IGNOUBSHF-101FreeSolvedAssignment2012...

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IGNOU BSHF-101 Free Solved Assignment 2012Presented by http://www.IGNOU4U.Blogspot.com

Foundation Course in Humanities and Social Sciences

Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA)

Course Code: BSHF-101Assignment Code: BSHF-101/AST/TMA/2011-12

Total Marks: 100

Note: Instructions are there with each section.

Answer any two questions in 500 words each. (DCQ)

Q1. Compare and contrast the terms 'Industrial' and 'Post - industrial'

societies. 20

Solution: In sociology, industrial society refers to a society driven by the use oftechnology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high

capacity for division of labour. Such a structure developed in the west in the

period of time following the Industrial Revolution, and replaced the agrariansocieties of the Pre-modern, Pre-industrial age. Industrial societies are generallymass societies, and may be succeeded by an Information society. They are oftencontrasted to with the traditional societies. Industrial society is characterized by

the use of external energy sources, such as fossil fuels, to increase the rate andscale of production. The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms

where the products of industry, such as combine harvesters and fossil fuel based

fertilizers, are used to decrease required human labor while increasingproduction. No longer needed for the production of food, excess labor is moved

into these factories where mechanization is utilized to further increaseefficiency. As populations grow, and mechanization is further refined, often to

the level of automation, many workers shift to expanding service industries.Industrial society makes urbanization desirable, in part so that workers can becloser to centers of production, and the service industry can provide labor to

workers and those that benefit financially from them, in exchange for a piece ofproduction profits with which they can buy goods. This leads to the rise of very

large cities and surrounding suburban areas with a high rate of economicactivity.

These urban centers require the input of external energy sources in order toovercome the diminishing returns of agricultural consolidation, due partially to

the lack of nearby arable land, associated transportation and storage costs, andare otherwise unsustainable. This makes the reliable availability of the neededenergy resources high priority in industrial government policies.

Some theoreticiansnamely Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens and ManuelCastells -- argue that we are located in the middle of a transformation or

transition from industrial societies to post-modern societies. The triggeringtechnology for the change from an agricultural to an industrial organization wassteam power, allowing mass production and reducing the agricultural work


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necessary. Thus many industrial cities are built around rivers. Identified ascatalyst or trigger for the transition to post-modern or informational society is

global information technology.

If a nation becomes "post-industrial" it passes through, or dodges, a phase of

society predominated by a manufacturing-based economy and moves on to astructure of society based on the provision of information, innovation, finance,

and services. A virtual cult of 'creatives' have sprung up embodying and oftendescribing and defending the post-industrial ethos. They argue that businesses

that create intangibles have taken a more prominent role in the wake ofmanufacturing's decline and that in some countries, the production of creativeintangibles produces more exports than manufacturing alone. Actor and artistic

director of the Old Vic Theatre, Kevin Spacey, has argued the economic casefor the arts in terms of providing jobs and being of greater importance in exports

than manufacturing (as well as an educational role) in a guest column he wrote

for The Times.As the term has been used, a few common themes (not limited tothose below) have begun to emerge. The economy undergoes a transition from

the production of goods to the provision of services. Knowledge becomes avalued form of capital (e.g., the knowledge produced through the Human

Genome Project).

Producing ideas is the main way to grow the economy. Through processes ofglobalization and automation, the value and importance to the economy of blue-

collar, unionized work, including manual labor (e.g., assembly-line work)decline, and those of professional workers (e.g. scientists, creative-industry

professionals, and IT professionals) grow in value and prevalence. Behavioral

and information sciences and technologies are developed and implemented.(e.g. behavioral economics, information architecture, cybernetics, Game theory

and Information theory.=========================================================Q2. Does the Juvenile Justice Act ameliorate the problems of the orphaned

delinquent and destitute children? 20

Solution: As Above Mention Answer any two questions!!

.

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Q3. Discuss some of the key issues of peace and conflict which the United

nations is focusing on today. 20


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Q4. What do you understand by the term 'human security'? Discuss.


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Solution: Human security is an emerging paradigm for understanding global

vulnerabilities whose proponents challenge the traditional notion of nationalsecurity by arguing that the proper referent for security should be the individual

rather than the state. Human security holds that a people-centered view of

security is necessary for national, regional and global stability. The conceptemerged from a post-Cold War, multi-disciplinary understanding of security

involving a number of research fields, including development studies,international relations, strategic studies, and human rights. The United Nations

Development Programmers 1994 Human Development Report is considered amilestone publication in the field of human security, with its argument thatinsuring "freedom from want" and "freedom from fear" for all persons is the

best path to tackle the problem of global insecurity. Frequently referred to in awide variety of global policy discussions and scholarly journals,

Critics of the concept argue that its vagueness undermines its effectiveness;[4]

that it has become little more than a vehicle for activists wishing to promotecertain causes; and that it does not help the research community understand

what security means or help decision makers to formulate good policies.

Human security focuses on the protection of individuals, rather than defending

the physical and political integrity of states from external military threats - thetraditional goal of national security. Ideally, national security and human

security should be mutually reinforcing, but in the last 100 years far morepeople have died as a direct or indirect consequence of the actions of their own

governments or rebel forces in civil wars than have been killed by invading

foreign armies. Acting in the name of national security, governments can poseprofound threats to human security.The application of human security is highlyrelevant within the area of humanitarian intervention, as it focuses onaddressing the deep rooted and multi-factorial problems inherent in

humanitarian crises, and offers more long term resolutions. In general, the termhumanitarian intervention generally applies to when a state uses force against

another state in order to alleviate suffering in the latter state (See, humanitarianintervention).

Under the traditional security paradigm humanitarian intervention is

contentious. As discussed above, the traditional security paradigm places

emphasis on the notion of states. Hence, the principles of state sovereignty andnon-intervention that are paramount in the traditional security paradigm make itdifficult to justify the intervention of other states in internal disputes. Through

the development of clear principles based on the human security concept, therehas been a step forward in the development of clear rules of when humanitarianintervention can occur and the obligations of states that intervene in the internal

disputes of a state.


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These principles on humanitarian intervention are the product of a debatepushed by United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan. He posed a challenge

to the international community to find a new approach to humanitarianintervention that responded to its inherent problems.[29] In 2001, the

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS)

produced the "The Responsibility to protect", a comprehensive report detailinghow the right of humanitarian intervention could be exercised. It was

considered a triumph for the human security approach as it emphasized andgathered much needed attention to some of its main principles:

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Answer any four questions in 250 words each. (MCQ)

Q5. Highlight key issues in modern governance. 12

Solution:Governance is currently a key issue not only for higher educationinstitutions but for society as a whole. The way organizations are managed, thedirections they take and the values they hold send clear signals about their role

and functions in society. For this reason, the governance structures ofuniversities were unquestioned for most of the twentieth century. Yet in the

final decades of that century significant changes were starting to be felt. The

most important of these changes related to the way universities were viewed bygovernments. In particular, the role of universities in contributing to national

economies was being recognized. Greater accountability and more intensescrutiny from the outside meant that the traditional values of universities were

being challenged. The task of universities, and for society as a whole, is to

develop strategies that will retain the best of what universities have traditionallystood for while responding positively to new pressures and priorities. This paper

advances the concept of `deliberative partnerships'' as one way to reconstructuniversity governance in a positive way for the future. Key Words:

accountability, education policy, higher education, management, organizationalefficiency, public sector, university governance

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Q6. Discuss the role of Gandhi during the national movement. 12

Solution: Gandhi initially favoured offering "non-violent moral support" to theBritish effort when World War II broke out in 1939, but the Congressional

leaders were offended by the unilateral inclusion of India in the war withoutconsultation of the people's representatives. All Congressmen resigned fromoffice. After long deliberations, Gandhi declared that India could not be party to

a war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom while that freedom wasdenied to India itself. As the war progressed, Gandhi intensified his demand for


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independence, calling for the British to Quit India in a speech at Gowalia TankMaidan. This was Gandhi's and the Congress Party's most definitive revolt

aimed at securing the British exit from India.Gandhi was criticised by some Congress party members and other Indian

political groups, both pro-British and anti-British. Some felt that not supporting

Britain more in its struggle against Nazi Germany was unethical. Others felt thatGandhi's refusal for India to participate in the war was insufficient and more

direct opposition should be taken, while Britain fought against Nazism yetcontinued to contradict itself by refusing to grant India Independence. Quit

India became the most forceful movement in the history of the struggle, withmass arrests and violence on an unprecedented scale. Thousands of freedomfighters were killed or injured by police gunfire, and hundreds of thousands

were arrested. Gandhi and his supporters made it clear they would not supportthe war effort unless India were granted immediate independence. He even

clarified that this time the movement would not be stopped if individual acts of

violence were committed, saying that the "ordered anarchy" around him was"worse than real anarchy." He called on all Congressmen and Indians to

maintain discipline via ahimsa, and Karo Ya Maro ("Do or Die") in the cause ofultimate freedom.[citation needed]

Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay

by the British on 9 August 1942. Gandhi was held for two years in the AgaKhan Palace in Pune. It was here that Gandhi suffered two terrible blows in his

personal life. His 50-year old secretary Mahadev Desai died of a heart attack 6days later and his wife Kasturba died after 18 months imprisonment on 22

February 1944; six weeks later Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack. He was

released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing healthand necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the

nation. He came out of detention to an altered political scenethe MuslimLeague for example, which a few years earlier had appeared marginal, "now

occupied the centre of the political stage"[64] and the topic of Jinnah'scampaign for Pakistan was a major talking point. Gandhi met Jinnah in

September 1944 in Bombay but Jinnah rejected, on the grounds that it fell shortof a fully independent Pakistan, his proposal of the right of Muslim provinces to

opt out of substantial parts of the forthcoming political union

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Q7. Critically examine the role of the institution of family. 12

Solution: The institution of family is a basic unit in the society, and themultifaceted functions performed by it makes it a much-needed institution in asociety. Some of the important functions performed by the family include,

reproduction of new members and socializing them, and provision of emotionaland physical care for older persons an young. Family in fact, is an institution


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which resolves or eases a large number of socia problems. The term family hadbeen defined by various sociologists and anthropologists.

Murdock (1949), after studying over 250 multi-cultural societies defines familyas a social group characterized by common residence, economic co-operation

and

Reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain asocially approved sexual relationship and one or more children - own or adopted

- of the sexual cohabiting adults. The household is said to be the livingarrangement of such a family unit.

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Q8. What do you understand by the term 'digital divide'? Discuss. 12

Solution: As Above Mention Answer Any Four Questions !!

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Q9. Comment briefly on the modern Indian painting. 12

Solution: As Above Mention Answer Any Four Questions

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Q10. Discuss the measures India took to respond to the current phase of

globalisation. 12


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Q11. What do you understand by the term Renaissance? Discuss. 12

Solution: The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later

spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer tothe historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform

across Europe, this is a general use of the term. As a cultural movement, it

encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and a

resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linearperspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance

being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as wellas social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic

developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinciand Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".


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There is a consensus the Renaissance began in Florence, Tuscany in the 14thcentury. Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and

characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civicpeculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its

dominant family, the Medici and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to

Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and there has been

much debate among historians as to the usefulness of Renaissance as a term andas a historical delineation.Some have called into question whether the

Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it asa period of pessimism and nostalgia for the classical age, while others haveinstead focused on the continuity between the two eras. Indeed, some have

called for an end to the use of the term, which they see as a product ofpresentism the use of history to validate and glorify modern ideals. The word

Renaissance has also been used to describe other historical and cultural

movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the12th century.

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Q12. Give your own views on how to study society. 12


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Answer any two in 100 words each. (SCQ) 6+6

Q13. a) Social structureSolution: Social structure is a term used in the social sciences to refer to

patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from anddeterminant of the actions of the individuals. The usage of the term "social

structure" has changed over time and may reflect the various levels of analysiswithin differing sub-fields of sociology. On the macro scale, it can refer to the

system of socioeconomic stratification (e.g., the class structure), socialinstitutions, or, other patterned relations between large social groups. On the

meso scale, it can refer to the structure of social network ties between

individuals or organizations. On the micro scale, it can refer to the way norms

shape the behavior of actors within the social system.These meanings are not always kept separate. For example, recent scholarshipby John Levi Martin has theorized that certain macro-scale structures are the

emergent properties of micro-scale cultural institutions (this meaning of"structure" resembles that used by anthropologist Claude Lvi-Strauss). Marxistsociology also has a history of mixing different meanings of social structure,

though it has done so by simply treating the cultural aspects of social structureas epiphenomena of its economic ones.


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Since the 1930s, the term has been in general use in social science,[1] especiallyas a variable whose sub-components needed to be distinguished in relationship

to other sociological variables.

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b) Swaras in Indian classical musicSolution: The seven notes of the scale (swaras), in Indian music are named

shadja, rishabh, gandhar, madhyam, pancham, dhaivat and nishad, and areshortened to Sa, Ri (Carnatic) or Re (Hindustani), Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, and Ni and

written S, R, G, M, P, D, N. Collectively these notes are known as the sargam(the word is an acronym of the consonants of the first four swaras). Sargam isthe Indian equivalent to solfege, a technique for the teaching of sight-singing.

Sargam is practiced against a drone. The tone Sa is not associated with anyparticular pitch. As in Western moveable-Do solfge, Sa refers to the tonic of a

piece or scale rather than to any particular pitch.

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c) Planning in India


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d) Rio Summit


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