Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805218/31307/index/9780521831307...Index 563...

Index

Aaronsohn, A.(1916), 146

Abakiga, 455–6Abdulhamit II, Sultan, 118–19, 125, 130Abu Sayyaf movement, 526abuse, gender, 89, 152, 171. See also

rapeAccounting for Genocide (Fein), 279Aceh, 493–4Acquitainians, 14Act of Settlement (1652), 52Act of Union (1536), 58actorideological, 100in interwar ethnic relations, 68settler, in South West Africa, 102–6in South West Africa, 100

Adana, 127–8Addis Ababa, 309Adler, 63Adzic, General, 394affectual action, 26Africa, 11, 428–9Agaoglu, 122Agayev. See Agaogluage, 56–7agriculture, collectivization of, in Soviet

Union, 323Ahmici, 357, 406, 409, 410, 413–14AK-47. See KalashnikovAkayesu, Mayor Jean Paul, 458, 469Akazu. See “little house”Akcam, J.(1992), 172

Akcam, Taner, 154Akcura, 131Aktion Reinhard (death camps), 213, 251,

259–62, 291Alai Bey, 160Albania, 112

Albaniansin Kosovo, 356, 359, 363, 386, 416and religion, 10

Albigensians, 42alcohol, 65, 242, 262, 266, 271, 278, 287,

419, 420, 422, 462, 480Aleksovski, Zlatko, 406, 414Aleksynas, 285Aleppo, 161Alexander II, Tsar, 64Alexander, King, 294Alexander the Great, 38Ali Muenif Bey, 160, 161“Alia.” See IzetbegovicAlilovic, 409Allen, M.(2002), 215

Allers, Dietrich, 260Alodhya mosque, 481Alp, Tekin, 131Amasasu, 445Amdja, Hassan, 158AmericaIndians, 505. See also specific tribesIndians, perception of, 84Indians, Plan A for, 89–90, 96Indians, Plan B for, 90, 96Indians, Plan C for, 92, 96–7Indians, rationales for extermination of,vii

native population in, 76peoples of, 9Spanish incursions into, 71

Anatolia, 112And Quiet Flows the Don (Sholokhov), 324Anderson, B.(1983), 30

“Angel of Death,” 218Angka, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 350Ankor Vat, 340

559

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560 Index

Anschluss, 194anti-Semitism, 47, 183, 184, 190–1,

193anti-Slav sentiments, 184Antonescu, Marshal, 303, 304–7Aosta, Duke of, 309Apache Indians, 91, 96Arad, Y.(1987), 213

Arajs, Major Viktor, 283, 284, 292Arapaho Indians, 98Arendt, H.(1965), 244(1983), 29, 189

Arkan. See Raznatovic, ZeljkoArkan’s Tigers, 392, 404ArmeniaArmenian Problem, 6, 8“the Armenian Question,” 141genocide in, 140–79peoples of, 8

Armenians, 115, 116, 117–18arms sales, 526Arrow Cross, 302Artamen League, 213Arunachal Pradesh, 489Arusha Accords (1993), 441–2, 443, 451,

500Ashdown, Paddy, 396, 407Asia, 71Asiatic-Bolshevism, 273Assam, 489assimilation, 72in America, 87aristocratic lateral, 72, 78civic definition of, 181coercive, in America, 88coercive, in Ireland, 49, 53coercive, in Ottoman Empire, 131cultural, in Bulgaria, 307forced, in Greater Serbia, 357–8under Hapsburgs, 182institutional, in South West Africa, 100institutional, in Spain, 47lateral, 35, 41lateral aristocratic, 60lateral aristocratic, in Australia, 79lateral aristocratic, in South West Africa,101

partial, in America, 89voluntary, 13–14voluntary, in America, 86

voluntary, in Germany, 181voluntary, partial, 508

Assyrians, 34, 39, 40–1Ataturk, 130, 163atrocities“bottom-up,” 22Bulgarian, 113Croatian, in the Laska Valley, 405–16four types of, in Yugoslavia, 356–7Muslim, 416–18

Augustus, 38Aumeier, Hans, 252Auschwitz, 212, 216, 240Ausrottung, 191Australia, 13, 79–83Aboriginal population in, 76, 79–80, 83peoples of, 9Plan A in, 79Plan B in, 79Plan C in, 80Plan D in, 82Plan E in, 82

Austria, 63–4Austrian Germans, and Slavic threat, 182Austrian Germans, and Jewish threat, 182and Slavic threat, 183

“Austrian Legion,” 216Auxiliary Police Battalion 101, 215,

266–72Auxiliary Police Battalion 309, 271Ayodha, 484Azeris, 9

Babic, 384, 387–8, 393, 400Babylonian rebellion, 40Bach-Zalewski, General von dem Erich, 199,

246–7, 268Baer, Richard, 252Bagasora, Colonel Theoneste, 443, 445, 447,

451Baggesen, Mayor Ignace, 407Baghdjian, K.(1987), 170

Bagilishema, Mayor, 448, 455–6Bagogwe, 447Bajrang Dal, 479, 483Baky, 300Balkan statesPlan A in, 281Plan B in, 282Plan C in, 282

Balkan wars, 131






Index 561

Baltic states, 16, 19, 113, 281–6, 353Banach, J.(1998), 214

Bandwagon Nazis, 235Bantu, 432Barbie, Klaus, 218, 222Barnett, A.(1983), 349

Bartov, O.(1985), 273(1996), 29

Bassiouni Report, 420Battle of Kosovo Field (1389), 19–20, 358,

361Bauchenwald, 200Baumann, Z.(1989), 21, 29, 240

Beara, Colonel, 396“Beast of Belsen,” 218. See KramerBecker, E.(1998), 349

Being Muslim the Bosnian Way (1995), 406Beissinger, M.(2002), 25, 355

Bekir Sami Bey, 161Belarus, 286–8Belgium, 60Bell-Fialkoff, A.(1993), 69

Belzec, 259, 292Benes, President, 353Berger, General, 199Berktay, Halil, 154Bernau, Mr., 111, 153Best, Werner, 202Beziers, 42Bianchi, 407–8Bigler, Governor, 91Bilinsky, Y.(1990), 291

biological-racial reasoning, 185Birn, R.(1998), 189, 271

Bisesero, 455, 460, 465“Bitch of Buchenwald,” 218BJP, 483Black-and-Tans, 15Black Hawk War, 93Blaskic, Colonel Tihomir, 406, 410, 411,

413“bloodlines” and mass murder, 342–3“Bloody Brygida.” See Lachert, Hildegard

Blume, Walter, 264Bluttkit, 263Boban, Mate, 378, 384, 408Bodo, 489Bohme, General Franz, 274Boljevic, Dusan and Jagoda, 420Bolshevik Revolution, 183Bolshevism, 5, 273, 321Bond, D.(1998), 20

Book of the Courtier, The (Guicciardini), 43border disputes, 355between Armenians and Azeris, 355between Georgians and Ossetians, 355in India, 488between Jammu and Kashmir, 486–8between Tajikhistan and Uzbekhistan, 355

Boris, Czar, 307Bosnia, 368–9, 381Bosniaks in, 10, 369Bosnian Serb Party (SDS), 369Bosnian state, 7cantons of, 406Muslims, 416population in, 366Serb aggression against, 395–6

Bosnia-Herzegovina, 356ethnic self-identification in, 363population in, 366

Bosnian Croat army (HVO), 407, 409Bosnian Croat party (HDZ), 408Bosnian refugees, 116Brack, 210Bradford, William, 85Braeckman, P.(1994), 447

Braham, R.(1981), 301

Brandt, Karl, 257Brass, P.(1997), 22, 441, 475, 476

Bratunac, 385Braunsteiner, Hermine, 253Bridgman, J.(1981), 107

Bringa, Tone, 406–7, 414–16Britain, 13Broad, Corporal Perry, 254, 292Broszat, M.(1981), 190

Browder, G.(1996), 214–15, 231






562 Index

Brown, P.(1996), 35

Browning, C.(1978), 215(1978, 1985, 1993, 1994), 247–8(1983), 248(1993), 189, 215, 267, 270

Brubaker, R.(1996), 68, 360

Bryce Report, 136, 150, 151, 153, 169Buchheim, H.(1968), 270

Buddhism, 42Bulgaria, 112, 307–8Bulow, Reich Chancellor von, 104,

105Burckel, Josef, 246Burke, P.(1978), 43–4, 58

Burleigh, M.(1994), 260(2000), 183, 259

Burnett, Governor, 91Burundi, 430, 431–2, 435, 438Busovaca, 410, 411Butare, 456

“Caco.” See Topalovic, MusanCahit, Huseyin, 144California Indians, 76, 87–8. See also

America, native population; America,Indians

callous class warfare, 324callous policies, 16callous warfareand Albigensians, 42in China, 337in Holy Roman Empire, 48in Ireland, 51in Ottoman Empire, 113against Poles, 185

Cambodia, 339–42, 350Plan A in, 341Plan B in, 341

Campbell, B.(1998), 196

Canaris, Admiral, 273Canby, General, 92Caribbean islands, 16Carthage, 34, 36Casas, Bartolome de las, 77Castillo, Bernal Diaz del, 77

Cathar heresy, 42Caucasus, the, 98, 112, 114CCP, 337, 338–9Cefalonia, 274Celebici, 416–17Cerkez, Commander, 406, 411, 413Chandler, D.(1999), 346, 347, 348

“Chaos Thesis,” 264Charny, I.(1986), 9

Chechia, 6, 99, 329Chechnya, 329, 355Cheka secret police, 65, 321Cherokee Indians, 86–7, 93, 94, 108Chetniks, 362, 392, 421Cheyenne Indians, 98Chickasaw Indians, 108China, 330–9bureaucracy, 39famine in, 336“five black categories” in, 337“five red categories” in, 337inflation in, 334–5land distribution in, 332Plan A in, 333Plan B in, 333–4Plan C in, 334, 335, 337Plan D in, 337Red Guards in, 337

Chinese Communist Party (CPP), 330–1, 332,333

chistka. See purgeChivington, Colonel, 98Choctaw Indians, 93, 108Christendom, 16th-century Western, 48Christian Greeks, 115Christian Socialists, 63Christianity, 42, 75Christie, Debra, 415Chumash Indians, 18. See also American

IndiansChurchill, Winston, 190, 353Ciano, 308Cigar, N.(1995), 20, 360

Cilicia, 127Circassians, 99–100citizenship, 56Citizenship Law, 193Civil Service Academy, 122civil society theory, 21






Index 563

Civil Warin England, 51in Ireland, 50Soviet, 321

civilian deaths, 2Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud), 18class, 56, 57, 58, 59“class-divided societies,” 36and ethnicity, 60–1

classicide, 17, 320in Cambodia, 340, 342in China, 337

cleansingbiological, 15colonial, 70–6, 107–8ethnic, 522. See also power, networksethnic, defined, 11ethnic, five steps of, in Yugoslavia, 361ethnic, in Northern Europe, 506–9ethnic, Plan A for, 7ethnic, Plan B for, 7murderous, 97murderous, alternative scenarios for, 6–7murderous, as Plan C, 7–8murderous, danger zone of, 6murderous, modernity of, 2–3, 502murderous, perpetuation of, 7

Clifton, R.(1999), 50

coercion, institutional, 14in Germany, 181on Iberian Peninsula, 45during Thirty Years War, 49

Cohen, L.(1995), 360

Cohen, Moses. See Alp, TekinCold War, 511“collective conscience” (Durkheim), 121“collective madness,” 403colonyeconomy, types of colonial, 71–2expansion, Russian, 99–100mixed, 71occupation, 71plantation, 71pure settlement, 72settler cases, 22

Commanche Indians, 97Commissar Order, 187“commitment problem,” 24Committee of the Committee of Union and

Progress (CUP), 123, 126–7

common law (English), 43Communistdeaths under regimes, 319perceived enemies of, 318–21

“comprador capitalist,” 342concentration camps, 200–2confederal methodology, 13confederalism, multicultural, under

Hapsburgs, 182Conference of the Undersecretaries, 248Congo, 7Connolly, S.(1992), 53

Connor, W.(1994), 31, 59, 365

consociationalism, 13, 114, 118, 524Constitution of 1850, 90constructivism, 21“contradictions of continuous revolution,”

197conversionforced, 16forced, and Albigensians, 42forced, of Serbs, 296

conversos, 45–6Convicts Brigade, 409convivencia, 45Conwy, 58Coote, Charles, 52core constituencies, 20, 505–6Corradini, 62, 309Cortes, 76–7Corwin, P.(1999), 422

Cossacks, 15Coster, W.(1999), 52

CPP, 336, 337. See Chinese CommunistParty

CRD, 440Creek Indians, 85, 92, 93, 108Croatia, 294–8, 367, 376, 379Chetniks, 295Croatian army (HVO), 407Croatian Community of Herceg-Bosna,

408Croatian Democratic Party, 385Croatian Party of Rights, 379Croatian state, 7Croats in, 10ethnic self-identification in, 363Tito’s Partisans, 295






564 Index

Crocker, M.(1998), 98

Cromwell, Oliver, 50–2Crook, General, 96Crosby, A.(1986), 76

CUP. See Committee of the Committee ofUnion and Progress

Custer, General George Armstrong, 92Cyahinda, 463Czechoslovakia, 353

Dachau, 200, 201, 213, 216, 252Dadrian, V.(1992), 127, 128(1993), 174(1996), 20(1997), 133

Dahijas, 405Dallaire, General Romeo, 449, 452, 527Davidson, K.(1985), 172

Davies, Consul, 152, 153, 162, 171Dayaks, 5, 495–6Dayton Agreement (1995), 387Dean, M.(2000), 271

death camps, 242Death of a Nation (BBC documentary), 370Declaration on the Sovereignity and

Autonomy of the Serbian People, 387Deir Zor, 146, 148Del Boca, A.(1969), 309–10

Delacic, Zejnil, 417Delic, Hazim, 417democracy, 3. See also demosconceptions of, 68–9liberal, 55majoritarian, 22settler, 4, 73, 88, 90

Democratic League of Kosovo, 387democratic peace theory, 21–2, 108demos, i, 3–4, 55, 184, 502. See also

democracyDeng, Xiaoping, 336Department of Jewish Affairs, 307Deportation Order, 158deportations, 87, 90Assyrian, 41coerced, Jewish, 66forcible, in America, 90

forcible, in Spain, 47forcible, in the Ottoman Empire, 141limited, in America, 89–90in the Ottoman Empire, 131, 156policed, 15policed, Assyrian, 41policed, in America, 87, 96policed, in Australia, 79, 83policed, in Cambodia, 341policed, in Hungary, 299policed, in Ottoman Empire, 113, 143policed, in Poland, 281policed, in Romania, 303policed, in Russia, 282policed, in South West Africa, 101policed, in Spain, 47policed, under Stalinism, 321, 323violent, in Ottoman Empire, 144violent, of Jews, 208violent, of Poles, 208wild, 15wild, in Greater Serbia, 359wild, in Hungary, 299wild, in Ottoman Empire, 113wild, in Yugoslavia, 357wild, of Jews, 194wild, of Poles, 182wild, of Serbs, 296wild, of Soviet Slavs, 186

Deronjic, 396Des Forges, A.(1999), 442, 463

Deutsche Volkspartei (German People’sParty), 63

di Tiro, Hasan, 493direct rule, 73“Directive 7,” 395discrimination, 14, 67, 509and the anti-Catholic Penal Laws, 52in Australia, 82under Hapsburgs, 183in Ireland, 53in Macedonia, 368in Romania, 303in Rwanda, 435in South West Africa, 100under Stalinism, 322in Yugoslavia, 355

disease, 74, 75–80, 85, 89dispersal, 81Dittrich, Erich, 249Djemal Bey, 159–60






Index 565

Djemal Effendi, 160Djemal Pasha, 118, 123, 129, 132, 144,

158–9, 164Djevdet Bey, 147Dolukhanov, P.(1994), 35, 37

“Domovnica,” 382Dorian, 305–6Dortyol, 145–6Draskovic, Vuk, 367, 371, 372, 374Drina Army Corps, 396“Driving while Black,” 14Drogheda, 50–1, 52Durkheim, Emil, 25Duruy, 59Dusan the Mighty, 392Dusina, 409Dutch, 44dynastic empiresHapsburg (Austria), 62multiethnic, 62Ottoman (Islamic, Turkey), 62Romanov (Russia), 62

Eberl, Irmfried, 260ecological imperialism, 76Edip, Halide, 162–3Ehlers, Ernst-Boje, 268Eichmann, Adolf, 199, 208, 209, 218,

244–5, 260, 300Eicke, Theodor, 201, 216, 252Einsatzgruppen, 215, 263–6electionsGerman, 1928–32, 183–4Serbia, 1990–91, 184

Elias, N.(1996), 195

elites, 39–40Emancipation of 1826, 88emigrationcoerced, 67pressured, in Rwanda, 430, 434, 435,

440pressured, in Yugoslavia, 357pressured, of Jews, 193, 208

encomienda, 77Endre, 300Entfernung, 191, 240Entress, Friedrich, 255Enver Pasha, 123, 124, 125, 129, 131, 132,

135, 144, 155Erdemovic, Drazen, 401–2

Eremija, Lieutenant Colonel, 394Erzindjan, 171–2escalation, 504Essad Bey, 161ethic of responsibility, 425Ethiopia, 309–10ethnicconfederalism, 321conflict, antidotes to, 522–9conflict, development of, 6enemies, 328hostility, 5–6imperial revisionism, 183“niche,” 31niche economies, 516revisionism, 227victims, 328–9wars, obstacles to thwarting, 527

ethnicity, 37, 79, 324–5, 383and class, 60–1defined, 11German, 181, 214revival of, in Southern Europe, 509–14in Yugoslav republics, 362–6

ethnocide, 36, 72, 75in America, 84, 88in Australia, 80defined, 16in Mexico, 76, 78in Ottoman Empire, 144

ethnocracy, 39, 502, 519ethnonationalism, i, 5, 20, 515–18Hindu, 482, 483–4

ethnos, i, 3, 4, 55, 184, 502ethnosymbolism, 19EU, 507Europe, 57–8, 61–2“Euthanasia” project. See T4Evans, A.(1999), 488

Evans, Governor, 98expulsion, forcible, 354of Greeks and Turks from Cyprus, 354of Greeks from Abkhazia, 354of Greeks from Turkey, 354of Turks from Bulgaria, 354

extraterritoriality, 72–3Ezergailis, 284

factionalism, 503Fanslau, Heinz-Karl, 235fascism, defined, 180






566 Index

Fascist Union of Christian RomanianStudents, 303–4

Fascists (Mann, 2004), 65Fearon, J.(1995), 24

Fearon, J., and D. Laitin(2000), 21(2003), 4, 11, 516

fedais, 124, 129Fein, H.(1984), 21, 279, 298

Feingold, H.(1983), 240

Fetterman Massacre, 108Fieldhouse, D.(1965), 71, 72

Filbert, Dr. Alfred, 264, 269Filipovic, Colonel, 411“Final Solution,” 8, 18, 107, 187, 188, 195,

208–11, 240, 305, 499–500Fischbock, Hans, 249Fisher, Harriet, 162–3Five Year Plan (1928), 322Flick, Friedrich, 249Florstedt, Hermann, 235Flossenburg, 200Four Year Plan (1976), 343France, 13minorities in, 59

Franciscan Missions, 87–8Frank, Hans, 246Franz, Kurt, 261fratricide, 320, 337, 340, 345Frederickson, G.(1988), 71, 72, 185

Freikorps, 195–6, 203, 213, 234, 235, 237French Revolution, 61Frenzel, Karl, 262Friedlander, H.(1995), 259

Friedlander, S.(1997), 192

Fritzsche, Karl, 252Fuchs, Sergeant, 274fundamentalism, 513–14Furundzija, Commander, 411

Gagauz, 307“Galahad of National Socialism.” See

Ohlendorf, OttoGandhi, Indira, 486Gecas, Antanas, 285

Gellately, R.(1990), 214

Gellner, E.(1983), 36–7

genocide, 34in America, 85, 91, 94, 98Armenian, 499attempted, of Gypsies, 181in Australia, 83“banality” of, 240–1complicity of non-Nazi institutions in, 247defined, 17escalation of, in South West Africa, 106of Jews, 185, 188in Lithuania, 285in the main Nazi camps, 251–6Nazi, institutionalized, 240–78in the Ottoman Empire, 149partial, 17in Rwanda, 430, 500scale of Nazi, 184–91scenarios required for, 503statist, in the Ottoman Empire, 156Yugoslav, 358, 500–1

Gerlach, C.(1999), 209

German Ideology, The (Marx), 347“German Question, the,” 180Germans“ethnic,” 353–4Sudetan, 353

Germany. See also Iberian peninsula;Deutsche Volkspartei

Germans in, 6, 10Gerstein, Kurt, 250Gestapo, 202Getty, J.A.(1985), 330

Ghalib Bey, General, 164“Ghengizism,” 132Gisenyi, 436, 443, 447, 451, 453, 454Gisovu, 459, 464Gitarama, 436, 457Glavas, 388Glenny, M.(1992), 359, 380(1993), 400

Glina, 385Globocnik, Odilo, 247Glogova, 396Glucks, Major-General Richard, 217, 243Godhra, 484–5






Index 567

Goebbels, Joseph, 195, 208, 211Goeth, Amon, 253Gokalp, 120–2, 131, 132, 144Goldhagen, D.(1996), 20, 189, 190, 215, 267, 282

Gordy, E.(1999), 374

Gorgass, Dr., 204–5Goring, Herman, 193, 194, 195, 209Gorski, P.(2000), 44

Gourevitch, P.(1998), 467, 469

grain expropriations, in Soviet Union, 324Granada, 46, 47Grant, Ulysses, 91Graziani, General, 309Great Famine, 324, 329“Great Leap Forward” (China), 15–16, 334,

336, 339Great Purge, 327Great Terror (1937–38), 326–7“Greater Serbia,” 365, 369, 372, 389Greece, 112Greek polis, 39Greeks, 116, 117

Grese, Irma, 256Grosscurth, Lt. Col., 250Grude, 408Guatemala, 512Gujarat pogrom (2002), 484–5Gurr, T.(1993), 505(2000), 20

gypsies, 185, 305, 307

Haberer, E.(2002), 267

habitual action, 25Habyarimana, President, 435, 436, 439, 440,

441Hadjin, Mufti of, 172Hagen, Dr. Wilhelm, 250Halder, Army Chief of Staff, 209Halil Bey, 158, 163, 166Halim, Grand Vizier Said, 158Hantl, Emil, 255Hapsburg, 181, 182Hapsburg Empire, 112Harff, B.(1998), 20

Harster, Wilhelm, 203

Hartl, Lieutenant Albert, 250, 269, 270HDZ, 377, 379–80, 407, 409. See also

Bosnian Croat partyHeadland, R.(1992), 187

Hefner, R.(2000), 497

Heissmeyer, Kurt, 235Henry VII, King, 58Henry VIII, King, 58Herero, 102, 103–6, 108Hetmans, 66Heuze, G.(1992), 480

Heyde, Werner, 258Heydrich, Reinhard, 187, 195, 198, 202,

209, 210, 242Hezekial, King, 40–1Highland Clearances, 61Hilberg, R.(1978), 187, 213, 263, 303

Hill people, 342Hima, 432Himmler, Heinrich, vii, 66, 195, 198, 199,

201, 202, 209, 211, 215, 246Hinduism, 42Hindutva, 474Hintjens, H.(1999), 436, 442

Hinze, Gunther, 254Hitler, Adolf, vii, 183, 184, 185, 190, 191,

204, 206–7, 211, 272, 307–8and the Poles, 209

Hlinka Slovak Populist Party, 293–4HO. See Croatia, Croatian armyHocker, Karl, 252hodja, 171Hoffman, Franz, 201–2, 252Holbrooke, Richard, 360Hollweg, Chancellor Bethmann, 173–4Holocaust. See “Final Solution”homeland states, 68Horowitz, D.(1983), 428(2001), 476, 480

Horthy, Admiral, 298–300, 302, 306HOS militia, 409Hoss, Major Rudolf, 175, 201, 212, 252Hoss, R.(1978), 244

Hoxie, F.(1984), 87






568 Index

Huber, Irmgard, 258human action, types of (Weber), 25–6“Human Beast, The.” SeeWagnerHungary, 298–302the “Jewish Question” in, 300Plan A in, 298Plan B in, 299

Huntington, S.(1996), 519

Huron, 84Hutu, 5, 7, 10, 17, 18, 430, 431,

443HVO. See Bosnian Croat army

Iberian peninsula, 45–53ICTR. See Rwanda, UN International

Criminal Tribunal forIG Farben, 249Ilias, Hodja, 166“imperial nation,” 133, 431Impuzamugambi, 446Independent Republic of the South

Moluccas, 494Independent State of Croatia, 295India, 474–90Bombay riot of 1992–93, 476Congress Party in, 475, 483East Bengal riots (1950), 486Gujarat pogrom (2002), 476intercaste violence in, 483–4languages of, 474, 486multiethnicity of, 474–5partition of, 485–6religions of, 474–5“seven sisters” of, 489Sikh/Hindu conflict in, 486

Indian Bureau, 90Indians, 108indios, 78indirect rule, 73individualism, 55Indo-Europeans, 35Indonesia, 490–8anti-Chinese riots in, 497difficulties faced by nationalists in, 491–2Dutch in, 490, 496East Timor, 492–3Irian Jaya, 495martial law declared (1959) in, 491massacre of Communists (1965) in, 491the Moluccas, 494–5Sulawesi, 494–5

West Kalimantan, 495–6West Papua, 495

Industrial Revolution, 79in-group policing, 21information failure, 25Ingushi, 329Innocentists, 305Institute of National Remembrance, 281instrumentally rational action, 25Interahamwe, 445, 446, 448, 452, 454, 455,

460, 461, 462, 464, 470International Criminal Court, 528Ioanid, R.(1990), 303(1991), 304(2000), 302

Iran, 511Ireland, 49–53, 58, 611845 famine, 336

Ireton, 52“Iron George.” See Sorge, GustavIron Guard, 304. See also Legion of the

Archangel MichaelIron Wolf, 283, 285Iroquois Indians, 84, 85Islam, 42Italian Socialist Republic. See SaloItaly, 308–11Ittihadist, 125, 172Izetbegovic, 367, 368, 388, 395

JA, 393Jackson, Andrew, 93Jackson, Consul, 153, 171Jaeger, Emil, 276Jaffrelot, C.(1996), 475, 476, 480

Jamaat-i-Islami, 479Jarolin, Josef, 252Jasenovac, 377Jassy, 304Java, 491Jedwabne, 281Jefferson, Thomas, vii, 70, 92–3Jelisic, Goran, 402Jesenovac, 296Jevdet, Tahir, 160“Jew, the,” 207Jews, 310–11. See also Judeo-Bolshevism

Judaismatrocities by, 9and Auxiliary Police Battalion 101, 266






Index 569

and the Bolshevik Revolution, 183in Bulgaria, 307–8and conversos, 46–7in Croatia, 297in death camps, 262in Estonia, 282, 283exterminated because of foreign

entanglements, 184genocide of, 8, 263in Germany, 25in the Hapsburg Empire, 182in Hungary, 302in Italy, 308“Jewish Question” and population

transfers, 69“Jewish subhumanity,” 273in the Kaiserreich, 181in Latvia, 282, 283linked to Bolshevik uprisings, 192–3in Lithuania, 282, 283oppression of, by Roman Empire, 19perceptions of, 254, 256, 316–17and perpetrators, 231in Poland, 280and Poles, 208–9as “privileged” victims, 184rationales for extermination, 265, 267in Romania, 302–7in Russia, 64–6, 209–10and salvation religions, 42, 43shooting of, 272in the Soviet Union, 187in Spain, 45, 46–7as targets of resentment, 64–6in the Ukraine, 66, 289, 290as Untermenschen, 272variables in killing of, 279

Jihad, 171, 518JNA, 380–1. See Yugolavia, Yugoslav armyJNR, 434Jokers, 409Jovic, State Council President, 376, 381Judah, T.(2000), 386–7

Judaism, 38, 187. See also JewsJudeo-Bolshevism, 9, 65, 66, 183, 191, 196,

207, 209, 210, 211, 273, 280, 281, 290,301, 305, 306

Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, 218

Kadets, 66Kadir, Hilme Abdul, 161–2

Kaiser, H.(1999a), 150, 153(1999b), 174(2001a), 145

Kaiserreich, 62Kajmovic, Professor, 413Kakwenzire, J. and D. Kumukama(1999), 447

Kalashnikov, 521Kallay, Prime Minister, 299Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 243–4Kalyvas, S.(1999), 24

Kambanda, Prime Minister Jean Alphonse,456

Kamil, General, 147, 168Kamilindi, Thomas, 453Kangura, 443Kanyabashi, Mayor Joseph, 457Kaornik, 414Karadzic, Radovan, 384, 388–9, 393, 395–6,

517Karamira, 452Karay, F.(1996), 291

Karemera, 452Kashmir, 6, 475, 487Kashubians, 185Katschenka, Anna, 259Katz, J.(1988), 28, 383, 399(1993), 29, 212–13, 466

Katzmann, Friedrich, 247Kavazovic, 412Kayishema, Clement, 454–5Kazakhs, 99–100Kazakhstan, Russian minority in, 23–4Keane, F.(1995), 469

Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm, 274Kemal, Mustapha. See AtaturkKershaw, I.(1984), 206(1997), 194

Kevorkian, 127, 128, 158Khairi, Shaikh-ul-Islam, 158Khmer Rouge, 17, 339–47Kiazim, Musa, 158Kiebach, 266Kiernan, B.(1996), 343, 346, 349

Kigali, 453






570 Index

killer. See also perpetratorbigoted, 27, 189bigoted, in Cambodia, 349bigoted, in death camps, 202bigoted, in Germany, 198bureaucratic, 29bureaucratic, in Germany, 189careerist, 28careerist, in death camps, 202careerist, in Germany, 189, 194comradely, 28–33comradely, in death camps, 202comradely, in Germany, 189, 198disciplined, 28disciplined, in death camps, 202disciplined, in Germany, 189, 194elite desk, 242–51fearful, 28fearful, in Germany, 189ideological, 27, 239ideological desk-, 243materialist, 28materialist, in Germany, 189violent, 28violent, in Cambodia, 349violent, in Germany, 198

Kinyarwanda language, 432, 439Kirschbaum, 64Kiseljak, 410, 412Kishwar, M.(1998a), 466

KL officers, 1945, 217KLA, 387Klehr, Josef, 253Kljucic, President, 408Klujic, 384Kneissler, Pauline, 205Knights of Serbia, 392Knin, 385, 387, 418Koch, Ernst, 246Koch, Karl, 252Koehl, R.(1983), 214

Koljevic, 384Komeno, 276Konia, 146, 148Kordic, 408, 411, 413Kosiy, Bohdan, 290Kosovo, 1, 357, 359, 363, 364, 386, 393,

418Kovacevic, Milan, 403–4Krahner, Josef, 265

Krajina, 379, 382, 384, 393, 399, 405Kraljevic, Darko, 411, 412Kramer, Josef, 253Kremenets, 289Kremer, Johann Paul, 255Kretschmer, Lieutenant Karl, 265Kripo, 202Kristallnacht, 194, 198, 201, 206Kritzinger, 248Krstic, General, 358, 396Krumey, 245Krupp, Gustav, 249Kubamanda, 458Kube, Wilhelm, 250–1kulak, 323, 325Kurds, 114Kuzmanovic, B.(1995), 360

laborconcentrated, 71–2disbursed, 71nonnative, 72

Lachert, Hildegard, 255Lahousan, General, 185, 273Laitin, D.(1999a, 1999b), 23–4

Lakota Indians, 92LANC, 303land, 31, 72, 79, 84, 92, 95Landau, Sergeant-Major Felix, 265Landzo, Esad, 417Langenberg(1990), 497

language, 37, 43, 57, 58–9, 123, 328Lasik, A.(1994), 213, 214

Laska Valey. See atrocities, CroatianLaskar Jihad, 495Lasuen, Father Fermin, 87Lasva, 409Latin America, 515LatviaPlan B in, 284Plan C in, 284

Latvian Auxiliary Police battalions, 283Law on Croatian Citizenship (1991), 379Lazar, Prince, 361–2Leadership Principle, 194, 199Lechthaler, Major Franz, 266Legion of the Archangel Michael, 302. See

also Iron Guard






Index 571

Lemkin, Raphael, 17Lenin, 322Lepanto, battle of (1572), 53Letica, S.(1996), 360

Leutwein, Major Theodor, 102, 105liberal representative states, 5liberalism, and neo-liberalism, 119–20, 510,

512–13Libya, 309, 310Liebenhenschel, Arthur, 252Lieven, D.(1998), 329(2000), 112, 113

Lifton, R.(1986), 256

Likic, Milan, 397Liman von Sanders, General, 171limited property franchise, 61–2limpieza se sangre, 47Lincoln, Abraham, 93–4List, Field Marshal Wilhelm, 274List, Friedrich, 123Lithuanian Activist Front, 283, 284Lithuanian 2nd Battalion, 285“little house,” 442–7, 450–70Litzmann, Karl-Siegmund, 250Liu, Shaoqi, 333, 336Loewenberg, P.(1983), 222

Lolling, Enno, 255Lon Nol, General, 339Longman, T.(1999), 442

Losowick, Y.(2000), 245

lost territories, 194, 195–6Loughridge, Stella, 157Ludke, Corporal, 269Luger, 63Lukic, Milan, 402–3Lupher, M.(1996), 333

Luther, 247Ly, Heng, 346

Maas, Peter, 398Macartney, Charles, 67Macedonia, 356, 363, 368macroethnicity, 10–11, 37, 515Macura, Deputy Mayor, 387madrassas, 487

Madurese, 495–6Maeghalaya, 489Magdeburg, 48–9Magill, Sergeant, 265Maharaja, 486–7Mahareru, Samuel, 103“majority people,” 434Makhullo, Archbishop, 521Maksudov, S.(1993), 187

Malaga, 46Malaparte, C., 186, 304Malkki, L.(1995), 471

Mamdani, M.(2001), 463, 465

Manipur, 489Manstein, General von, 273Mao, 334, 335, 337Maoists, 5, 17Markovic, Mirjana, 391, 420Maronite Christian community, 118Marsovan, 150–1, 168Martic, 384, 387–8Marticevci, 385Martinovic, 421Marxian theory, and social transformation,

318–19Mathausen, 200Maududi, Maulana, 514Maurer, Gerhard, 243Maurer, Wilhelm and Johann, 265“Mauser.” See Savic, DinkoMbonimpa, M.(1999), 434

McCarthy, J.(1995), 113

McDougall, Governor, 91McElroy, 95Medjugorje, 386Melson, R.(1992), 174

Memoir (Hoss), 212Memorandum, Serb Academy of Sciences

and Arts (1986), 364–5, 366Mengele, Josef, 218, 256Mennecke, Friedrich, 256Mentz, Willi, 261Mesic, 394Mesopotamia, 37mestizo, 78, 515Mexico, 76–8






572 Index

Micas, 400microethnicity, 10, 37middlemen ethnicities, 516Migonis, Motiejus-Pranus, 285migrants, European, 59Mildt, D. de(1996), 214, 259

Milgram, Stanley, 26–7militants, Islamic, in India, 487“Military Line, the.” SeeMilosevic,

Slobodan, plan B for Serbia“military Keynesianism,” 206Military Medical College, 122Miliutin, General, 99, 109millet, 114, 135, 136Milosevic, Slobodan, 184, 369–76, 381, 387,

390, 396–7, 424, 425, 426core constitutiences of, 391–2Plan A for Serbia, 370, 371, 373, 390,

424Plan B for Serbia, 371, 372, 373, 390,

424Plan C for Serbia, 390, 424Plan D for Serbia, 391, 424

minorities, 64, 67“Minorities in Danger,” 428Mirkovic, D.(1993), 295, 297

Mizoram, 489Mladic, Ratko, 396, 404–5Modi, Narendra, 484Modoc Indians, 92mohadjis, 114, 172Moluccas Christian/Muslim riots,

498Mommsen, H.(1991, 1997), 190

monotheism, 42Montenegro, 363, 368Moorehead, B.D., 82Morgenthau, Ambassador, 129,

154–5Morley, Bertha, 150–1Moro Liberation Front, 527Morsnik, Colonel, 409Moser, Lieutenant-General, 250Mostar, 385MRND, 440, 441, 442, 445MSVN, 311Mucic, Zsravko, 417Mueller, J.(2000), 360, 397

Mugabe, 429Mugesera, 444Mujezinovici, Dr., 411, 412Mulkieye. See Civil Service AcademyMuller-Claudius, Michael, 194Muller, Heinrich, 203multiculturalism, 11–13Munster, 51Munyaneza, 464, 466, 467Munzberger, Gustav, 261Muratovic, 422Muscovy, 112Musema, Alfred, 459–60Musial, B.(1999), 249

Musiuveni, President, 439Muslim Chams, 342Muslim refugees. See mohadjisMuslim Skanserbeg SS regiment, 362Muslims, 42, 45, 47, 113–16, 483, 490Mussolini, Benito, 308–9, 310mustard gas, 309

Naga, 489Nagaland, 489Naimark, N.(2001), 21

Naletilic, 421Nama, 105–6narodi, 362narodny, 328Nash, G.(1992), 84, 89

Nastorian Christian villages, 136nationdefined, 11national minorities, 68national self-determination, 67nationalizing states, 68-state, 11, 45, 525-statism, 188statism, 233, 320

nationalismcivic, 180ethnic, 180German, in the late 19th century, 181leftist version of, 62organic, 180organic, potential vices of, 63–4types of, 180–1

Nationalism and Contemporary Europe(Jasenovac), 377






Index 573

Nazi, 17, 180–211, 212–39core constituencies of, 206, 214, 219,

223–8genocide, 9hierarchical comradeship, 191hierarchical radicalization, 191–5paramilitary comradeship, 191,

200paramilitary radicalization, 195–208and Plan A, 191, 193, 210and Plan B, 191, 194and Plan C, 208and Plan D, 210, 211radicalization, 189–1state, 7violence, career in, 234–9

Nazim, Dr., 127, 132, 144Ndagijimana, Mayor,Ndimbati, Mayor, 464Neolithic revolution, 37NEP. See New Economic PolicyNetherlands, 44Neuengamme, 200Neurath, Otto von, 248New Economic Policy (NEP), 322New Liberals (Great Britian), 62Newbury, C.(1988), 434(1998), 467

Ngor, H.(1988), 347

Nikolic, Captain, 405NKVD, 289Nogales, Major Rafael de, 136, 147, 154,

163, 170noncolonial regimes, 4non-Nazi elites, 193North African colonies, 308–10Nouri Bey, 161Nsabimana, Sylvain, 456Ntaganzwa, Ladislas, 456–7Ntahobari, Pauline, 462Ntahobari, Shalom, 462Ntakirutimana, Pastor, 464Nteziryayo, 456Numantia, 34, 36Nuremberg Laws, 193, 206Nyandwi, Mayor, 458–9

Oberschall, A.(1998), 418

Obrenovic, General, 405

Oded, B.(1979), 41

Ognjenovic, Colonel, 395Ohlendorf, Otto von, 30, 263Old Nazis, 235, 237–9Omarska, 397ONU, 288, 289Operation Barbarossa, 209, 210Opium Wars, 73Oric, Naser, 417–18Osijek, 384, 385, 388Ostojici, 386Ottoman Empire, 113–15descent to murderous cleansing, 137–9and the Entente Powers, 173ethnicity in, 177and Germany, 173–5mono-religiousness of, 114–16Plan A in, 127, 134, 177Plan B in, 130, 131, 143, 145, 178Plan C in, 141, 145Plan D in, 144–5, 149

Ottoman Turkish state, 111. See alsoOttoman Empire

Palestinecause, proletarian tone of, 5Palestinians in, 5

Pan-German Party, 63Paraga, 367, 409Paragraph 47, German Army Code, 268paramilitaries, 8–9, 164–7, 391–5, 419–20,

421–2, 460–3, 468, 479, 493, 497,521

German, postwar, 195–6pariah states, 68Parikh, S.(1998), 481

Paris, E.(1961), 297

Partisans, 421party-states, 22Pasa, Ahmet Izzet, 147Peace Treaties of 1918, 66Peasants into Frenchmen (Weber, 1976), 59peasants, under Stalinism, 329Peng, Dehuai, 335–6“people, the,” 3, 502and the American Constitution, 55–69liberal version of, 55–61organic, 55stratified, 55






574 Index

Pequot War, 84Perez-Diaz, V.(1993), 62

perpetrator, 213–15. See also killer; namedindividual perpetrators

backgrounds, in Ottoman Empire,172–3

core constituencies of, 8–9elite, in the Ottoman Empire, 156–72factionalized official, in the Ottoman

Empire, 158–63factionalized soldier, in the Ottoman

Empire, 163–4levels of, 8–9levels of, in Rwanda, 449ministerial elite, in the Ottoman Empire,

156–63motives, in the Ukraine, 290motives of, 27–9, 504motives of Nazi, 188–95ordinary, in the Ottoman Empire, 167ordinary, in Yugoslavia, 418–23paramilitary, 164–7samples of, 216–39statist view of, 320–21

persecution, 527–9Philippines, 526–7Phleve, 64Plains Indians, 97Plan C, 503Plavsic, Biljana, 388–9, 420plunder (and tribute taking), 71pogroms, 15, 36, 43, 64–6, 194, 284in Byelorussia, 286Polish, 280–1

Pohl, D.(1996), 243, 289

Pol Pot, 340, 343, 344, 345, 346, 349Poland, 185–6, 280–1Poles, Hitler’s justification for killing,

175Poles in, 17, 272Poles in the Kaiserreich, 181politicide against Poles, 186

politicalenforcement, types of, 72–3instability, forms of, 7power relations, 6

“political soldier,” 163politicide, 16–17, 71, 186Assyrian, 40–1

in Burundi, 438in Cambodia, 340, 341in China, 337in Ethiopia, 309, 310in Indonesia, 497in Ottoman Empire, 144, 148in Rwanda, 430, 431, 440of Serbs, 296in Tibet, 338in Yugoslavia, 357

Pomaks, 307Pomiankowski, Vice-Marshal, 133“populace, the,” 56populationexchanges, 15exchanges, in Greater Serbia, 359in the Holy Roman Empire, 48transfers, 354

Porsche, 249Portugese, 71Potocari, 395powerbiological, 74, 75economic, 30–2, 38–9, 71–2ideological, 30, 37–8, 74military, 32, 39, 74, 96networks, and ethnic cleansing, 30political, 32, 39–40, 72–4social, sources of, 6, 37–40

pre-Columbian Indians, 76Prijedor, 403, 418Proctor, R.(1988), 215

professional ideologists, 75“proletarian nation,” 62Hutu as a, 431

proletariat, 4protectorates, 73, 80Protestant Scots, 15. See also ScotsProtocols of the Elders of Zion, 66Provencals, 14Prucha, F.(1994), 93

Prunier, G.(1995), 442(1997a), 434

Prussian Germany, 181expansion in, 182

“psychology of hard times,” 219,223

“psychosis of disappearance,” 133






Index 575

Punjab, 485“purge,” 325–6

qital, 518Quakers, 86Qur’an, 513–14

Rabushka A., and K. Shepsle(1972), 24

race, 85racial-genetic notions of human progress,

180Rademacher, Franz, 248radical elites, 8–9Radical Republicans (France), 62radicalization, 503of “ordinary Germans,” 206–8

Rahmi Bey, 159“RAM.” SeeMilosevic, Slobodan, Plan C for

SerbiaRamet, S.P.(1992), 420

Ramsey, Governor, 91, 94rape, 80, 102, 136, 152, 166, 287, 357–8,

420–1, 422, 462, 463, 481, 528. Seealso abuse, gender

Ras-ul-Ain, 171Rasch, Otto, 268rashtra, 474Raskovic, Jovan, 380, 384, 387, 388“ratio of representation,” 223rational choice theory, 23, 24, 26rationalityinstrumental, 188value, 188

Rauca, Sergeant Helmut, 265Ravenbruch, 200Ravens, 287Raw Nazis, 235, 237–9Raznatovic, Zeljko, 404Red Berets, 390, 394“redemptive anti-Semitism,” 192Refi, Kerim, 160refugee camps/associations, 196–7refugees, 67–8, 223–8Regat, 305, 306Reichenau, General, 273Reichl-Kir, 384, 388Reichleitner, Franz, 260Reichstag, 62Reinecke, General, 273

Reitlinger, G.(1968), 263

religion, 37–8salvation religions, 42–5, 57

religious warriors, 518–21Removal Act of 1830, 93Renfrew, C.(1972), 35

Renno, Georg, Dr., 205repressionexemplary, 16, 77, 99, 509exemplary, in America, 94, 96, 98exemplary, in the Caucasus, 113exemplary, in Ethiopia, 309exemplary, in Indonesia, 494exemplary, in Ireland, 50, 51exemplary, in the Ottoman Empire, 113,

147, 148exemplary, in Yugoslavia, 357policed, 15policed, in Rwanda, 435policed, total cultural, 15selective, in the Ottoman Empire, 130, 131selective, of Jews, 185selective policed, 15selective policed, in Cambodia, 341selective policed, in China, 337selective policed, under Stalinism, 323

Republic of Herceg-Bosna, 408, 409, 410Republika Srbska, 393, 395Resid, Dr., 172Reuter, Paul, 205“Revenge Operations,” 275“revenge-people,” 347Revolutionary Fascist Party, 311revolutionary projectscallous, 320mistaken, 15, 88, 319, 320, 336

Reyntjens, F.(1996), 442

Reza, Atif, 144Rhineland Missionary Society, 100Riggs, Reverend, 168“riot circle,” 475–81riots, escalating, 481–2, 499–501Ritz, Lieutenant Hans, 266Robinson, George, 83Rohm, Ernest, 197, 201Rohde, D.(2001), 494–5

Rohrbach, Dr. Paul, 101–2, 105, 107






576 Index

Roman Senate, 39Romania, 112, 302–7Iron Guard in, 282Plan A in, 303

Romanov Empire, 112Romans, 16Rome, 36, 39Ron, J.(2000), 393

Roosevelt, Theodore, vii, 94Rosenberg, 198Ross, 51Roth, N.(1995), 45

Rowley, C.(1972), 81, 83

RPF, 440, 441, 443, 466, 470RSHA, 243RSK. See Serb Republic of KrajinaRSS, 480, 481, 483, 485RTLM, 469Rugova, Ibrahim, 387Ruhengeri, 436, 447, 453Rummel, R.(1994), 22

Rupert, Prince, 52Rusengeri, 443Russians, 273Rutaganda, George, 461–2Ruzindana, Obed, 460Rwanda, 6, 430, 473African Rights (1994) report on, 449army death squads in, 447Belgian colonial rule in, 433casualties in, 430and the “cult of obedience,” 468–9destabilizing pressures in, 438–42French influence in, 449Human Rights Watch (1999) report on,

449international pressures on, 439–42mass media in, 444massacre of 1959, 438Organization of African Union (2000)

report on, 449paramilitaries in, 446Plan A in, 442premeditated genocide in, 442–8refugees from, 430sources documenting genocide in, 449Structural Adjustment Programme for, 439Tutsi invasion of 1990, 439

two economies in, 459UN International Criminal Tribunal for,

450U.S. influence in, 449youth groups in, 445–6

S-21, 346–7, 348–9SA, the, 197–8Sabrin, B.(1991), 189, 290

Sachsenhausen, 200Safa, Ismael, 161Safrian, H.(1993), 215

Sakir, Dr. Bahaeddin, 144Salo, 311Salonika, 127salvation religions, 513Samiti, 481Sanborn, General, 97Sand Creek, 98Sandberger, Dr. Martin, 269Santee Sioux Indians, 91Santic, Ivan, 411Santic, Vladimir, 414Sarajevo, 385Savic, Dinko, 296–7, 421Scarrit, J.(1993),

Schacht, 193Scharf, M.(1997), 418

Schechtman, J.(1962), 354

Schellenberg, Walter, 203–4Scherpe, Herbert, 253Schlieffen, Chief of Staff von, 104, 106Schonerer, 63Schroeder, Kurt, 249Schulz, Erwin, 268Schwammberger, Josef, 254Scots, 11. See also Protestant ScotsScott, Winfield, 94SD, the, 202–4officers in 1945, 217–18

SDA, 407SDB. See Serb Security PoliceSDP, 380secularism, 510security dilemma, 24Segev, T.(1987), 215






Index 577

segregation, 14, 72in America, 88, 90, 96in Australia, 82in Ethiopia, 310of Germans, 185of Jews, 193of Poles,in South West Africa, 100of Soviet Slavs, 186

Self-Defense Force, 283Semanza, Laurent, 455Semites, Middle Eastern, 35Sennacherib, 40September 11, 2001, 3Serafinowicz, Szymon, 287“Serb Adolf, the.” See Jelisic, GoranSerb nationalist parties, 389Serb Radical Party, 392Serb Republic of Krajina (RSK), 387Serb Security Police (SDB), 374Serbia, 112, 363, 366, 376, 379,

390–405ethnic self-identification in, 363

Serbian Guard, 392Serbian National Council, 387Serbian Renewal Party, 388Serbian Volunteer Guard, 392Serbs, 10, 16, 18, 19–20, 274precani, 363–4, 365

Serushago, Omar, 454Seselj, 367, 380, 391, 392settler, democracy, 107, 108–10Shakir, Dr., 160shari’a, 513–14Shastri, Professor Kesharram, 484Sheridan, General, 96, 97Sherman, General William Tecumseh, 92,

96–7, 109Shiragian, 171Shiv Sena, 480, 481, 483“Shoah.” See “Final Solution”Sholokhov, Mikhail, 324Shukru, 157Shukru Bey, 161Shulgin, 66Siber, I.(1993), 367

Sibley, General, 91Sikavica, 392Sikh jathas, 485Silica, 411Simpson, Sir George, 88

Sindikubwabo, President Theodore, 456Sioux Indians, 91, 94slaves, American, 89Slavka, 415Slavonia, 357Slavs, 185and the Bolshevik Revolution, 183in the Soviet Union, 187

Sliwinski, M.(1995), 342–3

Slovakia, 293–41938 Manifesto, 294Plan A in, 294

Slovenia, 367, 374, 376ethnic self-identification in, 363

Smircina, Lieutenant, 353Smith, A.(1986), 19

Smith, L.(1997), 34, 36, 40, 71

Snyder, J.(2000), 22

Sobibor, 259Social Darwinism, 79, 81, 98, 180, 181Social Democrats (Germany), 63socialism, 510, 511–12Socialist Party (SPS), 370, 371, 372–3, 389,

391Socialists of the Chair (Germany), 62“societal paranoia,” 133societies, stages of historical development in,

121Sofsky, W.(1997), 216

Sonderweg, 176Sorbians, 185Sorge, Gustav, 196–7South Africa, 6, 14South West Africa, 100Plan A in, 106Plan B in, 106Plan C in, 106

sovereign claims, 382–3Soviet Union, 186–8Plan A in, 322, 324Plan B in, 323Plan C in, 323Plan D in, 324Plan E in, 324

Spain. See Iberian peninsuladuring the Inquisition, 46, 47and Plan A, 77






578 Index

Spain (cont.)and Plan B, 78unification of, 45–6

“Special Organization.” See Teskilat-IMahsusa

Spenser, Edmund, 50SPS. See Socialist PartySrebrenica, 356, 358, 395, 405,

417SRS, 391SS, The, 198–200Galician Division, 290

Stahlecker, 269, 283, 284Stalinism, 321–30phases of, 322

Stalinists, 17Stange, General, 165Stangl, Franz, 260–1, 262Stark, Johannes, 254state elites, 21statists, 6Statute of Kilkenny (1366), 49Staub, E.(1992), 219

Stauffenberg family, 250Stedman, S.(2002), 527

Steinberg, J.(1990), 311

“Stela.” SeeMartinovicStrauch, Colonel, 251Straus, S.(2004), 449, 453, 463–4, 465, 466,

467, 469structural adjustment programs, 512Student, General, 275Stuermer, H.(1917), 123, 172, 174

Suad, Ali, 160Suchomel, Franz, 262Sudan, 429Sudetenland, 227–8Sudetic, 398–9“Sugerfoot Jack,” 98Sukru, Midhat, 144Sultania, 146Sumatra, 491Sunstein, C.(2000), 25

superiority, ideologies of, 74–5suppressioncultural, 14, 17

cultural, in America, 87cultural, in Romania, 303

Susak, 386, 408Switzerland, 60syncretic religion, 37Szalasi, 302Szeged Idea, 300

T4, 185, 204–5, 214, 241, 256–60Tadic, Dusko, 401Tahsin Pasha, 147taifa, 114Talaat Pasha, 123, 129, 132, 141, 144, 148,

149–50, 154–5Tambiah, S.(1996), 22, 466, 476, 477, 479, 481(1998), 441

Tamil Tigers, 481Tanic, 396Tanzania, 428Tartars, 329Tasmania, 82–3Taylor, Zachary, 94Tekinalp, 131Tenochtitlan, 77Tepeaca, 77terra nullius, 84Teskilat-I Mahsusa, 144, 164–7Teslic, 400theo-democracy, 513, 514Theodoric, King, 35Theresianstadt, 293Thion, S.(1983), 349(1993), 341

Third Spanish Republic (1930s), 60Thirty Years War (1618–48), 48, 49Thompson, T.(1992), 380, 399

“Three Mountains, the,” 348Thunder Cross, 282Tibet, 338–9“cultural genocide” in, 338Plan A in, 339Plan C in, 339

Tiso, 63Tito, Marshall, 366toleration, 13Tomasic, Professor, 354Topalovic, Musan, 418Torkildsen, 391Torquemada, 46






Index 579

Tothill, Colonel, 52trade, 71Trail of Tears, 93Trapp, Major, 267, 270Trawnicki training camp, 291Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 117Treblinka, 259triangle of tension, 81tribute taking. See plunderTrieste, in Italy, 310Trifan, Valerian, 303–4Trigger, B.(1994), 74

Tripura, 489Trotha, General von, 104, 106, 107, 109Trumpener, U.(1968), 158

Tudjman, 367, 377–8, 379, 380, 388, 390,407, 425, 426

“Tula.” See NaletilicTuol-Sleng. See S-21Turan, 132Turikinkiko, 464, 466Turkish nationalism, 119–24Turkish refugees, 116Turks, 6, 114–15, 307Turner, Colonel, 275Tutsis, 8, 10, 17, 430, 431, 432–48

Udovicki, J.(1997), 359

Uganda, 439Ukraine, 288–93, 327Plan A in, 288Plan B in, 288Plan C in, 289

Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Battalions, 290UN War Crimes Tribunals, 527–8United States, 13, 83–98. See also

AmericaUNO, 305Untermenschen, 187, 272Ustasha, 16, 294–8, 362, 363, 377, 379, 380,

386, 394, 404, 421utilitarian genocide, 71Uwizeye, Prefect, 457, 459

vacuum domicilium, 84Vajpayee, Prime Minister Atal Behari, 484Valencia, 47Valenta, Anto, 408, 411value-rational action, 26, 88

Van, 147Vance-Owen Plan (1992), 391, 406, 410,

423Vaps, 282Varshney, A.(2002), 475, 478

Vasiljevic, General, 394Veesenmayer, Edmund, 245Vekic, Ivan, 421Verbannung, 191Vernictung, 191Versailles, 67Vickery, M.(1983), 349(1984), 347

Virginia, 84Visnjica, 406Visogoths, 35Vitez, 385, 406, 408, 410Vitezi, 409Vivitsky, B.(1990), 291

“Voja Chetnik,” 398Vojvodina, 354, 363Vucevik, 385, 388Vukcevic, 388Vukovar, 356Vulliamy, E.(1994), 359, 408, 410(1996), 403–4

Waffen-SS, 271, 279Wagner, Gustav, 261Wagner, M.(1998), 431, 460, 468

Waldheim, Kurt, 275Wales, 57–9Wallace, A.(1999), 98

Walter, Bernhard, 254War Academy, 122“war communism,” 321war criminalsand disrupted employment, 222economic data on, 232–4and life traumas, 222–3and prewar criminal marginality, 223renegade Catholics as, 228–32samples of, 218–39from threatened border regions, 223–8,

232wartime Nazis, 237–9






580 Index

wartime patriotism, 194Washington, George, 92Watkins, S.(1991), 59

Weber, Eugene, 59Weber, Max, 25–6, 72, 188, 425“weekend Chetniks,” 421Wegner, B.(1990), 200

Wehrmacht, 272–6Wehrverbande, 195Weingast, B.(1998), 24

Weinman, Ernst, 235, 264Weinman, Erwin, 264Welsh people, 14Werner, Hans-Ulrich, 266Werth, N.(1999), 330

Western Slavonia, 405Wexford, 51White Eagles, 392, 403Whitlam, Gough, 82Wilson, Woodrow, 67Wimmer, A.(2002), 3

Windhoek, 102Winkelman, Lieutenant-General Otto,

245Winthrop, John, 85Wirth, Christian, 260, 269Wirths, Eduard, 256Wisliceny, Dieter, 244, 245World War I, 134, 135–6, 138World War I, changes to Germany as a

result of, 182–3WVHA, 243

Xinyiang, 338

Yalcin. See Cahit, HuseyinYalman, A.E.(1972), 159

Yathay, P.(1987), 341, 345

Yevdokimov, Count, 100Yiftachel, O.(1999), 22, 519

Young Nazis, 235, 237–9“Young Turks,” 111–20, 124–31, 139Young Turks Congress (1902), 120Yozgat Special Forces, 166Yugoslavia, 6, 353, 356, 423casualties in, 356economic conflict in, 364elections of 1990, 367–9, 384organic nationalism in, 376–81Yugoslav army (JNA), 376, 377, 389, 390,

393–4, 395

Zagreb, 379ZANU, 429ZAPU, 429Zeco, Dr., 411, 412Zeitun, 146Zeki, Salh, 160Zelko, 420zemstvo, 62Zenica, 409“Zero Network,” 447Zimbabwe, language in, 429Zionism, 65Zucotti, S.(1987), 311

Zyklon B gas, 187, 241






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