Latest trends and techniques of insect-pest management in commercial vegetable

production

Kamaldeep Singh Matharu Department of Entomology

HPAU, Palampur

Vegetable provide nutritional security in addition to food

security.

They supply carbohydrate, proteins, vitamins and minerals.

They constitute the major part of the diet of the Indians.

In 2010, vegetables grown on 79.8 million hectare, with

production of 133.7 million tonnes.

INTRODUCTION

Anonymous (2011)

Yield loss in some vegetables caused by major insect-pestsCrop Pest common name Pest Scientific name Per cent

damageReference

Cabbage Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) 52 Raja et al. (1999)

Onion Onion thrips Thrips tabaci Linderman ˃50 More (1977)

Brinjal Brinjal fruit and shoot borer

Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee 20.7-60 Gangwar and Sachan (1981)

Okra Shoot and fruit borer Earias vittella (Fabricius) 63.53 Chaudhary and Dadheech (1989)

Jassid Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida)

32.06-40.84 Singh and Brar (1994)

Tomato Tomato fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) 30-57.79 Dhandapani et al. (2003)

Bitter gourd

Fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillet 100 Srivastava and Butani (1998)

Why pest problems in vegetable cultivation ?

Monoculture

Overlapping of crops

Dense cropping

Availability of preferred host

Excessive use of fertilizers

Indiscriminate use of pesticide

Technique of Pest Management

Cultural methods

1. Plant diversity

2. Mulching

i. Polythene mulching

ii. Straw mulching

Plant diversity

Intra-field diversity

Trap crop attracts insect

Intercrop

Insecticides are seldom required

It enhances natural control

Suitable for IPM programme

Successful examples of trap crop in vegetable crops

Main crop Trap crop Method of planting Pest (s) controlled

Cabbage Collards Border crop Diamondback Moth

Tomato lovage Row intercrop Tomato hornworm

Carrot Onion and garlic Border crop Thrips and Carrot root fly

Garlic marigold Border crop Thrips

Cabbage Indian mustard Strip intercrop in between cabbage plots

Cabbage head caterpillar

Potato Tansy Intercrop Colorado potato beetle

Effect of intercropping on population of fruit borer in tomato crop

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Tomato+

Coriander

Tomato +

Dill

Tomato +

Mustard

Tomato +

Carrot

Tomato +

Barley

Tomato +Fenugreek

0.94

1.511.39 1.09 1.38

Crop combination

Lar

val

po

pu

lati

on

/pla

nt

Ram and Singh, 2010

1.26

Dehradun

Effect of intercropping brinjal on the incidence of L. orbonalis

Treatments Shoot damage per cent

Fruit damage per cent

Marketable yield (t/ha)

Brinjal+ Roselle 16.4 29.0 23.4

Brinjal+Sowa 17.2 31.9 22.1

Brinjal+ Marigold 23.6 36.9 18.5

Brinjal+Maize 30.4 38.5 17.2

Brinjal (Sole protected) 8.7 22.3 27.3

Brinjal (Sole Control) 46.9 64.2 14.6

CD (P=0.05) 5.2 3.8 3.2

Prasad et al. 2007Port Blair

Effect of split burying of two rows of crucifer cultivars in soil on fruit damage by H. armigera

Days after burying

Mean fruit damage (%) in tomato grown adjacent to crucifer cultivars

Control MeanBrassica juncea var. PBR-91

Eruca sativa var. TMLC-2

B. Napa var. GSL-1

B. Napa var. PGSH-51

62 14.28 (22.01) 14.01 (21.89) 8.83 (16.44) 11.90 (19.38) 25.02 (29.96) 14.81 (21.94)

69 4.58 (11.62) 3.77 (10.63) 3.38 (10.33) 4.95 (10.52) 16.34 (24.11) 6.69 (13.42)

76 3.31 (10.46) 2.36 (7.22) 4.12 (11.58) 5.70 (13.09) 12.98 (21.05) 5.69 (12.68)

83 10.85 (19.22) 8.29 (16.34) 2.5 (7.34) 6.83 (15.03) 17.13 (24.43) 9.12 (16.47)

Mean 8.26 (18.83) 7.11 (14.02) 4.71 (11.40) 7.34 (14.51) 17.87 (24.89)

CD (P=0.05) Days after burying = 3.32 Cultivars = 3.71

Pandher et al. 2008

Ludhiana

Mulching

Increase the soil temperature

Reduce inter movement of insect

Suppress the alternate host.

Mean population of Tetranychus urticae/2 cm2 leaf area of brinjal hybrid BH-2 in different cultural treatments under nethouse conditions

Cultural control Mean mite population/ 2cm2 leaf area of brinjal under different growing systems

Training Without training Mean

White polythene mulching 5.27 (29.03) 6.86 (46.96) 6.17 (38.00)

Black polythene mulching 5.25 (26.86) 6.14 (37.00) 5.70 (31.93)

Low tunnel white polythene mulching

5.59 (30.43) 7.18 (51.86) 6.38 (41.15)

Control 6.43 (42.13) 7.68 (58.53) 7.06 (50.33)

Mean 5.69 (32,11) 6.97 (48.59) -

C.D (P=0.05) 0.27

Bhullar and Dhatt 2011Ludhiana

Straw mulch

Straw treated plots have lower T. tabaci (Adult and larval) population as compared to control.

Emergence of T. tabaci reduced 54 per cent as compared to bare soil.

Larentzaki et al. 2008New York

Mechanical methods

1. Trellis system

2. Protected cultivation

3. Traps

4. Lure and kill

Trellis system

More light penetration

Pest monitoring becomes too easy

Less pest and disease problems

Comparatively less health hazards.

Effect of trellis system on fruit yield and borer infestation in bitter gourd

Treatment specification

Population of Diaphania indica/fruit

Percent loss in fruit weight

(g/fruit)

Percent loss in fruit number

Fruit yield (q/ha)

Single line 0.86 13.70 14.70 225.78

Double line 1.14 17.60 19.40 206.50

Bower system 1.37 25.50 31.10 197.12

CD (P=0.05)

0.10 2.10 2.10 12.40

Singh et al. 2007Bhubaneswar

Insect-pests cause direct and indirect damage

Polyhouse and nethouse act as physical barrier

Incidence of insect-pest less in protected cultivation

Superior quality of produce.

Protected cultivation technology

Effect of insect pest incidence on high value vegetable under open field and polyhouse conditions

Crop Open field condition Polyhouse condition

Name of insect-pest

No. of insect-

pest/ plant

Total No. of

insecticide sprayed

Marketable yield

(kg/plant)

Net income

(Rs/ plant)

No. of insect-

pest/ plant

Total No. of

insecticidesprayed

Marketable yield

(kg/plant)

Net income

(Rs/ plant)

Tomato Whitefly 20.25 8 1.55 4.75 0.66 3 3.75 15.75

Aphid 25.60 0.83

Beetle 17.40 0.33

Mealybug 15.50 0.00

Fruit borer 5.60 0.00

Awani (2005)

Trapping

Monitoring: Insect trap catches indicate adult pest activity. Economic thresholds are based on trap catch numbers

• Light trap• Pheromones trap • Sticky trap

Yellow sticky trap

Yellow traps, trapped higher number of adults leafminer

(1879.1) and whiteflies (544.5).

Black color trap, trapped lesser number of adults leafminer

(14.0) and whiteflies (2.6).

One trap per 20m2 for mass trapping of whitefly.

Durairaj et al. 2007

Flower Model trap (FMT)

• Flower model trap (FMT) made from artificial yellow chrysanthemum flower coated

with sticky material.

• It attracts higher number (1.8 times more) of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes

vaporariorum Westwood as compared to the conventional yellow sticky trap.

• The color exhibited by the petals and/or geometrical pattern of the flower models

might have tempted the whitefly to land on them.

• Installation of 80 FMTs in a 500 m2 commercial tomato greenhouse significantly

reduced the adult population of T. vaporariorum.

• Shooty mold infestation was also reduced by 85 per cent on the greenhouse fruits.

South Korea Mainali and Lim (2008)

Lure and kill (Bait technique)

Cucurbits are vines and creepers

They provide hiding place to Insect-pest

Fruit fly lays eggs in fruit tissue

Control directed toward adult flies

(Palam fruit fly trap)

Eg: Cue-lure, methyl eugenol, molasses etc

Efficacy of eco-friendly insecticides and bait spray on the bottle gourd fruit damage by B. cucurbitae

Treatment First spray Second spray Third spray Fruit damage average

T1NSKE 5% Malathion 50gm +500g

molasses +50 liter of waterCypermethrin

(0.006%)7.50 (8.24)

T2Nimbecidine (2ml/l water)

Malathion 50gm +500g molasses +50 liter of water

Malathion 13.37 (13.04)

T3Neem gold

(2ml/ l water)Malathion 50gm +500g

molasses +50 liter of waterDiazinon 16.53 (17.19)

T4Achook (2ml/l

water)Malathion 50gm +500g

molasses +50 liter of waterMalathion 15.00 (15.72)

T5Cypermethrin

(0.006 %)Cypermethrin (0.006%) Cypermethrin

(0.006%)9.22 (10.09)

T6Control Control Control 24.49 (28.57)

CD (P=0.05)

7.26

Nath et al. 2007Varanasi

Host plant resistance

The most cheapest and safest techniques, if available

naturally

Bases of resistance

Biophysical (thickening of cell wall, trichomes,

surface waxes etc)

Biochemical (Nutrient, Allelochemicals )

Resistance of okra varieties against A. biguttula biguttula in kangra valley

Variety Mean nymphs/3 leaves (Palampur)

Mean nymphs/3 leaves(Kachhiari)

Arka Anamica 9.75 (3.27) 13.19 (3.72)

Harbhajan 14.22 (3.88) 16.75 (4.19)

P-8 14.48 (3.91) 16.87 (4.21)

Panchaali 11.09 (3.56) 13.45 (3.76)

Parbhani Kranti 10.91 (3.44) 13.73 (3.80)

Pusa Makhmali 15.25 (4.02) 20.08 (4.57)

Shagun 18.25 (4.37) 20.32 (4.59)

Tulsi 6.40 (2.70) 8.64 (3.05)

Varsha Uphar 6.64 (2.75) 10.72 (3.39)

Pusa Sawani 21.03 (4.69) 23.77 (4.95)

CD (P=0.05) 0.23 0.18

Badiyala et al. 2010

Resistance genotypes

Crop Place Resistant genotype Target insect

Reference

Brinjal Palampur Moderately Resistant: ASRB 2, BB 60C, H8, Ornamental brinjal, Solanum integrifolium, S.uporo

L. orbonalis Patial et al. 2008

Resistant: Local brinjal, Ornamental brinjal, Solanum integrifolium, S.uporo and BB 46-13.

L. orbonalis Patial et al. 2008

Okra Palampur Tulsi (6.40), Varsha Uphar (6.64) A. biguttula biguttula

Badiyala et al. 2010

Tomato Faisalabad Resistance: Sahil, Pakit and Nova Mecb H. armigera Sajjad et al. 2011

Biorational control

1. Biological

2. Botanical

3. Insect growth regulator (IGR)

4. Plant incorporated protectant (PIPs)

Why biorational ?

Control insect at lower doses

High level of selectivity

Lower the residual toxicity

Non-harmful to beneficial insect

Reduce the health hazards

Environmentally safe

Biological control

Utilization of predator, parasitoid and pathogens

Biological control approaches.

– Conservation

– Release

Pathogens (Bacteria, fungi, virus, nematode, protozoa)

Conservation

Preserving the natural enemies already existing

Use of pest control tactics which are compatible to natural enemies

e.g., planting refuge crops (ideal for maintenance of natural enemies

etc.)

Avoiding pest control tactics which are harmful to natural enemies e.g.,

Broad spectrum pesticides

Use of selective insecticides

Insect pathogens

Insect growth regulators

Natural enemies

Lady bird beetle Green lace wing

Aphidius sp Syrphid larvae

Natural enemies of L. orbonalis

Trathala flavoorbitalis Goryphus nursei

Orius spp.

Geocoris spp. Chrysoperla larvae

Predators attacking Whiteflies

Entomopathogenic Bacteria

The most widely known microbial is bacterial species, Bacillus thuringiensis.

A naturally occurring soil bacterium.

1911, discovered as a pathogen of flour moth.

Bt is somewhat slow acting because it has to be ingested so that the toxic proteins can break down the wall of the insect’s midgut and cause septicemia.

Efficacy of DOR-Bt 5 against L. orbonalis on brinjal

Treatmants Fruit damage (%) Yield loss (%) Yield (t/ha)

DOR-Bt 5 (2.0 kg/ha) 28.45 (31.86) 22.58 (27.79) 24.09

DOR-Bt 5 (1.5kg/ha) 32.28 (34.62) 24.54 (29.16) 22.91

DOR-Bt 5 (1.0 kg/ha) 37.42 (37.42) 29.70 (32.35) 16.70

Hostathion (1250 ml/ha) 27.08 (30.93) 20.45 (26.37) 25.49

Control 41.91 (40.10) 44.22 (41.22) 15.74

CD (P=0.05) 3.27 2.42 1.08

Joshi et al. 2010Ludhiana

Entomopathogenic Fungus

Beauveria bassiana: Small insect (such as

aphids, whiteflies and thrips)

Nomuraea rileyi: Scale insects (Fruit borer and

leaf eating caterpillar)

Metarhizium anisopliae: Beetles and

Grasshoppers

Efficacy of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against Spider mite, T. urticae on okra

Treatment Conc. Mean mortality (%) of T. uticae after days of treatment

1 3 5 7 9

P. fumosoroseus (WP)

0.475 31 .67 ( 34.20)

65.00 (53.73) 81.67 (64.60) 91.67 (73.15) 100.00 (90.00)

0.375 30.00 (33.21) 51.67 (45.92) 70.00 (56.79) 81.67 (64.60) 96.67 (79.37)

0.275 20.00 41.67(40.22) 61.67 (51.71) 71.67 (57.80) 90.00 (71.56)

P.fumosoroseus (EC)

0.10 21.67 (27.69) 55.00(47.87) 70.00 (56.79) 80.00 (63.44) 90.00 (71.56)

0.80 15.00 (22.79) 43.33 (41.15) 56.67 (48.79) 68.33 (55.73) 86.67 (68.53)

0.60 6.67 (14.89) 33.33 (35.24) 48.33 (44.03) 55.00 (47.87) 73.33 (58.89)

SE± 8.215 9.151 6.919 6.661 7.454

CD (P=0.05) 17.901 19.937 15.075 14.514 16.241

Kumar et al. 2010Varanasi

Entomopathogenic viruses

Inclusion viruses (IVs): Granulosis viruses (GVs) and Polyhedrosis viruses (PVs)

Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs)-SlNPV

Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs)

Efficacy of HaNPV against H. armigera in tomato

Different doses of HaNPV (100, 150, 200 & 250 LE/ha) and endosulfan

(0.07 & 0.035%) were applied as spray.

The spraying was done three times at an interval of 15 days starting

from pest occurrence.

After 4 days of third spray, HaNPV 250 LE/ha caused maximum

mortality (98%) followed by endosulfan 0.07% and HaNPV 200 LE

having 96 and 95% mortality, respectively.

However, after 7 days of spray, three dosages of HaNPV (i.e. 150, 200

& 250 LE/ha) and endosulfan 0.07% gave 98, 99, 99 and 98% mortality.

Meerut Mehraj et al. 2010

Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Nematodes enter host through natural opening.

It reduces fitness, delays development and also causes

sterility.

Kill insects in 1-4 days.

Common species commercially available are

Steinernema carpocapsae, S.feltiae and Heterorhabditis

bacteriophora.

Botanical control

Plants defend themselves through chemical or

phytochemicals.

It includes alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics etc.

Repel approaching insects, deter feeding and

oviposition on the plants, disrupt behaviour and

physiology of insect.

Effect of different treatments on larval population of H. armigera on tomato

Treatment Pre treatment

Larval population/10 plants (mean of three replication) Overall mean

First spray Second spray

3DAT 7DAT 10DAT 3DAT 7DAT 10DAT

Neem oil 3% 9.66 (3.18) 5.33 (2.41)

6.35 (2.61)

7.66 (2.85)

5.66 (2.48)

6.66 (2.67)

5.66 (2.48)

6.22 (2.59)

Neem oil 5% 12.00 (3.53)

4.00 (2.11)

5.33 (2.41)

6.00 (2.54)

3.33 (2.04)

6.35 (2.61)

5.33 (2.40)

5.05 (2.36)

Neem kernal powder WP 2.5%

13.00 (3.67)

6.00 (2.54)

8.33 (2.97)

11.00 (3.38)

6.66 (2.67)

8.35 (2.97)

6.66 (2.67)

7.83 (2.88)

Neem kernal powder WP 5%

13.35 (3.71)

4.33 (2.19)

5.33 (2.41)

6.66 (2.67)

3.66 (2.11)

5.00 (2.33)

5.66 (2.48)

5.11 (2.37)

Endosulfan 35 EC 0.07 %

9.33 (3.13) 3.35 (1.95)

5.00 (2.33)

6.66 (2.67)

4.00 (1.95)

6.66 (2.67)

5.33 (2.41)

5.16 (2.35)

CD (P=0.05) NS 0.39 0.24 0.27 0.26 0.59 0.30 0.12

Barde et al. 2009Khandwa

Effect of different plant products against B. cucurbitae on cucumber

Field efficacy of plant products viz., neem seed kernal (NSKE),

rhizome of Acorus calamus, seed of Annona squamosa and

Endosulfan as control were evaluated on cucumber.

Reduction in fruit damage in the range of 68.63%, 64.82%,

63.72% and 77.14% in treatment with NSKE, A. squamosa, A.

calamus and Endosulfan respectively.

(Mondal and Ghatak, 2009)

Effect of organic products on onion thrips population in onion bulb crop

Treatment Average thrips population

Bulb yield (q/ha)

(T1 ) Farm yard manure 20t/ha 3.82 (2.01) 181.94

(T2 ) FYM 20t/ha+ neem cake@ 250kg/ha 3.61 (1.94) 194.44

(T3 ) FYM 20t/ha+ neem cake @ 500kg/ha 3.36 (1.87) 191.66

(T4 ) Recommended dose of NPK+ azadiractin (2ml/l) at 10 days interval when pest appear

3.39 (1.88) 201.33

(T5) Recommended dose of fertilizers+ fipronil (1ml/l) at 10 days interval when pest appear

2.45 (1.62) 208.33

Untreated control 6.09 (2.46) 159.72

Mean 3.68 (1.96)

CD (P=0.05) 0.13

Verma, 2010 Nauni

Insect growth regulator (IGR)

Chemical based on insect cuticle (Novaluron, Buprofezin)

Chemical based on endocrine system (Pyriproxyfen, Fenoxycarb)

Microorganism derived (Sipnosad, Emabectin benzoate)

New registered eco-friendly insecticide in India

Common Name Formulation Dosage/ ha Target insect

a.i. (gm) Formulation (gm/ml)

Dilution in water (liter)

Buprofezin 25% SC 75-150 300-600 500-750 Yellow Mite (Chilli)

Chlorantranilprole 18.5 % SC 10 50 500 DBM (Cabbage)

Difenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 500-750 DBM (Cabbage)

Mite (Chilli)

Whitefly (Brinjal)

Emamectin benzoate

5% EC 15-30 300-600 300-500 Fruit and Shoot borer (Okra)

DBM (Cabbage)

Fruit borer, Thrips and Mite (Chilli)

Brinjal fruit and shoot borer (Brinjal)

Fenazaquin 10% EC 125 1250 400-600 Yellow Mite (Chilli)

Fenopyroximate 5% EC 15-30 300-600 300-500 Yellow Mite (Chilli)

Fipronil 5% EC 40-50 800-1000 500 DBM

Thrips, Aphid, Fruit borer

Flufenoxuron 10% DC 40 400 500-1000 DBM

Contd..

Common Name

Formulation Dosage/ ha Target insect

a.i. (gm) Formulation (gm/ml)

Dilution in water (liter)

Flumite 20% SC 80-100 400-500 500-1000 Mite (Brinjal)

Hexythiazox 5.45% EC 15-25 300-500 625 Yellow Mite (Chilli)

Imidacloprid 70% WG 21-24.5 30-35 375-500 Jassid, Aphid (Okra)

Thrips, Jassid, Aphid (Chilli)

Imidacloprid 48% FS 300-540 (per 100 Kg of seed)

500-900 - Jassid, Aphid (Okra)

Indoxacarb 14.5% SC 30-75 200-500 400-750 DBM

Fruit borer (Tomato)

Fruit borer (Chilli)

Lufenuron 5.4% DC 30 600 500 DBM (Cauliflower)

Metaflumizone 22% SC 165-220 150-1000 500 DBM (Cabbage)

Contd..Common Name Formulation Dosage/ ha Target insect

a.i. (gm) Formulation (gm/ml)

Dilution in water (liter)

Milibectin 1% EC 3.25 325 500 Yellow/White Mite (Chilli)

Novaluron 10% EC 33.5- 75 750-375 500-1000 DBM Fruit borer (Chilli and

Tomato) Tobacco caterpillar

(Chilli)

Pyridalyl 10% EC 50-75 500-750 500-750 Fruit and shoot borer (Okra)

DBM (Cabbage)

Spinosad 45% EC 73 160 500 Fruit borer and Thrip (Chilli)

Spiromesifen 22.9% SC 96 400 500 DBM (cabbage and Cauliflower)

Thiacloprid 21.7% SC 54-72 225-300 500 Red mite (Brinjal)

Yellow Mite (Chilli)

Thiamethoxam 25% WG 25 100 500-1000 Thrips (Chilli)

Thiamethoxam 70% WS 200 286 - Whitefly (Brinjal, Okra & Tomato)

Aphid (Potato & Okra)

Effect of different treatments on mean larval population ofP. xylostella

Treatment dose/ha

Pretreatment 3 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS Percent reduction over control

Spinosad @ 600 ml

3.47 2.20 (1.79) 0.53 (1.24) 0.60 (1.26) 87.15

Proclaim @ 170 g

3.53 2.00 (1.73) 0.67 (1.29) 1.07 (1.43) 77.08

KN 128@ 333ml (indoxacarb)

3.73 2.60 (1.90) 0.73 (1.32) 0.93 (1.39) 80.08

Thiodan @ 1000 ml

4.33 3.47 (2.11) 3.20 (2.05) 3.40 (2.10) 27.19

Padan @ 500g

3.73 3.33 (2.08) 2.00 (1.73) 2.27 (1.80) 51.39

Control 4.07 4.27 (2.29) 4.47 (2.33) 4.67 (2.38) -

CD (P=0.05) NS 0.16 0.16 0.18

Gill et al. 2008Ludhiana

Efficacy of biorational against L. orbonalis

• The studies revealed that indoxacarb 14.5% SC to be

the most effective treatment against the pest and it was

at par with spinosad, emamectin benzoate, diafenthiuron

and Halt during both the years.

• Higher fruit yield recoded from indoxacarb treated plots

i.e. 232.51 q/ha and per cent increase over control

(57.94%).

Singh (2010)

Efficacy of different insecticides

Insecticide Dose and formulation

Crop Target insect

Refernce

Acetamiprid 40 g a.i./ha Okra B. tabaci Reddy et al. (2007)

Emamectin benzoate

15 g a.i./ha Bitter gourd B. cucurbitae Sharma and Sinha (2009)

Spinosad 56 g a.i./ha Okra H. armigera Ghosh et al. (2011)

Plant incorporated protectants (PIPs)

• Modification in living organism for specific purpose

• Bacterial derived genes: Cry1Ac, Bacillus

thuringiensis

• Plant derived genes: serine protease inhibitors,

lectins, alpha amylase inhibitors etc.

• Gene express in time and space

Integrated pest management for L. orbonalis

Selection of oblong/ small cluster bearing varieties/ hybrids.

Nursery bed should be protected with muslin cloth to avoid the initial attack of

insect.

Spray the seedling with any systemic insecticide at the day of transplanting in the

nursery bed.

Install plastic funnel trap baited with sex pheromone of brinjal shoot and fruit

borer@100/ha at the spacing of 10mx10m at 15-20 days after transplanting. The

pheromone septa should be changed at 30 days interval.

Clipping and destruction of infested shoots along with larval at weekly interval.

Sanitation through removal of damaged fruit

Need based foliar spray of NSKE (4%).

www.iivr.org.in

Integrated pest management for B. cucurbitae

• Deep summer ploughing should be done to expose the dormant pupae

in the field.

• Follow crop rotation incorporating non-cucurbiticious crops.

• Install mineral water trap, baited with cue-lure saturated (ethanol:

cuelure:cararyl=8:1:2) wood blocks@25 traps/ha prior to flower initiation.

• Initiate molassess (10%) based bait spray along with carbaryl (2%) in

selected plants in 250 spots/ha. This operation should be repeated at 4

days interval during the fruiting period.

• Sanitation should be maintained in the field through removal and

destruction of infested fruits immediately after initial infestation.

www.iivr.org.in

Conclusion

Cultural practices are basic but eco-friendly way to minimize the insect-pest population.

Traps can be used for monitoring and suppression of pest

population.

Use the biological control agents with the emergence of pest.

Insect resistance varieties should be used along with refuge crop.

Various biorational pesticides which are selective and eco-friendly are available to control pests.

IPM is the best technique for management of Insect-pest.

Future Prospective

More precise research should be focus on plant incorporated protectants foods.

Evaluation of local natural resources for pest management.

Conservation and augmentation of natural enemy.

Need more scientific research work to exploit the biorational insecticides.

Innovations in farmers participation and training to utilize the developed techniques.