Integrated Pest Manage Ment of Flower Crops Under - Copy

INTEGRATED PEST

MANAGEMENT OF CUT FLOWERS

UNDER POLY HOUSE

• "IPM is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health hazard and environmental risks."

• Aims of IPM• Reduce the use of synthetic pesticides• That are environmentally sound• Pest minimal risk of human health• Re-useable return on investment• Provide consumable safe food in case of consumable

products

• Principles of IPM• Identification of key pests and beneficial

organisms.• Development of management strategy.• Establishment of Economic thresholds (loss &

risks)• Development of assessment techniques.• Evolving description of predictive pest

models

• Tools of IPM1.Monitoring:

• Keeping tracks of the pests and their potential damage.

• This provides knowledge about the current pests and crop situation and is helpful in selecting the best possible combinations of the pest management methods.

2.Pest resistant varieties: • Breeding for pest resistance is a continuous

process.

• 3.Cultural pest control: • It includes crop production practices that

make crop environment less susceptible to pests.

• Crop rotation, cover crop, row and plant spacing, planting and harvesting dates, destruction of old crop debris are a few examples.

• Cultural controls are based on pest biology and development.

• 4.Mechanical control: • These are based on the knowledge of pest

behaviour. • Hand picking, installation of bird perches, mulching

and installation of traps are a few examples.5.Biological control:

• These include augmentation and conservation of natural enemies of pests such as insect predators, parasitoids, pathogen and weed feeders.

• In IPM programes, native natural enemy populations are conserved and non-native agents are released with utmost caution.

• 6.Chemical control: • Pesticides are used to keep the pest

population below economically damaging levels when the pests cannot be controlled by other means. It is applied only when the pest's damaging capacity is nearing to the threshold.

• INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN FLOWER CROPS GROWN IN POLY HOUSES.

• Not all crops are grown in poly houses.• Only the crops which have high economic value in

markets are grown in poly houses.• Some of the flower crops which have high

economic potential in markets and cultivated in poly houses in India are as follows.

-Rose -Carnation -Gerbera -Gladiolus -Orchids -Lillies -Anthuriums

IPM OF PESTS IN ROSES

PEST MANAGEMENT IN ROSES

1. Rose aphid• Macrosiphum rosaeformis , M. rosae,• Aphis gossypii , Myzus persicae • Symptoms of damage• Nymphs and adults are found in clusters on

the tender shoots, flowers and buds and suck the sap.

• Withering of tender shoots• Buds fall off prematurely and the flowers

show fading.

• Management• Spray methyl demeton 1ml / lit (or) methyl

parathion 2ml/lit or neem oil 0.5%

BUDS DAMAGE DUE TO APHIDS

• A number of natural enemies like lady bird beetle, [Coccinella septempunctata], lace wing [Chrysoperla carnea] and maggot of syrphid fly [Erisyrphus balteatus] keep their population under check.

• When population is heavy spray the plant with Oxy-demeton methyl [0.025%] or Phosphamidon [0.03%] or Dimethoate [0.03%].

2. Thrips, • Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Thrips tabaci

Symptoms of damage• Nymphs and adults – lacerate the tissues from the

under surface of the leaves• Suck the oozed out sap.• Silvering or white streaks appear on the infested

leaves.• Leaves show brown patches and get distorted,

finally wither and drop down.• Infested flowers do not open; flowers fade and fall

off down prematurely.

• Management• Spray methyl demeton 2ml (or) phosalone 2ml / lit (or)

neem oil 3%.• The predatory phytoseiid mite ,Euseius sp ,Neoseiulus sp

and minute pirate bug Orius sp, feed on several species of thrips.

• Spraying of 0.1% Acephate or 0.05% Dimethoate or 0.05% Oxy-demeton methyl along with 0.5% Pongamia oil 2-3 times at 15 days interval with onset of new flush control thrips in roses .

• Incase of severe infestation, applying Fipronil @ 55C at 1.5 ml/lit is effective .

• Spraying of Vestimac [biopesticide of Streptomyces avermitilis], 4% NSKE , Neem oil , 1% Jatropha oil or annona oil was found effective .

DAMAGE OF THRIPS ON LEAVES

DAMAGE OF THRIPS ON FLOWER BUDS

• 3.Scale, • Lindingaspis rossi, Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus spp• Symptoms of damage• Scales completely cover the stem.• Affected portion of the plant dries up.• In server infestation, the whole plant may die.• Management• Cut and burn the affected branches.• Spray malathion 2ml /lit. at the time of pruning• Apply carbofuran 5g/ plant (or) spray fish oil resin soap

25g/lit. • Selection of planting material free from scales is essential.• Scrap the scales and destroy the same by burning the

effected stems with swab of cotton or tooth brush soaked in kerosene or diesel or Methylated spirit.

• In case of severe infestation , remove shallow layer of bark of stem above soil surface . Tie a cotton swab dipped in Monocrotophos [10ml/lit] in the exposed portion .The scales will get killed . Afterwards, the exposed portion is to be swabbed with Bordeaux paste.

DAMAGED TWIGS DUE TO SCALES

EXCESSIVE SCALE DAMAGE ON STEMS

• 4. Red spider mite• Tetranychus cinnabarinus, T. urticae• Symptoms of damage• Feed on the undersurface of leaves and are found covered with

silken webs.• Yellow spots appear on the upper surface and leaves turn reddish

due to feeding.• Affected leaves finally wither.• Growth and flower production are adversely affected.• Identification of the pest• Eggs are laid on the ventral surface of the leaves and are whitish,

spherical in shape• Nymphs and adults are red in colour.• Management• Spray dicofol 2 ml (or) wettable sulphur 2g/lit.

RED SPIDER MITES BEHIND THE LEAVES AND THE DAMAGED SYMPTOMS

• 5. Leaf cutter bee• Megachile anthracina• Symptoms of damage• Leaf cutter bees cause characteristic damage to the

rose leaves• Cutting neat circular or oval patches from the leaf

margins.• Cut bits of leaves - used for the construction nest

cells.• Management• Insecticides are ineffective for preventing leaf cutting.• Cover susceptible plants with cheese cloth or loose

netting for preventing leaf injury damage

• Application of saw dust on the tunnel or thick stemed plants with hollowed opening

• Number of leafcutter bees in an area can be reduced if breeding sites are eliminated.

• To prevent leafcutter bees from tunneling into rose canes, seal exposed pith as canes are pruned.

SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE OF LEAF CUTTER BEE IN ROSE

• 6. Castor semilooper• Achaea janata

Symptoms of damage• Caterpillars feed voraciously on the foliage.• Management• Hand pick grown up larvae and destroy.• Spray methyl parathion 1ml/lit of water.

CASTOR SEMI LOOPER FEEDING ON THE LEAVES AND ITS LIFE CYCLE

7. Slug caterpillar• Parasa (Latoia) lepida

Symptom of damage• Defoliation• Management• Collect the infested leaves along with

caterpillars and destroy.

SLUGCATERPILLARSFEEDING ON THE LEAVES

8. Gram caterpillarHelicoverpa armigera .

Symptoms of damage• Young larva bores into bud and eats the internal content.• Feed by thrusting the head inside the bud leaving the

rest of its body outside.• Flowers with perforated petals are seen. • Identification of the pest• Larva - greenish with dark grey lines laterally on the

body.• Adult – medium sized moth with V-shaped speck and a

dark border on the hind wings• black spot on the forewings.

• Management• Hand picking of caterpillars.• Spray chlorpyriphos 2ml/lit of water.

VIEW OF LARVAE OF GRAM CATERPILLAR LARVAE FEEDING ON LEAVES

• Spray NSKE @ 5%; Bt @ 2 ml/lit; Ha NPV @ 250LE/ha

• Spray Endosulfon @ 2 ml/lit; Spinosad @ 0.5ml/lit; Indoxacarb @ 1ml/lit; Carbon hydrochloride @ 1g/lit.

• 9. Chafer beetle• Anomala sp

Symptoms of damage• Adult beetles feed on the leaves and petals of flowers.

Management• Hand picking and destruction of chafer beetles during

day time.• Spraying of petroleum ether extract of dried rhizomes

of Acorus calamus ( 0.1 to 0.5%)• Treat the soil around the trunk with carbaryl 10% @ 30

g/plant• Spray methyl parathion 50 EC or malathion 50 EC at 2

ml/l of water.

CHAFFER BEETLE FEEDING ON THE LEAVES OF ROSE

• 10. Termite (White ants)• Odontotermes obesus

Symptoms of damage• Feed on the roots of young and old plants.• Attacked plants wither, dry and ultimately die.• Identification of the pest• The workers are small and have soft, white

body with a brown head.• Management• Mix lindane (or) carbaryl dust with soil.

• 11. Blackfly• Aleurocanthus spiniferus, Aleurocanthus rosae

Symptoms of damage• Nymphs and adults suck the sap of the leaves• Crinkling of leaves.• Black oval puparia are seen on the under

surface of the leaves.• Management• Spray Fish Oil Resin Soap 25g/lit (or) Neem oil

0.5% (or) Methyl demeton 2ml/lit of water.

BLACK FLY DAMAGING THE FLOWER BUDS OF ROSE

IPM OF PESTS OF CARNATION

PEST MANAGEMENT IN CARNATION

• 1. Red spider mite• Tetranychus urticae ,T. cinnabarinus

Symptom of damage• Spider mite is the most serious pest on carnations• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from

undersurface of the leaves• Affected leaves turn pale and have a dusty coating

and fine webs.• In severe attack the growth of the plants becomes

stunted.• Management• Initiate management measures when the density

of mite reaches 1/leaf (ETL).

• Cleanliness and elimination of weeds will reduce the incidence of mite.

• Proper ventilation and water - prevent pest attack in greenhouse.

• Spraying of dicofol 18.5 EC @ 2 ml/l or wettable sulphur @ 3 g/l

• Spray application of chlorfenapyr 10 EC at 500 ml/ha (monthly interval)

• Fluvalinate 25 EC at 50 ml/ha also suppress T. cinnabarinus

RED SPIDER MITES FEEDING ON THE UNDERSIDE OF LEAVES

• 2. Aphids• Aphis gossypii

Symptom of damage• Nymphs and adults suck the sap and feeds on

flower buds, leaves and terminal shoots• It also transmits mottle virus. • Management• Spray dimethoate 30 EC @ 1 ml/l of water

before the opening of flower.

FLOWER BUDS DAMAGED BY APHIDS

• 3. Thrips• Thrips tabaci

Symptom of damage• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves• Plants become yellow often with black specks and

slight crinkling. • In severe attack the growth of the plant is

adversely affected. • Streaks on the flowers making them unmarketable.• Management• Spray dimethoate 30 EC @ 1 ml/l or fenitrothion 50

EC @ 1 ml/l or malathion 50 EC @ 1 ml/l of water.

FLOWERS DAMAGED BY THE ATTACK OF THRIPS

• 4. Carnation tortrix moth• Tortrix pronubata

Symptom of damage• Caterpillar webs the leaves with silken threads and

feed inside the shelter.• Injury - found around the growing points of the

shoots• larvae will feed on the leaves and may also bore into

the flower buds.• Management• A mixture of carbaryl and dicofol is recommended

for the control of larvae of tortrix moth in nurseries and beds.

CARNATION TORTRIX MOTH FEEDING ON THE LEAVES

• 5. Carnation fly• Hylemya briennescens

Symptom of damage• Maggots bore into the leaves and growing tips of

young plants• Death of young plants by tunnelling down the

apical shoot. • Management• Apply carbaryl 4G or phorate 10G @ 10 kg/ha to

the soil followed by light irrigation• Spray malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/l of water

FLOWER BUDS DAMAGED BY THE ATTACK OF CARNATION FLY

PEST MANAGEMENT IN GERBERA

• 1. Greenhouse whitefly • Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Bemisia tabaci• Symptoms of damage• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from underside of the

leaves.• Management• Spray monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 2ml/l. or neem oil @

3 ml/l. of water. Excessive dampness and dark conditions should be avoided.

• Removing and burning of heavily infested leaves check pest build up.

• Clean cultivation and use of insect proof nets are essential

• The use of yellow-orange, plexiglass sticky traps is also suggested.• Application of pirmiphos-methyl at

3 ml/l or methamidophos at 1 ml/l effectively controlled whitefly in greenhouses.

.

• Use of yellow sticky traps for trapping adults and release of parasitoid, Encarsia Formosa 6 adults/m2 are recommended for control of whitefly in polyhouse.

• Annona oil and pongamia oil at 2% were found very effective with >90% mortality of nymphs

• Among various insecticides and plant products tested for their efficacy against gerbera white fly, Bemesia tabaci, Triazophos 1.5 ml/l followed by pongamia oil 2% at 15 days interval for nymphs and spray of Dichlorvos 1 ml/lit for adults provided significant control of the pest (IIHR, 1998)

GENERAL VIEW OF LEAF AFFECTED BY GREEN HOUSE WHITE FLY

CLOSE UP VIEW OF WHITE FLIES ON UNDER SIDE IF LEAF

• 2. Leafminers• Liriomyza trifolii , L. soncho • Symptoms of damage• Caterpillars bore into the leaf and make irregularly shaped

tunnels and feed on the inner tissue• Affected leaves - light yellowish and turn brown later. • Management• Natural immigration of the eulophid Diglyphus isaea afforded

about 90% parasitism of L. trifolii and effectively protected the crop without artificial control measures.

• Avoid over fertilizing.• Remove Alternate hosts. Flower crops that are readily infested

and which are known to facilitate spread of this pest include chrysanthemum,and marigold, especially among the Compositae.

• The braconid wasp, Opius dimidiatus is a larval parasite.• NSKE @ 5%

• Spray Abamectin @1ml/lit; Spinosad @ 0.5ml/lit; Permethrin @ 1ml/lit; Cypermethrin @ 1ml/lit; Methamidophos @ 1ml/lit (phytotoxic).

• Spray dimethoate 30 EC or dichlorvos 76 EC @ 1 ml/l of water.

• Spray cholorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/l. of water.• Vertimec 0.5 m/l, acephate 0.1% and Triazophso 0.06^

were found to be the most effective treatments (100% mortality)

• Spraying of pongamia oil 1% is also very effective against the pest. Use of yellow sticky traps coated with chlorpyriphos 0.05% gives considerable protection from L. trifolii and encourages parasitization by Diglyphys isaea

WHITE TUNNEL LIKE MINES ON THE LEAVES

• 3. Mites• Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Steneotarsonemus pallidus• Symptoms of damage • In the greenhouse - leaves and flower buds are adversely

affected• Severe attack - flowers become malformed and un salable• Downward curling• Management• Spray dicofol@2ml/lit• Thinning of old and heavily infested plants.• Weekly sprays of dichlorovos @ 0.15% or methomyl @

0.1% • Annona, pongamia or jatropa oil @ 1% cause considerable

mortality of mites.

FLOWERS DAMAGED DUE TO ATTACK OF MITES

• 4. Aphid• Myzus persicae , Aphis fabae• Symptoms of damage• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from young

leaves resulting in distortion of tissue.• Management• Spray malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/l of water or

acephate 2gms/lit of water.

FLOWERS DAMAGED DUE TO THE ATTACK OF APHIDS

• 5.Thrips• Thrips are tiny delicate-looking insects with

fringed wings .• They puncture Gerbera leaves and flowers to

suck out cell contents. • Thrips feeding causes stippling, color break

and papery leaves, and thrips leave speck-like black feces where they feed.

• Severe in green house conditions.• Flowers become unmarketable.

Thrips on under side of leaves and upward curling of leaves

Stunted growth of the plant affected by thrips

A normal flower and flower damaged by thrips

Flower damaged by thrips

• MANAGEMENT• Monitor thrips adults and larvae by branch beating

or shaking foliage or flowers onto a sheet of paper or a beating tray or sheet.

• Adult thrips can also be monitored using bright yellow sticky traps.

• Blue sticky traps are most effective for capturing western flower thrips, but thrips are harder to discern on this darker background.

• Predatory thrips and other beneficial insects and mites, including minute pirate bugs and predaceous mites help to control certain plant-feeding thrips species. Chrysoperla cornea is the best predator.

• Control nearby weeds that are alternate hosts of certain thrips.

• In small gardens, thrips can be knocked off plants with a spray of water.

• keep plants well irrigated, but avoid excessive applications of nitrogen fertilizer, which may promote higher populations of thrips.

• Remove and dispose of old, spent flowers. • Prune and destroy injured and infested

terminals.

• Insecticides for thrips include spinosad and

abamectin .The beneficial fungus Beauveria bassiana can be applied.

• Acephate is one of most recommended one , but acephate can be highly toxic to natural enemies and it commonly causes spider mites to become abundant and damage plants within a few weeks after its application.

• Another systemic insecticide, imidacloprid provides some suppression of foliage-feeding thrips only, but it is also toxic to some natural enemies of thrips.

PEST MANAGEMENTIN GLADIOLUS

• 1. Gladiolus thrips• Thrips simplex

Symptom of damage• Deformities and discolouration of gladiolus

flowers and corms (bulbs)• Attacked- buds and flowers remain closed or

open irregularly. • Infested surfaces show whitish grey

glistening.

Management:• Spraying 0.1% Acephate or 0.5% Dimethoate or Oxy Demeton

methyl when initial symptoms are noticed and at 2 weeks interval checks damage.

• Storing of infested corms at 20C for 6 weeks and later treating them in hot water at 460C completely kills thrips on corms.

• Acephate @ 0.15%, Primophos methyl @ 0.1% and Cypermethrin

@ 0.05% were effective as dipping agents for the control of thrips

on corms .Spraying of malathion 50 EC @ 1.25 ml/l or diazinon 20

EC @ 1ml/ l or carbaryl 50 WP @ 2g/l of water before the bud

initiation.

• At the time of flower emergence spikes may be sprayed with

methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1ml/l or endosulfan 35 EC @ 2ml/l of

water.

LEAVES ATTACKED BY THRIPSFLOWER SPIKES ATTACKED BY THRIPS

• 2. Honey suckle thrips • Thrips flavus

Symptom of damage• Nymphs and adults feed on the blossoms

which shrivell and become dark.• Nymphs are white to pale yellow in colour.

HONEY SUCKLE THRIPS FEEDING ON THE LEAVES

• 3. Flower thrips• Frankliniella spp.

Symptom of damage• Flower thrips often invade gladiolus and damage

the florets.• Management• Spray methyl demeton 25 EC or dimethoate 30 EC

@ 2 ml/l. of water.• Spraying of malathion 50 EC @ 1.25 ml/l or carbaryl

50 WP @ 2g/l of water before the bud initiation.• Spikes may be sprayed with methyl parathion 50 EC

@ 1ml/l l of water( flower emergence period)

FLOWERS DAMAGED DUE TO ATTACK OF FLOWER THRIPS

THRIPS DAMAGE ON LEAVES

• 4. Mirid bug• Lygus lineolaris

Symptom of damage• Bugs - puncture the terminal shoot below the flower bud and inject toxic saliva

• Flower drop occurs• Management• Destroy the weeds in the vicinity of the crop.• Spray dimethoate 30 EC or methyl demeton 25 EC 2ml/lit of water before flowering.

GENERAL VIEW OF MIRID BUG

PEST MANAGEMENT IN CHRYSANTHEMUM

• 1. Chrysanthemum aphid• Macrosiphoniella sanborni, Myzus persicae

Symptoms of damage• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from under surface of

leaves and terminal shoots.• Stunted growth of the plant• Curling of leaf• Withering of flowers.• Management• Aqueous spray application of Vercillium lecanii (Vertilec)

@ 15 g/lit (108 CFU/g)• Neem formulations can be used in rotation with regular

insecticides• Spray any following insecticides malathion 50 EC @ 1 ml/l

of water.

• Providing screens on vents and doors will help to prevent aphid, from getting into the greenhouse. Ex: maximum hole size top exclude A. gossypii is 341.

• Pull weeds or use herbicides.• Release one day old Chrysoperla carnea larvae at

50:1 ratio.• Spray Neem Oil 1% or Pongamia kernel extract @ 4%• Spray Monochrotophos@ 1.6ml/lit; Dimethoate @

1.5ml/lit; Oxydemeton methyl @ 1.5ml/lit.• Grubs and adults of Coccinellid beetles prey upon

the aphids and effectively wipe out their population.

APHIDS ATTACKING THE LEAVES

MALFORMED SHOOTS DUE TO ATTACK OF APHIDS

• 2. Thrips• Microcephalothrips abdominalis

Symptoms of damage• Infest the flower heads.• Lacerating the sepals and petals causing

abrasions• Heavy infestation - damage to corolla,

stamens• leading to premature flower drop.• It transmits the tomato spotted wilt virus,

necrotic spot virus to many floricultural crops.

• Management• Among the germ plasm screened Chandrika, Banglore Local, Yellow

Double, M-7, Pankaj and yellow star are least susceptible to M. abdominalis

• Yellow or blue stick traps – mass trapping.• Release of Nymphs and Adults of predatory minute pirate bugs i.e., Orius

insidiotus reduce the thrips damage.• Spray Dimethoate @ 1ml/lit; Fenithrothion @ 3.5ml/lit; Phosalone @

1.5ml/lit; Fipronyl @ 2.5ml/lit.• Spinosad@ 0.3ml/lit. Spray dimethoate 30 EC @ 1 ml/litre of fenitrothion

50 EC @ 3.5 ml/litre of malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/litre or apply aldicarb 10G @ 5g/sq.m. area.

• Spinosad, derived from Saccharopolyspora spinosa is very effective against thrips and has low to moderate impact on beneficials.

• Field sanitation. • Remove weeds that harbour virus from inside and outside the

greenhouse.• Blue traps - more effective for mass trapping than yellow traps.• Release of nymphs and adults of predatory minute pirate bug, Orius

insidiosus.

LEAVES ATTACKED BY THRIPS

MALFORMED FLOWER HEADS DUE TO ATTACK OF THRIPS

• 3. Mirid bug• Creontiades pallidifer

Symptoms of damage• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the

tender portions of the plant and leaves• Management of sucking pest• Collect and destroy damaged leaves and buds• Spray dimethoate 25 EC at 1.5 ml/lit or

malathion 2ml/lit.

MIRID BUG FEEDING ON THE FLOWER PETALS

FLOWERS DAMAGED DUE TO ATTACK OF MIRID BUGS

• 4. Flower feeder,• Helicoverpa armigera

Symptoms of damage • Caterpillars feed on buds and flowers.• Management• Field sanitation• Collect and destroy damaged buds and flowers• Set up pheromone traps with Helilure at 15/ha• Spray nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Ha NPV) at 500

LE.• Encourage the activity of parasitoids

campoletis and chelonus• Spray carbaryl 50 WP 2g/lit.

ADULT FEEDING ON THE FLOWER PETALS

PEST MANAGE MENT IN ANTHURIUMS

• 1. Aphid• Myzus circumflexus

Symptom of damage• Nymphs and adults suck the plant sap• Yellowing and distortion of leaves and poor growth. • Honeydew excretion causes black sooty mould fungus.• Management• Spraying of any following insecticides

– dicofol 2ml/lit– malathion 2ml/lit– phosphomidon 2ml/lit

• A formulation containing pyrethrum extract gave effective control

Field release of parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani 5/m2 per week

GENERAL VIEW OF APHIDS ATTACKING ANTHURIUMS

• 2. Thrips• Chaetanaphothrips orchidii

Symptoms of damage• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves• Mottled effect on foliage and flowers.• Management• In netted areas, insecticide granules are very effective in

decreasing injury to flowers by C. orchidii• Foliar sprays cyfluthrin 2.0 EC and chlorpyriphos 1ml/lit

are effective in reducing the number of injured flowers. • Spraying of dimethoate 30 EC @ 1 ml/l or

phosphamidon 85 WSC @ 0.5 ml/l also controls thrips.• Field release of predatory mite Amblyseius

cucumeris 500,000/ha ,Amblyseius cucumeris.

THRIPS FEEDING ON SPATHE UNOPENED SPATHE

DEFORMED SPATHE PLANT ATTACKED BY THRIPS

• 3. Whitefly• Bemisia tabaci, Aleurotulus anthuricola

Symptom of damage• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves. Management• Systemic insecticides like methomyl or dimethoate

30 EC ( reduced eggs, nymphs, pupae and adults.)• Malathion 50 EC is effective against adults and

pupae.• Acephate 75 SP reduced the number of nymphs and

pupae• Field release of parasitic wasp - Encarsia

formosa 3/m2 can be followed

• Removal and burning of old and heavily infested leaves check pest build up.

• Sprays of methomyl and acephate 0.05% significantly reduced the number of nymphs and pupae

• A holistic spray schedule of dichlorvos 0.05% for adults, triazophos 0.06% or methomyl or profenophos 0.05% followed by a spray of pongamia oil 1% for nymphs and pupae effectively controls whitefly menace on anthurium.

WHITE FLY FEEDING ON THE LEAVES

DAMAGED LEAVES DUE TO WHITE FLIES

• 4. Red spider mite• Tetranychus cinnabarinus

Symptom of damage• Spider mite causes - yellowish mottling of the

leaves• Leaves shrivel and turn brown. • A fine web spun on the undersurface of leaves. Management• Spraying the affected plants with dicofol 18.5 EC

@ 0.8 ml/l of water.• Field release of predatory mite - Phytoseiulus

persimilis 6/ m2

RED SPIDER MITE ATTACKING LEAVES

SPATHE DAMAGED DUE TO ATTACK OF RED SPIDER MITE

PEST MANAGEMENT IN LILLIES

• 1. Thrips• Thrips simplex• Symptom of damage• Deformities and discolouration of lily flowers and corms

(bulbs)• Attacked- buds and flowers remain closed or open irregularly. • Infested surfaces show unnatural glistening in whitish grey

colour. • Management• Storing of infested corms at 20c for 6 weeks.• Hot water treatment – 46 degrees completely kills thrips on

corms.• Methyl parathion 1ml /lit.• Spray acephate 0.1% 2-3 times at 10 days interval.• Spray malathion 1ml (or) carbaryl 50 WP 2g /lit of water

before the bud initiation.

THRIPS FEEDING ON THE LEAVES

• 2. Lily bulb mite• Rhizoglyphus echinopus Symptom of damage• Feed on the bulbs and roots and destroy them.• Infest the scales and burrow into the stems.• Infested leaves and stems become yellow.

Management• Steam sterilization of bulbs 60degreescfor 30 min (or)

80 degrees for 20 min.• Alternate cropping with rice, solar drying of soils, and

ploughing with sesbania can reduce them.• Chemical (or) warm water treatment of bulbs.• Fortnightly spray with dicofol at 0.025-0.04% and

monocrotophos at 0.04%.

LILLY BULB MITE. BULB ATTACKED BY MITES

SECTION OF BULB ATTACKED BY MITES

• 3. Green peach aphid• Myzus persicae

Symptom of damage• Nymphs and adults - found in cluster on the

tender shoots ,flowers and buds and suck the sap.• Tender shoots wither ,buds fall prematurely,

flowers show fading.• Colony of aphids• leaf curling

Management• Spray one and half teaspoonful of NICOTINE

SULPHATE +2 teaspoonful of soap powder /gallon of water.

DEFORMED LEAVES DUE TO ATTACK OF GREEN PEACH APHIDS

• 4. Tulip bulb aphid• Dysaphis tulipae • Symptoms of damage• Cripple the young growth and distort the general look of the

plants.• Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves.• Results in pale yellowing of leaves.• Curling of leaves.• Plants begin to droop.• Management• Spray dimethoate 30 EC 2ml/lit or methyl demeton 25 EC

2ml/lit or malathion 2ml/lit.• Release first instar larva of green lace wing fly.• Conserve predator like Aphelinus sp parasitizing a green

peach aphid

BULBS ATTACKED BY TULIP BULB APHID

• 5. Leaf caterpillar• Polytela gloriosa• Symptoms of damage• Larva feed on the leaves.• MANAGEMENT• Hand picking the caterpillars and destroy.• Summer ploughing.• Spray application of NSKE 5%

LEAF CATERPILLARS FEEDING ON THE LEAVES

PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORCHIDS

• 1. Scales • Diaspis boisduvali, Aspidiotus destructor• Symptom of damage• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves• It damages both leaves and pseudobulbs.• Honey dew excretion causes development of

sooty mould fungus• Yellowing, Wither and dry up of leaves• It is the common armoured scale found

on cattleya andcymbidium.

• Management• The root extract of plant Derris is

recommended.• Spraying of fish oil rosin soap at 15 gms per lit of

water.• Field release of green lace wing larvae

Chrysoperla carnea• Conserve the predatory Lady bird

beetles Cryptolaemus montrouzieri ,Scymnus sp.• Spraying of malathion 50 EC or methyl parathion

50 EC or phosalone 35 EC or methyl demeton 25 EC @ 1 ml/l

SYMPTOMS OF ATTAK OF SCALES ON LEAVES OF ORCHIDS

• 2. Mealy bugs • Symptom of damage• Mealy bugs cover the stem and leaf, suck the sap, secrete

honeydew and attract ants.• In severe infestation, sooty mould may develop on the leaves. • Affected plants lose their vigour.• Management• Lady bird beetles Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Scymnus sp. are

known to feed mealy bugs.• Spray malathion 50 EC @ 1 ml/l or phosphamidon 85 WSC @ 0.5

ml/l of water. • Prompt collection and destruction of heavily infested plant parts

reduce further spread of the pest.• Spraying of methyl parathion or methomyl 0.05% or acephate

0.1% when carwling of ants on plant are noticed, provides effective control of mealybug.

• Pongamia oil 2% sprays also check mealybug infestation.

MEALY BUGS FEEDING ON LEAVES MEALY BUGS ON FLOWER PETALS

NECK OF THE POTTED ORCHIDS DAMAGED BY MEALY BUGS

• 3. Mites• Tetranychus urticae, Brevipalpus australis, B. cauliformicus• Symptom of damage• Red spider mite suck the sap from cells of leaves – causing white

specks.• In heavy infestation webbing on the plants.• This is a serious pest on orchids during warm and dry season.• White specks on leaves• Management• The predatory phytoseiid mites, Amblyseius sp. and Phytoseiulus

persimilis are found to feed on spider mite.• Spray dicofol 18.5 EC or dimethoate 30 EC or methyl demeton 25 EC @

2 ml/l of water.• Hot water treatment of bulbs for 4 hours at 43.30C or 3 hours at 44.40C

is an established treatment of mite control. • Fumigation of the bulbs with methyl bromide is also recommended in

some countries but this may damage the bulbs in some instances. • Spray malthion (0.05%) or dicofol (0.037%) gave good control.

MITES FEEDING ON LEAVES

SYMPTOMS OF MITE DAMAGE ON LEAVES

AFFECTED PLANTS LOOK LIKE THIS

• 4. SnailsGiant African Snail - Achatina fulica Symptom of damage

• They feed on the young leaves, roots, flower buds and even open flowers.

• Slugs usually hide during day and become active during night.

• Presence of slimy fluid on foliage• Management• Apply 15% metaldehyde dust or 20% metaldehyde

liquid.• Sprinkle 5% metaldehyde pellets around the infested

plant.• If the population is low, collect and destroy.

SNAILS ATTACKING THE LEAVES SNAILS ON THE STEM

SNAILS IN THE POT SNAILS ATTACKING THE ROOTS

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF FLOWER PESTS IN POLY HOUSE

• From above slides management of pest by various chemicals is seen.

• What ever nay be the flower crop, the most commonly seen pests are

• Aphids,• Mites, • Thrips,• Whiteflies,• Nematodes etc• IPM of above pests are as follows.

APHIDS• The optimal temperature for aphid development is

23.8°C, whereas optimal temperatures for development of melon aphids are above 23.8°C.

• DAMAGE• Aphids excrete copious amounts of honeydew, a sweet,

sticky substance that they produce as they feed on the plants.

• The honeydew can cover leaves and other plant parts and cause the plants to become sticky.

• Black sooty molds then grow on the honeydew. The white shed skins of the aphids frequently are stuck to the plant surfaces by the honeydew and further detract from the plant's appearance.

• Sufficient feeding can cause foliage to become yellowed, and feeding on newly developing tissues can cause those parts to become twisted as they grow.

• Melon aphids are known to transmit 44 plant viruses, while green peach aphids are known to transmit more than 100 plant viruses.

• MANAGEMENT• Biological Control• Predators such as lacewings (Chrysoperla spp.) and

midges (Aphidoletes aphidimyza) are commercially available.

• Parasites, such as Aphidius spp., Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Diaeretiella rapae, and Aphelinus abdominalis, are also commercially available. Cultural Control

• Because aphids feed on a large variety of plant species, keep production areas free of weeds, which can serve as hosts of aphid populations.

• Exclusion of winged adults can be accomplished by covering openings to the greenhouse with screens that have a pore width of 355 microns or smaller.

• Before starting a new crop, carefully inspect plants to ensure that they are free of aphids and other pests.

• Treat or rogue any infested plants.

• Monitoring and Treatment Decisions• Yellow sticky cards placed in greenhouses will

capture winged adults. • Use at least 10 sticky traps per hectare.• Consider treating if an average of 5 to 10

aphids per card per week is present.

Yellow sticky traps for aphids

Larvae of chrysoperla cornea feeding on larvae of aphids

SCALES• DAMAGE• Along with the unsightly encrustations that are the

bodies of the immobile scales, these scales inject toxic saliva that causes plants to decline.

• MANAGEMENT• Biological Control• Aphytis melinus is a commercially available parasite that

is effective in controlling California red scale.• Cultural Control• Prune out and discard heavily infested plant parts. • Exclusion of windblown crawlers can be accomplished by

covering openings to the greenhouse with fine mesh screens.

• Monitoring and Treatment Decisions• Carefully inspect new plants being brought

into the production area to ensure that they are free of scales and other pests.

• Visual inspection of plants will help locate infestations and may permit localized treatments .

• Optimum treatment timing is when crawlers are active; however, when there are overlapping, multiple generations, crawlers may emerge over a lengthy time, making multiple applications necessary.

• Selected Materials Registered for Use on Greenhouse or Nursery Ornamentals

Larvae of Aphytis melinus predating over scales

BULB MITES• DAMAGE• Commonly seen in lillies• Bulb mites enter the bulb and feed in protected cavities,

where fungi and bacteria may cause extensive decomposition of the bulb.

• They are associated with the spread of Fusarium, Stromatinia, and Pseudomonas diseases of bulbs.

• Species of bulbs attacked include freesia, hyacinth, lilies, narcissus, and onions, as well as underground peony rhizomes. Lilies are attacked below ground, which stunts growth.

• Feeding at ground level causes the plants to topple.• MANAGEMENT• Biological Control has not been investigated.

• Cultural Control• Bulbs may be disinfested by holding them for 24

hours at 100% relative humidity at 40.5°c.• CO2 fumigation may be useful.• TREATMENT• Thoroughly clean bulbs, dip them in a sulfur fungicide

solution, and dry them following harvest.• The sulfur will control bulb mites as well as fungal

diseases if the bulbs are being held at high temperatures.

• However, high rates of sulfur may be phytotoxic. Abamectin (Avid), dicofol (Kelthane), some pyrethroids, pyridaben (Sanmite), and endosulfan* (Thionex) are possibly effective, but have not been evaluated.

MEALY BUGS• DAMAGE• Mealybugs remove sap from plants, which can cause

yellowing of leaves and decline in vigor. Mealybug ovisacs and excreted honeydew are unsightly. Honeydew supports the growth of black sooty mold fungi and attracts ants; ants may then carry mealybugs to uninfested plants and tend them for honeydew, as well as protect them from natural enemies.

• MANAGEMENT• Biological Control• Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, the mealybug destroyer lady

beetle, is an effective predator of many mealybugs and other ovisac-forming sucking insects (such as green shield scale).

• Larval mealybug destroyer themselves look like large, faster-moving mealybugs, but are readily distinguished by their chewing mouthparts. Leptomastix dactylopii, a parasite of citrus mealybugs, is also commercially available.

• Effective predators or parasites of longtailed mealybugs are not yet commercially available.

• Monitoring and Treatment Decisions• Carefully inspect plants being brought in to start a

new crop to ensure that they are free of mealybugs and other pests.

• If necessary, treat infested plants. • Regularly inspect plants for signs of honeydew (i.e.,

glistening, sticky leaves) and ant activity

• Wellestablished infestations containing females with ovisacs are much more difficult to control with either systemic or contact insecticides than new infestations because reproducing adults usually stop feeding and the females' bodies or the wax secretions help protect eggs or crawlers.


Predation of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

WHITE FLIES• DAMAGE• Whitefly adults and immatures feed on sap. As they

feed, they excrete honeydew, a sticky substance that causes unsightly glistening and supports the growth of black sooty mol d.

• Very large populations of whiteflies cause stunting of plant growth, and leaves may senesce and die.

• Physiological abnormalities, such as white stem on poinsettia, may also occur.

• Usually populations are not high enough to stunt ornamentals, and damage is mostly caused by honeydew, sooty mold, and nuisance populations of flying adults.

• MANAGEMENT• Biological Control• Encarsia formosa, a tiny, stingless parasitic wasp, is

as an effective biological control for greenhouse whiteflies.

• Wasps are released once a week at a rate of two to five parasites per plant for 8 to 10 weeks of the growing season.

• Delphastus pusillus, a whitefly predator, has been used against silverleaf whiteflies.

• Eretmocerus eremicus is a commercially available whitefly parasite for silverleaf whitefly.

• It will also attack greenhouse whitefly, whereas Encarsia is ineffective against silverleaf whitefly.

• Cultural Control• Because whiteflies feed on a large variety of

plant species, keep production areas free of weeds, which can serve as hosts for whitefly populations.

• Exclusion of winged adults can be accomplished by covering openings to the greenhouse with screens that have a pore width of 405 microns or smaller.

• Before starting a new crop, carefully inspect plants to ensure that they are free of whiteflies and other pests.

• Treat or discard any infested plants.• In open field production, mulching with silver

reflective plastic has been shown to repel whiteflies, thus greatly reducing their presence in and around the plant canopy.


capture adult whiteflies. • Treatment thresholds vary with the crop. For

example, cut flowers such as Gerberas can tolerate more whiteflies than poinsettias because only the flowers are harvested in the cut flower crop whereas the entire poinsettia plant is marketed.


Encarsia formosa feeding over larvae of white fly

NEMATODES• MANAGEMENT OF ROOT KNOT AND OTHER SOIL-

DWELLING NEMATODES• Sanitation, crop rotation, employing good cultural

practices, and pasteurizing media are the most important strategies for preventing and managing most soil-dwelling nematodes.

• Soil amendments and biological controls may sometimes suppress nematode populations.

• Sanitation and Cultural Practices. • Avoid introducing nematode-infested plants into

growing areas. • Use only good-quality stock from a reliable supplier• Certification Nursery program to minimize the risk of

introducing nematodes with the planting stock.

• Use growing media known to be free of nematodes or pasteurize growing media before planting.

• Remove infested plant when found, and avoid moving soil from around infested plants to healthy plants.

• Do not allow irrigation water from around infested plants to run off onto healthy plants, as this spreads nematodes.

• Unless soil is treated first, do not plant susceptible crops in field soils where nematodes have previously been a problem.

• Provide crops with proper cultural care so that they are vigorous and better able to tolerate feeding by nematodes and other pests.

• More frequent irrigation of drought-stressed plants can reduce damage caused by root knot nematodes, but it does not reduce the population levels of nematodes.

• Heat Pasteurization- Pasteurizing media with heat, such as steam, can control nematodes and other pests greenhouse beds.

• Solarization- In warm climates, field solarization before planting can temporarily reduce nematode effective to employ other controls and preventive measures before planting.

• Solarization involves covering moist, bare soil or container mix with single or double layers of clear plastic for several weeks during hot weather.

• In some cases, incorporating amendments (such as compost or green manure) or applying lower than normal rates of fumigant pesticides in combination with solarization can provide better control than using any single method.

• Hot Water Dips- Hot water dips can control nematodes and certain other pests infesting bulbs, corms, and rhizomes of crops such as amaryllis, daffodil, gladiolus, lily, and tulip.

• The temperature and time needed to provide control depend on the nematode species and crop variety. Exceeding temperature or exposure time can damage plants, but insufficient temperatures or exposure time may not kill nematodes.

• Amendments and Biological Control- Soil amendments used for nematode control can be placed into four categories: inorganics, animal-based, plant-based, and microbial.

• Animal-based amendments include chitin-containing crab shells and shrimp shells that apparently stimulate populations of soil-dwelling fungi that feed on chitin. Because chitin is a component of nematodes‘ egg shells, these chitin-feeding fungi also feed on these egg shells.

• Incorporating animal manure, organic fertilizers, crop residue, and compost increases the organic matter content of soil. This improves water and nutrient availability to plants, reduces plant stress, and can encourage greater numbers of nematode predators and parasites. However, organic amendments sometimes contain contaminants such as weed seeds, and their effectiveness is largely limited to the depth of material incorporation.

• Barley, marigold, perennial rye, certain legumes such as clover and vetch, and other plants with bioactive properties are grown as cover crops, trap crops, or crop rotations in some row crops. These plants may sometimes reduce populations of certain soil-dwelling plant-parasitic nematodes by producing chemicals that kill or repel nematodes, suppress nematode growth, stimulate premature egg hatch, or disrupt the attraction between nematodes seeking to mate.

• However, crops suppressive to one species of nematode often host other nematode species. Rotating certain marigold cultivars with crops such as lilies grown for bulb production has been somewhat successful in controlling nematodes. The marigolds must be left in the soil, either through cultivation or by mowing the tops and leaving the roots underground.

• Some new biological pesticides (mycopesticides) contain nematode-killing microorganisms. These beneficial microorganisms include certain Burkholderia and Pseudomonas species bacteria and natural byproducts of Myrothecium species fungi.

• Fumigants- A soil fumigant can be used in certain situations to reduce nematode populations before planting.

Soil solarization to prevent nematodes

Leaf miners• When populations are high, stippling, caused by

females puncturing the leaves with their ovipositor to feed and lay eggs, can be serious. However, most of the damage is caused by the larval mines that detract from the aesthetic value of the crop.

• MANAGEMENT• Biological Control• Biological control normally keeps these species in

check in outdoor situations. The parasites Diglyphus spp. and Dacnusa sibirica are commercially available to control leafminers and may be useful in greenhouse situations, especially if greenhouses are screened to exclude adult leafminer movement into greenhouses.

• Cultural Control• Because leafminers feed on a large variety of

plant species, keep production areas free of weeds, which can serve as reservoirs for leafminer populations.

• Leafminers breed in weed or crop hosts outside of greenhouses, so weed management outside the greenhouse and exclusion of immigrating adults are especially valuable as management practices.

• Effective screens require a pore width of 600 microns or smaller.

• Carefully inspect plants being brought in to start a new crop to ensure that they are free of mines; discard infested plants or leaves. Steam planting beds immediately after removing infested plantings to eliminate leafminer pupae in the soil.


capture adults. Rotation to a new class of insecticides every 1 to 2 months is advised.

Dacnusa sibirica

Thrips• Flower thrips primarily feeds on flowers but also

sometimes on new vegetative growth, whereas Greenhouse thrips feeds primarily on foliage.

• Direct feeding damage includes streaking, spotting, and tissue distortion. On leaves, feeding often occurs along veins and appears as an outlining of the veins.

• Flower thrips can vector tomato spotted wilt virus as well as many other viruses.

• Flower thrips may cause premature senescence of flowers, such as African violets, because they prematurely pollinate the flowers. On orchids, flower thrips feeding and egg laying will leave translucent 'pimpling' spots on petals and leaves. Greenhouse thrips stipple the foliage of numerous field and greenhouse grown plants.

• MANAGEMENT• Prevention is a good strategy in a thrips management

program. Treat plants with an effective insecticide and move them to a holding area for inspection and potting.

• Biological Control• Three commercially available predators to help

control flower thrips are the minute pirate bug, Orius tristicolor, and two predatory mites, Neoseiulus cucumeris and Hypoaspis miles.

• Orius are released at a rate of 2000 to 4000 per acre, while Neoseiulus cucumeris are released at a rate of 10 to 50 mites per plant for each of 2 to 3 weeks.

• These mites are generally released in the soil at planting and are most successful at controlling thrips when there is plant-to-plant contact that facilitates movement of the predators between plants.

• A commercially available parasite of greenhouse thrips is Thripobius semileteus.

• Cultural Control• Because flower thrips and greenhouse thrips feed

on a large variety of plant species, keep production areas free of weeds, which can serve as hosts for thrips populations.

• Most commercially available screens have pore sizes slightly larger than the width of the flower thrips thorax (145 microns) can prevent the entry of thrips.

• Monitoring and Treatment Decisions• Blue sticky cards are most attractive to flower thrips.

However, yellow cards are good predictors of flower thrips There is little research on the most effective trap density to use or on treatment thresholds.

• In greenhouses with many different cultivars, place traps in the most sensitive varieties, usually yellow or white flowers. In large greenhouses of the same or similar cultivars, there should be at least eight traps per 100,000 square feet.

• The treatment threshold for roses is 25 to 50 thrips per card per week (25 for more sensitive yellow- and white-flowered varieties, 50 for reds).

• Consider treating if an average of 5 to 10 thrips per card per week is present.

Orius tristicolor Blue sticky traps

Blue sticky traps

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