MODERN MODERN ERA: ERA:

1750 - 19141750 - 1914SOCIAL AND SOCIAL AND

GENDER GENDER STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

GENERALIZED EFFECTS GENERALIZED EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL OF INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION• Increased PopulationIncreased Population• Increased UrbanizationIncreased Urbanization• Increased migration, immigrationIncreased migration, immigration• Increased wealthIncreased wealth• Spread of wealth to middle classSpread of wealth to middle class• New consumerismNew consumerism• New roles for women, poor, minoritiesNew roles for women, poor, minorities• Change in child rearing, childhoodChange in child rearing, childhood• Rise of a technical, managerial classRise of a technical, managerial class• Invention of leisure time, common cultureInvention of leisure time, common culture• Increasing demand for social reform, worker Increasing demand for social reform, worker

rightsrights• Increased life span, living standard; decreased Increased life span, living standard; decreased

death ratedeath rate• Emancipation of slaves, serfs Emancipation of slaves, serfs

WESTERN INDUSTRY & WESTERN INDUSTRY & FAMILIESFAMILIES

• New social classes created by industrialization New social classes created by industrialization – Captains of industry: a new aristocracy of wealth Captains of industry: a new aristocracy of wealth – Middle class: managers, accountants, new professionals Middle class: managers, accountants, new professionals – Working class: unskilled, poorly paid, vulnerableWorking class: unskilled, poorly paid, vulnerable

• Dramatic changes to the industrial family Dramatic changes to the industrial family – Sharp distinction between work and family lifeSharp distinction between work and family life– Worked long hours outside home Worked long hours outside home – Family members led increasingly separate livesFamily members led increasingly separate lives

• Fathers and Sons Fathers and Sons – Gained increased stature, responsibility in industrial age Gained increased stature, responsibility in industrial age – Middle- and upper-class men were sole providers Middle- and upper-class men were sole providers – Valued self-improvement, discipline, and work ethic Valued self-improvement, discipline, and work ethic – Imposed these values on working-class men Imposed these values on working-class men

• Workers often resisted work discipline Workers often resisted work discipline • Working-class culture: bars, sports, gambling, outlets away from work Working-class culture: bars, sports, gambling, outlets away from work

• Mothers and daughters Mothers and daughters – Opportunities narrowed by industrialization Opportunities narrowed by industrialization – Working women could not bring children to work in mines or factories Working women could not bring children to work in mines or factories – Middle-class women expected to care for home and children Middle-class women expected to care for home and children – Increased opportunities for women to work in domestic serviceIncreased opportunities for women to work in domestic service

• ChildrenChildren– Many children forced to work in industry to contribute to family Many children forced to work in industry to contribute to family

support support – 1840s, Parliament began to regulate child labor 1840s, Parliament began to regulate child labor – 1881, primary education became mandatory in England1881, primary education became mandatory in England

LIMITS TO REVOLUTIONARY LIMITS TO REVOLUTIONARY IDEASIDEAS

• Testing the limits of revolutionary ideals: women's rightsTesting the limits of revolutionary ideals: women's rights– Enlightenment call for equality not generally extended to women Enlightenment call for equality not generally extended to women

• Women used logic of Locke to argue for women's rights Women used logic of Locke to argue for women's rights • Mary Astell attacked male dominance in the family Mary Astell attacked male dominance in the family • Mary Wollstonecraft: women possessed same natural rights as menMary Wollstonecraft: women possessed same natural rights as men

– Women crucial to revolutionary activities Women crucial to revolutionary activities • French revolution granted women rights of education, property, no vote French revolution granted women rights of education, property, no vote • Olympe de Gouges's declaration of full citizenship for women too radical Olympe de Gouges's declaration of full citizenship for women too radical • Women made no significant gains in other revolutionsWomen made no significant gains in other revolutions

– Gained ground in the nineteenth century in United States and EuropeGained ground in the nineteenth century in United States and Europe• Seneca Falls Declaration of Women’s RightsSeneca Falls Declaration of Women’s Rights• Women became involved in abolitionist, temperance, reform movementsWomen became involved in abolitionist, temperance, reform movements

• Testing the limits of revolutionary ideals: slavery Testing the limits of revolutionary ideals: slavery – Movements to end slave tradeMovements to end slave trade

• Began in 1700s, gained momentum during revolutions Began in 1700s, gained momentum during revolutions • In 1807 British Parliament outlawed slave trade In 1807 British Parliament outlawed slave trade • US ended it in 1807; other states followed US ended it in 1807; other states followed • Illegal slave trade to Brazil, in Africa, internal within US continuedIllegal slave trade to Brazil, in Africa, internal within US continued

– Movements to abolish slavery: difficult because of property rights Movements to abolish slavery: difficult because of property rights • In Haiti, much of South America, end of slavery came with independence In Haiti, much of South America, end of slavery came with independence • In Western society, campaign against slave trade became abolish slavery In Western society, campaign against slave trade became abolish slavery

– Abolition Abolition • In Britain in 1833, France in 1848, the United States in 1865, Brazil in In Britain in 1833, France in 1848, the United States in 1865, Brazil in

18881888• Last areas to abolish slavery were Africa and Muslim worldLast areas to abolish slavery were Africa and Muslim world• Abolition brought legal freedom for slaves but not political equalityAbolition brought legal freedom for slaves but not political equality

ABOLITION OF SLAVERYABOLITION OF SLAVERY• Process advocated with Enlightenment, MethodismProcess advocated with Enlightenment, Methodism

– Ideas of equality of men becomes widespreadIdeas of equality of men becomes widespread– Philosophes attacked slavery, slave tradePhilosophes attacked slavery, slave trade– Methodism, spreading in 18Methodism, spreading in 18thth, 19, 19thth centuries condemned slavery centuries condemned slavery– William Wilberforce campaigned to end slavery, slave trade all his lifeWilliam Wilberforce campaigned to end slavery, slave trade all his life

• Process expanded by Revolutions, Women’s MovementsProcess expanded by Revolutions, Women’s Movements– Many revolutionaries advocated ending slaveryMany revolutionaries advocated ending slavery– Many revolutionary governments abolished slavery (France)Many revolutionary governments abolished slavery (France)– Haitian slave revolt scares American slave holdersHaitian slave revolt scares American slave holders– Women advocated end to slavery as a corollary to gender equalityWomen advocated end to slavery as a corollary to gender equality

• Process realized by the British and AmericansProcess realized by the British and Americans– British parliament outlawed slave trade; US ended slave trade in 1808 (had British parliament outlawed slave trade; US ended slave trade in 1808 (had

internal slave trade)internal slave trade)– British, US navies enforce ban; hang slavers, freed slaves to Sierra Leone British, US navies enforce ban; hang slavers, freed slaves to Sierra Leone

(Amistad Mutiny)(Amistad Mutiny)– Latin American revolutions abolish slavery during revolutionsLatin American revolutions abolish slavery during revolutions– British emancipate slaves in 1833 throughout their empireBritish emancipate slaves in 1833 throughout their empire

• Civil Wars, Emancipations and ManumissionsCivil Wars, Emancipations and Manumissions– US abolished slavery through Force of Arms, Civil WarUS abolished slavery through Force of Arms, Civil War

• Emancipation Proclamation 1863Emancipation Proclamation 1863• 1414thth, 15, 15thth, 16, 16thth Amendments of 1866 Amendments of 1866

– Russia abolished serfdom in 1863Russia abolished serfdom in 1863– Brazil emancipated and manumitted its slaves in 1888 Brazil emancipated and manumitted its slaves in 1888

• Princess Regent of Brazil abolished slavery in political fight with land ownersPrincess Regent of Brazil abolished slavery in political fight with land owners• Brazilian elite abolish monarchy, paid slave holders for their lost slavesBrazilian elite abolish monarchy, paid slave holders for their lost slaves

• Slavery trade still existed in Muslim world, Africa, East Africa (British Slavery trade still existed in Muslim world, Africa, East Africa (British suppress in 1870s)suppress in 1870s)

• Contract labor, share cropping, indentured servitude, tenant farming Contract labor, share cropping, indentured servitude, tenant farming remainedremained

• Racial equality not included as part of abolitionRacial equality not included as part of abolition

CHANGES IN WESTERN CHANGES IN WESTERN SOCIETY AFTER 1850SOCIETY AFTER 1850

• Changes for workersChanges for workers– Better wagesBetter wages– Decrease of working hoursDecrease of working hours– Rise of leisure timeRise of leisure time– Increased health, physical risksIncreased health, physical risks

• Growth of white collar work forceGrowth of white collar work force– ManagerialManagerial– EntrepreneurialEntrepreneurial– Bureaucratic workers of governmentBureaucratic workers of government– Secretarial, office workersSecretarial, office workers

• Growth of blue collar work forceGrowth of blue collar work force– IndustrialIndustrial– TechnicalTechnical– MinersMiners

• Decrease in ratio of farmers to whole societyDecrease in ratio of farmers to whole society– Technology increased productivityTechnology increased productivity– Increased productivity lower prices, reduced need for farmersIncreased productivity lower prices, reduced need for farmers– Farmers began to migrate to cities, industry; immigrate abroadFarmers began to migrate to cities, industry; immigrate abroad

• Increased roles for women due to industrialization, educationIncreased roles for women due to industrialization, education

AMERICAN MULTI-RACIAL AMERICAN MULTI-RACIAL SOCIETIESSOCIETIES

• The United StatesThe United States– By late 19By late 19THTH century century

• United States was a multicultural societyUnited States was a multicultural society• Dominated by white elites Dominated by white elites

– Native peoples had been pushed onto reservations Native peoples had been pushed onto reservations • Dawes Act, 1887: encouraged natives to farm on marginal land Dawes Act, 1887: encouraged natives to farm on marginal land • Slaughter of buffalo threatened plains Indians' survival Slaughter of buffalo threatened plains Indians' survival • Children sent to boarding schools, lost native language, traditionsChildren sent to boarding schools, lost native language, traditions

– Freed slaves often denied civil rights Freed slaves often denied civil rights • Northern armies forced South to undergo Reconstruction Northern armies forced South to undergo Reconstruction • After Reconstruction, a violent backlash overturned reforms After Reconstruction, a violent backlash overturned reforms • South segregated; blacks denied opportunities, political rightsSouth segregated; blacks denied opportunities, political rights

– American women's movement had limited successAmerican women's movement had limited success• "Declaration of Sentiments" issued by American feminists in 1848 "Declaration of Sentiments" issued by American feminists in 1848 • Sought education, employment, and political rights Sought education, employment, and political rights

– MigrantsMigrants• 25 million Europeans to America from 1840-1914 25 million Europeans to America from 1840-1914 • Hostile reaction to foreigners from "native-born" Americans Hostile reaction to foreigners from "native-born" Americans • Newcomers concentrated in districts like Little Italy and Chinatown Newcomers concentrated in districts like Little Italy and Chinatown • Antagonism to Asians led to legal exclusion of Chinese and Japanese Antagonism to Asians led to legal exclusion of Chinese and Japanese

migrantsmigrants• Brazil and the United States had many similaritiesBrazil and the United States had many similarities

– Key difference was that Brazil had a higher percentage of blacks, Key difference was that Brazil had a higher percentage of blacks, mixed populationsmixed populations

– Brazil avoided a civil war and emancipated peacefullyBrazil avoided a civil war and emancipated peacefully– Interior of Brazil remained largely unsettled, unexploited; Indians Interior of Brazil remained largely unsettled, unexploited; Indians

mistreatedmistreated

NEO-EUROPEAN NEO-EUROPEAN CONTRASTSCONTRASTS

• Neo-EuropesNeo-Europes– Defined: Settler colonies which came to resemble European societiesDefined: Settler colonies which came to resemble European societies– In all practical purposes they were part of the Western WorldIn all practical purposes they were part of the Western World

• CanadaCanada– Ethnic diversity beyond dominant British and French populations Ethnic diversity beyond dominant British and French populations

• Significant minority of indigenous people displaced by whites Significant minority of indigenous people displaced by whites • Blacks Blacks

– Free after 1833 but not equalFree after 1833 but not equal– Former slaves, some escaped from United States Former slaves, some escaped from United States

• Chinese migrants came to goldfields of British Columbia, worked on railroad Chinese migrants came to goldfields of British Columbia, worked on railroad • Late nineteenth and early twentieth century, waves of European migrants Late nineteenth and early twentieth century, waves of European migrants • Expansion into Northwest Territories increased British and French conflictsExpansion into Northwest Territories increased British and French conflicts

– Northwest RebellionNorthwest Rebellion• Led by the métis, descendents of French traders and native women Led by the métis, descendents of French traders and native women

– Conflict between natives, métis, and white settlers in west, 1870s and 1880s Conflict between natives, métis, and white settlers in west, 1870s and 1880s – Louis Riel, leader of western métis and indigenous peoples Louis Riel, leader of western métis and indigenous peoples – Riel organized a government and army to protect land and trading rights Riel organized a government and army to protect land and trading rights – Canadian authorities outlawed his government and exiled him, 1870s Canadian authorities outlawed his government and exiled him, 1870s

• In 1885 In 1885 – Riel again led métis resistance against railroads and British settlements Riel again led métis resistance against railroads and British settlements – Rebels were subdued and Riel was executed for treasonRebels were subdued and Riel was executed for treason

– French Canadians suspicious of British elites after Northwest Rebellion French Canadians suspicious of British elites after Northwest Rebellion • Australia, New Zealand (and to a lesser degree, South Africa) Australia, New Zealand (and to a lesser degree, South Africa)

resemble Canadaresemble Canada– Aborigines, Maoris, Bantus all driven from lands, placed in reservationsAborigines, Maoris, Bantus all driven from lands, placed in reservations– Some examples of resistance by Zulu, Maoris to British settlementSome examples of resistance by Zulu, Maoris to British settlement– In all except South Africa, large European immigration overwhelmed In all except South Africa, large European immigration overwhelmed

nativesnatives

LATIN AMERICAN LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETYSOCIETY• Latin American societies Latin American societies

– Organized by ethnicity and color, legacy of colonialismOrganized by ethnicity and color, legacy of colonialism– European descendants dominate all aspects of state, economic, social lifeEuropean descendants dominate all aspects of state, economic, social life– Europeanization of all aspects, classes, activities of society Europeanization of all aspects, classes, activities of society – Bipolar societyBipolar society

• Male vs. FemaleMale vs. Female• Elite vs. MassesElite vs. Masses• White vs. ColoredWhite vs. Colored• Urban vs. ruralUrban vs. rural

• CastesCastes– Legally abolished by revolutions but de jure is not de factoLegally abolished by revolutions but de jure is not de facto– Stigma of color and former status prevented much changeStigma of color and former status prevented much change– Liberal reforms, Positivism often sacrificed legal rights, color for economic Liberal reforms, Positivism often sacrificed legal rights, color for economic

wealth, profitwealth, profit• Large-scale migration in nineteenth century brought cultural diversity Large-scale migration in nineteenth century brought cultural diversity

– Small number of Chinese in Cuba assimilated through intermarriage Small number of Chinese in Cuba assimilated through intermarriage – East Indians in Trinidad, Tobago preserved cultural traditions East Indians in Trinidad, Tobago preserved cultural traditions – European migrants made Buenos Aires "the Paris of the Americas“European migrants made Buenos Aires "the Paris of the Americas“– Most cultural diverse society was Brazil with Europeans, Blacks, Indians, mixedMost cultural diverse society was Brazil with Europeans, Blacks, Indians, mixed

• Male domination Male domination – Central feature of Latin American society in nineteenth century Central feature of Latin American society in nineteenth century – Machismo: culture of male strength, aggression Machismo: culture of male strength, aggression

• Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights– Women barred legally from any influence; remained under nearest male’s Women barred legally from any influence; remained under nearest male’s

influenceinfluence– No significant women's movementNo significant women's movement– Aristocratic women more constrained than lower classesAristocratic women more constrained than lower classes– Poor women worked, often controlled local marketsPoor women worked, often controlled local markets– Efforts to improve education girls increased opportunities for women (as Efforts to improve education girls increased opportunities for women (as

teachers)teachers)

SOCIETY OUTSIDE OF THE SOCIETY OUTSIDE OF THE WESTWEST

• Westernization or Modernization?Westernization or Modernization?– Reform often equated with loss of traditional rightsReform often equated with loss of traditional rights

• Westernization supported only by small group, usually intellectualsWesternization supported only by small group, usually intellectuals• Modernization often limited only to industrializationModernization often limited only to industrialization

– Imperialism Imperialism • Ethnic elites often imitated western societyEthnic elites often imitated western society• Nationalism equated with need to preserve traditionNationalism equated with need to preserve tradition

• Social GroupsSocial Groups– Conservative ElitesConservative Elites

• Europeans left traditional elites in power under colonial supervisorsEuropeans left traditional elites in power under colonial supervisors• Older elites become status quo, often unwilling to reformOlder elites become status quo, often unwilling to reform

– Middle Class and Intellectual ElitesMiddle Class and Intellectual Elites• Often a new group produced by exposure to westerners, industrialization, Often a new group produced by exposure to westerners, industrialization,

commercecommerce• Many expressed their new found force in universities, bureaucracy, civil service, Many expressed their new found force in universities, bureaucracy, civil service,

technocratstechnocrats• Often worked with westerners, colonialists to become hope for future Often worked with westerners, colonialists to become hope for future

independenceindependence• Later would form the core of the leaders of the anti-colonial revolutions, revoltsLater would form the core of the leaders of the anti-colonial revolutions, revolts

– Industrial workersIndustrial workers• Small force outside of Japan but it did become influential in some countriesSmall force outside of Japan but it did become influential in some countries

– Peasants and farmersPeasants and farmers• Remained the bulk of most of the world’s populationRemained the bulk of most of the world’s population• Very suspicious of reform, change unless it insured their property rightsVery suspicious of reform, change unless it insured their property rights• Tended to be hostile to technology, outside influencesTended to be hostile to technology, outside influences

– Outsiders or ForeignersOutsiders or Foreigners• Many colonial powers used outsiders to run their empires or brought in labor Many colonial powers used outsiders to run their empires or brought in labor

from elsewherefrom elsewhere• Groups formed isolated, often hated groups by most classes of older societiesGroups formed isolated, often hated groups by most classes of older societies

EMPIRES AND SOCIETYEMPIRES AND SOCIETY• Imperialism disrupted old social patternsImperialism disrupted old social patterns

– Rearranged social hierarchy to suit occupiers’ needs, understandingsRearranged social hierarchy to suit occupiers’ needs, understandings– Europeans, Americans always on top of social hierarchy, lived in capitals, Europeans, Americans always on top of social hierarchy, lived in capitals,

owned wealthowned wealth– Used existing colonial differences to divide locals, control coloniesUsed existing colonial differences to divide locals, control colonies– Colonial boundaries cut across ethnic, tribal boundaries further dividing Colonial boundaries cut across ethnic, tribal boundaries further dividing

peoplespeoples– Often used minorities including hated ones to administer coloniesOften used minorities including hated ones to administer colonies– Europeans often imported other colonial peoples to administer different Europeans often imported other colonial peoples to administer different

coloniescolonies• Colonial conflict not uncommon in nineteenth century Colonial conflict not uncommon in nineteenth century

– Glorious Little Wars were often rebellions, resistance to Western Glorious Little Wars were often rebellions, resistance to Western encroachment encroachment

– Resistance included boycotts, political parties, anti-colonial publications Resistance included boycotts, political parties, anti-colonial publications – Conflict among different groups united under colonial ruleConflict among different groups united under colonial rule

• Hawaii: Locals resented Japanese, Chinese immigrants as much as AmericansHawaii: Locals resented Japanese, Chinese immigrants as much as Americans• South Africa: Anti-Apartheid movement began amongst Hindu laborersSouth Africa: Anti-Apartheid movement began amongst Hindu laborers

• "Scientific racism" popular in nineteenth century "Scientific racism" popular in nineteenth century – Race became the measure of human potentialRace became the measure of human potential

• Europeans considered superiorEuropeans considered superior• Non-White Europeans were considered inferior and needed civilization Non-White Europeans were considered inferior and needed civilization

– Gobineau divided humanity into 4 main racial groups, each with traits Gobineau divided humanity into 4 main racial groups, each with traits – Social Darwinism: "survival of fittest" used to justify European dominationSocial Darwinism: "survival of fittest" used to justify European domination

• Colonial experience only reinforced popular racism Colonial experience only reinforced popular racism – Assumed moral superiority of Europeans = White Racial SupremacyAssumed moral superiority of Europeans = White Racial Supremacy– Racist views in U.S. treatment of Filipinos, Japanese treatment of KoreansRacist views in U.S. treatment of Filipinos, Japanese treatment of Koreans– Colonizers kept themselves separate from locals, created segregated Colonizers kept themselves separate from locals, created segregated

communitiescommunities– Westerns strongly discouraged from any marriage, mixing with localsWesterns strongly discouraged from any marriage, mixing with locals

WOMEN IN SOCIETYWOMEN IN SOCIETY• Active in Revolutions, Change but limited results 1750-1914Active in Revolutions, Change but limited results 1750-1914

– Women served as auxiliaries to menWomen served as auxiliaries to men– Would not press changesWould not press changes– Women tended to lack mass supportWomen tended to lack mass support

• From legislatorsFrom legislators• From other womenFrom other women

• Female revolutionariesFemale revolutionaries– Tended to put class interests above gender issuesTended to put class interests above gender issues

• Favored social reform, economic reliefFavored social reform, economic relief• Initially very influential in French RevolutionInitially very influential in French Revolution

– Women belief that their place was at home, with childrenWomen belief that their place was at home, with children– Restoration of Conservative elite often limited any gains by womenRestoration of Conservative elite often limited any gains by women

• Post-Revolutionary Era Women’s RightsPost-Revolutionary Era Women’s Rights– Industrialization radically altered working women’s roles publicly and Industrialization radically altered working women’s roles publicly and

privatelyprivately• Women moved into the work force in great numbersWomen moved into the work force in great numbers• Women began to earn some money, independence, began to organizeWomen began to earn some money, independence, began to organize• Women often still held responsible for home, children, family tooWomen often still held responsible for home, children, family too

– Political activism, issues resurrected by middle class, upper class womenPolitical activism, issues resurrected by middle class, upper class women– Learned to publish and to organize; promoted education Learned to publish and to organize; promoted education – Political activism tended towardsPolitical activism tended towards

• Opposition to state supported prostitutionOpposition to state supported prostitution• Aide to unwed mothers, orphans, widows with childrenAide to unwed mothers, orphans, widows with children• Temperance Leagues were largely dominated by womenTemperance Leagues were largely dominated by women• Women became very active in abolitionism, peace movementsWomen became very active in abolitionism, peace movements

• Suffrage MovementSuffrage Movement– Women demanded right to vote; strongest in settler countries where Women demanded right to vote; strongest in settler countries where

women had major influencewomen had major influence– Came slowly: 1 nation in 1900; 3 in 1910; 15 in 1920Came slowly: 1 nation in 1900; 3 in 1910; 15 in 1920

CULT OF DOMESTICITYCULT OF DOMESTICITY• Gender and Social Changes produced Industrial, Agriculture Gender and Social Changes produced Industrial, Agriculture

Revolutions Revolutions – Decreased death rate from child birthDecreased death rate from child birth– Women tend to have fewer children as more surviveWomen tend to have fewer children as more survive– Death of women in child birth raises live span of women over that of menDeath of women in child birth raises live span of women over that of men– First time in history women began to live longer than men First time in history women began to live longer than men

• 1919THTH Century Social Ideal Century Social Ideal– Common to West, similar traditions in non-Western culturesCommon to West, similar traditions in non-Western cultures– Women were expected to take care of familyWomen were expected to take care of family

• Children, home were more importantChildren, home were more important• Women expected to have children, look after the familyWomen expected to have children, look after the family

– Public roles of women limitedPublic roles of women limited• Industrial Revolution changes, threatens idealIndustrial Revolution changes, threatens ideal

– Women acquire a public roleWomen acquire a public role• Women admitted to work force in great numbersWomen admitted to work force in great numbers• Acquired purchasing power, influenceAcquired purchasing power, influence• Acquired increased independence from husbandsAcquired increased independence from husbands• Extra income helped family, increased family healthExtra income helped family, increased family health

– Reality WasReality Was• Female workers not treated same as malesFemale workers not treated same as males• Women with families still had to take care of familiesWomen with families still had to take care of families

• Child Rearing ChangesChild Rearing Changes– Prior to 19Prior to 19thth century: 1/3 children die in first year – not much attachment until century: 1/3 children die in first year – not much attachment until

one year oldone year old– More interest in children as they survive; fewer children in family; more More interest in children as they survive; fewer children in family; more

quality timequality time– Relationship between children, parents now much closerRelationship between children, parents now much closer– Tendency to introduce earlier childhood education, compulsory primary Tendency to introduce earlier childhood education, compulsory primary

educationeducation

WOMEN & WOMEN & IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM• European Women and ImperialismEuropean Women and Imperialism

– Much evidence that European women actively supported imperialismMuch evidence that European women actively supported imperialism– Tended to encourage, support Western ideas of racism, morality, domesticity and violenceTended to encourage, support Western ideas of racism, morality, domesticity and violence

• Non-Western Women and Their RightsNon-Western Women and Their Rights– Emancipation often meant liberation from older traditions, husbandsEmancipation often meant liberation from older traditions, husbands– Political emancipation, nationalism often took first place over women’s issuesPolitical emancipation, nationalism often took first place over women’s issues– Progress was slower abroad than in the west, if it came at allProgress was slower abroad than in the west, if it came at all– Emancipation or change often considered too radical, westernEmancipation or change often considered too radical, western– Many western men had foreign mistresses, mixed families independent of European wife, Many western men had foreign mistresses, mixed families independent of European wife,

familyfamily• African WomenAfrican Women

– Men often forced to work away from family: women took over male roles: Herding, FarmingMen often forced to work away from family: women took over male roles: Herding, Farming– Colonists often needed domestic labor and hired African women but little real changeColonists often needed domestic labor and hired African women but little real change

• IndiaIndia– British outlawed widow burning (sati)British outlawed widow burning (sati)– Many upper class women acquired education, publicly visible if husbands were westernizedMany upper class women acquired education, publicly visible if husbands were westernized

• ChinaChina– Many Western missionaries were women; Chinese women often became active in missionsMany Western missionaries were women; Chinese women often became active in missions– Many elite Chinese women educated abroad; married westernized husbands (Soong Sisters)Many elite Chinese women educated abroad; married westernized husbands (Soong Sisters)

• Japan Japan – Meiji changes effected women: some entered work force, some acquired an educationMeiji changes effected women: some entered work force, some acquired an education– Japanese women still largely uneffected by changes in Japanese societyJapanese women still largely uneffected by changes in Japanese society

• Latin American WomenLatin American Women– Latin American elite became thoroughly westernized in its outlookLatin American elite became thoroughly westernized in its outlook– Women may have dressed, acted like their western sisters but far more restricted by Women may have dressed, acted like their western sisters but far more restricted by

traditiontradition– Mexican Revolution saw increased roles, involvement of women in revolution, often as Mexican Revolution saw increased roles, involvement of women in revolution, often as

soldierssoldiers