$l)ant$! in!$%$n!$n#$ )hil$ R"ssia insist$! that 'h$#hn a )o"l! r$+ain %art of th$f$!$ration.

In A"-"st an! $%t$+b$r 3 * thr$$ bo+b $1%losions in Mos#o) l$ft 5C !$a!. Th$R"ssian a"thoriti$s* )itho"t %la"sibl$ $,i!$n#$* link$! th$ blasts to Isla+i# fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs

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fro+ 'h$#hn a an! Da-$stan. Th$ "s$! th$ n$$! to $ra!i#at$ 7Isla+i# t$rroris+7$+anatin- fro+ 'h$#hn a as th$ $1#"s$ to la"n#h a n$) off$nsi,$ a-ainst th$ )a )ar!r$%"bli#. Th$ s$#on! R"ssian in#"rsion in 'h$#hn a b$-an in O#tob$r 3 . Obs$r,$rs s$$this )ar as R"ssia7s att$+%t to )i%$ o"t th$ h"+iliation it ha! s"ff$r$! at th$ han!s of th$'h$#h$n fi-ht$rs in th$ first 'h$#h$n )ar. For th$ir %art* th$ R"ssian a"thoriti$s insist$!

th$r$ )as no )ar in 'h$#hn a* /"st an anti&t$rrorist o%$ration.

In a #ontin"ation of th$ir %oli#i$s of th$ %ast* R"ssian for#$s atta#k$! #i,ilian tar-$ts. 9F$br"ar 5 * th$ n"+b$r of int$rnall !is%la#$! %$rsons ha! alr$a! r$a#h$! 5@ * .Tho"san!s of #i,ilians ha,$ b$$n kill$!* tho"san!s ar$ b$in- !$tain$! an! s"b/$#t$! totort"r$ an! $1tortion for th$ir all$-$! #ollaboration )ith th$ 7t$rrorists7. An! as b$for$* th$R"ssians r$f"s$! to #r$at$ saf$t #orri!ors for #i,ilians. E,$n )h$r$ th$s$ )$r$ !$#lar$!*#i,ilians )$r$ still kill$! )hil$ %assin- thro"-h th$+. R"ssian for#$s %r$,$nt$!* an! ar$ still%r$,$ntin-* r$f"-$$s fro+ fl$$in- 'h$#hn a. In a!!ition it is %r$,$ntin- h"+anitarianor-anisations fro+ o%$ratin- in 'h$#hn a.

Th$ %r$s$n#$ of ra!i#al Isla+ist $l$+$nts #annot b$ !$ni$!. 9"t it )o"l! b$ a h"-$+isr$%r$s$ntation to s"%%os$ that 'h$#hn a is i+%ortin- -"$rrillas fro+ Af-hanistan an!$ls$)h$r$. Th$ 'h$#h$ns ar$ $n-a-$! in a str"--l$ th$ ori-ins of )hi#h -o ba#k toh"n!r$!s of $ars. Th$ ha,$ al)a s fo"-ht th$ir o)n battl$s an! th$r$ is no r$ason tos"%%os$ that th$ ar$ not !oin- th$ sa+$ no). R$li-ion has b$$n "s$! to #hann$lis$ ar$sistan#$ )hi#h is nat"ral #onsi!$rin- th$ tr$at+$nt +$t$! o"t to th$ 'h$#h$ns to !at$.Th$ Isla+i# fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs #hos$ to #all th$ir fi-ht /iha! b$#a"s$ it fits )$ll )ithin th$Isla+i# #ont$1t: a str"--l$ a-ainst o%%r$ssion.

E. 9O NIA& O O O

9oth th$ 9osnian an! oso,an #onfli#ts ha,$ th$ir ori-in in th$ ris$ to %o)$r in Y"-osla,ia of lobo!an Milos$,i#. A for+$r #o++"nist* Milos$,i# aban!on$! this i!$olo- in th$ 3 s

an! took "% th$ #a"s$ of $rbian nationalis+. Th$ ta#ti# %ro,$! i++$ns$l $ff$#ti,$*)innin- hi+ th$ ;r$si!$n# . Th$ #orn$rston$ of his nationalist %ro-ra++$ )as 7Gr$at$r

$rbia7* a lan! in#or%oratin- all th$ $rb %$o%l$ an! all th$ t$rritor histori#all si-nifi#antfor th$+ 2not n$#$ssaril th$ sa+$4.

Aft$r $l$#tions in 3 * th$ #o++"nist $ra o#ialist F$!$ral R$%"bli# of Y"-osla,ia 2 FRY4-ra!"all !i,i!$! "% into its #onstit"$nt r$%"bli#s. Thr$$ !$#lar$! in!$%$n!$n#$ b$t)$$n3 3 an! 3 5: 'roatia* lo,$nia an! 9osnia. Th$ r$+ainin- thr$$ & $rbia* oso,o an!Mont$n$-ro & for+$! a n$) r"+% Y"-osla,ia. lobo!an Milos$,i# )as !$t$r+in$! to a#hi$,$

his !r$a+ of a 7Gr$at$r $rbia7 an! hol! on to th$ $rb %o%"lat$! lan!s that ha! brok$na)a . This l$! to #onfli#t.

9osnia

9osnia* an $thni#all * #"lt"rall an! r$li-io"sl !i,$rs$ r$%"bli#* b$#a+$ %art of th$ FRYaft$r (orl! (ar II. Of its .B +illion %o%"lation* @5 %$r#$nt )$r$ $rbs* 3 %$r#$nt 'roatsan! %$r#$nt M"sli+.53 Th$ M"sli+ #o++"nit in 9osnia )as hi-hl int$-rat$! )ith th$

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$rb an! oth$r non&M"sli+ %$o%l$s. Att$+%ts b th$+ to ass$rt th$ir !istin#t i!$ntit )$r$stron-l r$%r$ss$! b th$ #o++"nist Tito r$-i+$. 9"t as this )$ak$n$!* #ons#io"sn$ss ofth$ir M"sli+ i!$ntit b$#a+$ -r$at$r. In 3 C th$ Isla+i# D$#laration )as %"blish$!.

Th$ %ost&Tito 9osnia ha! a M"sli+ l$a!$r* Ali/a Iz$tb$-o,i#. H$ ha! b$$n in,ol,$! in th$

+o,$+$nt to ass$rt M"sli+ i!$ntit * an! ha! b$$n i+%rison$! in th$ 3 s. Aft$r th$#olla%s$ of th$ FRY* 9osnia )as initiall %art of th$ n$) Y"-osla, r$%"bli#. 9"t th$a--r$ssi,$ $rbian nationalis+ b$in- %ro%o"n!$! b lobo!an Milos$,i# +a!$ th$ 9osnianM"sli+s think a-ain. In F$br"ar 3 5* Iz$tb$-o,i# follo)$! th$ $1a+%l$s of 'roatia an!

lo,$nia an! !$#lar$! 9osnian in!$%$n!$n#$.

This )as follo)$! b an int$rnal )ar b$t)$$n th$ !iff$r$nt $thni# -ro"%s )ithin 9osnia*s"%%ort$! b o"tsi!$ %arti$s. On on$ front* th$r$ )as a #onfli#t b$t)$$n 9osnian M"sli+san! 9osnian 'roats* th$ latt$r ba#k$! b n$i-hbo"rin- 'roatia. A #onf$!$ral arran-$+$ntb$t)$$n 9osnia an! 'roatia $,$nt"all sto%%$! that. Mor$ s$rio"s )as th$ fi-htin- b$t)$$n9osnian $rbs an! M"sli+s. Th$ $rb %o%"lation in 9osnia r$a#t$! an-ril to th$ !$#laration

of in!$%$n!$n#$. For $1a+%l$* soon aft$r th$ atta#k$! lo#al M"sli+s in th$ to)n of Fo#a.(ith stron- ba#kin- fro+ $rbia* 9osnian $rbs fo"-ht har! to sta )ithin Y"-osla,ia an!b"il! Milos$,i#7s Gr$at$r $rbia. Th$ start$! a %ro#$ss of 7$thni# #l$ansin-7. As th$ na+$s"--$sts this $ntail$! !ri,in- M"sli+s 2an! oth$r non& $rb -ro"%s4 o"t of th$ir ho+$s in#ar$f"ll %lann$! o%$rations. 9osnian M"sli+s )$r$ %$rs$#"t$! on a +assi,$ s#al$. illin-*tort"r$ an! ra%$ )$r$ "s$! to fri-ht$n %$o%l$ into fl$$in-8 th$ ho+$s an! ,illa-$s th$ l$ft)$r$ b"rnt to $ns"r$ that th$ !i! not r$t"rn.

9 3 @* th$ 9osnian M"sli+ -o,$rn+$nt )as b$si$-$! in th$ #a%ital ara/$,o* s"rro"n!$!b 9osnian $rb for#$s )ho #ontroll$! aro"n! %$r#$nt of th$ r$%"bli#. At that sta-$ th$M"sli+ ar+ )as also fi-htin- a s$%arat$ )ar )ith 9osnian 'roats & !$t$r+in$! to b$ %art

of a 7Gr$at$r 'roatia7. Th$ %r$s$n#$ of 0N %$a#$k$$%$rs %ro,$! in$ff$#t"al. O,$rall !"rin-th$ #onfli#t so+$ @ * M"sli+s )$r$ kill$!* 5 * in/"r$!. N"+$ro"s atro#iti$s )$r$#o++itt$! & th$ +assa#r$s at r$br$ni#a an! $%a b$in- a+on- th$ +ost notorio"s.'i,ilian ar$as )$r$ in!is#ri+inat$l sh$ll$!.

Th$ int$rnational #o++"nit * $s%$#iall th$ ($st* )as ,$r slo) to r$s%on! to th$ $thni##l$ansin- of M"sli+s -oin- on in 9osnia. (h$n $,$nt"all th$ !i! a%%l %r$ss"r$ on th$

$rbs* 0 &+$!iat$! n$-otiations %ro!"#$! th$ Da ton A##or! of No,$+b$r 3 B. A !rafta-r$$+$nt )as si-n$! in Da ton* Ohio8 th$ final ,$rsion in ;aris a +onth lat$r. It %ro,i!$!for th$ !$%lo +$nt of a C * &stron- NATO !o+inat$! I+%l$+$ntation For#$ 2I&FOR4* to$ns"r$ th$ oth$r %arts of th$ a-r$$+$nt )$r$ i+%l$+$nt$! %$a#$f"ll an! th$ ,ario"s

for#$s )$r$ s$%arat$!.

Th$ Da ton A-r$$+$nt #r$at$! t)o s$lf&-o,$rnin- $ntiti$s )ithin 9osnia: th$ 9osnian $rbR$%"bli# an! th$ M"sli+ 29os/nak4&'roat F$!$ration. Ea#h )o"l! ha,$ its o)n -o,$rn+$nt*%arlia+$nt an! ar+ . (hil$ th$ ai+s of Da ton )$r$ to brin- abo"t th$ r$&int$-ration of9osnia* it has b$$n #riti#is$! for failin- to r$,$rs$ th$ r$s"lts of $thni# #l$ansin-. As )$ll asits ,ali!it * -ra,$ !o"bts ha,$ b$$n $1%r$ss$! abo"t th$ ,iabilit of th$ A##or!s* in%arti#"lar th$ir abilit to s$#"r$ lon-&t$r+ %$a#$. "#h !o"bts ha,$ b$$n a--ra,at$! b th$

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#olla%s$ of th$ M"sli+&'roat F$!$ration.

7Jiha!7 in 9osnia

As s$$n in th$s$ !$,$lo%+$nts 9osnian M"sli+s fa#$! atta#ks on t)o fronts & fro+ 9osnian

$rbs an! 9osnian 'roats. (hil$ both th$s$ -ro"%s ha! lar-$r #o&$thni# r$%"bli#s to ba#kan! s"stain th$ir fi-ht* th$ 9osnian M"sli+s )$r$ totall isolat$!. Th$ !i! fi-ht ba#k an!tr to r$sist th$ $thni# #l$ansin- b$in- %$r%$trat$! a-ainst th$+* b"t th$ )$r$ ha+%$r$!b th$ir la#k of ar+s an! f"n!s* an! b th$ s#al$ of th$ o%%osition #onfrontin- th$+.($st$rn %o)$rs* far fro+ h$l%in- th$+* i+%os$! an ar+s $+bar-o on th$ $ntir$ #onfli#tar$a thro"-h th$ 0N. Th$ ai+* no !o"bt* )as to r$!"#$ th$ l$,$l of ,iol$n#$* b"t in %ra#ti#$all th$ $+bar-o !i! )as -i,$ a f"rth$r a!,anta-$ to th$ 'roats an! $rbs. It )as +ilitar)$akn$ss* +or$ than an thin- $ls$* )hi#h for#$! Iz$tb$-o,i# an! th$ r$st of th$ 9osnianM"sli+ l$a!$rshi% to a##$%t th$ fla)$! Da ton&;aris A##or!s.

On$ r$ason )h it took th$ ($st so lon- to r$s%on! to th$ s"%%r$ssion of M"sli+s in

9osnia* )as th$ $ff$#ti,$n$ss )ith )hi#h Milos$,i# an! T"!/+an* l$a!$rs of $rbia an!'roatia r$s%$#ti,$l * )$r$ abl$ to #on,in#$ th$+ that th$ )$r$ fa#in- an Isla+i#f"n!a+$ntalist #hall$n-$. A #hall$n-$ that & if not #"rb$! & #o"l! o,$r)h$l+ th$ )hol$ ofE"ro%$. Th$ 9osnian in!$%$n!$n#$ str"--l$ )as %ortra $! as th$ s%rin-boar! for a -r$at$rIsla+ist $1%ansion into E"ro%$. As s"#h th$ #lai+$! that th$ 9osnian str"--l$ )asr$#$i,in- +an%o)$r* +ilitar * finan#ial an! oth$r s"%%ort fro+ oth$r %arts of th$ M"sli+)orl!* notabl$ Iran an! "!an. o+$ 3 * for$i-n +"/ahi!$$n )$r$ r$%ort$! to b$fi-htin- for Iz$tb$-o,i# in 9osnia. "#h ,i$)s )$r$ $#ho$! b th$ Dir$#tor of th$ 0'on-r$ssional 'o++itt$$ on T$rroris+:

It is th$ -lobal strat$-i# int$r$sts far b$ on! th$ i++$!iat$ E"ro%$an s#$n$ )hi#h +ak$ it

i+%$rati,$ for th$ Isla+ists & fro+ T$hran7s Isla+i# blo# to th$ ara/$,o l$a!$rshi% & to$s#alat$ th$ )ar in 9osnia&H$rz$-o,ina* as )$ll as in#r$asin-l -i,$ it a !istin#ti,$l Isla+i##hara#t$r. In!$$!* th$ %ri+ar +ilitar +o!$rnisation an! b"il!&"% %ro-ra++$s in 9osnia&H$rz$-o,ina #"rr$ntl "n!$r)a ar$ Isla+ist* an! th$ k$ to for$i-n r$infor#$+$nts an!)$a%ons s"%%li$s is in th$ M"sli+ )orl!. I+%ortant s$-+$nts of this b"il!&"% tak$ %la#$ inth$ #ont$1t of )orl! )i!$ Isla+i# a#ti,iti$s lar-$l asso#iat$! )ith int$rnational t$rroris+.

;ro%on$nts of th$ 7Isla+ #a%t"rin- E"ro%$7 th$or * $,$n #lai+ that r$%orts of ab"s$ a-ainstM"sli+s )$r$ +an"fa#t"r$! or -rossl $1a--$rat$!* in or!$r to -$t A+$ri#an s +%ath an!s"%%ort. Th$ !o not a##$%t that 9osnian M"sli+s )$r$ b$in- $thni#all #l$ans$!.

oso,o

In 9osnia* M"sli+s for+$! on$ of s$,$ral #o++"niti$s* b"t in oso,o th$ )$r$ in a #l$ar+a/orit . %$r#$nt of oso,o7s %o%"lation )$r$ Albanian M"sli+s. In oso,o7s #as$Milos$,i# )ant$! to han- on to th$ %ro,in#$ b$#a"s$ it )as histori#all i+%ortant to th$

$rbs. In th$ 3@ B battl$ of oso,o ;ol/$* th$ Otto+an T"rks !$f$at$! th$ $rbian h$roLazar.

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In th$ FRY* oso,o ha! b$$n an a"tono+o"s %ro,in#$. In 3 * ;r$si!$nt Milos$,i#r$,ok$! its a"tono+ an! b$-an a #a+%ai-n to s"%%r$ss th$ Albanians7 !istin#t i!$ntit *$.-. b !$n in- th$+ $!"#ation in th$ir o)n lan-"a-$. Milos$,i#7s %oli#i$s )$r$ stron-lo%%os$! b th$ oso,ar Albanians. Th$ initiall r$sist$! )ith a non&,iol$nt +o,$+$nt l$!b Ibrahi+ R"-o,a of th$ D$+o#rati# L$a-"$ of oso,o. In#r$as$! s"%%r$ssion* in#l"!in-

,iol$n#$ a-ainst oso,ar Albanians* ho)$,$r* l$! to th$ $+$r-$n#$ of an ar+$! s$%aratist+o,$+$nt.

Th$ oso,o Lib$ration Ar+ 2 LA or 0shtria 'liri+tar$ $ oso,o$s4 )as %robabl for+$! inth$ +i!&3 s* b"t #a+$ o"t in th$ o%$n in 3 . In that $ar* lobo!an Milos$,i# start$!th$ sa+$ kin! of a--r$ssi,$ $thni# #l$ansin- in oso,o that h$ ha! $arli$r #arri$! o"t in9osnia. oso,ar Albanians s"ff$r$! s$,$r$ r$%r$ssion an! +altr$at+$nt at th$ han!s of th$

$rb %oli#$ an! s$#"rit for#$s8 +an )$r$ kill$!* $,$n +or$ tort"r$! an! ra%$!. Nots"r%risin-l * this l$! to a +ass $1o!"s fro+ th$ %ro,in#$. o+$ * Albanians )$r$!ri,$n fro+ th$ir ho+$s* )hi#h th$ $rbs s st$+ati#all b"rn$!.

Th$ h"-$ n"+b$r of r$f"-$$s an! th$ s#al$ of h"+an ri-hts ab"s$ for#$! th$ int$rnational#o++"nit to tak$ noti#$. In Mar#h 3 * th$ 0 an! fi,$ E"ro%$an #o"ntri$s anno"n#$!san#tions a-ainst Y"-osla,ia in or!$r to -$t it to sto% th$ -$no#i!$ of Albanians in oso,o.Th$ thr$at of NATO air strik$s l$! to th$ #onfli#t b$in- s"s%$n!$! an! a #$as$&fir$n$-otiat$!. 9"t Milos$,i# fail$! to r$!"#$ th$ n"+b$r of $rb troo%s in oso,o* as r$>"ir$!b th$ #$as$&fir$ a-r$$+$nt. Fi-htin- brok$ o"t a-ain in Jan"ar 3 * aft$r $rbian %oli#$kill$! B #i,ilians in th$ so"th$rn to)n of Ra#ak. Th$ 0N an! NATO #on!$+n$! th$ in#i!$ntas a #ri+$ a-ainst h"+anit .

On F$br"ar 5@* 3 * $thni# Albanian +ilitar an! %oliti#al -ro"%s an! th$ $rbian-o,$rn+$nt r$a#h$! th$ 7Ra+bo"ill$t A-r$$+$nt7 )hi#h in %rin#i%l$ $n!$! th$ $ar&lon-

#onfli#t. Th$ ($st$rn&ba#k$! %$a#$ a##or! -rant$! a"tono+ to Albanians* )ith NATOfor#$s to b$ !$%lo $! in oso,o for thr$$ $ars. Th$ Albanians ha! )ant$! f"llin!$%$n!$n#$* b"t th$ a##$%t$! th$ a"tono+ a-r$$+$nt. Th$ $rbs* ho)$,$r* r$/$#t$! its$$in- it as a %r$l"!$ to oso,an in!$%$n!$n#$. Th$ $rbian r$f"sal to si-n l$! to NATO airstrik$s a-ainst Y"-osla,ia fro+ Mar#h 5 * 3 . Th$ air strik$s #ontin"$! for $l$,$n )$$ks*an! fo#"ss$! %ri+aril on +ilitar tar-$ts in oso,o an! $rbia* as )$ll as a )i!$ ran-$ offa#iliti$s* $.-. bri!-$s* oil r$fin$ri$s* %o)$r s"%%li$s* #o++"ni#ations. Th$ strik$s in#r$as$!th$ $1o!"s of oso,ar Albanian r$f"-$$s fro+ th$ %ro,in#$* in all +or$ than on$ +illion)$r$ !is%la#$!. Man bro"-ht tal$s of t$rribl$ atro#iti$s #o++itt$! b th$ $rbian for#$s.

Aft$r $l$,$n )$$ks th$ Y"-osla, -o,$rn+$nt si-n$! a %a#t )ith NATO -$n$rals* a-r$$in- to

#o+%l$t$l )ith!ra) $rb for#$s fro+ oso,o. Ho)$,$r* this !i! not $n! th$ #risis. (ith$rb for#$s %"llin- o"t* th$ +inorit oso,ar $rb %o%"lation f$lt thr$at$n$!. Th$ %r$s$n#$

of NATO for#$s !i! not r$ass"r$ th$+: $rbs r$-ar! NATO as th$ a--r$ssor. H$n#$ +an ofth$+ also fl$! th$ %ro,in#$. Th$ #"rr$nt sit"ation is that th$ t)o %o%"lations ar$ lar-$l!i,i!$!. T$nsion %$rsists in th$ b"ff$r zon$ b$t)$$n $rbia an! oso,o.

Th$r$ is +"#h !issatisfa#tion a+on- oso,ar Albanians )ith th$ #"rr$nt arran-$+$nt. Thisallo)s oso,o a"tono+ * b"t r"l$s o"t in!$%$n!$n#$ an! $,$n a f"t"r$ r$f$r$n!"+ &

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so+$thin- )hi#h ha! b$$n %ro+is$! in th$ ori-inal Ra+bo"ill$t a-r$$+$nt. LA #oo%$rationhas b$$n tak$n for -rant$!. F"rth$r+or$* th$ LA ;ri+$ Minist$r of oso,o* Hashi+ Tha#i*has $1%r$ss$! his !issatisfa#tion that th$ la)s of Y"-osla,ia )o"l! #ontin"$ to a%%l in

oso,o.

oso,o Lib$ration Ar+

Th$ LA for+$! so+$ti+$ in th$ +i!&3 s b"t shot into %ro+in$n#$ aft$r 3 . Its+$+b$rs )$r$ !ra)n fro+ th$ lo#al %o%"lation. Th$ LA -ain$! a +a/or boost follo)in- th$#olla%s$ into #haos of n$i-hbo"rin- Albania in 3 . This affor!$! "nli+it$! o%%ort"niti$sfor th$ intro!"#tion of ar+s into oso,o fro+ a!/oinin- ar$as of north$rn Albania. Fro+ itsin#$%tion th$ LA tar-$t$! $rbian s$#"rit for#$s.

Ro-",a initiall $n/o $! -r$at %o%"larit a+on- oso,ar Albanians* b"t b th$ lat$ 3 sthis ha! -i,$n )a to #riti#is+ of his #o+%ro+isin- b$ha,io"r to)ar!s Milos$,i#. Th$r$aft$r*th$ LA r$%r$s$nt$! %o%"lar s$nti+$nt. Th$ $rbs* an! so+$ ($st$rn +$!ia* ha,$

!$s#rib$! th$ LA as l$ss an Albanian fr$$!o+ -ro"%* an! +or$ an Isla+i#f"n!a+$ntalist

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case did Mus$ims ta e up arms !ith o*ensi"e intentions

$#on!l * th$ "s$ of %h si#al for#$ )as in +an #as$s a last r$sort. Th$ ash+iris in%arti#"lar $n!"r$! !$#a!$s of int$nsifi$! In!ian o%%r$ssion b$for$ la"n#hin- th$ir fr$$!o++o,$+$nt. i+ilarl * th$ ;al$stinians took "% +ass ar+$! r$sistan#$ in th$ 3 s* b"t

aban!on$! this )h$n it a%%$ar$! as if Isra$l )as s$rio"s abo"t talks an! th$ )o"l! b$ abl$to a#hi$,$ th$ir -oals thro"-h that %$a#$f"l ro"t$. It )as onl th$ #ontin"$! Isra$liintransi-$n#$ an! r$f"sal to -rant th$ ;al$stinians ri-hts -"arant$$! to th$+ in int$rnationalla)* that %"sh$! th$ ;al$stinians into takin- "% ar+s a-ain. In 'h$#hn a too* aft$r th$ first'h$#h$n (ar th$ 'h$#h$ns )$r$ %r$%ar$! to r$a#h so+$ arran-$+$nt )ith R"ssia thro"-htalks. R"ssian a--r$ssion in 3 )as )hat for#$! th$+ to r$t"rn to th$ battl$fi$l!.

Thir!l * in so+$ 7/iha!s7 th$r$ is "n!o"bt$!l an $l$+$nt of for$i-n s"%%ort $ith$r as %oli#or thro"-h h"+anitarian or-anisations. Th$r$ #an also b$ +ilitant s"%%ort fro+ lik$&+in!$!s +%athis$rs* in!$%$n!$nt of offi#ial %oli#i$s* b"t th$ o,$r)h$l+in- +a/orit of thos$fi-htin- ar$ lo#als. This is a nat"ral #ons$>"$n#$ of th$ br"tal o%%r$ssion that %"sh$s th$

lo#al %o%"lation into ar+$! #onfli#ts in th$ first %la#$: it is th$ lo#al %o%"lation that ar$b$in- br"talis$!* it is th$ )ho f$$l th$ -r$at$st an-$r an! hatr$! to)ar!s th$ir o%%r$ssors*an! h$n#$ it is th$ )ho ar$ fi-htin- th$+. In no #as$ is #onfli#t b$in- )a-$! %r$!o+inantlb for$i-n$rs in th$ na+$ of th$ lo#als.

Fo"rthl * ar+$! r$sistan#$ b th$ M"sli+s is al)a s tar-$t$! s%$#ifi#all a-ainst thos$o%%r$ssin- th$+. In +ost #as$s atta#ks ar$ !ir$#t$! sol$l a-ainst th$ s$#"rit for#$s or-o,$rn+$nt %$rsonn$l8 not a-ainst #i,ilians. Th$r$ is no in!is#ri+inat$ "s$ of for#$* an!#$rtainl no -$n$ral #a+%ai-n a-ainst all non&M"sli+s. Th$ ash+iri fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs* for$1a+%l$* ha,$ o%$nl !$#lar$! that th$ r$-ar! th$ ash+iri ;an!its as th$ir broth$rs an!ha,$ no $n+it )ith th$+. Th$ir >"arr$l is )ith th$ In!ian -o,$rn+$nt an! ar+$! for#$s.

Ha,in- sai! that* it #annot b$ !$ni$! that atta#ks a-ainst 7inno#$nts7 2$.-. #i,ilians4 ha,$also tak$n %la#$. "i#i!$ bo+b atta#ks b ;al$stinians ha,$ l$! to !$aths of J$)ish s$ttl$rs*s#hool#hil!r$n* an! oth$r #i,ilians. Th$ %oint to str$ss* tho"-h* is that th$s$ atta#ks for+ a+inorit * an! that th$ r"n #o"nt$r to th$ ai+s of th$ ,ario"s ar+$! +o,$+$nts.

(hat ar$ th$s$ ai+s= 6"it$ si+%l * fr$$!o+. An $n! to o##"%ation* an $n! to o%%r$ssion.ash+iri M"sli+s ar$ fi-htin- to fr$$ th$+s$l,$s fro+ In!ian r"l$8 th$ ;al$stinians for th$

r$t"rn of th$ir lan! s$iz$! b th$ J$)s8 th$ 'h$#h$ns for fr$$!o+ fro+ R"ssian br"talit 8an! so on. No)h$r$ !o$s on$ s$$ M"sli+s fi-htin- to tak$ t$rritor b$lon-in- to oth$rs* orto s%r$a! Isla+ b for#$. In oth$r )or!s* no)h$r$ ar$ M"sli+s fi-htin- )ith an a--r$ssi,$int$nt.

Isla+ is a #o++on $l$+$nt in all th$ #onfli#ts M"sli+s ar$ $n-a-$! in: th$ !o s$$th$+s$l,$s as )a-in- hol )ar* or /iha!. This %$r#$%tion is bas$! on th$ 6"rani# #on#$%t of

/iha! o"tlin$! at th$ b$-innin-* i.$. a fi-ht a-ainst o%%r$ssion an! in/"sti#$. F"rth$r+or$* a%oint that n$$!s to b$ str$ss$! is that M"sli+s ar$ not fi-htin- b$#a"s$ th$ ar$ M"sli+ an!th$ir o%%on$nts ar$ non&M"sli+* or b$#a"s$ th$ )ish to #on,$rt oth$rs to Isla+. Th$ ar$fi-htin- b$#a"s$ th$ir lan! has b$$n in,a!$! an!

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an! h$n#$ is #all$! /iha!. 9"t Isla+ is not th$ %ri+ar fa#tor %"shin- th$+ to tak$ "% ar+s.

Th$r$ is anoth$r r$ason & in a!!ition to th$ fa#t that fr$$!o+ str"--l$s #onfor+ to th$Isla+i# !$finition of /iha! & for Isla+ to f$at"r$ so %ro+in$ntl . If %$o%l$ f$$l th$ ar$$n-a-$! in a hol )ar* as o%%os$! to a %"r$l nationalist str"--l$* th$ir $nth"sias+ an!

th$ir )illin-n$ss to sa#rifi#$ th$ir li,$s is +"#h -r$at$r. Th$ b$li$,$ that $,$n if th$ ar$kill$! th$ )ill b$ +art r$! an! -o to h$a,$n. In #"rr$nt ti+$s* th$ Af-han /iha! has sho)n)hat an i++$ns$ +oti,atin- for#$ Isla+ #an b$* an! it is a l$sson that has b$$n %i#k$! "%b th$ r$st of th$ M"sli+ )orl!.

;ortra in- a fr$$!o+ str"--l$ as Isla+i# has $t anoth$r a!,anta-$ of attra#tin- s +%athan! s"%%ort fro+ oth$r M"sli+ #o"ntri$s* b ta%%in- into th$ Isla+i# #on#$%t of "++ah*that all M"sli+s irr$s%$#ti,$ of ra#$ or nationalit * for+ a sin-l$ #o++"nit . As s"#h* )h$non$ s$#tion of that #o++"nit is b$in- o%%r$ss$!* th$ oth$rs s$$ th$ir fr$$!o+ str"--l$ asth$ $ntir$ #o++"nit 7s fr$$!o+ str"--l$. Th$ Fri!a s$r+ons in +os>"$s an )h$r$ in th$M"sli+ )orl! an! r$-"larl off$r %ra $rs for 7broth$rs an! sist$rs7 in ash+ir* ;al$stin$*

'h$#hn a* an! so forth.

In #on#l"sion* th$ %ortra al of /iha! in ($st$rn an! oth$r +$!ia is >"it$ r$+o,$! fro+r$alit . It is n$,$r* as %o%"larl r$%r$s$nt$!* a r$li-io"sl &+oti,at$! a--r$ssi,$ )ar a-ainst7inno#$nt7 non&M"sli+s* )ith th$ ai+ of s%r$a!in- Isla+ b for#$. Jiha! in r$alit * )h$r$,$rit is fo"n!* is a str"--l$ for fr$$!o+* a-ainst a--r$ssion an! o%%r$ssion* an! for h"+anri-hts.

R$asons for Distort$! ;ro%a-an!a

As !is#"ss$!* th$ +ilitant i+a-$ of /iha! is >"it$ !iff$r$nt to th$ r$alit . Th$ !iff$r$n#$

b$t)$$n i+a-$ an! r$alit is too -r$at* an! too %$rsist$ntl r$%$at$!* to b$ %"t !o)n toinno#$nt $rror. Jiha! is !istort$! )ith !$lib$rat$ int$nt. (hat is this=

Th$ r$asons for !istortin- r$%r$s$ntations of /iha! sho"l! b$#o+$ #l$ar b a-ain $1a+inin-in!i,i!"al #as$ st"!i$s. Tak$ ash+ir: In!ia lik$s to %r$s$nt th$ fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs th$r$ as$ith$r ;akistanis or 7Isla+i# f"n!a+$ntalists7. 9 "sin- th$ latt$r t$r+inolo- * it ho%$s to!ra) int$rnational s +%ath a)a fro+ th$ ash+iris an! to)ar!s its$lf* rath$r than ha,$th$ o"tsi!$ )orl! s +%athis$ )ith ash+iris for th$ o%%r$ssion th$ ar$ $n!"rin-. Thro"-hthis ta#ti#* In!ia is ta%%in- into a -ro)in- f$ar an! !istr"st of Isla+ %r$,al$nt in th$ ($st*an! %arti#"larl in th$ 0nit$! tat$s sin#$ th$ $n! of th$ 'ol! (ar. Isla+ has r$%la#$!#o++"nis+ as th$ thr$at %$r#$%tion to -lobal s$#"rit . H$n#$* )ith 0 an! oth$r ($st$rn

%"bli# o%inion alr$a! s$nsiti,$ abo"t $1tr$+ist Isla+* an! %ron$ to s$$ it as af"n!a+$ntalist thr$at* In!ia ho%$s to $n-a-$ th$ #a%ti,$ a"!i$n#$ for its o)n %ortra al ofth$ ash+ir #onfli#t as on$ of 7lib$ral ,al"$s ,$rs"s Isla+i# $1tr$+is+7 rath$r than th$fr$$!o+ str"--l$ it is.

All th$ oth$r #o"ntri$s fa#in- soall$! 7/iha!s7 "s$ th$ sa+$ ar-"+$nt an! for th$ sa+$r$ason. In or!$r to #o,$r "% th$ir o)n o%%r$ssion an! ,iolations of h"+an ri-hts* th$ %aintth$ir o%%on$nts as Isla+i# fr$$!o+ fi-ht$rs8 th$ +ak$ th$ir in!i,i!"al #onfli#ts fit in )ith

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th$ -lobal 7Isla+ ,$rs"s non&Isla+7 #onfli#t. Th$ $rbs %$!all$! th$ lin$ that th$ )$r$ afront&lin$ stat$* hol!in- ba#k a )a,$ of Isla+i# f"n!a+$ntalis+* )hi#h )o"l! oth$r)is$s%r$a! thro"-h E"ro%$. That is )h th$ ha! to s"%%r$ss th$ 9osnian M"sli+s. R"ssia%$!als th$ lin$ that it is $n-a-$! in a si+ilar 7%rot$#tion of fr$$ )orl! ,al"$s7 in its #onfli#t)ith th$ 'h$#h$ns. Isra$l /"stifi$s all +ann$r of stat$ ab"s$* $,$n t$rroris+* )ith th$ all&

$+bra#in- $1#"s$ that it fa#$s a thr$at fro+ Isla+i# $1tr$+ists an! th$ i+%$rati,$ of#o"nt$rin- this /"stifi$s th$ +$ans "s$!.

R$s%ons$ b th$ M"sli+ (orl!

R"ssia* Isra$l* In!ia* ar$ so+$ of th$ stat$s that ar$ s$$+in-l s"##$ssf"l in th$ir att$+%tsto $nlist -lobal s"%%ort to th$ #onfli#ts th$ ar$ $n-a-$! in* b$#a"s$ it is th$ir r$s%$#ti,$,$rsions that -$n$rall a%%$ar in ($st$rn +$!ia. Ho) sho"l! th$ M"sli+ )orl! r$s%on! tothis #hall$n-$=

It sho"l! b$ str$ss$! that it is ,$r i+%ortant to #o"nt$r this !istortion* as it is !oin- -r$at

har+ to in!i,i!"al #a"s$s an! to th$ #oll$#ti,$ i+a-$ of th$ M"sli+ )orl! an! Isla+. M"sli+fr$$!o+ str"--l$s not onl los$ int$rnational s +%ath * b"t M"sli+s $n! "% b$in- s$$n asth$ 7ba! -" s7 & so th$ir $n$+i$s -$t h$l%. $#on!l * a n$-ati,$ st$r$ot %$ of Isla+ an!M"sli+s is b$in- %$r%$trat$! )hi#h )ill b$ ,$r !iffi#"lt to !islo!-$ an! r$,$rs$.

o )hat #an b$ !on$= 9asi#all M"sli+s +"st l$arn to b$ b$tt$r %la $rs at th$ sa+$ -a+$.Th$ +"st b$ +or$ %ro&a#ti,$ in -$ttin- th$ir fa#t"al %osition a#ross to th$ int$rnational+$!ia an! %"bli# o%inion.

M"sli+s +"st also #"rb th$ a#ti,iti$s an! stat$+$nts of thos$ a+on- th$+ )ho ar$ kno)nto b$ $1tr$+ists. Th$ir har!&lin$ a#ti,iti$s an! stat$+$nts +$r$l %ro,i!$ a++"nition to

thos$ s$$kin- to %ortra Isla+ an! /iha! in a n$-ati,$ li-ht. F$) o"tsi!$rs )o"l! b$ a)ar$of th$ir la#k of a lar-$ follo)in-. All th$ )ill r$-ist$r ar$ th$ir ,itrioli# anti&($st* anti&In!ia*%ro&/iha! #alls. H$n#$ th$ i+%ortan#$ of or-anisin- a #o"nt$r&%ro%a-an!a to %ortra th$%ro-r$ssi,$ s%irit an! r$,ol"tionar +$ssa-$ of Isla+* in its tr"$ %$a#$abl$ li-ht.