i r i n e J v a n i a `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari ... · mdgomareobs, rom adamiani misTvis...
Transcript of i r i n e J v a n i a `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari ... · mdgomareobs, rom adamiani misTvis...
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iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti
i r i n e J v a n i a
`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebis
kvleva da maTze moqmedi faqtorebi
fsiqologiaSi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris
akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
naSromi Sesrulebulia iv.javaxiSvilis sax.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
samecniero xelmZRvaneli:
fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati
dali farjanaZe
Tbilisi
2008
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Sinaarsi
Sesavali 4
Tavi I: `me~-s problema fsiqologiaSi
1.1. pirovnebis cneba fsiqologiaSi 14
1.2. `me~-s cneba fsiqologiaSi 24
1.3. ra aris `me _ koncefcia~ 38
Tavi II: TviTSefasebis sakiTxi fsiqologiaSi
2.1 TviTSefasebis raoba 41
2.2. `realuri~ da `idealuri~ me 49
Tavi III: `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdariKkonsensusis~
efeqtebis kvleva
3.1. sakiTxis dasma (I seria) 52
3.2. meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera 59
3.3 Sedegebis analizi 61
Tavi IV: pirovnuli niSnebis `sxvebSi~ gavrcelebulobis tendencia
4.1 sakiTxis dasma (II seria) 65
4.2. kvlevis III seria 70
Tavi V: `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~
efeqtebis kavSiri TviTSefasebasTan
5.1. kvlevis IV seria 74
5. 2. meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera 75
5. 3. Sedegebis analizi 77
Tavi VI miRebuli Sedegebis ganxilva
6. 1. kvlevis I seriis Sedegebis ganxilva 101
6. 2. kvlevis II da III seriis Sedegebis ganxilva 103
6. 3. kvlevis IV seriis Sedegebis ganxilva 104
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saboloo daskvnebi 103
gamoyenebuli literatura 109
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Sesavali
pirovnebis kvlevas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. mecnierebi ukve didi
xania cdiloben gascen pasuxi pirovnebis bunebasTan, adamianis Sinagan
samyarosTan, mis ganviTarebasa da qcevasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebs.
miuxedavad amisa, pirovnebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebis kvleva
dResac aqtiurad mimdinareobs da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sfero
amouwuravia.
wlebis manZilzePpirovnebis kvlevis sxvadasxva midgoma yalibdeba
da gamomdinare avtorTa mosazrebebidan pirovnebis gansxvavebuli
aspeqtebia win wamoweuli. mTeli rigi arsebuli Teoriebisa SeiZleba or
did jgufad daiyos: 1. Teoriebi, romlis mixedviTac Sinagan Zalebs,
konstituciur pirobebs, struqturul simyares, garemos zemoqmedebidan
SedarebiT damoukideblobas eniWeba upiratesoba da pirovneba gagebulia,
rogorc SedarebiT stabiluri organizacia (kontinenturi Teoriebi); 2.
es Teoriebs aqcenti gadaaqvT garegan gamovlinebebze; qcevis motorul
komponentebsa da interpersonalur urTierTobebze. pirovneba gagebulia,
rogorc SedarebiT labiluri organizacia (anglosaqsur Teoriebi).
unda iTqvas, rom Cveni kvelva swored orive mosazrebas aerTianebs
da gulisxmobs, rogorc Rrma Sinagani aspeqtebs, aseve am aspeqtebis
saSualebiT sxvebTan mimarTebis damyarebas.
adamianis, rogorc mTlianobis fsiqikuri kanonzomierebis kvleva
gvibiZgebs am mTlianobis centris `me~-s Seswavlisken. `me~-s, romelic
rTul sistemas warmoadgens, adamianis arsebobasa da funqcionirebaSi
centraluri adgili uWiravs. `me~ moicavs, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari
pirovnebis Sesaxeb codnas (me-koncefcias) da sakuTari pirovnebis
Sefasebas (TviTSefasebas).
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba imis garkvevas, Tu pirovnebis
TviTSefasebisas ra rols asrulebs sakuTari Tvisebebisa da
Sexedulebebis obieqtivacia. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom mxolod es ar
aris sakmarisi da isic dadgenilia, rom TviTSefasebis CamoyalibebaSi
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sakuTari Tavis obieqtivaciis garda socialuri garemo da
interpersonaluri urTierTobebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben;
TviTSefasebis bevri meTodi sakuTari pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
SefasebaSi sxvebis Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs.
Aamave dros, bolo wlebSi dadgenilma kanonzomierebebma
gamoavlina kidev erTi Sre, erTi apeqti, romelic moicavs TviTSefasebas,
da romelic Rirebuli informaciis matarebeli unda iyos TviTSefasebis
arsis dadgenisaTvis.
rogorc aRmoCnda, adamians aqvs tendencia Seiqmnas da SeinarCunos
sakuTari Tavis unikalurobis gancda. anu, rodesac adamians unda, rom
xazi gausvas Tavis gamorCeulobas – unikalurobas, maSin igi axdens am
maxasiaTeblebis matarebeli `sxvebis~ ricxvis Seufaseblobas. mas
urCevnia ifiqros, rom misTvis damaxasiTebeli dadebiTi Tvisebebi,
misaRebi an efeqturi qceva naklebad aris sazogadoebaSi gavcelebuli.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, am avtorTa monacemebis mixedviT, mcirea im
adamianTa ricxvi, romelic analogiuri Tvisebebisa da unarebis
matarebelia; sazogadoebaSi mcirea im adamianTa raodenoba, romelic
iseTive efeqtur qcevas anxorcielebs. dRes, fsiqologiaSi es tendencia
cnobilia `mcdari unkilarurobis efeqtis~ saxeliT (goetlandi da
sxvebi, 1991). [68]
meores mxriv, arsebobs sxvebis `gadafasebis~ tendenciac. 1977
wels rosma, grinma da housma gamoaqveynes gamokvlevaTa seria, ramac
saTave daudo e.w. `mcdari konsensusis efeqtis~ kvlevas [62]. socialuri
mikerZoebis es tendencia vlindeba admianis mier im faqtis gadafasebaSi,
rom `sxvebic~ mis msgavsad iqcevian (magram is qceva, romelic met-
naklebad sasurvelia) an fiqroben. anu adamians urCevnia ifiqros, rom
misi Sexeduleba sakmaod gavrcelebulia da bevri iziarebs (krugeri&
klementi, 1994; marks&mileri, 1987); im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia naklebad sasurveli qceva Tvlis, rom didia im
adamianTa ricxvi, romelic analogiurad iqceva. Aam SemTxvevaSi adgili
aqvs `mcdari konsensusis efeqts~, anu tendencias, romelic sxvebSi
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naklebad sasurveli qcevisa Tu Sexedulebebis, sakuTari poziciebis
gavrcelebas gulisxmobs.
amrigad, fsiqologiur literaturaSi Semovida ori cneba `mcdari
unikalurobis efeqti~ da `mcdari konsensusis efeqti~, romelic
uSualod aris dakavSirebuli pirovnebis fsiqologiis iseT
mniSvnelovan sferosTan, rogoric aris `me-koncefcia~ da TviTSefaseba.
Cveni azriT, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT am efeqtebis kvleva
mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac SesaZleblobas iZleva damatebiTi
informacia iqnas miRebuli `me-koncefciisa~ da TviTSefasebaze moqmedi
faqtorebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gamokveTen im dafarul tendenciebs, rac
TviTSefasebas axlavs Tan da romelTa gamovlena da Seswavla am
efeqtebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe garTuldeba. Sesabamisad, `mcdari
unikalurobisa” da `mcdari knsensusis” efeqtebis gamovlena da
gaTvaliswineba, Cveni azriT, xels Seuwyobs TviTSefasebisa da `me-
koncefciis~ Sesaxeb axali monacemebis mopovebas. Aamdenad, es ori
movlena gulisxmobs ara mxolod sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas, aramed
sakuTari pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis, Tu pirovnuli poziciebis
(Sexeduleba) mixedviT sxvaTa Sefasebas da maTSi am parametrebis
aRmoCenas an ver danaxvas.
miuxedavda am movlenisadmi arsebuli didi interesisa da
warmoebuli kvlevebisa, Cveni azriT, sakiTxi ar aris bolomde
Seswavlili da gaanalizebuli. Aaq sirTules warmoadgens TviTSefasebis
struqtura, romelSic gadxlarTuli da integrirebulia rogorc
zogadi, ise socialur da diferencialur fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi da
mimarTebebi.
am mxriv didi mniSvneloba hqonda leon festingeris `socialuri
Sedarebis Teorias~, romelmac Sefasebis procesSi xazi gausva
interpersonalur urTierTobebs.
aseve aRsaniSnavia da xazgasasmelia frans haideris (1944)
atribuciis Teoria. haideri miiCnevs, rom kauzaluri atribuciis
procesis ragvarobam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios daSvebebze konkretuli
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qcevis Cveulebrivobaze, anu `mcdar konsensusze~. avtori aRniSnavs, rom
Tu subieqti konkretuli qcevis mizezs miawers situacias, mosalodnelia
am dros konsensusis maRali done davinaxoT. xolo Tu qcevis mizezi
pirovnul dispoziciebs miewereba, maSin naklebad aris mosalodneli me-
sa da sxvebs Soris reaqciaTa msgavsebis Sesaxeb varaudi. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom es aris mcdeloba `mcdari konsensusis efqtis~ axsnisa,
magram sxva kuTxiT ganxiluli, romelic mizezebze akeTebs aqcents da
Sefaseba mizezebiT aris ganpirobebuli. (garegani Tu Sinagani mizezebi)
[29] [68].
sainteresoa orive am efeqtis ganxilva sakuTar dispoziciebTan
(am SemTxvevaSi sakuTari Tavisadmi arsebuli damokidebulebis,
TviTSefasebis) mimarTebaSi da am mimarTebis gafarToebis, gavrcobisa da
sxvaSi gadatanis kuTxiT, romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva faqtoris
zemoqmedebas.
`mcdari unikalobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc TviTSefasebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganzomileba.
vfiqrobT, rom misi gamovlenis SesaZlebloba, agreTve intensivoba da
xasiaTi damokidebuli unda iyos mTeli rigi faqtorebis zemoqmedebaze,
maT Soris, ara mxolod TviTSefasebis konkretul pirovnul
maxasiaTebelze (Sexeduleba, pirovnuli niSani, qceva) aseve
TviTSefasebis xasiaTze (maRali-dabali) da TviT am pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblis afeqturobis TvalsazrisiT Sefasebaze.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am kuTxiT TviTSefasebis kvlevas
literaturaSi ver vxdebiT.
Aam faqtorebis moqmedebis Seswavla SesaZleblobas mogvcems
avxsnaT am efeqtebis gamovlenis iterindividualuri gansxvavebani.
rogorc aRvniSneT, `mcdari unikalurobis efeqtis~ arsi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom adamiani misTvis damaxasiaTebel sasurvel da efeqtur
qcevas unikalurad miiCnevs (aseve es dadasturebulia dadebiTi niSnebis
SemTxvevaSic) (marqsi, 1984); [56]. xolo `mcdari konsensusis efeqti~ ki
gulisxmobs, rom adamianis pirovnuli pozicia da misTvis
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damaxasiaTebeli araefeqturi qceva sakmaod gavrcelebulia. am
tendenciasTan mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva avtorebTan ganxilulia
Sexedulebis; arasasurveli da araefqturi qcevis gavrceleba-
aragvrcelebulobis sakiTxi. xolo Cven davayaneT ara zogadad
arasasurveli qcevis problema, aramed uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnebis
gavrcelebulobis sakiTxi da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqti am kuTxiTac
vikvlieT.
gamomdinare am movlenebis bunebidan da mniSvnelobidan dgeba
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb Tu ramdenad aris am efeqtebis arseboba zogadi da
universaluri kannzomierebebi, Tu kulturaze damokidebulia. Aanu,
arsebobs Tu ara am mxriv kulturaTa Soris gansxvaveba. am sakiTxis
gadsawyvetad, mniSvnelovania qarTul populaciaze misi Seswavla.
sakiTxis Seswavla TviTSefasebis process efuZneba. Mmiuxedavad
TviTSefasebis SedarebiT farTod Seswavlisa da misi gansxvavebuli
formebis arsebobisa, literaturaSi naklebad gvxvdeba TviTSefasebis
obieqtad am saxis TviTSfaseba, anu rodesac adamiani ara mxolod
sakuTar Tavs afasebs ama Tu im niSnis, Tu Sexedulebis safuZvelze,
aramed afasebs mis gavrcelebulobasac sxvebSi; Aanu, sxvebSi mis
arseboba-ararsebobas.
aseve, SromaSi ganxilulia im faqtorTa moqmedebac, romelTac
SeuZliaT ganapirobon, rogorc sakuTari Tavisadmi metad Tu naklebad
miwera ama Tu im pirovnuli niSnisa, aseve sxvebSi am niSnebis metad Tu
naklebad gadatana. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, SesaZlebelia arsebobdes
faqtorebi, romelTac garkveuli gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT `mcdari
unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze. vfiqrobT, rom erT-
erT aseTi faqtori SeiZleba iyos swored TviTSefasebis foremebi.
magaliTad, TviTSefasebis maRali an dabali done, romeliTac adamianebi
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian.
amrigad, naSromis aqtualobas ganszaRvravs is garemoeba, rom
TviTSefasebis procesSi `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcadri
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konsensusis~ efeqtebis moqmedebis universalobis sakiTxi wydeba da
Seiswavleba masze moqmedi zemoTaRniSnuli faqtorebi..
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiaSi `me~ da misi es aspeqti
(TviTSefaseba) farTod aris Seswavlili, am kuTxiT TviTSefasebis
ganxilva siaxles warmoadgens da amdenad aqtualuria.
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kvlevis mizani da amocanebi
pirovnebis qcevisa da misi Sinagani dinamikis ganviTarebisaTvis
didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas, anu TviTSefasebas.
adamiani Tavis Tavs sworad an arasworad afasebs. Tvisebebs, romelsac
Cven sakuTar Tavs mivawerT xSirad ar aris obieqturi da mas sxvebi ar
eTanxmebian. xSirad adamianebi cdiloben sakuTar Tavs raime
gansakuTrebuli Tviseba an unari miaweron, romelic maT gamoarCevs
sxvebisagan.
Cveni Sroma, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, adamianis mier sakuTari
Tavis Sefasebasa da misTvis damaxasiTebeli niSnebis, misi Sexedulebebis
gavrcelebulobis sakiTxs eZRvneba.
winamdebare kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda pirovnebi gansxvavebul
maxasiaTebelTa mimarT `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~
efeqtebis, rogorc zogadi kanonzomierebebis kvleva, anu sakuTari
pirovnuli Tvisebis/Sexedulebis Sefasebasa da am Tvisebis/Sexedulebis,
igive pirovnebis TvalsazrisiT, sxvebSi gavrcelebulobis
urTierTkavSiris kvleva.
Aaseve, gvainteresebda dagvedgina vlindeba Tu ara yvela
arasasurveli pirovnuli maxsiaTeblis mimarT `mcdari konsensusis
efeqti”, anu gvainteresebda gvenaxa sakuTari Tavis uaryofiTi Tvisebebis
mixedviT Sefasebisas, moqmedebs Tu ara `mcdari konsensusis efeqti~.
Dda bolos, im faqtorebis dadgena, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze, anu im
faqtorTa moqmedebis Seswavla, romelTac SeuZlia Secvalos mimarTeba
sakuTar Tvisebebis da igive Tvisebebis sxvebSi gavrcelebulobas Soris.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gvainteresebda gvenaxa, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
TviTSefasebis forma (TviTSefasebis maRali/dabali done) `mcdari
unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze.
es mizani dakonkretda Semdegi ZiriTadi amocanebis saxiT:
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sakuTari dadebiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT sxvebis Sefasebisas
`mcdari unikalurobis efqetis~ moqmedebis dadgena;
sakuTari Sexdulebebis gavrcelebulobis tedenciis
gansazRvra;
sakuTari uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnis mixedviT sxvebis
Sefasebisas `mcdari konsensusis efeqtis~ dadgena;
`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze
TviTSefasebis donis gavlenis kvleva;
pirovnuli niSnebis valentobis (+/_) siZlieris mixedviT
Tvisebebis identificireba da aRniSnul efeqtebze maTi gavlenis
Seswavla.
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naSomis siaxle
Catarebulma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom qarTul populaciaSic
TviTSefasebis procesSi adgili aqvs `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari
konsensusis~ efeqtebis moqmedebas. Aanu, xdeba sakuTari dadebiTi
Tvisebebis sxvebisadmi naklebad miwera; xolo sakuTari uaryofiTi
Tvisebebisa da pirovnuli poziciis sxvebSi gavrceleba.
aseve gamovlinda TviTSefasebis donis, rogorc faqtoris,
zemoqmedeba `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze
da romelic ganapirobebs an ar ganapirobebs am faqtorTa moqmedebis
siZlieris xarisxiss. rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro
Zlierad aris gamoxatuli `mcdari unikalurobis efeqti~, xolo `mcadri
konsensusis efeqtze~ TviTSefasebis done ar axdens pirdapir gavlenas.
HhipoTezebi
`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~
efeqtebi pirovnebis Sefasebis zogadi tendenciaa, romelic
SeiZleba Seicvalos sxvadasxva faqtorTa zemoqmedebiT;
sakuTari uryofiTi niSnis mixedviT sxvebis Sefasebisas
adgili aqvs `mcdari konsensusis efeqts~;
arsebobs kavSiri TviTSefasebasa da `mcdari
unikalurobisa da mcdari konsensusis efeqtebs” Soris, anu maRali
TviTSefaseba aZlierebs aRniSnul efeqtebs;
pirovnuli niSnis valentobis (+/_) siZliere gavlenas
unda axdendes `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~
efeqtebis mimdinareobaze.
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naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba
naSromi `me~-s fsiqologiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovan aspeqts
TviTSefasebas exeba. Tumca, TviTSefaseba yovelTvis iyo pirovnebis
fsiqologiis yuradRebis centrSi. arsebobs sakiTxebi, romelic ar aris
Seswavlili, miuxedavad maTi mniSvnelobisa `me-koncefciisa~ da misi
SefasebisaTvis. ganxiluli mimarTeba, romelsac adamiani sakuTari Tavis
Sefasebisas amyarebs sxvebTan da am mimarTebas sakuTari `me~-s Sefasebis
indikatorad iyenebs, moiTxovs rogorc zogadfsiqologiuri,
socialurfsiqologiuri da diferencialurfsiqologiuri
gaTvaliswinebas da erT mTlianobaSi ganxilvas.
amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom naSromis mTavr Teoriul
Rirebulebas ganapirobebs is, rom nacadia pirovnebis struqturis
zogadfsiqologiuri aspeqtebis Serwyma socialuri fsiqologiis
debulebebTan da kanonzomierebebTan. dadgenilia `mcdari
unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebis damokidebuleba
sxvadasxva pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan. Aaseve, gamovlenilia faqtorebi,
romelTa gavlenac aZlierebs aRniSnul efeqtebs. kvlevis Sedegad
dadgenilia kanonzomierebebis asaxsnelad gamoyenebulia dacviTi
meqanizmebi.
naSromis praqtikuli Rirebuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
nebismier sferoSi momuSave praqtikos fsiqologs SesaZlebloba eZleva
gaecnos pirovnebis TviTSefasebaze moqmed empiriulad dadasturebul
da dasabuTebul kanonzomierebebs da gaiTvaliswinos maTi moqmedeba
fsiqodiagnostikis, rekomendaciebis Tu raime sxva saxiT.
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Tavi I
`me~-s problema fsiqologiaSi
1.1. pirovnebis cneba fsiqologiaSi
pirovnebis kvleva fsiqologiis centraluri sakiTxia. mecnierebi
ukve didixania cdiloben gascen pasuxebi pirovnebis bunebasTan,
adamianis Sinagan samyarosTan, mis ganviTarebasa da qcevasTan
dakavSirebul kiTxvebs.
pirovnebis cneba fsiqologiaSi dResac sakamaToa. fsiqologebi
pirovnebis cnebas mravalnairad gansazRvraven. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
ramdeni Teoriacaa imdeni pirovnebis gansazRvreba arsebobs. maTSi
adamianebis sruliad gansxvavebuli aspeqtebia warmodgenili. pirovnebis
sxvadasxva Teoria arsebobs. am Teoriebis avtorebs pirovnebisadmi
sxvadsxava midgoma aqvT, Sesabamisad _ gansxvavebuli amosavali
wertilebi da monacemTa wyaroebi. avtorebis erTi jgufi
dainteresebulia pirovnebis struqturiT; meore ki – imiT, Tu rogor
viTardeba da izrdeba pirovneba; ra gancdebi aqvT sakuTar TavTan
mimarTebaSi da a.S. Mmagram, unda AaRiniSnos, rom pirovnebis nebismieri
gansazRvrebisaTvis saerToa ori ZriTadi aspeqti: unikaluroba da
damaxasiaTebeli qcevis paternebi. pirovneba aris fsiqologiuri
Taviseburebebis mqone rTuli erToblioba, romelic gavlenas axdens
individis Camoyalibebasa da qcevaze. (zimbardo)
erT-erTma pirvelma Ppirovnebis Teoriebis klasifikacia scada
gordon olportma. olporti pirovnebis Sesaxeb fsiqologiur Teoriebs
or did jgufad, or mimarTulebad yofs. es aris anglosaqsuri
(biosocialuri) da kontinenturi (biofizikuri) Teoriebi. gansxvaveba
TeoriaTa am or klass Soris ukve maT filosofiur wanamZRvrebSia [33].
anglosaqsuri Teoriebis msoflmxedvelobaze gavlena moaxdina
lokis filosofiam, xolo kontineturma Teoriebma ki laibnicis da
kantis filosofiis gavlena ganicada. lokis mixedviT suli aris
15
neitraluri mediumi, tabula rasa _ sufTa dafa, romelzec garemos
gamRizianeblebi moqmedebs. adamiani, misi suli reaqtiulia, qceva
yovelTvis mxolod pasuxia gamRizianebelze da Sinagani, Tandayolili
araferi mosdevs. laibnici da kanti ki amis sawinaaRmdegod miuTiTeben
adamianis sulis aqtiur spontanurobaze; aqtioba da ara reaqtiuloba
aris kontinentur TeoriaTa ZiriTadi niSani. sulis spontanurobis
aRiarebas mivyevarT am Teoriebis mier nasaxebis, konstituciis,
memkvidreobiTobis aRiarebamde. yovelive es ki am Teoriebis mixedviT
pirovnebisTvis umniSvnelovanes faqtorebs warmoadgens.
biosocialuri gansazRvrebebi ufro garegan gamovlinebebze,
qcevaze da socialur garemozea orientirebuli. am Teoriis
warmomadgenlebi pirovnebis Sesaxeb misi qcevis, obieqturad mocemuli
gare gamovlinebebis mixedviT msjeloben, imis mixedviT, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens es pirovneba sazogadoebaze, rogor aRiqvamen irgvliv myofni mas.
es Tvalsazrisi Zalian axloa personis cnebis ciceroniseul niRbis
mniSvnelobasTan. (iungis pirovnebis sistemaSic vxvdebiT niRbis
konvecionalur gagebas: niRabi koleqtiuri sulisa, niRabi, romelic
malavs individualobas). biosocialuri TeoriebisTvis tipiuria meis
(May) mier mowodebuli pirovnebis gansazRvreba - pirovneba aris
socialuri gamRizianebeli, Cveni pirovneba iseTia, rogoradac gvxedaven
sxvebi. Cveni pirovneba mxolod sxvebis msjelobidan xdeba gasagebi. sxva
kriteriumi pirovnebis Sesacnobad, Tu ara is, Tu rogorebad veCvenebiT
sxvas, Tu ara socialuri azri, dafuZnebuli obieqtur gamovlinebebze,
ar arsebobs. yvela biosocialurad orientirebuli TeoriisaTvis da
Sesabamisi pirovnebis gansazRvrebebisTvis saerToa gamomxatveli
moZraobebis (rogorc vitaluri, ise socialurad gansazRvruli),
metyvelebis saSualebiT gamoxatuli azrebis da saerTod, imis, rac
sxvisTvis TvalsaCinoa, xazgasma da pirovnebis Seswavlis ZiriTad
obieqtad aRiareba. amrigad, am Teoriis warmomadgenlebisaTvis
pirovnebebs Soris gansxvavebis ZiriTadi mizezi sxvebze gavlenaSi
mdgomareobs da ara subieqtis Sinagan wesrigsa Tu struqturaSi.
16
niukombis [39] gansazRvrebis mixedviT, pirovneba aris is Cvevebi da
qcevebi, romelic gavlenas axdens sxva adamianebze. olporti aRniSnavs,
rom am gansazRvrebis mixedviT adamianis gegmebi, survilebi,
pativmoyvareoba, romelic SeiZleba ar gamovlindes da sxvebisTvis ar
gaxdes misawvdomi ar miekuTvneba pirovnebas. garda amisa, Tu pirovnebis
erTaderT kriteriumad sxvaze gavlenas miviCnevT, maSin robinzon kruzo
(yovel SemTxvevaSi, paraskevas gamoCenamde) pirovnebad ar unda
CavTvaloT?
biofizikur TeoriebSi, biosocialurisgan gansxvavebiT,
xasgasmulia subieqtis Sinagani wesrigi, Sinagani struqturis
mniSvneloba da pirovnebis gagebisTvis misi gaTvaliswinebis
aucilebloba. pirovneba, am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, realurad arsebobs,
igi realobaa, iseve, rogorc nebismieri movlena, magaliTad, Tevzi, xe Tu
varsklavi. miuxedavad imisa, Tu es ukanasknelni rogor gveZlevian
mcdari aRqmebis Tu msjelobis Sedegad (veSapi, rogorc Tevzi, xe-orjer
ufro didi, vidre sinamdvileSia, varskvlavi, rogorc pawawina naTura),
maT realuri, namdvili buneba amiT ar icvleba. asevea pirovnebac.
pirovnebas Tavisi Sinagani struqtura, Tavisi kanonzomierebani gaaCnia.
fsiqologiam, olportis azriT, TviT pirovnebaSi mimdinare procesebi -
aRqma, inteleqti, gamocdileba, motivebi unda Seiswavlos da ara is,
rasac biosociualuri midgoma gvTavazobs. am ukanasknelis mixedviT
pirovnebis Seswavla am pirovnebis garSemomyofTa aRqmebis, reaqciebis da
sxva fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlas niSnavso - ironiulad dasZens
olporti [46].
pirovnebis fsiqologiur gansazRvrebebSi, sadac biofizikurad
orientirebuli Teoriebi sWarbobs, olporti ramdenime jgufs
gamohyofs. [41] [42].
1. krebiTi gansazRvrebebi. am jgufisTvis tipuri gansazRvreba
iwyeba ase: pirovneba aris krebadoba da Semdeg CamoTvlilia is niSnebi,
romelic avtors pirovnebis gagebisTvis arsebiTad miaCnia. krebadobis
nacvlad SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes agregati, konstelacia, kompoziti,
17
ansambli. am midgomam, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sinagan fsiqikur niSnebze
miuTiTebda mecnierebas bevri veraferi SesZina, radgan maTi
maorganizebeli, gamamTlianebeli struqtura yuradRebis gareSe darCa.
xolo niSnebis ubralo CamoTvla ki am SemTxvevaSi igivea, rac mxolod
im asoebis CamoTvla, risganac leqsi Sedgeba.
2. mTlianobiTi gansazRvrebebi. es aris integraluri da
konfiguraciuli gansazRbrebebi. tipuri gansazRvreba uorenis da
kermaiklis Semdegia: pirovneba aris adamianis zogadi struqtura
(wesrigi) misi ganviTarebis yovel stadiaze. mak kandis individualobac
ar aviwydeba am mTlianobaSi: pirovneba aris interesTa mTlianoba,
romelic organizmis qcevas gansakuTrebul individualobas aZlevs. es
midgoma pirovnebis mTlianobas, misi nawilebis integracias gamokveTs.
3. ierarqiuli gansazRvrebebi. am tipis gansazRvrebebisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia integrirebul mTelSi safexurebis gamoyofa.
pirovnebis amgvari gansazRvreba pirvelad jemsma mogvca. man pirovnebaSi
oTxi done gamoyo. jemsis pirovneba Signidan aris danaxuli,
introspeqciulia. jemsisTvis pirveli done aris `materialuri me~,
sxeulis, ojaxis, mdgomareobis da saukeTeso megobris gaTvaliswinebiT.
Semdegia _ `socialuri me~, romelic gansazRvrulia mis garSemo myof
adamianTa SemecnebiT. am safexuris mimarT jemsis cnobili gamoTqma
arsebobs: `adamians imdeni `me~ aqvs, ramdeni socialuri jgufic
arsebobs, romelTa azrsac misTvis mniSvneloba aqvs~. mesame safexuri
aris `sulieri me~, romelic adamianis gansxvavebul tendenciebs
aerTianes, da bolos, meoTxe _ `wminda me~, postulirdeba sxvadasxva
filosofiuri sistemebiT da arsebiTad, mesame safexurisgan ar
gansxvavdeba.
4. diskriminaciuli gansazRvrebebi. am SemTxvevaSi pirovnebis
Secnobis da misi arsis dadgenis kriteriumi interindividualuri
gansxvavebebia. am tipis gansazRvrebis momxreebis azriT, socialuri
jgufis yvela wevri erTnairad rom fiqrobdes, grZnobdes, moqmedebdes,
maSin pirovneba aRar iarsebebdao. tipuri diskriminaciuli gansazRvreba
18
Semdegia: pirovneba aris mowesrigebuli sistema, funqciuri mTeli an
Cvevebis, nasaxebis da grZnobebis mTlianoba, romelic jgufis calkeuli
wevris igive jgufis sxva wevrebisgan gansxvavebulad Secnobis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
5. SeguebiTi gansazRvrebebi. biologebs da bihevioristebs
pirovnebis mimarT msgavsi midgoma aqvT. isini pirovnebas adamianis
qcevidan gamomdinare ganixilaven. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, pirovneba
aris mTliani organizmi moqmedebaSi da pirovneba aris CvevaTa garkveuli
sistemebis erTianoba, romelic gansazRvravs adamianis garemosTan
Seguebis Tavisebur xasiaTs. (kempfi)
pirovnebis biosocialuri Teoriisa da bihevioristuli Teoriis
zogierTi postulati safuZvlad daedo Tanamedrove pirovnebis
fsiqologiis erT mimarTulebas, romelic empiriuli pirovnebis
fsiqologiis sxeliTaa cnobili da Tu olportis terminologias
moviSveliebT, anglosaqsur Teoriebs warmoadgens. pirovnebis
fsiqologias saqme aqvs fsiqikur movlenebTan, fenomenebTan, romelTa
dakvirveba da registracia aris SesaZlebeli. is, Tu ras ganicdis
adamiani, misi Sinagani samyaro, am Teoriis warmomadgenelTa sityvebiT,
uaRresad saintereso da mniSvnelovani mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqonea
fsiqologiisaTvis, magram misi es Sinagani samyaro gaSualebulad
gveZleva metyvelebis, moZraobebis, mimikis da sxva saSualebebiT. amgvar
movlenebs empiriuli movlenebi ewodeba. swored maTze dayrdnobiT, maT
safuZvelze unda moxdes maT ukan mdgari gancdebis Sesaxeb daskvnis
gakeTeba, anu Teoriuli konstruqtis Seqmna. empiriul movlenebs Tavisi
Tavis axsna ar SeuZliaT. magaliTad, rodesac cdis piri an pacienti
fsiqologs eubneba, rom am pacients mowyenilia, es gamonaTqvami
empiriuli movlenaa. xolo rodesac fsiqologi am gamonaTqvamis
safuZvelze askvnis, rom es pacienti, Tu es pirovneba mowyenilia (an
depresia aqvs) _ es azri ukve konstruqtia da ara empiriuli movlena.
amiT aixsneba misi gamonaTqvami Tu saxis gamometyveleba. amrigad,
19
metyvelebiT gamoTqvams es adamiani Tavis mdgomareobas Tu mimikiT erTi
da igivea, orive empiriuli movlenaa.
meores mxriv, SeiZleba es konstruqti ar aRmoCndes WeSmariti (es
adamiani sulac ar iyos mowyenili). magram Tu ki igi daiwereba an
gamoiTqmeba, is ukve (konstruqti) iqceva empiriul movlenad, romelic
SeiZleba sxvadasxva adamianis (fsiqologis) mier gansxvavebulad iqnas
interpretirebuli. sxva fsiqologma SeiZleba pirveli fsiqologiis am
gamonaTqvams aseTi axsna mounaxos anu mis safuZvelze sxva konstruqti
Seqmnas: magaliTad, rom es fsiqologi TviTon iyo mowyenili da yvela
mowyenilad eCveneboda da sxv.). mTavari is aris, rom pirovnebis empiriul
fsiqologiaSi sakuTari da sxvisi gancdis garegani gamovlinebebi
ganixileba, rogorc empiriuli movlena, romlebic Tavis Tavs ver xsnian.
empiriuli movlenebs miekuTvneba agreTve miRwevebi, dRiurebi, naxatebi,
fiziologiuri gamovlinebebi- (mag. pulsis sixSire), antropometruli
monacemebi-simaRle sxeulis indeqsi. yovelive amis gaTvaliswineba
aucilebelia pirovnebis SeswavlisaTvis. hipoTeturi konstruqciebi
empiriul movlenebTan umWidroes kavSirSi arian. swored Teoria,
hipoTeturi konstruqcia aZlevs empiriul movlenas Tavis mniSvnelobas.
pirovnebis anglosaqsuri da kontinenturi mimarTulebebi
pirovnebis kvlevis or models daedo safuZvlad. pirveli modelis
mixdviT, Tavdapirvelad unda ganvmartoT, ras vgulisxmobT pirovnebaSi,
unda SevicnoT pirovnebis arsi, misi buneba da mxolod amis Semdeg unda
moxdes misi detaluri Seswavla-gamokvleva.
meore modeli gulisxmobs jer dakvirvebas obieqturad gamovlenil
qcevebze - empiriul fenomenebze, xolo Semdeg empiriuli fenomenebis
gansazRvrisa da axsnisTvis hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmnas. TviT
pirovneba uzogadesi konstruqtia [39].
amrigad, pirovnebis kvlevis pirveli modelis mixedviT, pirveladia
pirovnebis Teoria da Semdeg xdeba am Teoriis empiriuli Semowmeba.
meore modelis mixedviT ki jer xdeba empiriul movlenebze dakvirveba
da Semdeg maT asaxsnelad hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna. aseTi
20
konstruqtia, magaliTad, aizenkis introversia-eqstraversia. empiriul
fsiqologiaSi pirovnebis da pirovnul niSanTa kvleva iwyeba manam, sanam
TviT es cnebebi dadgindeboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive mimarTuleba mTlian pirovnebas
Tvlis Tavis Seswavlis sagnad, meore modelis mimdevrebi pirvelisagan
gansxvavebiT calkeuli nawilebidan iwyeben pirovnebis kvlevas, maT
pirovnebis Seswavlisas aqcenti mainc am mTlianobis nawilebze gadaaqvT
- calkeul damoukidebel pirovnul niSnebze, ganwyobebze, sindromebze,
faqtorebze, miRwevebze. TviT am nawilebis damoukidebloba ufro metad
aris gamokveTili, vidre am nawilebis mTelze damokidebuleba da am
mTeliT maTi gansazRvra. es nawilebi aris swored hipoTeturi
konstruqciebi, xolo pirovneba empiriul fsiqologiaSi - uzogadesi
konstruqcia. pirveli modelis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben pirovnebis
Seswavlisas mTeli ar dakargon mxedvelobidan. maTTvis, rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, mTeli pirveladia, xolo meore modelis mimdevrebisTvis ki-
meoradi.
upiratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba:
kontinentur TeoriebSi: Sinagan Zalebs, konstituciur pirobebs,
struqturul simyares, garemos zemoqmedebigan SedarebiT
damoukideblobas. pirovneba gagebulia, rogorc SedarebiT stabiluri
organizacia.
anglosaqsur TeoriebSi: garegan gamovlinebebs, zedapirul
Tvisebebs, qcevis motorul komponentebs, interpersonalur
urTierTobebs. pirovneba gagebulia, rogorc SedarebiT labiluri
organizacia.
aqve gvinda SemogTavazoT pirovnebis Teoriebis kidev erTi
klsasifikacia. pirovnebis gansxvavebuli aspeqtebis mniSvnelobis
mixedviT es Teoriebi SeiZleba xuT kategoriad daiyos [11].
21
1. pirovnebis cnebis erT-erT gavrcelebul jgufSi misi
biologiuri-socialuri mxarea win wamoweuli da masze yuradRebaa
gamaxvilebuli. am orientaciis mixedviT pirovneba socialur garemoSi
yalibdeba. socialuri garemo dadabiTad an uaryofiTad pasuxobs
individis reaqciebs.
2. pirovnebis cnebaTa meore jgufs pirovnebis fsiqo-fizikuri
gansazRvrebis jgufs uwodeben. Aam gansazRvrebis mixedviT, adamianis
fizikur Tvisebebs eqceva yuradReba.
3. Semdgom jgufSi pirovneba ganixileba, rogorc fsiqikuri
niSnebis mqone indidividi. am niSnebSi igulisxmeba inteleqti, emocia da
sxva.
4. gansazRrebaTa am jgufSi pirovnebis maorganizebel funqciazea
yuradReba gamaxvilebeuli, romelic ganapirobebs misTvis
damaxasiaTebel qcevis garkveul stils da gansazRvravs romelime
tipisadmi mikuTvnebulobas.
5. pirovnebis zogierT gansazRvrebaSi win wamoweulia is
unikaluri da gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi, romliTac pirovneba sxvebisgan
gansxvavdeba [11]. (Cveni kvlevisTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa es
midgoma).
pirovnebis cnebebi sxvadasxva TeoriaSi erTiandeba da Sesabamisad
aris gagebuli fsiqikuri Zalebi da unarebi, romelic pirovnebis qcevis
safuZvels warmoadgens.
bihevioristuli Teoriis mixdeviT, pirovneba garegani zemoqmedebis
Sedegad yalibdebaEda misi cxovrebac gare stimulebze reaqciaTa
erTobliobiT ganisazRvreba. pirovneba obieqturad arsebuli movlenaa
da bolomde emorCileba sagnobriv garemos.
Pzigmund froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria bihevioristuli
Teorias upirispirdeba. pirovneba am Teoriis mixedviT, aracnobieri
Zalebis zemoqmedebis winaaRmdeg brZolis procesSi yalibdeba. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom adamianis qceva ganpirobebulia ara gare stimulebis
zemoqmedebiT, aramed Sinagani faqtorebiT, motivebiT. adamianis yvela
22
moqmedebas aqvs mizezi da mizani. Tu mizezi ar aris TvalsaCino, mxolid
imitom, rom aracnobier sferoSia. Zalian xSirad, swored, aracnobieri
sferoTi xdeba fsiqkuri aqtiobis determnireba.
Aaseve, sainteresoa pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriebi, romelmac
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana pirovnebis gagebaSi. Aam Teoriebis
ZiriTadi niSania _ adamianis swrfva TviTaqtualizaciisaken, romelic
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis raelizacias gulisxmobs. pirovneba
rwmundeba, rom misi cxovrebis mamoZravebeli da warmarTveli Zala
TviTon masSia [39] [41].
Ppirovnebis TviTorganizaciisa da Tavisuflebis ideas iziarebs
ganwyobis antropuli Teoria. masSi naCvenebia, rom individis aqtioba
detremnirebulia gare da Sida faqtorebis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli
ganwyobiT. Ppirovneba sxvadasxva faqtoris zegavleniT qmnis, mis mier
arCeuli Tavisufali qcevis ganwyobas [11].
ganwyobis antropuli Teoriis mixedviT subieqti sinamdvilis
amsaxvelia, igi qmnis sinamdvilis suraTs imitom, rom garemos ukeT
moergos. igi cvlis da afarToebs sinamdviles.
Zalian mokled SevexoT NNniSnis Teoriebs, romelic Cveni
kvlevisaTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania. Ees Teoria pirovnebis
asaxsnelad gvTavazobs uwyvet ganzomilebas egreT wodebul niSnebs.
niSani es aris myari pirovnuli Tviseba an atributi, romelic gavlenas
axdens qcevaze sxvadasxva situaciaSi. G
gordon olportis (1966) mixedviT, niSani aris pirovnebis
`samSeneblo masala~ da individualurobis wyaro. (zimbardo). Mmisi
azriT, niSnebi uzrunvelyofen adamianis qcevis SeTanxmebulobas da
uzrunvelyofen sxavdasxva stimulebze erTgvarovan reaqciebs. niSani es
aris pirovnebis winaswar ganwyoba imisaTvis, rom ganaxorcielos msgavsi
qceva situaciebis gansxvavebul diapazonSi. es niSnebi yalibdeba da
viTardeba situaciebs Soris msgavsebebis aRmoCenis safuZvelze.
magaliTad, Tu Cven mraval situacias erTsa da imave mniSvnelobas
mivaniWebT, maSin, Sesabamisad, msgavsi reaqciac gveqneba yvela mocemuli
23
situaciis SemTxvevaSi. amave dros SesaZlebelia, rom niSani Tavadac
qmnides da iwvevdes situacias, sadac mas srulfasovani gamomJRavnebis
saSualeba miecema [33].
olporti Tavis naSromSi gamoyofs niSanTa or ZiriTad tips:
saerTo niSnebi da individualuri niSnebi.
saerTo niSani ewodeba iseT niSnebs, romelic mocemul kulturaSi
SesaZloa mraval adamians axasiaTebdes, rac aixsneba imiT rom am
kulturis adamianebi ganicdian msgavs evoluciur da socialur
zegavlenas. SesaZlebelia, rom individebi am saerTo niSnis arsebobisa
da maTi gamovlenis xarisxiTac ki Sefasdnen. rogorc aRmoCnda, nebismier
saerTo niSans sazogadoebaSi gamovlenis normaluri ganawileba
axasiaTebs. olportma gamoiyena testebi da gaaanaliza miRebuli
Sedegebi.
individualuri niSnebi ki gulisxmobs iseT maxasiaTeblebs,
romelTa mixedviTac adamianebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba ar aris
SesaZlebeli. es niSnebi unikaluria individisaTvis da zustad asaxavs
mis pirovnul struqturas. Ppirovnebis adeqvaturi aRwerisaTvis
sworedac ro aucilebelia, mis individualur niSnebis win wamoweva, am
niSnebiT manipulireba.
mogvianebiT olporti individualur niSnebs individualur
dispoziciebs uwodebs da gamoyofs maT sam saxes:
1. kardinaluri dispoziciebi _ isini imdenad Zlierad arian
warmodgenili, rom faqtobrivad xsnis individis mier ganxorcielebuli
nebismieri qceva. es aris generalizirebuli dispozicia, romelic ar
rCeba SeumCneveli. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom kardinalur niSnebs arc Tu ise
bevri adamiani flobs. magaliTad: makiaveli, Jana darki, don Juani.
2. centraluri dispozicia _ ar aris yovlismomcveli, Tumca, mainc
mnivnelovani maxasiaTebelia. es niSani SesaZloa SevadaroT
sarekomendacio werilSi moyvanil maxasiaTeblebs (mavani da mavani
gamoirCeva punqtualurobiT, akuratulobiT da a. S.). ramdeni
centraluri dispozicia SeiZleba hqondes saSualod adamians?
24
Catarebuli eqsperimentis mixedviT, maTi raodenoba meryeobs 3 - 10
erTeulamde. saSualod - 7.2.
3. meoradi dispoziciebi _ pirovnebis is maxasiaTebelia, romelic
naklebad gamosadegia pirovnebis daxasiaTebisas da aris "periferiuli".
am kategoriaSi SeiZleba moxvdes specifikuri atitudebi da sxva
situaciurad ganpirobebuli maxasiaTeblebi [46].
miuxedavad, didi interesisa, romelic antikuri periodidan
pirovnebis bunebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs, unda iTqvas, rom
pirovnebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebis kvleva dResac aqtiurad
mimdinareobs. Aaqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sfero
amouwuravia.
1. 2. `me~-s cneba fsiqologiaSi
saukuneebis manZilze `me~-s (igive `selfi~) cneba filosofiaSi
gaigivebuli iyo iseT cnebebTan, rogoricaa `suli~, `cnobiereba~, `goni~,
`neba~ da a.S.. magaliTad, sokratesa da platonTan selfi (e.i. suli,
radganac maT TeoriaebSi suli warmoadgens, Tanamedrove gagebiT,
selfis ekvivalentur cnebas) ganixileba, rogorc aramaterialuri
bunebis mqone mTlianoba.
Sua saukuneebis filosofiac mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs selfis
ganxilvas. Ddekarte (1596_1650) ayalibebs sakuTar Sexedulebebs `me~-sTan
mimarTebaSi. igi miuTiTebs cnobierebisa da sxeulis or erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebul mocemulobis arsebobaze.
Llokis (1632-1704) mixedviT, selfis arsi cnobierebaSi mdgomareobs.
misi azriT, pirovnebisaTvis arsebiTi swored TviTcnobierebaa. selfis
cnobiereba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli azrovnebasTan da selfi Sedgeba
mxolod im gamocdilebisagan, romelic Cven gvaxsovs, e.i. cnobierad
gveZleva. amrigad, lokTan selfi gaigivebulia cnobierebasTan da
ganixileba mxolod cnobier gamocdilebasTan mimarTebaSi.
25
Hhiumis (1711-1756) Tanaxmad selfi warmoadgens, aRqmebisa da
gamocdilebis erTobliobas, romelic cvalebadi da ganaxlebadia. Kkanti
ki aRniSnavs, rom codna sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb efuZneba codnas da
gamocdilebas, romelsac sxvadasxva SegrZnebaTa gacnobierebis Sedegad
viRebT.
bunebrivia, mosazrebebsa da midgomebs, romelic `me~-sTan
dakavSirebiT arsebobs fsiqologiaSi garkveuli safuZveli moumzada
filosofiurma moZRvrebebma.
`me~-s aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad ori
gansxvavebuli midgoma arsebobs, romelmac (am ideebma, midgomebma) didi
gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove fsiqologiur da sociologiur
azrovnebaze. erT-erTi midgoma gulisxmobs ganviTarebadi me-s
(developmental self) cnebas. am azrs dRes bevri fsiqologi, fsiqiatri
da etologi iziarebs. am midgomis mixedviT, `me~ (selfi) individis
pirovnuli niSnebis erTobliobas warmoadgens, anu "pirovnebis"
eqvivalenturia, xolo misi ganviTareba xdeba sxeulis biologiuri
ganviTarebis msgavsad, romelic, Tavis mxriv, did gavlenas axdens am
ukanasknelze (`me”-ze da mis ganviTarebaze). individi TandaTan yalibdeba,
rogorc garkveuli unikaluri Tvisebebs, unar-Cvevebis, atitudebisa da
Rirebulebebis mqone, rasac safuZvlad udevs is pirovnuli
predispoziciebi, romelic mas dabadebidan aqvs (anu Tandayolilia):
iqneba es Tandayolili instinqtebi, fsiqikuri energia, Tu koleqtiuri
cnobiereba. `me~-s ganviTarebis am midgomis yvelaze TvalsaCino
warmomadgeneli iyo froidi.
Ppirovnebis yvela fsiqodinamikuri TeoriisaTvis saerTo daSveba
aris is, rom Zlieri Sinagani Zalebi ayalibebs pirovnebas da axdens
qcevis motivirebas, anu Fpirovneba formirdeba da misi qceva motivirdeba
Zlieri Sinagani ZalebiT [42].
am Teoriis mixedviT, `me~-s ganviTareba ganixileba, rogorc
individis TanSobili Tvisebebis Camoyalibebis, zrdisa da cvlilebis
procesi. individi da pirovnuli Tvisebebi, romelsac is avlens,
26
warmoadgens misi Sinagani predispoziciebisa da garemos faqtorbes
urTierTmimarTebis, misi cxovrebis pirobebis zegavlenis Sedegs.
mTavari am midgomaSi aris is, rom Tandayolili survilebi,
moTxovnilebebi da Tvisebebi pirveladia, xolo Camoyalibeba da
ganviTareba am Tandayolilis modifikacias warmoadgens. individi
ibadeba garkveuli TvisebebiT, ufro swored, predispoziciiT, romelic
warmoadgens momavali Tvisebebis (pirovnuli niSnebis) ganviTarebisa da
Camoyalibebis safuZvels. saboloo produqti _ pirovneba da `me~
(romelic Cans) _ damokidebulia biologiur memkvidreobaze, individze
moqmed socialur gavlenebsa da mis interaqciebze, SeZenil
gamocdilebaze.
meore, absoluturad gansxvavebuli midgomaa _ e.w. socialuri `me~.
am midgomis mimdevrebi pirovnebis ganviTarebis procesSi xazs usvamen
sxvebTan kontaqtis, urTierTobis mniSvnelobas. am midgomis ukidures
gamovlinebas warmoadgens azri, rom sxvebi ara marto aucilebelia da
gavlenas axdenen pirovnebis ganviTarebaze, aramed sxvebTan kontaqtis
gavlenis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe saerTod azri ara aqvs pirovnebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb laparaks.
me-20 saukuneSi socialur mecnierebebSi `garemoze orientirebul~
midgomaSi or mimarTulebas ganasxvaveben. ufro adrindel amerikul
fsiqologiaSi iTvleba biheviorizmi. biheviorizmi pirovnebis
ganviTarebas ganixilavs mxolod socialuri daswavlis terminebSi.
individi aris (arc meti arc naklebi) is, rac aswavles sxvebma da rac
iswavla TviTon socialuri gamocdilebis miRebis procesSi.
biheviorizmi mniSvnelovanwilad warmoadgenda reaqcias fsiqoanalizSi
SemuSavebuli formulebis winaaRmdeg, kerZod, iseTi cnebebis winaaRmdeg,
rogoricaa Tandayolili qceviTi predispoziciebi da instinqtebi.
bihevioristuli midgoma xazs usvams im azrs, rom adamianis qcevis gageba
(swavla da analizi) mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu davuSvebT,
rom es qceva determinirebulia mxolod garegani stimulebiT. individze
bevri stimuli moqmedebs, rodesac is am stimulis sapasuxod moqmedebs,
27
es moqmedeba gasagebi xdeba mxolod, rogorc garegan stimulze
daswavlili reaqcia.
igive midgomis gansxvavebul da ufro rTul variants warmoadgens
u. jemsis (1890) mier Camoyalibebuli Sexeduleba `me~-s Sesaxeb, romlis
ganviTarebac moxda C.kulis (1920), j.h. midis (1934) h.s. salivanisa da
bolos e.hofmanis da karl rojersis naSromebSi. bihevioristebis
msgavsad, es avtorebic uaryofdnen qcevis TanSobili wyaroebis
aucileblobas da xazs usvamdnen pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze individis
socialuri interaqciis gavlenis aucileblobas [20] [60]. Tumca,
bihevioristebisagan gansxvavebiT, am mkvlevarebTan "me-koncefciis" cneba
dakvirvebadi qcevis asaxsnelad gadamwyvet, ZiriTad rols asrulebs.
adamiani gansxvavdeba sxva Seswavlis obieqtebisagan (cxovelebisagan)
imiT, rom mas aqvs TviTcnobiereba. is ganicdis garemos zagavlenas da
amve dros is (anu TviTcnobiereba) Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdens garemoze.
imisaTvis, rom ganesxvavebinaT es midgoma biheviorizmisagan da, agreTve,
xazi gaesvaT TviTcnobierebisaTvis me-s, rogorc garegan samyarosTan
interaqciis mediatoris mniSvnelobaze, mkvlevarebma mas simboluri
interaqciis an ubralod interaqcionistuli midgoma uwodes. am
mimarTulebis mkvlevrebi adamianebs ganixilaven, rogorc individebs,
romlebic erTmaneTTan urTierToben simboloebis saSualebiT.
uiliam jemsi gaxldaT erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac daiwyo "me"-s
kvleva da romelic dainteresda `me-koncefciis~ sakiTxebiT. is Tvlida,
rom `me~ moicavs ara mxolod Cvens Sinagan Rirebulebebs, interesebs,
niSan-Tvisebebs, aramed Cvens megobrebsac, axloblebTan urTierTobebsa
da Cvens sakuTrebasac ki.
`me~-s socialur bunebas SemdgomSi kidev ufro gausva xazi Carls
kulim da herbert midma. maT miaCndaT, rom adamianebs `me~ mxolod sxva
adamianTa Tvalsazrisis miRebiT uyalibdebaT. kulis ekuTvnis
socialuri sarkis metafora anu `sarkuli me~, `me~-s xedva, romelic sxva
adamianebTan simboluri (lingvisturi) komunikaciiT gveZleva. igi
28
pirdapir aRniSnavda, rom `me~-s erTianobas individs organizebuli
sazogadoeba, jgufi aniWebs [20] [21].
amrigad, jemsis, kulisa da midis Tanaxmad `me~ aris socialuri
warmonaqmni. izolaciaSi gazrdil adamians `me~ ar uviTardeba, radgan
`me~ socialur gamocdilebas da ukukavSirs saWiroebs.
jemsis ideam sakmaod mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia fsiqologiaze,
romelic gulisxmobs `me~-Si ori sakmaod gansxvavebuli aspeqtis _ `I~
da `Me~-s gamoyofas. `I~ - `me rogorc subieqti" (mag: me vicani igi; `me~ _
Semmecnebeli) _ aris aqtualuri "me", cnobierebis awmyo nakadi; `Me~ _
`me~ rogorc obieqti Seicavs yvelafers, rac ki viciT Cveni `me~-s Sesaxeb
(mag: man micno me). jemsis mixedviT `me~-subieqti aris moqmedi, sakuTari
qcevisa da azrovnebis modelis Semqmneli, sakuTari codnis avtori, M`me~
– obieqti ki _ sakuTari codnisa da gamocdilebis obieqti. `me~
yovelTvis gulisxmobs `me~ Semmecnebelsa da `me~-s rogorc obieqts.
amrigad, `I~ -Si igulisxmeba `me~-s SedarebiT mkafio da
SemosazRvruli gancda. masSi gamoxatulia is, rom adamiani ganicdis
Tavs sakuTari qcevis, aRqmis, emociis subieqtad; acnobierebs Tavis
igiveobas da ganuyofelobas imisagan, rac guSin iyo. am uSualo gancdas
raime konkretuli Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia. `Me” _`me” individualuri
Sinaarsis Semcvelia. jemsma am cnebiT aRniSna yvelaferi is, rasac
individi Tavi Tavs miakuTvnebs.
jemsi aRniSnavs, rom sirTules warmoadgens swored imis dadgena,
TuU ras gulisxmobs adamiani Tavis TavSi da TavisaSi. Cveni grZnobebi da
damokidebulebebi im obieqtisadmi, romelic Cven gvekuTvnis, xSirad
Zalian hgavs im grZnobebsa da damokidebulebebs, romelic gagvaCnia
sakuTari Tavisadmi. Cveni Svilebi, Cveni Semoqmedeba iseTive Zvirfasia,
rogorc sakuTari sxeuli. jemsi amtkicebda, rom pirovneba warmoadgens
jams imisasa, rasac igi sakuTrad miiCnevs. amaSi igulisxmeba rogorc
fizikuri da sulieri mxare, aseve sakuTari saxli, Svilebi, Sromebi,
tansacmeli da a.S. misi azriT, `me~-obieqti – aris yvelaferi is, rasac
29
adamiani Tavisas uwodebs. jemsi am mimarTulebiT gamoyofs ramdenime
`me~-s: suliers, materialurs, socialursa da fizikurs.
Carlz kuli da herbert midi (simboluri iteraqcionizmis
warmomadgenlebi) individs ganixilaven socialur urTierTmimarTebaSi
CrTuls. es avtorebic uaryofen qcevis TanSobili wyaroebis
aucileblobas da xazs usvamen pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze socialuri
interaqciis rols. `me~ da `sxvebi~ qmnian erT mTlianobas. midis azriT,
pirovnebas gansazRvravs socialuri pirobebi. midisaTvis sxvaoba `I~ da
`Me” -s Soris nawilobriv mexsierebis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. `I~ mocemulia
am momentSi, xolo `Me”MSemdgom momentSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, I aris
mocemuli momentis spontanuri aqtori, xolo Me refleqsiur codnas
Seicavs. I aris `me~-s aqtiuri komponenti da individs qcevisaken ubiZgebs.
misgan sapirispirod, Me aris obieqti, ganwyobebisa da molodinebis
organizebuli erToblioba, romelic saerToa konkretuli jgufisaTvis.
Me mimarTulebis mimcemia. igi ukve arCeuli moqmedebebis ganxorcielebis
saSualebaa. I da Me erTian `me~-d arian gaerTianebuli da erTmaneTis
gareSe ar arseboben. `me~-koncefcia, `me~-xatebi, `me~-sqemebi _ exeba Me-s
da ara I-s. socialur-fsiqologiur gamokvlevebSi maTi simravle
nawilobriv gamowveulia imiT, rom Me empiriul kvlevas ufro iolad
eqvemdebareba.
kuli, romelic `sarkiseburi me~ -s Teoriis avtoria, aRniSnavs, rom
`me~- ze ZiriTad gavlenas axdens sxvebis mier individis Sefaseba (sxvaTa
Sefaseba), anu `me rogorsac mxedaven sxvebi~. M sociologiaSi am sakiTxis
ganxilva yovelTvis kulis SromebiT iwyeba, gansakuTrebiT misi
sarkiseburi `me~-s cnebiT. `Cven vxedavT sakuTar saxes, sxeuls da
Cacmulobas sarkeSi da gvainteresebs yovelive, radgan es yvelaferi
Cvenia, Cveni sakuTrebaa. amis Semdeg mogvwons an ar mogvwons, imis da
mixedviT emTxveva Tu ara imas, rasc gvinda rom gavdes. zustad aseve,
Cven warmovidgenT, Tu ras fiqrobs sxva Cveni garegnobis, qcevis,
miznebis, xasiaTis, megobrebis da a.S. Sesaxeb. yovelive es ki sxvadasxva
gavlenas axdens Cvenze” [20].
30
`sarkisebur me~-ze gavlenas axdens individis codna sxvebis Sesaxeb
da garkveulwilad mis (individis) mier sxvebis Sefaseba; `is rom raRacis
gamo siamayes an sircxvils ganvicdiT, mxolod sakuTari Tavis
meqanikuri refleqsia rodia, aramed am refleqsiis Sinagani grZnobaa,
warmosaxvis Sedegia sxvis gonebaSi gardatexili. es cxadia, aSkara xdeba
im faqtidan, rom is sxva, romlis prizmaSic vxedavT sakuTar Tavs,
ganapirobebs Cvens grZnobebs. Cven gvrcxvenia patiosani adamianis
TandaswrebiT movityuoT, an gamovaCinoT simxdale mamaci adamianis
winaSe, uxeSoba daxvewilis gverdiT da a.S. Cven yovelTvis warmovidgenT
da warmosaxvaSi viziarebT sxvis Sefasebebs" (kuli) [29].
rogorc aRvniSneT, kuli xazs usvams individis mier sxvebis
Sefasebis mniSvnelobas, romelic modis Sinagani Sedarebidan sakuTari
Tavisa sxvebTan. marTalia, Zneli dasadgenia Tu ra mniSnelobas aniWebs
kuli sxvebis bunebas, magram is ki cxadia, rom igi yvela sxvas, visTanac
ki individs uxdeba urTierToba `me-koncefciis~ gansazRvraSi erTnair
mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs.
avtoris aseve mniSvnelovani damsaxurebaa cnebis -
`internalizebuli sxva~- Semotana. interaqciis gziT individi iqmnis im
sxvebis mentalur xats, visTanac is urTierTobs. es Sinagani xati
SesaZloa sworad ar asaxavdes realobas da misi damaxinjebac iyos.
kuli mxolod imas aRniSnavs, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs cnobier
codnasTan da rom es codna ganapirobebs imas, Tu rogor reagirebs
individi sxvebze da rogor `sarkisebur me~-s imijs inarCunebs.
h. midi Tvlis, rom adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis gacnobiereba da
gansazRvra ganpirobebulia im warmodegenebiT, romelic sxvebs maT
Sesaxeb gaaCniaT. midma ganavrco da ganaviTara kulis azrebi cnebis _
`generalizebuli sxva~ _ Sesaxeb, rac did rols asrulebs `sarkiseburi
mes~ TeoriaSi. midi Seexo im procesebs, romliTac bavSvi swavlobs
sakuTari ATavis obieqtad aRqmas, anu, sxva sityvebiT, Tu rogor
uviTardeba mas me-s cnobiereba. midis mixedviTac individis `me~
kognituri procesia. avtoris azriT, `me~-s ganviTarebis procesSi
31
ZiriTadi `generalizebuli sxvaa~, anu sxvebis (igulisxmeba mTeli
jgufi, romelTanac uwevs urTierToba) atitudebi, Sefasebebi da a.S..
Seqmnili wre an socialuri jgufi, romelic individs mis erTeulad
aqcevs warmoadgens `generalizebuli sxva~-s [60].
aRsaniSnavia, rom midTan ar aris zustad gansazRvruli cneba _
`generalizebuli sxva~. Aam cnebis Semotanam `sarkiseburi me~-s idea ori
mniSvnelovani mimarTulebiT gaafarTova. pirveli, xazi gausva mesTan
dakavSirebuli azrebis socialuri konteqstis mniSvnelobas. individi
sakuTar Tavze fiqrobs misi socialuri jgufis mier gasazRvrul
kategoriebSi da rogorc Cans, sakuTari Tavis mimarT iyenebs Sedarebis
im standartebs, romelsac sxvebTan Sedarebisas ayalibebs.
meore, am cnebaSi igulisxmeba socialuri rolebis idea. individs
uviTardeba cnobiereba sakuTari socialuri rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac
asrulebs sazogadoebaSi. radgan Tavad rolis idea gulisxmobs
gansxvavebuli socialuri rolebis arsebobas, SesaZlebeli xdeba bevri
`me~-s arsebobis daSveba.
`sarkiseburi me~-s cnebis gagebaSi midma Seitana `me~-s struqturis
SedarebiTi permanentuli xasiTi, anu me xasiaTdeba met-naklebi
mdgradobiT cvlilebebisadmi.
kulis `sarkiseburi me~ - s cneba gamoiyeneba individis `me-
koncefciasTan~ dakavSirebiT, romelic damokidebulia mxolod im
adamianebis `refleqsiaze~, romlebTanac individs uSualo kontaqti aqvs.
ra Tqma unda, me-koncefciisa aseTi arastabiluroba intuituradac ki
dauSvebelia da misi ararseboba mecnieruladac damtkicebulia.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom `me-koncefcia~ xasiaTdeba, rogorc
nawilobriv permanentul struqturad, romelic agebulia gamocdilebaze
dayrdnobiT (erTis mxriv, garemoze zemoqmedebiT da meores mxriv,
garemodan zemoqmedebiT) ori daskvnis gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli,
ar unda warmovidginoT, rom me socialur garemoSi mimdinare yvela
cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. savaraudoa, rom `me~-ze garkveuli
32
xarisxiT aisaxeba cvlilebebi da ara srulad, miuxedavad garemos
mravalferovnebisa.
meore, `me~ struqturis ganviTreba, rogorc interaqciis Sedegi
gulisxmobs, rom am ukanasknelis gavlena sxvadasxva dros SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli iyos. magaliTad, adamiani, romelic samuSaos
SesrulebisTvis dadebiT Sefasebas iRebs sxvebisagan, mas amis gamo
uyalibdeba maRali TviTSefaseba. magram mas Semdeg, rac mas
Camouyalibdeba amgvari TviTSefaseba SemdgomSi miRebuli Sefasebebi
ukve naklebad mniSvnelovani xdeba.
da bolos, `sarkiseburi me~-s Teoriis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
cneba `mniSvnelovani sxva~ (significant other), ekuTvnis salivans (1947). imis
gamo, rom salivani ikvlevda bavSvis socializacias, am termins
mSoblebTan dakavSirebiT iyenebda. `mniSvnelovani sxva~ aucilebeli
instrumentis rols asrulebs bavSvis aRzrdasa da CamoyalibebaSi
(atitudebisa da qcevis daswavlaSi). es cneba TandaTan gafarTovda da
moicva yvela, vinc individis `me-koncefciis~ CamoyalibebisaTvis
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. `mniSvnelovani sxva~ aris is, visi azrebi
da qcevebic yuradsaRebia, visi Sefasebac Rirebulia individisaTvis da
vis gankicxvasac cdilobs, rom mudam aaridos Tavi. magaliTad,
bavSvisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, rom Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis
miiRos dadebiTi Sefaseba maswavleblebisgan, vidre Tanaklaselisgan;
ufro kmayofilia komplimenti miiRos adamianisagan, romelic cnobilia,
rogorc gemovnebiani, vidre viRac ugemovno; kmayofili iqneba moigos
Sejibri erovnul doneze, vidre adgilobrivze da a.S.
amrigad, jemsis, kulisa da midis Tanaxmad `me~ aris socialuri
warmonaqmni. izolaciaSi gazrdil adamians `me~ ar uviTardeba, radgan
`me~ socialur gamocdilebas da ukukavSirs saWiroebs. `me” da sxvebi
qmnian erT mTlianobas, midis azriT, pirovnebas gansazRvravs socialuri
garemo da pirobebi. eqsperimentulad dadasturebulia, rom `me-
kocefciis~ ganmsazRvrel orientirs warmoadgens sxvisi `me~ (Sireri,
33
bernsi): `me~ _ rogorsac sxvebi mxedaven da `me~ _ rogorsac me vxedav
Cem Tavs [20].
erik eriqsoni `me –koncefcias~ ganixilavs ego-identurobis
prizmaSi, romelic gagebulia rogorc biologiuri sawyisis mqone
garkveuli kulturis produqti. Mmisi xasiaTi ganisazRvreba, erTis
mxriv, mocemuli kulturis TaviseburebebiT da, meores mxriv, mocemuli
individis SesaZleblobebiT `ego~_identuroba yalibdeba sxvadasxva
identifikaciaTa integraciis procesSi. `ego~ aris pirovnebis
avtonomiuri struqtura, romlis ZiriTad mimarTulebas warmoadgens
socialuri adaptacia. `imdenad, ramdenadac `ego-identuroba~ yalibdeba
individis sociokulturul garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi, amdenad
mas gaaCnia fsiqosocialuri buneba [50].
aseve sainteresoa k. rojersis Teoria. misi Teoriis centralur
cnebas `me~ warmoadgens. avtoris mixedviT, adamiani aRiqvams gare
obieqtebsa da Sinagan gamocdilebas, romelsac garkveul mniSvnelobas
aniWebs. rojersi Tvlis, rom adamiani pirad gamocdilebaze dakvirvebiTa
da SefasebiT, Seicnobs sakuTar Tavs. adamianis cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba warmoadgens `me~-s ganuyofel nawils da mis Sesaxeb
yvelaze kargad Tavad man icis [39].
rojersi `me~-s ganixilavs, rogorc adamianis aRqmis, anu
fenomenologiuri velis difrencirebul nawils, romelic Sedgeba `me~-s
gacnobierebuli aRqmebisa da Rirebulebebisagan [20]. Mmisi Teoriis
Tanaxmad, `me~ aramdgradi da sakmaod cvalebadia. `me~ _ es aris kargad
organizebuli Tanmimdevruli geStalti, romelic mudmivad formirebis
procesSia da situaciis Sesabmisad sistematurad icvleba. `me~ da `me-
koncefcia~ aris adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis gageba, romelsac
safuZvlad udevs cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba gansazRvruli warsuliT,
awmyoTiTa da momavaliT. miuxedavad imisa, rom `me-koncefcia~ icvleba
da viTardeba, is yovelTvis inarCunebs mTlianobiT, struqturirebul da
oragnizebul xasiaTs.
34
rojersi ganixilavs idealuri `me~-s cnebas. idealuri `me~ - es
aris is, romelic yvelaze sasurveli da misaRebia pirovnebisaTvis.
idealuri `me~ moicavs im xatebsa da mniSvnelobebs, romelic maRali
Rirebulebis matarebelia mocemuli individisTvis.
rojersis TeoriaSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgili uWiravs
kongruentulobis cnebas. kongruentulobaSi moiazreba SeTanxmebuloba,
harmonia `me-konceficiasa~ da subieqtur gamocdilebas Soris.
SeTanxmebulobisken (anu ukonfliqto mdgomarebisken) swrafva
warmoadgens `me~-s funqcionirebis erT-erT princips. Ppirovnebas gaaCnia
garkveuli Sexeduleba sakuTar Tavze. igi cdilobs imgvarad moaxdinos
sakuTari gamocdi;lebis transformacia, rom es ukanaskneli
SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos sakuTar `me-koncefciasTan~. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
ki arsebobs gansvla realur, aqtualur gamocdilebas da TviTaRqmas
Soris, anu rodesac saxezea arakongruentulobis mdgomareoba, pirovneba
ganicdis daZabulobasa da Sinagan SfoTvas. Arojersis mixedviT adamians
aqvs tendencia SeinarCunos Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba, Tu
kongruentuloba. swored amasTan dakavSirebiT avtori iwyebs dacvis
meqanizmebze laparaks, romelsac Cven mogvianebiT davubrundebiT. (Cveni
kvlevis Sedegebis interpretaciisaTvis dacvis meqanizmebs mniSvnelovani
roli eniWeba).
Ogordon olportis (1961) Tavis TeoriaSi `me~_s (selfi) nacvlad
Semoaqvs propriumis cneba. O propriumi esaa adamianis yvela aspeqti, rac
mas xdis unikalur arsebad. avtoris azriT, selfi ufro filosofiuri
cnebaa da ise kargad ver asaxavs fsiqologiur realobas, rogorc
propriumis cneba. faqtobrivad, propriumis cneba eqvivalenturia selfis
cnebis da am or cnebas fsiqologebi xSirad aigiveben [45] [46].
Ppropriumis cneba ganuyofelia pirovnebisagan. masSi moiazreba is
funqciebi, romelic safuZvlad udevs pirovnebis mTlianobasa da
unikalurobas, Semecnebis funqciebis CaTvliT. olporti aRniSnavs, rom
propriumi ganviTarebadia da Sesabamisad cvalebadi. igi gansakuTrebul
35
mniSvnelobas aniWebs swavlasa da socializacias, rac did gavlenas
axdens pirovnebis dinamikis procesebze.
propriumSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, moiazreba yvela is aspeqti,
romelic qmnis erT Sinagan mTlianobas. es aspeqtebia:
sakuTari sxeulis SegrZneba;
TviTidentifikacia;
TviTpativiscema;
TviTobis amaRleba-gandideba:
TviTobis gafarToeba;
sakuTari Tavis racionaluri marTva (racionaluri`me~);
TviT-xati;
Semmecnebeli `me~ (gonieri`me~).
pirovnebis Camoyalibeba, ganviTareba gulisxmobs propriumis yvela
funqciis urTierTqmedebas da ara calkeuli funqciis izolirebulobas.
es aspeqtebi erTianobis konteqstSi unda iqnas ganxiluli.
Asainteresoa ganvixiloT higinsis Teoria, romlsac, SeiZleba
iTqvas, ro safuZveli moumzada rojersis koncefciam. higinsis Teoria
xsnis kavSirs `me-koncefiasa~ da afeqts Soris. igi eyrdnoba rojersis
Semdeg debulebas, romlis mixedviT `me~-s Sinagani arakongruentuloba
badebs emociur problemebs, sirTuleebs emociur sferoSi. idealuri
`me~-s cnebis garda, higinss Semoaqvs e.w. `unda-me~-sa da aqtualuri `me~-s
cneba [53].
higinsis me - gansvlis Teoriis amosavali principi aris is, rom
adamaini cdilobs da iswrafvis, rom `aqtualuri me~ kongruentuli iyos
`idealur~ da `unda-me~-sTan. `idealuri~ da `unda-me~-s atributebi
warmoadgens erTgvar self-standartebs, anu, SeZleba iTqvas, rom es
standartebi pirovnebis qcevis, emociuri mdgomareobisa da
TviTSefasebis ganmsazRvrelia [53].
36
axla ganvixiloT `me~ rogor aris gagebuli nebisyofis uznaZiseul
TeoriaSi `me"-s instancia d.uznaZes nebelobiTi qcevis dasaxasiaTeblad
dasWirda.
nebelobiTi qcevis analiziT d.uznaZem specifikurad adamianuri
qcevisa da mis safuZvlad mdebare ganwyobis daxasiaTeba mogvca.
nebelobiTi qcevis ZiriTad niSnad man `me~-sa da qcevis obieqtivacia
CaTvala. nebelobiTi qcevis gansasazRvravad mas mohyavs konkretuli
magaliTebi: civ oTaxSi loginidan asadgomad bunebrivi sizantis
daZleva; Tambaqos mowevisagan Tavis Sekaveba; Zvel mcdar Sexedulebaze
uaris Tqma WeSmaritebis sasargeblod; moqmedebis winaswar dasaxuli
gegmis Sesruleba. uznaZe aRniSnavs, rom yvela am SemTxvevisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia is, rom subieqti da misi qceva, moqmedeba
dapirispirebulni arian urTierTs. subieqti moqmedebaSi ki ar aris
mocemuli, aramed moqmedebis gareSe [13].
`me~-s mniSvneloba d.uznaZem gansakuTrebiT wamoswia nebelobis
fenomenologiuri daxasiaTebis dros. igi wers: “rac Seexeba `me~-s
gancdas, mas sruliad gansxvavebuli adgili ukavia nebelobis
SemTxvevebSi: `me~ rogorc erTaderTi wyaro ganicdeba, saidanac
yovelgvari nebelobiTi qceva momdinareobs, rogorc erTaderTi Zala,
romelzec savsebiT damokidebulia Tu rogori iqneba qceva, ra moxdeba.
erTi sityviT, nebeloba `me~-s aqtivobad ganicdeba, anu nebelobaSi
aqtiurad, moqmedad me~ .
garda amisa, nebelobis ZiriTadi etapebis _ motivaciisa da
gadawyvetilebis analizis dros d.uznaZe garkveul yuradRebas uTmobs
cnobierebaSi `me~-s mocemulobis sakiTxebs.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebs subieqti,
mocemuli aqtis saSualebiT axdens sakuTari `me~-s obieqtivacias, wina
planze gamodis `me~, romelmac unda miiRos gadawyvetileba, Tu ra
mimarTulebiT gagrZeldeba moqmedeba. `me~-s obieqtivaciiT adamiani qmnis
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenebisa da codnis erTian sistemas.
Tumca, SesaZlebelia `me~-s obieqtivaciam da gacnobierebam zustad ara
37
asaxos adamiani, rogorc subieqti. codna, romelsac safuZvlad udevs
`me~-s obieqtivasiis aqtebi, `fsiqikuri avtoportreti~, rogorc codnis
sxva sistemebi, daaxloebiT asaxavs im sinamdviles, romelsac is exeba.
gamocdilebis dagrovebis procesSi aSkarad SeimCneva `me~-s cvlilebebi,
romelic xels uwyobs adamianis momavali qcevis ufro mizanmimarTulad
adeqvaturad Camoyalibebas. anu, `me~-s obieqtivacia safuZvlad udevs
ufro srulyofili ganwyobis Seqmnas, romelSic mobilizdeba yvela
SesaZlebloba qcevis mizanmimarTulad ganxorcielebisaTvis.
ganwyobis Secvla da axali gancdis aRmoceneba rTul Sinagan
reorganizacias saWiroebs. reorganizaciis es sirTule aisaxeba
cnobierebaSi. d. uznaZe mimarTavs TviTaqtivobis gancdis analizs.
`nebelobis SemTxvevaSi subieqti TiTon iqmnis ganwyobas; igi aqtiuria
udaod. rasakvirvelia igi uSualod da pirdapir rodi iwvevs ganwyobas.
es mas ar SeuZlia. amas is arc cdilobs. misi aqtioba imaSia, rom
warmosaxuls, azriTs, erTi sityviT ideur situacias qmnis da amiT
Sesatyvisi ganwyobis gamowvevas axerxebs. amitom gasagebia, rom
nebelobis aqtSi subieqti TviTaqtivobas grZnobs. es gancda Zalian
Taviseburi saxiT gveZleva. rogorc viciT, misi adekvaturi daxasiaTeba
ase SeiZleboda: “axla me namdvilad minda”. aq ramdenime momentia
erTdroulad mocemuli, da am Tavisebur gancdas yvela es momentebi
erTdroulad axasiaTebs. jer gancda, rom `me” aris aqtiuri, rom `me~-s
unda. mere meore gancda, rom mas namdvilad unda. es imaze miuTiTebs,
rom subieqtisaTvis iseTi gancdacaa cnobili, romelSic mas mxolod
unda da ara namdvilad unda. dasasrul, mesame momenti aseTia: subieqti
grZnobs, rom ai, axla, mas ukve namdvilad unda. igi TiTqos adasturebs,
rom ai, axla, masSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda, rom “ai, axla mas
namdvilad unda” maSasadame, nebelobis gancdaSi, romelic erT mTlian
gancdas warmoadgens, mocemulia erTis mxriv, utyuari `me~-s aqtivobis
gancda, magram amave dros iseTi aqtivobis, romlis dawyebac `me~-ze ar
aris damokidebuli, aramed, TiTqos uimisod xdeba. `me~ mxolod
adasturebs TiTqos, rom `ai, axla ukve namdvilad unda”, xolo aqamde an
38
ar undoda, da an namdvilad ar undoda: TiTqos es cvlileba masSi misi
monawileobis gareSe momxdariyos. es specifikuri gancda ueWveli
aqtiobisa da amave dros ueWveli damokidebulebisac Zalian
damaxasiaTebelia nebelobis aqtisaTvis” [18].
ganwyobis aRmoceneba `me~-s aqtivobis saxiT gvevlineba mzaoba da
TviTaqtivoba erTad aris mocemuli _ `me namdvilad minda”-s gancda
TvalsaCinod miuTiTebs, rom subieqts garkveuli qcevis ganwyoba Seeqmna:
gadawyvetilebis aqti moxda da exla sakiTxi gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi
moyvanas exeba [18].
Cven zemoT ganvixileT `me~-sTan dakavSirebiT fsiqologiaSi
arsebuli sxvadasxva Teoriuli midgoma. TiToeuli es midgoma
gansxvavebuli kuTxiT ganixilavs da sxvadasxva aspeqtebs usvams xazs,
magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saboloo produqti, pirovneba da me
(romelic Cans) damokidebulia biologiur memkvidreobaze, individze
moqmed socialur gavlenebze, mis interaqciebsa da gamocdilebaze.
ra aris `me _ konceficia~
`me~-s cnebasTan uSualod aris dakavSirebuli `me-koncefcia~ (me-s
xati). `me-koncefcia~ aris xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Senaxuli codna
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb. es aris sistema, romelic moicavs codnas
sakuTari garegnobis, sakuTari qcevis miznebis, motivebis, formebis da
maTi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. es koncefcia
gansazRvravs ara mxolod imas, Tu ras warmoadgens individi TavisTavad,
aramed Tu ras fiqrobs Tavis Tavze, rogor afasebs sakuTar qcevsa da
moRvaweobas, Tu rogoria misi idealuri me da sxva. gamomdinare iqidan,
rom adamiani socialuri arsebaa da CarTulia interaqciis procesSi,
Sesabamisad `me-koncefcia~ moicavs codnas socialuri urTierTobebisa
(ojaxi, megobrebi da a.S.) da garkveuli kategoriisadmi mikuTvnebulobis
(reprezentatul jgufTan mimarTeba) Sesaxeb. aseve `me-koncefciaSi~
39
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs imas, Tu ras fiqroben masze sxvebi da ra
damokidebulebebi aqvT [20] [49].
garda amisa, `me-koncefcia~ Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs ara mxolod
warmodgenas sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb (`rogiri var me~), aramed
`SesaZlebel me~_sac (idealurs da arasasurvels).
`me-koncefcia~ erTgvari sqemis rols asrulebs da gavlenas
axdens TviTobaze, sakuTar TavTan dakavSirebuli informaciis
gadamuSavebaze, anu mas gaaCnia kognituri aspeqti. Kkognitivisti
fsiqologebis azriT, `me-koncefciis~ ZiriTadi elementia `me-sqema~. sqema
aris codnis sistema, romelic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens, Tu rogor
aRiaqvamen adamianebi movlenebs, rogor gadaamuSaveben informacias da
rogor akeTeben daskvnebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sqema gansazRvravs
sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis aRqmas. swored aqedan gamomdinare axdens
adamiani sakuTari da sxvisi qcevis interpretirebas.
`me-sqema~ erT-erTi yvelaze rTulia sqemaa. am sirTules
ganapirobebs informaciis is moculoba, romelsac is Seicavs. adamiani
mudmivad akvirdeba sakuTar Tavs, aanalizebs warsulsa da awmyos, aqvs
garkveuli warmodgenebi da mosazrebebi momavali `me~-s Sesaxeb.
dRes, `me-koncefcia~ gagebulia, rogorc dinamiuri mentaluri
struqtura, romelic interpersonaluri da intrapersonaluri
procesebis interpretacias axdens. rogorc yoveli sqema `me –koncefcia~
stabiluria, magram ara ucvleli.
Tanamderove gagebiT `me-koncefcia~ es aris azrebis, grZnobebisa da
qceveis maregulirebeli Sinagani instancia. Mmas Semdeg, rac pirovneba
Camoayalibebs `me-koncefcia~-s, cdilobs sakuTari poziciebis dacvasa da
TviTrealizacias; sakuTari Tavisadmi garkveuli damokidebulebis
Seqmnisa da CamoyalibebisaTvi Tavis kargad wardgensa da kargi
STabeWdilebis moxdenas [36].
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, adamians SeuZlia aRiqvas Tavisi garegnoba,
Tavisi qceva da Tvisebebi iseve, rogorc aRiqvams garegan samyaros. es
40
warmodgenebi met-naklebad obieqtur da myar erTian warmodgenad ikvreba,
romelsac mTlianobis miuxedavad, sakmaod rTuli buneba aqvs.
Cven aRar ganvixilavT am sakiTTxTan dakavSirebul uamrav
sxvadasxva midgomas. Gaxla gvinda Tqveni yuradReba SevaCeroT
`me_koncefciis~ erT-erT aspeqtze _ TviTSefasebaze.
41
Tavi II
TviTSefasebis sakiTxi fsiqologiaSi
2. 1. TviTSefasebis raoba
iungi wers: `is, vinc odesme Caixedavs wylis sarkeSi, pirvelad
maSin dainaxavs Tavis namdvil saxes. visac odesme Tavis `me~-sTan misvala
ganuzraxavs, is riskavs konfrontaciaSi movides Tavis TavTan, anu
daupirispirdes Tavis Tavs. sarke ar gvepirfereba, is obieqturad
gviCvenebs vin ixedeba Sig. Cven arasodes vuCvenebT Cvens saxes sxvas,
vinaidan mas Cveni personiT, msaxiobis niRbiT vifaravT. sarke ki niRbis
miRma aRwevs da namdvil saxes gviCvenebs~.
TviTSefaseba sakuTari pirovnebis subieqturi Sefasebaa, romelic
`me-koncefciis~ erT-erT mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens da
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis qcevas, saerTod misi cxovrebis
stils.
sakuTari Tavis Sefaseba gulisxmobs pozitiur Tu negatiur
ganwyobas, romelic mimarTulia specifikuri obieqtisaken (obieqtSi
igulisxmeba `me~) (rozenbergi, 1965). rodesac individi sakuTar Tavs
axasiaTebs, maSin is iwyebs laparaks Tavis fizikur da Tvisobriv
maxasiaTeblebze, interesebsa da motivebze, atitudebsa da grZnobebze,
misTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevebsa da unarebze. TviTSefaseba gulisxmobs,
Tu ramdenad eTanxmebian an ar eTanxmebian adamianebi Semdeg debulebebs:
`me cudi adamiani var~; `me kmayofili var sakuTari TaviT~ da a. S. [66]
[68].
TviTSefasebis operacionalisturi gansazRvreba mogvca jemsma
(1890), romelic gulisxmobs TviTSefasebis pirdapir damokidebulebas or
mniSvnelovan aspeqtze: warmatebasa da adamianis pretenziaze.
warmateba
TviTSefaseba = ----------------
pretenzia
42
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi TviTSefasebis amaRlebis ori gzis
arsebobaze miuTiTebs. anu, adamianma sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgena
SeiZleba gaiumjobesos mricxvelis gazrdiT an mniSvnelis SemcirebiT.
sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT an warmatebuli unda iyos, an nakleb moTxovnebs
unda uyenebdes sakuTar Tavs [20] [36].
xSirad amboben, rom sakuTari Tavis gasagebad orgavri motivacia
gvaqvs _ gvinda gavigoT, SevcnoT sakuTari Tavi da Tan arc gvinda. Cven
gvinda Cveni namdvili saxis danaxva da amave dros, gveSinia, Tu ra
dagvxvdeba, Tu ras davinaxavT.
TviTSefasebaSi afeqturi momenti mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.
TviTSefasebis Sedegi TviTRirebulebis gancdaSi, TviTkmayofilebaSi da
aseve, zogjer Tavis TaviT ukmayofilebaSi vlindeba.
TviTSefaseba, rogorc damokidebuleba sakuTari Tavisadmi,
sxvadasxva faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli da am faqtorTa zemoqmedebis
Sesabamisad SeiZleba Seicvalos. aseTi ZiriTadi faqtorebia: 1. miRwevis
done da realuri SesaZleblobebi; 2. arsebuli garemo da sxvaTa
Sefaseba: 3. rogor Rebulobs (asaxavs, ganicdis) adamiani sxvaTa
Sefasebas (rasac frenksi da marola (1967) garegan TviTSefasebas
uwodeben).
zemoTqmulad gamomdinare naTeli xdeba is, rom TviTSefaseba ara
aris raRac Zalian myari da ucvleli ganzomileba. aRniSnuli
faqtorebis Sesabamisad SeiZleba Seicvalos. garkveulma warmatebam, Tu
warumateblobam SesaZlebelia TviTSefasebis donis amaRleba _
daqveiTeba ganapirobos. anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, adamianis
TviTSefasebis done misi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli iyos.
Ggarda amisa, fsiqologiur literaturaSi ganasxvaveben xanmokle
(momentalur) da xangrZliv TviTSefasebas. (maTi mimarTeba mTelisa da
nawilis analogiuria). es gansxvaveba msgavsia mdgomareobis da niSnis
TviTSefasebas Soris gansxvavebisa. pirveli situaciis garkveuli
43
aspeqtebis safuZvelze swrafad icvleba, xolo meore ufro meti
stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba [71].
arsebobs zogad TviTSefasebis gageba, Tumca zogi avtori gamoyofs
mis calkeul specifikur aspeqtebs: inteleqtualurs, fizikurs,
emociurs, socialurs, romlebic ierarqiulad arian organizebuli
TviTSefasebaSi. TviTSefaseba ar aris maTi ubralo jami. zogadi
TviTSefasebisTvis calkeuli aspeqtebs gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba
SeiZleba hqondes saxvadsxva pirovnebebasTan, rac individis garkveul
motivebze, Rirebulebebsa da socialur garemozea damokidebuli.
lerSis (SreTa Teoriis avtori) mixedviT, TviTSefaseba pirovnebis
ramdenime dones moicavs.
1. Osxeulebrivi TviTgancda. ontogeneturad yvelaze dabali
formaa sakuTari sxeulis Sefaseba, anu sxeulebrivi TviTgancda
(TviTgrZnoba). es gancda SeiZleba iyos sxeulis difuzuri mdgomarebis,
an misi (sxeulis) romelime konkretuli ubnis amsaxveli. amasTan
dakavSirebiT es gancda SeiZleba sxvadasxva elferis matarebeli iyos.
magaliTad, sasiamovno da usiamovno; sxelebrivi daZabva da moSvebuloba;
sxeulebrivi Zalis mowola da fizikuri sisustis gncda. Tkivilmac,
romelic daavadebiT aris gamowveuli, SeiZleba imoqmedos sxeulis
TviTgancdaze.
Aam doneze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cveni sxeulebrivi-fizikuri
mdgomareoba amodis cnobierebaSi, rogorc Sinagani mdgomareoba. aq xdeba
sulierisa da sxeulebrivis dakavSireba, rac vdlindeba fsiqosomatur
ganwyobilebebSi.
sxeulebriv TviTgrZnobas, fsiqosomatur ganwyobilebebs
qaraqterologiuri mniSvnelobac aqvs. marTlac arc ise umniSvneloa is
garemoeba Tu romeli fsiqosomaturi mdgomareoba aisaxeba adamianSi:
aris is mudmivad daRlili, Tu energiuli; kargad Tu cudad grZnobs
Tavs sxeulis fizikuri mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT. Uunda aRiniSnos,
rom arian adamianebi, romelTa cxovrebiseuli gancdebi sworedac
sxeulebriv gancdaze daiyvaneba.
44
P2. ganwyobilebebi. pirovnebis TviTSefasebis Semdegi done sulieri
cxovrebis dones Seesabameba. es aris e.w. ganwyobilebebi, romelsac
gansxvavebuli eleferi aqvs. ganwyobileba sxeulze naklebad aris
damokidebuli. am doneze sxeulis gancda ukan ixevs da adgils uTmobs
gancdebs, romelSic sulieria wamyvani. magaliTad: mxiaruleba, erTis
mxriv, da mowyeniloba, guldamZimebuloba da uxasiaToba, meores mxriv.
3. siZliereSi darwmunebulobis TviTgancda. Ees gaxlavT pirovnebis
TviTSefasebis mesame done. am mxriv ganasxvaveben Tavis TavSi, Tavis
siZliereSi Zlier darwmunebul (stenikuri) da Tavis ZalebSi
daurwmunebel (asTenikuri) adamianebs. Ees ukanaskneli momavals SiSiT
uyurebs, sakuTari Tavis imedi ara aqvs. aseT adamians uWirs
gadawyvetilebebis miReba. Mmas ar SeuZlia sakuTari miznis dasaxva,
radganac sakuTar Tavs eWvis TvaliT uyurebs da ar aris darwmunebuli,
rom miznis Sesatyvis moTxovnebs Seasrulebs. Nnaklebad avlens sakuTar
iniciativebis, urCvenia daemorCilos da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom brmad
endoba kidec avtoritetebs da asrulebs maT brZanebebs.
gansxavevebul Tvisebebs avlens sTenikuri adamiani, romelic
sakuTar ZalebSia darwmunebuli. igi iniciativiania, icis ra unda da
isaxavs kidec miznebs. aseTi adamiani sakuTari Tavis baton-patronia, ar
gaurbis winaaRmdegobebs, piriqiT, winaaRmdegobebis daZlevaSi ukeT
grZnobs Tavs.
TviTSefaseba, rogorc damokidebuleba sakuTari Tavis mimarT
(kupersmiti) yalibdeba TandaTanobiT. arsebobs gansxavebuli mosazrebebi
TviTSefasebis stabilurobis Sesaxeb. ganasxvaveben qronikul da
xanmokle TviTSefasebas. TviTSefasebis satbiluroba-arastabiluroba,
ZiriTadad, ganixileba `me-koncefciis~ konteqstSi. rigi avtorebisa
aRniSnavs, rom TviTSefaseba `me-koncefciasTan~ SedarebiT naklebad
stabiluria, radgan masze gavlenas axdens, rogorc obieqturi, aseve
subieqturi faqtorebi.
am konteqstSi, Cveni azriT, sainteresoa me-s konsistentobis
Teoriis ganxilva, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamiani cdilobs SeinarCunos me-
45
s xatis integrirebuloba, Tanmidveruloba da stabiluroba; cdilobs
Seiqmnas mayri TviTSefaseba, romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
qcevisa da misi Sinagani dinamikis ganviTarebaSi da, saerTod, cxovrebis
stilis CamoyalibebaSi.
TviTSefasebis Camoyalibebasa da met-naklebi stabilurobis
SenarCunebaSi monawileobas iRebs is relevnaturi, Tu ararelevanturi
informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi xdeba sxvadasxva kognituri
dispoziciebis meSveobiT: TviTaRqma, TviTgaxseneba, TviTyuradReba,
socialuri asaxva, socialuri Sedareba.
TviTaRqma sakuTari sxeulis, fiziologiuri procesebis da qcevis
Sesaxeb informaciis wyaroa, romlis sizustec didad aris damokidebuli
`me-koncefciasa~ da TviTSefasebaze. Mmasze, rogorc Cveulebriv aRqmaze,
winaswari molodinebi da ganwyobebi moqmedebs. anu, TviTaRqma ar aris
sinamdvilis pasiuri asaxva, igi warimarTeba `me-koncefciis~ Sesabamisad.
aqedan gamomdinare adamiani midrekilia mudmivad ganamtkicos sakuTari
`me~-s xati, romelic TviTSefasebis SenarCunebasac emsaxureba. Tumca,
unda aRiniSnos, rom iluziebic ar aris gamoricxuli, rac
ganpirobebulia im tendenciiT, rom sakuTari Tavi iseTi gvinda
davinaxoT, rogoric gvgonia, rom varT. am tendencias socialur
fsiqologiaSi sakuTari konsistentobis damaxinjeba (self-consistensy bias)
ewodeba.
TviTgaxseneba `me-koncefciisaTvis relevanturi informaciis
wyaroa, romelic gulisxmobs warsul situaciebSi qcevebisa da
gancdebis gaxsenebas. warsuli gancdebisa da qcevebis mogoneba xels
uwyobs `me~-s uwyvetobis gncdas. iseve rogorc TvTaRqma, TviTmogonebac
molodinebisa da sqemebis gavlenas ganicdis. amitom warsuli
gamocdileba (STabeWdileba) SeiZleba awmyos moTxovnebis gavleniT
TviTobisTvis ufro xelsayreli saxiT warmodges.
TviTyuradReba yuradRebis koncentracia sakuTar Tavze, anu
yuradRebis obieqti xdeba sakuTari Tavi. `me~-s gansxavebuli aspeqtebi
mxolod maSin gamoikveTeba, rac adamiani maT yuradRebas miapyrobs. aseT
46
dros erTi an ramdenime aspeqti aqtualizdeba. es arsi TviTSefasebis
aucilebeli piroba [20]
socialuri asaxva gulisxmob `me ~-s Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebsa
socialuri urTierTqmedebebis safuZvelze. es aris sxvebis azri
konkretul pirovnebaze, romelic erT-erTi aucilebli pirobaa
TviTSefasebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. adamians aqvs tendencia sakuTari Tavi
dainaxos `sxvis TvalebSi~, anu dainaxos is, Tu rogor xedaven da
afaseben mas sxvebi. socialur asaxvazec vrceldeba `me-koncefciis~
tendencia inforamaciis damaxinjebisa, romelic rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
`me~-s konsistentobis gazrdasa da gaZlierbas emsaxureba.
aseve unda aRiniSnos TviTSefasebis amaRlebis motivi, rogorc
faqtori, romelic ganapirobebes adamianis mudmiv swrafvas pozitiuri
TviTSefasebisaken. am universalur motivs igi mihyavs sakuTar `me~ _ sTan
dakavSirebuli informaciis sasargeblod Secvlis tendenciisaken.
TviTSfasebis amaRlebisa da stabilurobis SenarCunebis
starategiebia TviTprezentacia, simboluri TviTdasruleba da
TviTmiznebis miRwevaa.
TviTprezentacia (TviTwardgena) SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qcevaa,
romelic emsaxureba da mimarTulia `me-koncefcii~-s konsistentobisaken.
adamini cdilobs ise warmoadginos sakuTari Tavi, rom sxvebSi
gamoiwvios iseTi reaqciebi, rac `me-koncefciis~ gamtkicebas Seuwyobs
xels. xolo TviTSefasebis amaRlebisaTvis ise warmoaCens sakuTar Tavs,
rom dadebiTi Sefasebebi da mowoneba daimasxuros [72].
socialuri Sedareba _ individi sakuTar Tavs afasebs mxolod
garkveul reperezentatul jgufTan mimarTebaSi da ara obieqturi
kriteriumebiT.
socialuri Sedareba aris informaciis wyaro; es aris
umniSvnelovanesi faqtori da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxeb garkveuli warmodgena, Tu sakuTari Tavisadmi damokidebuleba
sxvebTan Sedarebis gareSe SeuZlebelia Camoyalibdes. sakuTari
47
pirovnebis Sefaseba aucileblad gulisxmobs Sedarebasa da sxvebis
CarTvas am procesSi.
l. festingeri (1954) gaxldaT pirveli Teoretikosi, romelmac
ganixila interpersonaluri Sedarebis procesis dinamika. rogor afasebs
adamiani sakuTar unarebsa da miRwevebs? sakuTari Tavis SefasebisaTvis
pirdapiri gza SeiZleba iyos Sedareba obieqtur standartebTan, magram,
samwuxarod, aseTi standartebi xSirad ar arsebobs (festingeri).
SesaZlebelia, rom arsebobdes sxva adaminebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebi, Sexedulebebi Tu rwmena, romelic maT gaaCniaT da qceva,
romelsac isini axorcieleben. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
interpersonaluri Sedareba xSirad gamoiyeneba sakuTari unarebis
adeqvaturobis Sesafaseblad. swored am mignebam festingers (1954) ubiZga
socialuri Sedarebis Teoriis Seqmnisaken [67].
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom socialuri Sedareba ara aris
erTaderTi saSualeba sakuTari unarebis, SesaZleblobebisa da qcevis
Sesafaseblad. garda am gzisa arsebobs sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis meore
saSualebac, romelic gulisxmobs sakuTari warsuli warmatebebisa, Tu
warumateblobis axlandelTan Sedarebas. socialuri Sedareba
interpersonaluria, xolo temporaluri Sedaraba ki _
intrapersonaluri. individs SeuZlia dRevandeli miRweva Seadaros
warsulSi msgavsi amocanebis gadaWras da Seafasos ramdenad
gaaumjobesa, Tu piriqiT gaauaresa maTi Sesruleba.
Sefasebis gzis arCeva (socialuri an temporaluri) sxvadasxva
faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli.
festingeri pirveli mecnieri iyo, romelmac interpersonaluri
Sedarebis procesebis dinamika ikvlia. man TviTSefasebisaTvis sxva
adamianebis arsebobis aucileblobaze miuTiTa, gansakuTrebiT imitom
(da swored imitom), rom obieqturi standartebi ar arsebobs. mas
ekuTvnis e.w. `msgavsebis hipoTezac~, rac imas niSnavs, rom ufro advilia
sakuTrai Tavi Seadaro Sens `msgavs~ sxvas. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom damkvidrda `msgavsi sxevbis~ cneba. (unda aRiniSnos, rom
48
Cvens kvlevaSi swored am pirncips veyrdnobiT). miuxedavad imisa, rom es
hipoTeza farTodaa gaziarebuli mecnierebis mier, zogierTi mecnieri
xasz usvams am cnebis orazrovnebas (Latane, 1966. Pettigrew, 1967, Singer 1966).
TviTaRqma, TviTmogoneba, TviTyuradReba, socialuri aRqma da
socialuri Sedareba informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebia, romelic
mimarTulia `me~-ze, rogorc obieqtze. swored am prosecebis saSualebiT
grovdeba informacia TviTSefasebisaTvis. es informacia ganapirobebs `me-
koncefciis~ konsistentobasa da aseve TviTSefasebis donis amaRlebas,
Tu daqveiTebas. magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi adamians gaaCnia tendencia
sakuTari Tavis dadebiTad gamovlenisa, sakuTari Tavis ganmtkicebisa da
gaZlierebisa. yovelive amas ki xels uwyobs is faqtorebi, Tu procesebi,
romelzec Cven zemoT vilaprakeT.
rogorc ukve, aRvniSneT `me-koncefcia~ aris codna sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxeb, romelic moicavs informacias garegnobis, qcevis formebis,
ganwyobebis, miznebis, motivebis Sesaxeb. imdenad, ramdenadac yvela
adamiani CarTulia interaqciis procesSi, amdenad `me-koncefcia~ moicavs
codnas socialuri urTierTobebisa da garkveuli kategoriebisadmi
mikuTvnebulobis Sesaxeb. `me-koncefcia~ gansazRvravs da marTavs Cvens
qcevas. garda amisa, sagulisxmoa da mniSvnelovania isic, rom igi moicavs
ara mxolod warmodgenas sakuTar Tavze, anu `rogori var me~, aramed
`SesaZlebel me~-sac.
hezel markusma (1986) da misma kolegebma Semoitanes `SesaZlo
meebis~ cneba, romelic gulisxmobs `idealur meebs~. anu, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom erTis mxriv, gulisxmob imas rogoric ginda, rom iyo, anu
rogor vxedav sakuTar Tavs ocnebebsa da warmodgenebSi (kargi
garegnobis, Wkviani, yvelasaTvis sayvareli da a.S.); xolo, meores mxriv,
ki – rogoric ar ginda, rom gaxde, anu arasasurvel saxes. swored es
SesaZlebeli `me~ qmnis warmatebebisa da moznebis miRwevisaTvis saWiro
motivs [20].
49
2. 2. `realuri~ da `idealuri~ me
TviTSefasebis formirebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
`realuri me~-sa da `idealuri me~-s dapirispireba.
`idealuri me~-s Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom r. meilis azriT, es cneba
garkveulwilad `ze-me~-s anu superegos mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. imis
gamo, rom Zalze Zneli aRmoCnda superegos operacinalisturi
gansazRvreba da, amdenad, eqsperimentuli kvleva, mis met-naklebad
Sesatyvis Semcvelad miCneul iqna `idealuri me~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
misi gamovlena ufro advili gamosavlenia. igi `ze-me~-s msgavsad
instanciaa, romelic maregulirebel funqcias asrulebs. Tumca, r. meili
aRniSnavs, rom Secdoma iqneboda an cnebaTa urTierTSenacvleba, radgan
maT Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaoba arsebobs. [31]
empiriulad realur da idealur `me~_s Soris garkveuli sididis
gansvla normas warmoadgens da ZiriTadad sakmaod viwro sazRvrebSi
gvxvdeba. realer da idealur `me~-s Soris mcire anu normaluri sxvaoba
ganixileba rogorc `me~-s Zala, anu pirovnebis gawonasworebuloba.
Tumca, aqve unda AiTqvas, rom realer da idealur `me~-s Soris
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba SeiZleba seriozuli Sinagani problemis
wyarod iqces.
realur da idealur `me~_s Soris mniSvnelovanma gansvlam
SeiZleba fsiqologiuri diskomforti gamoiwvios. amasTan dakavSirebiT
saintereso magaliTi mohyavs k. rojersi (1959) Tavisi praqtikidan:
studentma, romelic kolejSi saukeTeso iyo da kargad swavlobda,
uecrda gadawyvita kolejis mitoveba. Tavis wasvla man axsna imiT, rom
man miiRo dabali Sefaseba. mis warmodgenas, rom is saukeTesoa da
Sesabamisad yvelaferSi pirveli unda iyos, saSiSroeba daemuqra. erTad-
erTi gamosavali, romelic studentma moZebna gaqceva iyo. misTvis ufro
advili aRmoCnda swavlis mitoveba, vidre gansxavebis aRiareba realur
Sedegsa da idealur warmodgenas Soris [36], rac diskomfortis,
ukmayofilebisa da nevrozis safuZvelic SeiZleba ki gaxdes.
50
rojersi Tavis TeoriaSi ganixilavs `ideluri me~-s cnebas. Mmisi
azriT, es aris `me-koncefcia~, romelic yvelaze sasurveli da misaRebia.
rogor cnobilia, rojersis Teoria kongruentulobis princips efuZneba.
Sesabamisad, arakongruentuloba ganpirobebulia idealur da realur
`me~-s Soris arsebul gansxvavebiT [35].
k. horni (1997) xazs usvams adamianis `realuri me~-s Zalas da
Tvlis, rom misi ganviTarebis mTvar wayaros, swored es Zala
warmoadgens. anu, mniSvnelovania sakuTari unarebisa da SesaZleblobebis
ganviTareba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba TviTrealizaciisken. adamiani,
romelic sakuTar warmodgenaSi Tavs gansakuTrebul unarebs miawers da
SeiZleba Tavi gmiradac ki CaTvalos, saSiSroebas uqmnis sakuTar Sinagan
garemos. didi gansxavevba `raelur~ da `idealur~ meebs Soris, rogorc
hornim sakuTar SromebSi aCvena, xSir SemTxvevebSi xdeba depresiis
wyaro.
Hhiginsis (1987) Teoria (me-gansvala) am mxrivadac sainteresoa. misi
koncefciisaTvis centraluria `unda-me~_sa da `aqtualuri me~- s cnebebi.
avtori gamoyofs `me~-s sam formas: realuri (aqtualuri) me; idealuri
me; unda-me. `realuri, anu aqtualuri me~ es aris warmodegenaTa
erToblioba realuri Tvisebebisa da maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. `idealuri
me~ ki _ warmodegnaTa erToblioba idealuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, aseve is
Tavis TavSi moicavs individis imedebs, ambiciebs da survilebs; xolo
`unda-me~ ki gulisxmobs, Tu rogori unda iyos `me~, ra movaleobebi, Tu
pasuxismgeblobebi akisria [53].
higinsis Teoriis Tanaxmad, adamianebi miiswrafian imisken, rom maTi
`aqtualuri me~ maqsimalurad miuaxlovdes `idealur me~-sa da `unda-me~-
s. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, iyos kongruentuli.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `me~-s es gansxavevebuli aspeqtebi
integrirebulia da Sesabamisad, `realuri~ da `idealuri~ meebis
daaxloeba – daSorebam mniSvnelovnad gansazRvros adamianis aqtualuri
mdgomareoba. imdenad, ramdenadac TviTSefasebas adamianis ganviTarebisa
da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli qcevis modelis CamoyalibabaSi seriozuli
51
adgili uWiravs; imdenad, ramdenadac TviTSefasebis done damokidebulia
`idealur~ da `realur~ meebs Soris gansxvavebaze, naTeli xdeba am
sakuTxis aqtualoba da mniSvneloba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, empiriulad realur da idealur `me~-s
Soris garkveuli gansxvaveba normas warmoadgens. Zalian didi gansvla
SeZleba seriozuli Sinagani problemebis wyarod iqces da xeli
SeuSalos pirovnebis normalur, janmrTel funqcionirebas [39].
Cven am sakiTxze aRar SevCerdebiT, magram unda aRvniSnoT, rom
Cveni kvlevis erT-erTi instrumenti swored `idealur~ da `realur~ me-
ebs Soris gansxavebas efuZneba imdenad, ramdenadac Cveni kvlevisaTvis
gvesaWiroeboda cdis pirTa Soris sxvadasxva TviTSefasebis mqone
qvejgufebis gamoyofa. es qvejgufebi gamoiyo idealur da realur `me~-s
Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis Sesabamisad.
52
Tavi III
mcdari unikalurobisa da mcdari konsensusis efeqtebis kvleva
3.1 sakiTxis dasma
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, TviTSefaseba aris sakuTari pirovnebis
subieqturi Sefaseba, sxva sityvebiT, es aris pozitiuri Tu negatiuri
ganwyoba, romelic mimarTulia specifikuri obieqtisaken (obieqtSi
igulisxmeba `me~). rodesac individi sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebs, maSin is
iwyebs laparaks Tavis fizikur da Tvisobriv maxasiaTeblebze,
interesebsa da motivebze, atitudebsa da grZnobebze, misTvis
damaxasiaTebel qcevebsa da unarebze [69].
cnobilia, rom pirovnebis qcevisa da misi Sinagani dinamikis
ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas, anu
TviTSefasebas. adamiani Tavis Tavs sworad an arasworad afasebs.
Tvisebebs, romelsac Cven sakuTar Tavs mivawerT xSirad ar aris
obieqturi da mas sxvebi ar EeTanxmebian. xSirad adamianebi cdiloben
sakuTar Tavs raime gansakuTrebuli Tviseba an unari miaweron, romelic
maT gamoarCevs sxvebisagan.
TviTSefaseba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs `me~-s xatis
CamoyalibebaSi. amitom, rogorc tradiciul, aseve Tanamedrove
fsiqologiaSi mravali gamokvleva eZRvneba TviTSefasebis Seswavlas da
es sakiTxi ganxilulia sxvadasxva planSi. gamoyofen rogorc zogad
TviTSefasebas, aseve mis calkeul aspeqtebs: inteleqtualurs, fizikurs,
pirovnul niSnebs, socialurs da a.S.
TviTSefaseba, rogorc damokidebuleba (ganwyoba) obieqtisadmi,
romelSic sakuTari Tavi igulisxmeba, mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli
sakuTari Tavisadmi Tvisebebis miwerasa da am Tvisebebis gavrceleba-
argavrcelebaze, anu ramdenad miawers an ar miawers am Tvisebebs is
sxvebs. aseve mniSvnelovania sakuTari SexedulebebiT manipulireba da am
Sexedulebebis sxvebis mier miReba an armiReba.
53
vfiqrobT, rom TviTSefasebis rTuli bunebis da masze moqmedi
faqtorebis gamosavlenad mniSvnelovani unda iyos subieqtis mier ara
mxolod sakuTari Tavis romelime aspeqtiT, Tu niSniT Sefaseba, aramed
misi azric (Sefaseba) am niSnis sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebis Sesaxeb, anu
ramdenad axasiaTebs es niSani sxvas. Cvens kvlevaSi TviTSefasebis
obieqtebad Cvens mier arCeul iqna : 1. pirovnuli niSani, anu Tviseba da 2.
msoflmxedvelobrivi sfero, anu Sexedulebebi, romelic adamians aqvs
sxvadasxva sakiTxze.
adamians aqvs tendencia gaafarToos sakuTari `me~-s xati, rac
gulisxmobs, rom adamiani gamudmebiT afasebs sakuTar Tavs, sxvebs da
erTmaneTs adarebs TviT da sxvaTa Sefasebebis monacemebs.
TviTSefasebis aRniSnuli obieqtebis (pirovnuli niSani da
Sexeduleba) gavrcelebuloba – argavrcelebuloba, swored `mcdari
unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebis moqmedebas miuTiTebs.
is, rom adamianebs undaT rac SeiZleba ukeT warmoadginon
sakuTari Tavi, mravalgzis aris dadasturebuli. bolo wlebis
gamokvlevebiT eqsperimentulad dadgenilia, rom adamianebs aqvT
midrekileba Tavi ararealisturad pozitiurad Seafason, ukeT
daimaxsovron sakuTari dadebiTi da ara uaryofiTi mxareebi;
warumatebloba sxvebs, gare viTarebebs gadaabralon da warmateba
sakuTar Tavs miaweron. adamiani mniSvnelovnad monawileobs sakuTari
`me~-s formirebaSi da Tvlis, rom misi Rirsebebi, SesaZleblobebi da
zneobrivi saqcieli gansakuTrebuli da unikaluria. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, adgili aqvs `mcdari unikalurobis efeqts~, romelic gulisxmobs
dadebiTi Tvisebebisa da unarebis, sasurveli an efeqturi qcevis
gavrcelebulobis araswor (ZiriTadad Seufaseblobas) Sefasebas. anu, ama
Tu im niSniT sxvebisgan distancirebas tendencies.
`mcdari unikaluroba~ gulisxmobs erTsulovnebis Seufaseblobas
ama Tu im niSnis mixedviT (goetland, 1986).
aRsaniSnavia g. marqsis (1984) statia _ `Thinking One`s Abilities Are Unique
and One’s Opinions Are Common” – romelSic ganxilulia `mcdari
54
unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebis moqmedeba sakuTari
Tavis Sefasebisas. adamians urCevnia ifiqros, rom misTvis
damaxasiTebeli Tvisebebi da unarebi aris saukeTeso. maSin, rodesac misi
Sexedulebi gavrcelebulia da bevrisTvis misaRebi [56].
adamianis mier sakuTari unarebisa da Tvisebebs gansakuTrebulobis,
unikalurobis aRiarebas ori mizezi aqvs: 1. mniSvnelovani unarebis
arseboba misaRebi da saukeTeso qcevis gansaxorcieleblad; 2. arsebuli
unarebi ganapirobebs socialur mimReblobasa da statuss [69].
goetlandis (1986) kvlevebic adasturebs adamianis mier
socialurad sasurveli qcevis gavrcelebulobis, erTsulovnebis
Seufaseblobas. qceva, romelic socialurad sasurvelia, ar aris
gavrcelebulia [68].
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fenomeni _ `mcdari unikalurobis efeqti~_
ZiriTadi Teoriuli midgomebis yuradRebis miRma rCeba, Tumca, es `me~-s
gaZlierebis konteqstSia axsnili.
rosma, grinma da housma 1977 wels gamoaqveynes gamokvlevaTa seria,
ramac saTave daudo `mcdari konsensusis~ kvlevas. socialuri
mikerZoebis es tendencia vlindeba adamianis mier im tendenciis
gadafasebaSi, rom sxvebi mis msgavsad iqcevian an fiqroben. socialuri
aRqmis es mikerZoeba avtorebma aRweres _ rogorc adamianis tendencia
dainaxos sakuTari qceviTi arCevani, Seafasos rogorc metnaklebad
Cveulebrivi da arsebuli viTarebisadmi Sesatyvisi, xolo alternatiuli
Sexeduleba _ rogorc uCveulo, ucnauri da Seusabamo. magaliTad, erTe-
erT gamokvlevaSi stenfordis universitetis studentebs sTxovdnen,,rom
30 wuTis manZilze evloT saerTo sacxovreblis teritoriaze zurgze
damagrebuli warweriT `momnaniebeli”. isini, vinc daTanxmden amas,
miiCnevdnen, rom amas daTanxmdeboda amave universitetis studentTa
63.5%, xolo vinc amaze uari ganacxada, fiqrobda, rom daTanxmdeboda
studentTa 23.3%. sxva kvlevebSic gamovlinda analogiuri `mcdari
konsensusis” efeqtebi me-sa da kolejis Tanatolebis SefasebebSi, roca
saqme exeboda ganzraxvebs, preferenciebs (upiratesobis miniWebas),
55
Sexedulebebs. es efeqtebi naklebad gamovlinda, rodesac saqme exeboda
pirad molodinebs da moqmedebebs.
Uunda aRiniSnos, rom asobiT statia mieZRvna `mcdari konsensusis”,
me-sa da sxvas Soris navaraudev msgavsebis kvlevas. am movlenis
asaxsnelad mravali mosazreba iyo wamoyenebuli, Tumca, gamoikveTa erTi
tendencia: am fenomenis safuZvelSi myofi procesebi moiazreba mxolod
da mxolod individis doneze, qcevis FfarTo konteqstis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe.
am fenomenTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva Teoriuli mosazreba
arsebobs. erT-erTi midgomis _ seleqciuri dispozicia da kognituri
misawvdomobis Tanaxmad, msgavseba-erTgvarovnebis aRqmaze gavlenas
axdens is, Tu ramdvnad advilad amodis mexsierebidan cnobierebaSi
msgavsebis damadasturebeli Sinaarsebi. tverskisa da kanemanis azriT,
adamiani iyenebs misawvdomobis evristikas maSin, roca is afasebs
movlenis sixSires da albaTobas. rosi am mimdinareobis TvalsaCino
warmomadgeneli gaxlavT.
rosma gamoiyena es evristika konsensusis SefasebisaTvis. igi
miuTiTebs, rom `me~-sa da `sxvebs~ Soris msgavsebis faqtebi ufro iolad
moiZebneba mexsierebaSi, vidre gansxvavebisa da uTanxmoebis, ris gamoc
erTsulovnebis Sefasebac izrdeba. erTsulovnebis faqtebi advilad
misawvdomia, radgan individi Cveulebriv ukavSirdeba msgavss da ara _
gansxvavebul adamianebs. amis magaliTia megobruli jgufebi, sadac
imTaviTve maRali Sinagani msgavseba SeiniSneba.
is, rom garSemomyofi `sxva adamianebi” misi msgavsia, da swored es
adamianebi gamodian misTvis reprezentaciuli amonakrebis (nimuSis)
rolSi, zRudavs informacias imis Sesaxeb Tu ramdenad mravalferovani
Sexedulebebi arsebobs did sociumSi, da zrdis me-sa da sxvebs Soris
msgavsebisa da erTsulovnebis (Tanxmobis) magaliTebis misawvdomobas.
amrigad, SerCeviTi gamoCena SesaZloa `mcdari konsensusis efeqtis~
ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli iyos.
56
sasurvel poziciaze, sapirispirod alternatiulisa, yuradRebis
fokusirebam SeiZleba gazardos mxardaWeris Sesaxeb konsensusis
Sefaseba. rodesac individi yuradRebas gamorCeulad warmarTavs erT
konkretul poziciaze, konsensusi SeiZleba gaizardos imis gamo, rom
uSualod mocemuli es pozicia amJamad erTaderTia mis cnobierebaSi. da
piriqiT, rodesac yuradReba meryeobs or an met pozicias Soris, xdeba
konsesusis Sefasebis gazaveba, anu Sefasebebi alternativebs Soris
metnaklebad nawildeba. moqmedebaSi CarTvis aqti aucileblad ufro
gamokveTils xdis am aqts, vidre is sxva SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, da amave
dros, yuradRebas am moqmedebasTan dakavSirebul poziciaze amaxvilebs.
garda amisa, qceva, romelic gamoikveTeba qcevis fonidan msgavs efeqtebs
axdens.
informaciis logikuri gadamuSavebis modeli me-sa da sxvebs Soris
msgavsebis Sefasebis safuZvlad aqtiur msjelobas da racionalur
procesebs ganixilavs. am Tvalsazrisis magaliTia kauzaluri
atribuciis procesi. haideri (1958) miiCnevs, rom kauzaluri atribuciis
procesis ragvarobam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios daSvebebze konkretuli
qcevis Cveulebrivobaze, anu `mcdar konsensusze~. haideri wers, rom Tu
subieqti konkretuli qcevis mizezs miawers situacias, mosalodnelia am
dros konsensusis maRali done davinaxoT. xolo Tu qcevis mizezi
pirovnul dispoziciebs miewereba, maSin naklebad aris mosalodneli me-
sa da sxvebs Soris reaqciaTa msgavsebis Sesaxeb varaudi. am
Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, `mcdari erTsulovnebis efeqti~ aris adamianis
tendencia _ miaweros sakuTari qcevis mizezi situacias, da ara
dispoziciur faqtorebs [29].
ganvixiloT es daSveba ufro dawvrilebiT. Tu ki `mcdari
konsensuss~ aRZravs situaciuri artibucia, subieqtma unda dauSvas, rom
situacia masze da sxvebze erTnairad imoqmedebs. ratom unda gaakeTos
subieqtma aseTi daSveba? SesaZloa is massa da sxvebs Soris msgavsebas
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis mxriv uSvebs. magram Tu es asea, maSin
SesaZlebelia, rom `mcdari konsensuss~ aRZravs dispoziciuri, iseve
57
rogorc situaciuri kauzaluri atribucia. arsebobs kidev ori
SesaZlebloba: 1. konsensusis aRmqmelma SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom
situaciuri faqtorebi Crdilaven individualur sxvaobebs. magram
dadasturebuli faqti, rom sakuTari qcevis mizezebs adamiani
garesituacias miawers, xolo sxva adamianis qcevas _ dispoziciur
faqtorebs, ewinaaRmdegeba amgvar axsnas. 2. informaciis logikuri
gadamuSavebis TvalsazrisTan ufro axloa alternatiuli mosazreba,
rom SesaZloa adamiani aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs erTnairad
racionalur arsebebad, romlebic situaciis daaxloebiT erTnair
gavlenas ganicdian.
gamomdinare zemoTTqmulidan SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom dispoziciiT
(mag. Ppirovnuli niSani) ganpirobebuli qceva ar aris sakmaod
gavrcelebuli. xolo maSin, rodesac adamiani qcevis mizezs gare
situacias miawers, SeiZleba adgili qondes sxvebTan msgavsebas. am
Teoriis farglebSi laparakia warmatebuli, Tu warumatebeli qcevis
gamomwvev mizezebze da ara uSualod Sinagan faqtorebze.
kidev erTi mimdinareoba _ e.w. motivaciuri Tvalsazrisi, romelic
ZiriTad aqcents akeTebs aRmqmeli subieqtis mier `me~-sa da `sxvebs~
Soris msgavsebis danaxvasa an sakuTari atitudebis jgufis wevrebisadmi
miweraze, rac SeiZleba aZlierebdes socialuri mxardaWeris aRqmas, rac
adasturebs sakuTari poziciis sisworesa da adeqvaturobas, riTac
SemdgomSi xdeba TviTSefasebis ganmtkiceba, gaZliereba.
ECveni azriT, es midgoma SeiZleba gamoviyeneoT `mcdari
konsensusis~ efeqtis asaxsnelad, `me~-s xatis gaZlierebis poziciidan. am
Tvalsazriss ukavSirdeba l. festingeris Teoriac, romelsac ufro
dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, adamians surs ukeT warmoadginos sakuTari
Tavi, SeinarCunos da gaaZlieros pozitiuri damokidebuleba sakuTari
Tavisadmi. Cvens mier zemoT aRwerili _ `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da
`mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebi, swored, amas emsaxureba. SeiZleba iTqvas,
58
rom es aris universaluri kanonzomiereba, romelsac adgili aqvs
TviTSefasebis procesSi.
aqve gvinda davubrundeT l. festingeris (1954) `socialuri
Sedarebis~ Teorias imdenad, ramdenadac am Teoriis principi Cveni
kvlevas daedo safuZvlad [68].
rogor afasebs adamiani sakuTar unarebsa da miRwevebs? sakuTari
Tavis obieqtur standartebTan Sedareba aris pirdapiri gza, magram
aseTi standartebi ZiriTadad ar arsebobs (festingeri, 1954). SesaZloa
arsebobdes sxva adamianTa qceva, rwmena, Sexeduleba da moqmedeba.
amrigad, interpersonaluri Sedareba xSirad gamoiyeneba sakuTari
unarebis adeqvaturobis Sesafaseblad. am mignebam festingeri (1954)
socialuri Sedarebis Teoriis Seqmnamde miiyvana [69].
Tumca, socialuri Sedareba erTad-erTi saSualeba rodia,
romliTac adamiani sakuTar unarebs afasebs. arsebobs, aseve,
temporaluri Sedarebebi, romelic Sefasebis meore saSualebas
warmoadgens: individs SeuZlia axlandeli miRwevebi Seadaros warsulSi
msgavsi amocanebis gadaWras da Seafasos ramdenad gaaumjobesa, Tu
piriqiT gaauaresa maTi Sesruleba.
Sefasebis xerxis arCeva damokidebulia imaze, Tu cxovrebis
ciklSi sad aris amJamad individi da Sesabamisad, ganpirobebulia im
procesebiT, romlebic ganviTarebis ama Tu im doneze gvxvdeba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, festingeri pirveli mecnieri iyo,
romelmac interpersonaluri Sedarebis procesebis dinamika ikvlia. man
TviTSefasebisaTvis sxva adamianebis arsebobis aucileblobaze miuTiTa,
gansakuTrebis maSin (da swored imitom), rom obieqturi standartebi ar
arsebobs. mas ekuTvnis e.w. `msgavsebis hipoTezac", rac gulisxmobs
sakuTari Tavis `msgavs~ sxvebTan Sedarebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven
kvlevaSi swored es principia gamoyenebuli.
garda amisa, mniSvnelovania festingeris is pozicia, romlis
mixedviTac adamians sakuTari Sexedulebis sisworeSi dasarwmuneblad
socialuri mxadWera sWirdeba. imisaTvis, rom man sakuTari pozicia
59
gamarTlebulad da misaRebad CaTvalos unda dauSvas bevri mxardamWeris
arseboba. yovelive es ki emsaxureba `me~-s xatis gaZlirebas, anu
sakuTari Tavisadmi dadebiTi ganwyobis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebas.
Aam TavSi ganxilulia Kkvlevis pirveli etapi, romelic miznad
isaxavda `mcdari unikalurobisa efeqtisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis
efeqtis~, rogorc universaluri kanonzomirebis dadgenas.
sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT gvainteresebda gvenaxa aqvs, Tu ara adgili
sakuTari pirovnuli niSnebisa da Sexedulebebis mixedviT sxvaTa
Sefasebisas aRniSnuli efeqtebis moqmedebas qarTul populaciaSi.
Aam etapze Cvens mizans warmoadgenda Semdegi hipoTezebis Semowmeba:
`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebi
pirovnebis Sefasebis zogadi tendenciaa, romelic SeiZleba
Seicvalos sxvadasxva faqtorTa zemoqmedebiT;
sakuTari uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnis mixedviT sxvebis
Sefasebisas mcdari konsensusis efeqtis dadgena.
3. 2. gamoyenebuli meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera
Aam debulebis Sesamowmeblad CavatareT empiriuli kvleva.
I seria:
pirvel seriaSi Semowmebuli iqna hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac
adamians urCevnia ifiqros, rom misi dadebiTi pirovnuli niSani
unikaluria, xolo uaryofiTi Tviseba da Sexeduleba – sakmaod
gavrcelebuli.
kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRo Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
studentebis 4-ma jgufma. kvleva sul Catarda 434 cdis pirze.
am etapze kvlevis instrumentad gamoviyeneT kiTxvarebi. TiToeuli
es kiTxvari ori martivi Ria kiTxvisagan Sedgeboda.
60
I
a) daasaxeleT is erTi Tviseba, romelic yvelaze metad
gaxasiaTebT (igulisxmeba dadebiTi);
b) Tqveni azriT, Tqveni fakultetis (an mTeli universitetis)
ramden procents axasiaTebs es Tviseba?
II A
a) im Sexedulebebidan, romlebic gaqvT sxvadasxva sakiTxze,
romelia is erTi Sexeduleba, romelic TqvenTvis gansakuTrebulia da
mniSvnelovania;
b) Tqveni azriT, Tqveni fakultetis (an mTeli universitetis)
ramden procents aqvs es Sexedulebas?
III
a) im Sexedulebebidan, romlebic gaqvT sxvadsxva sakiTxze,
romelia is erTi Sexeduleba, romelic TqvenTvis gansakuTrebulia da
mniSvnelovania;
b) Tqveni azriT, Tqveni fakultetis (an mTeli universitetis)
ramden procenti daeTanxmeba am Sexedulebas?
IV
a) daasaxeleT TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi uaryofiTi
Tviseba;
b) Tqveni azriT, Tqveni fakultetis (an mTeli universitetis)
ramden procents axasiaTebs es Tviseba?
II da III kiTxvarSi dasmuli SekiTxvebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna
saWirod CavTvaleT, radgan vfiqrobT, rom SesaZloa Cvennairi
Sexeduleba bevrs ar hqondes, mgram bevri eTanxmebodes.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRes Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis sudentebma., am etapze sul 434 cdis pirma. sam
61
jgufSi iyo 100-100, xolo erTSi ki _ 134 cdis piri [es gxldaT im
jgufSi, romelic sakuTar Tavs afasebda uaryofiTi niSnis mixedviT. (es
cifri sruliad SemTxveviTia)]. TiToeul jgufs zemoaRniSnuli
kiTxvarebidan erT-erTi eZleoda.
cdis pirebs aseT davalebas vaZlevdiT: vTxovdiT, rom
daesaxelebinaT maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli MerTi dadebiTi, erTi
uaryofiTi Tviseba da maTi mniSvnelovani Sexeduleba, xolo Semdeg
dasaxelebuli Tvisebisa da Sexedulebis mixedviT SeefasebinaT `msgavsi~
sxvebi, anu imave statusis mqone adamianebi (Cven SemTxvevaSi eseni iyvnen
Tsu-s studentebi). cdis pirebs vafasebinebdiT maTive fakultetis, an
mTeli universitetis studentebs, romlebsac TviTon airCevdnen. Cveni
azriT, cdis pirebs gauadvildebodaT homogenuri jgufis Sefaseba.
rogorc moyvanili masalidan Cans, yovel meore kiTxvaSi cdis
pirebs vTxovdiT, aReniSnaT im adamianebis raodenoba, romelTac maT mier
dasaxelebuli Tviseba aqvT, an romlebic iziareben maT azrs. cdis piris
mier MmiTiTebuli procenti mis subieqtur damokidebulebas asaxavs.
informacia, romelsac meore kiTxvis pasuxebi gvaZlevs, ra Tqma unda,
obieqturobas moklebulia. Cveni kvlevisaTvis swored es monacemia
saintereso da ara is Tu sinamdvileSi ramden procents aqvs msgavsi
Tviseba (rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi), Tu Sexeduleba. am pasuxis
mixedviT Cven vigebT, Tu rogor afasebs cdis piri sakuTar Tavs da,
amasTanave, ras fiqrobs igi `msgavss~ sxvebze da rogor afasebs igive
statusis mqone adamianebs. amdenad, ar hqonda mniSvneloba sxvebSi cdis
piri Tavisi fakultetis studentebs igulisxmebda, Tu mTeli
universitetis.
3. 3. Sedegebis analizi
Ppirvel SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdis pirebs vTxovdiT, rom
daesaxelebinaT maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi Tviseba (igulisxmeba
dadebiTi) da Semdeg am Tvisebis mixedviT SeefasebinaT sxvebi, aseTi
62
suraTi miviReT: cdis pirTa 71,3% aRniSnavs, rom mis mier dasaxelebuli
Tviseba axasiaTebs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50% -ze naklebs [miRebuli
ganawilebis SemTxveviTobis gamosaricxad gamoyenebulia pirsonis 2,
rogorc Tanadobis kriteriumi da aRmoCnda, rom pasuxebis es ganawileba
ar aris SemTxveviTi (2.=10,46; T.x.=1; Pp<0,001)].
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, cdis pirTa didi raodenoba Tvlis, rom
mis mier dasaxelebeli Tviseba naklebad aris gavrcelebuli (anu
Tviseba, romelic mas axasiaTebs 50%-ze naklebisaTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli), xolo danarCeni nawili miiCnevs, rom es Tviseba
axasiaTebs 50%-ze mets. [am monacemebs Soris gansxvavebebis
Sesamowmeblad gamoyenebulia normaluri ganawilebis Z maCvenebeli,
romelmac daadastura gansxvavebis sandooba (Z = 6,36; Pp<0,001)].NAKLEBAD
Mmeore SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdis pirebs vTxovdiT daesaxelebinaT
maTi erTi Sexeduleba da studentTa is raodenoba, romelic am
Sexedulebas iziarebs. Aam SemTxvevaSi aseTi Sedegi miviReT: cdis pirTa
80,2% Tvlis, rom mis Sexedulebas eTanxmeba Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze
meti [pasuxebis es ganawileba SemTxveviTi ar aris (2.=40,08; T.x.=1;
Pp<0,001)].
rogorc gamoirkva, cdis pirTa didi raodenoba Tvlis, rom mis
Sexedulebas eTanxmeba bevri (50%-ze meti), xolo cdis pirTa Zalian
mcireMraodenobam aRniSna, rom mis Sexedulebas eTanxmeba 50%-ze naklebi
[am monacemebis statistikurma Semowmebam daadastura, rom es gansxvaveba
sandoa (Z = 8,9; Pp<0,001)].
mesame SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdis pirebs vTxovdiT, rom
ganesazRvraT raodenoba im studentebisa, romlebsac aqvT maT mier
aRniSnuli Sexeduleba, aRmoCnda, rom studentTa raodenobis gazviadeba
ar xdeba. im cdis pirTa pasuxebi, romlebic amboben, rom es Sexeduleba
aqvs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze mets, an piriqiT, 50%-ze naklebs,
Tanabrad nawildeba.
63
sakuTari uaryofiTi Tvisebis mixedviT sxvebis Sefasebisas sul
dasaxelebulda 43 Tviseba, romelTagan 15 Tviseba, anu 35% umravlesobas
miewereba, rac niSnavs rom cdis piris mier dasaxelebuli Tviseba
axasiaTebs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50 % -ze mets. magram Tu gadavxedavT im
Tvisebebs (danarCenili 28 Tviseba), romelic Sesafasebeli jgufis
umciresobisaTvis aris damaxasiTebeli (anu, Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze
naklebs axasiaTebs), davrwmundebiT, rom met-naklebad uaryofiTad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos maqsimum 5 Tviseba:
impursuroba
upasuxismgebloba
male mbezrdeba adamianebi
gulgriloba
ampartavnoba
amrigad, faqtobrivad, sul dasaxelda ara 43 uaryofiTi Tviseba,
aramed mxolod 20. qvemoT moyvanilia am Tvisebebis nusxa.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, es Tvisebebi amokrefilia 134 cdis piris
mier dasaxelebuli Tvisebebidan, anu es aris is Tvisebebi, romelic
yvelaze xSirad saxeldeboda cdis pirebis mier.
Tvisebebi Tvisebebi
sizarmace agdebulad laparaki
sijiute wyenas advilad viviwyeb
egocentruloba matyuara
Tavmoubmeloba zedmetad interesiani
unebisyofoba pretenziuloba
eWvianoba impulsuroba
agresiuloba upasuxismgebloba
arapunqtualuroba gulgriloba
aramizandasaxuloba male mbezrdeba adamianebi
labiluroba ampartavnoba
64
aRniSnuli 20 uaryofiTi Tvisebis mixedviT `msgavsi~ sxvebis
Sefasebisas, aseTi suraTi miviReT: am 20 uaryofiTi Tvisebidan 75%
miewereba umravlesobas (e.i, Sesafsebeli jgufis 50% -ze mets) da
mxolod 25% - umciresobas (e.i. Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze naklebs).
[miRebuli ganawilebis SemTxveviTobis gamosaricxad gamoyenebulia
pirsonis 2 da aRmoCnda, rom es gansxvaveba sandoa (2 = 12,841; T.x=1;
p<0.01)].
Sedegi aseTia: sakuTari dadebiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT sxvebis
Sefasebisas xdeba Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobis Seufasebloba. xolo
Sexedulebebisa da uaryofiTi Tvisebebis SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs
studentTa ricxvis gazviadebas, anu gavrcelebulobis gadafasebas.
magram im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac unda ganesazRvraT studentTa is
raodenoba, romelic aRniSnuli Sexedulebis matarebelia cdis pirTa
pasuxebi Tanabrad ganawilda. anu cdis pirebis erTi nawili Tvlis, rom
es Sexeduleba aqvs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze mets, xolo meore ki
miaCnia, rom am Sexedulebis matarebelia 50%-ze naklebi.
65
Tavi IV
pirovnuli niSnebis (rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi) `sxvebSi~
gavrcelebulobis tendencia
4. 1. sakiTxis dasma (kvlevis II seria)
Ppirovneba ara aris substancionalurad mocemuli raime arsi,
aramed igi mimarTebaSi CarTuli sistemaa. pirovnebas garkveuli
moTxovnileba amoZravebs, garemo ki, Tavis mxriv, garkveul gavlenas
axdens masze. amdenad, pirovneba moiazreba am sistemaSi da ara mis
gareSe. İis CarTulia socialur garemoSi da, aqedan gamomdinare,
garkveuli socialuri statusis matarebelia. meores mxriv, mas
garkveuli subieqturi damokidebulebaTa sistema gaaCnia: aqvs
warmodgenebi sakuTar Tavze, TviTSefasebis garkveuli done,
TviTcnobiereba da, aseve, warmodegenebi garemoze, sxvebze da,
Sesabamisad, garkveuli damokidebulebebi uyalibdeba. Aanu SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom afasebs garemosa da sxvebs.
TviTSefasebis procesSi adamiani sakuTari `me~-s obieqtivacias
axdenes, romelic iwvevs sakuTari Tavisadmi garkveuli ganwyobis
Camoyalibebas. Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sakuTari Tavisadmi
garkveuli damokidebulebis Camoyalibebis, anu ganwyobis Seqmnis
procesSi mniSvnelovan rols swored sxvebi asruleben. Asxva adamianebi,
romlebic iZlevian Sedarebis saSualebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianis
sxvebisadmi damokidebuleba, maTi Sefaseba aucilebeli komponentia misi
aqtivobisa da raelizaciisaTvis. sxvebs, rogorc arsebul standartebs
iyenebs. İigi zogjer cdilobs gardaqmnas kidec, raTa sakuTari qceva
gaamarTlos da TviTSefseba gaaZlieros.
TviTSefaseba es aris garkveuli ganwyoba sakuTari Tavisadmi.
xSirad ganwyobis safuZvelze sinamdvilis asimilaciur-iluzoruli
aRqma da Sefaseba xdeba. Aam dros individi Tavisi ganwyobis gavleniT
axdens sinamdvilis gadakeTebas [11]. es sakiTxebi ZiriTadad ganxilulia
66
sagnebis aRqmasTan mimarTebaSi. fsiqologiur literaturaSi cnobilia
marbes mier ganxiluli ganwyobiseul-iluzoruli aRqmis tragikuli
magaliTi: erT-erTma monadirem taxebze nadirobisas, SemTxveviT
gamoCenili gogona mokla. es gogona man taxad aRiqva, esrola da mokla.
es magaliTi asimilaciur-iluzoruli aRqmis SemTxvevas warmoadgens. Tu
davubrundebiT TviTSefasebis sakiTxs da mas ganvixilavT, rogorc
ganwyobas sakuTari Tavisadmi, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am SemTxvevaSic
sakuTari ganwyobis Sesabamisad adgili aqvs sinamdvilis `gadakeTebas~.
anu, Tu vilaparakebT tendenciaze, romelic gulisxmobs sakuTari Tavis
pozitiurad Sefasebasa da warmodgenas, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am
SemTxvevaSic adamiani cdilobs garemosa da sxvebis `gadakeTebas~.
Aam TavSi ganxilulia kvlevis meore seria, romlis mizans
warmoadgenda imis dadgena, Tu cdis pirTa azriT, ramdenad aris
gavrcelebuli zogadad rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi Tvisebebi.
Tu wina etapze gvainteresebda sakuTari rogorc dadebiTi, aseve
uaryofiTi Tvisebebis gavrcelebuloba _ argavrcelebuloba, anu Tu
ramdenad miawers sakuTar pirovnul niSnebs sxvebs; am SemTxvevaSi
davinteresdiT, Tu zogadad rogor afsebs sxvebs da ara sakuTar TavTan
mimarTebaSi.
II seria:
4. 1. 1. gamoyenebuli meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera
unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc pirvel etapze, aseve am SemTxvevaSic
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo `msgavsi~ sxvebis principi. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis studentebi afasebdnen amave universitetis studentebs.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, es principi aadvilebda sxvaTa Sefasebis
process, anu igive statusis mqone adamianebis Sefaseba ufro advilia.
Aam etapzec monawileobdnen Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
studentebi, monawileobda ori jgufi da cdis pirTa ricxvi 279 _ s
Seadgenda. erTi jgufi dadebiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT afasebda sxvebs,
67
xolo meore ki uaryofiTis. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Tvisebebi ar
SevurieT erTmaneTs da TvisebaTa nusxa (rogor dadebiTi, aseve
uaryofiTi) or sxvadasxva jgufs urigdeboda. vifiqreT, rom kvlevis am
principiT Catreba ukeTesi iqneboda. erT SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs unda
moexdinaT dadebiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT sxvebis Sefaseba, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi ki _ uaryofiTis mixedviT. garda amisa, dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi Tvisebebis raodenoba ar iyo Tanabari. SeiZleboda
gaTanabreba, magram uaryofiTi Tvisebebi ar iZleoda amis SesaZlblobas.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, es Tvisebebi wina seriebSi Segrovili masalidan
aris amokrefili.
pirvel etapze Segrovebuli masalidan amovkrifeT is dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi, romelic ufro meti cdis piris mier iyo
dasaxelebuli, anu romelic yvelaze didi intensiobiT gvxvdeboda.
dadebiTi Tvisebebidan darCa 18, xolo uaryofiTidan _ ki mxolod 11.
dadebiTi Tvisebebi
adamianisadmi pativiscema TanagrZnoba
megobruloba punqtualuroba
gulisxmiereba mimtevebloba
urTierTgatana pasuxismgebloba
sakuTari Tavis Secnobis unari samarTlianoba
emociuroba Sromisunarianoba
TavSekavebuloba keTili
sidinje mizandasaxuleba
keTilganwyobileba erTguleba
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi
sizarmace arapunqtualuroba
gaubedaoba aramizandasaxuloba
sijiute Tavmoubmeloba
impulsuroba unebisyofoba
egocentruloba dakompleqsebuloba
upasuxismgebloba
68
Tvisebebis es ori nusxa urigdebodaT cdis pirebs (universitetis
studentebs), romelTac vTxovdiT, rom am Tvisebebis mixedviT (rogorc
dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi) SeefasebinaT `msgavsi~ sxvebi. maT Semdegi
instruqcia eZleodaT:
I
qvemoT CamoTvlilia dadebiTi Tvisebebi. Tqveni azriT, TiToeuli
es Tviseba Tqveni fakultetis (an mTeli universitetis studentTa
ramden procents axasiaTebs.
II
qvemoT CamoTvlilia uaryofiTi Tvisebebi. Tqveni azriT, TiToeuli
es Tviseba Tqveni fakultetis (an mTeli unuversitetis) studentTa
ramden procents axasiaTebs.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, cdis pirebs eZleodaT rogorc dadebiTi,
aseve uaryofiTi Tvisebebis nusxa da TiToeuli TvisebisaTvis unda
mieweraT im studentTa raodenoba (procentebSi), romelTaTvisac, maTi
azriT, damaxasiaTebelia TiToeuli es konkretuli Tviseba. cdis pirTa
mier dasaxelebuli procenti gulisxmobs Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobas,
anu xdeboda ara Tvisebebis, aramed am Tvisebebis mixedviT sxvebis
Sefaseba. bunebrivia, es Sefasebac moklebulia obieqturobas da
gamoxatavs cdis pirTa subieqtur azrs, maT subieqtur damokidebulebas.
am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa rogor afaseben cdis pirebi sxvebs da
urCevniaT, Tu ara ifiqron, rom `msgavs~ sxvebs ufro metad axasiaTebT
dadebiTi TuUuaryofiTi Tvisebebi. realurad maT mier miTiTebuli
procentuli maCvenebeli ver CaiTvleba zust maCveneblad.
am SemTxvevaSi gvaitersebda cdis pirTa azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ramdenad aris gavrcelebuli rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi
Tvisebebi. Tu pirvel etapze isini sakuTari Tvisebis mixedviT afasebdnen
`msgavs~ sxvebs, meore etapze ki zogadad (Cvens mier miwodebuli)
Tvisebebis mixedviT afasebdnene `msgavs~ sxvebs, anu igive statusis
mqone adamianebs.
69
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jgufebSi sxvadasxva cdis pirebi
iRebdnen monawileobas. gognebisa da biWebis raodenoba ar iyo Tanabari.
jgufebSi maTi araTanabari ganawileba ar iZleva raimes dadgenis, raime
daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. Cven mizans ar warmoadgenda sqesebs
Soris gansxvavebis kvleva.
4. 1. 2. Sedegebis analizi
am SemTxvevaSi Semdegi suraTi miviReT: cdis pirTa 61% Tvlis, rom
es dadebiTi Tvisebebi axasiaTebs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze naklebs,
xolo 39%-is azriT axasiaTebs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze mets
[miRebuli ganawilebis SemTxveviTobis gamosaricxad gamoyenebulia
pirsonis 2, rogorc Tanadobis kriteriumi (2.=45; Pp<0,001)].
rogorc aRmoCnda cdis pirTa didi raodenoba Tvlis, rom zogadad
dadebiTi Tvisebebi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli, xolo cdis pirTa
danarCeni nawili miiCnevs, rom es Tvisebebi axasiTebs 50%-ze mets. [am
monacemebs Soris gansxvavebis Sesamowmeblad gamoyenebulia normaluri
ganawilebis Z maCvenebeli, romelmac daadastura miRebuli gansxvavebis
sandooba (Z =12,1; Pp<0,001). magram saWirod CavTvaleT agveRniSna is
sainterso faqti, romelic am SemTxvevaSi gamovlinda. erTi Tvisebis
emociuri-is SemTxvevaSi Sedegi gansxvavebulia -Sebrunebulia.
interpretacis dros albaT saintereso iqneba am faqtis gaTvaliswineba.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdis pirebs sxvebi unda SeefasebinaT
uaryofiTi Tvisebebis (11 Tviseba) mixedviT aRmoCnda:
1) umravlesobas 10 Tvisebidan miewereba 5 (50%): sizarmace,
upasuxismgebloba, arapunqtualuroba, unebisyofoba, egoizmi.
2) umciresobisaTvis (anu Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze
naklebisaTvis) niSneulad CaiTvala 2 Tviseba, anu 20%: gaubedaoba da
dakompleqsebuloba;
3) azri gaiyo sam TvisebasTan, anu 30%-Tan dakavSirebiT: sijiute,
impusuroba da Tavmoubmeloba;
70
4) aseTi ganawileba Tanabari ar aris, 2-kv.=16,3, Pp<0,001, anu ufro
xSirad uaryofiTi Tvisebebi miewereba umravlesobas. rac imas niSnavs,
rom cdis pirTa azriT, zogadad uaryofiTi Tvisebebi sakmaod
gavrcelebulia.
Sedegi aseTia: rogorc aRmoCnda, cdis pirTa did nawils miaCnia,
rom zogadad dadebiTi Tvisebebi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli, xolo
uaryofiTi ki – sakmaod gavrcelebulia.
4. 2. kvlevis III seria
monacemebis damuSavebisas aRmoCnda, rom uaryofiTi Tvisebebi,
romelsac cdis pirebi sakuTar Tavs miawerdnen, maTi azriT, sakmaod
gavrcelebulia. e. i. isini fiqroben, rom es Tvisebebi sxva bevri
studentisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.Mmagram unda aRiniSnos erTi
saintereso faqti, ramac ganapiroba kvlevis Semdgomi gagrZeleba da rac
Tavidan ar iyo dagegmili. erTi SexedviT uaryofiTi Tvisebebi,
romelsac cdis pirebi Tavis Tavs miawerdnen TiTqos ar aris Zalian
cudi da miuRebeli. aqedan gamomdinare gaCnda idea imisa, rom mogvexdina
am Tvisebebis skalireba da gvenexa Tu ramdenad uaryofiTia es Tvisebebi.
A
kvlevis am etapze, rogorc ukve zemoT iTqva, Cvens mizani iyo
gvenaxa, Tu ramdenad uaryofiTi TvisebebiT afasebednen cdis pirebi
sakuTar Tavs. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamiani iZulebeulia (Cvens
kvlevaSi, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, pirdapir vaZlevdiT davalebas: `gTxovT,
daasaxeloT TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi uaryofiTi Tviseba~), rom
sakuTari Tavi Seafasos uaryofiTi TvisebiT, sainteresoa ra
TvisebisTvis imetebs sakuTar Tavs, anu uaryofiTi Tviseba, romelsac
sakuTar Tavs miawers aris ki realurad Zalian uaryofiTi? Tu mainc
adamiani indobs sakuTar Tavs da cdilobs miiweros met-naklebad
uaryofiTi da sazogadoebisaTvis mainc misaRebi Tviseba.
71
4. 2 1. gamoyenebuli meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera
am debulebis Sesamowmeblad Semdegi meTodika gamoviyeneT:
arsebuli masalis safuZvelze, rogroc zemoT aris naCvenebi,
miviRebulia 11 uaryofiTi Tvisebisgan Semdgari nusxa.
SerCeul iqna xuTbaliani skala. turstonis 11 baliani skalidan
aviReT uaryofiTi kontiniumi (-5) – dan (-1)-mde, radgan cdis pirebs
Tvisebebis ranJireba ar gasWirvebodaT. TiToeul qulas Seesabemeboda
Sesatyvisi zedsarTavis saxelebi:
Seuwynarebeli _ 5
saSineli _ 4
Zalian cudi _ 3
cudi _ 2
cudi, magram misaRebi _ 1
Mmocemuli sityvieri Sesatyvisebi SevarCieT da SevafasebineT 15
eqspertis (eqspertebi, ZiriTadad, iyvnen fsiqologobi).
kvlevis am etapze 134 studentma miiRo monawileoba. maT Semdeg
davleba eZleodaT:
`Tqven dagirigdaT uaryofiTi Tvisebebis nusxa. es Tvisebebi
sicudis xarisxis mixedviT unda ganalagoT mocemul skalaze, anu, Tqveni
azriT, TiToeuli es Tviseba am skalaze sad ganTavsdeba~.
cdis pirebs urigdebodaT gamzadebuli furclebi, romelzec skala
iyo warmodgenili da aseve, patara misawepebeli furclebi, romelzec
TiToeuli es Tviseba ewera. maT es patara furclebi skalaze unda
miekraT.
72
4. 2. 2. Sedegebis analizi
cxrili #1
Tviseba `wona~ gafntuloba sityvieri Sesatyvisebi
saSualo
Sefaseba
cvalebadobis
diapazoni
egocentruloba - 4,0 saSineli
upasuximgebloba - 4,0 saSineli
aramizandasaxuloba - 3,5 saSinelsa da Zalian cuds Soris
unebisyofoba - 3,4 Zalian cudi
dakompleqsebuli - 2,9 Zalian cudi
Tavmoubmeloba - 2,8 Zalian cudi
impulsuroba - 2,7 Zalian cudi
sizarmace - 2,6 Zalian cudsa da cuds Soris
sijiute - 2,3 cudi
arapunqtualuroba - 2,3 cudi
gaubedaoba - 1,8 cudi, magram misaRebi
`wona~ aris jgufis saSualo Sefaseba, gamoTvlilia mediana, anu
50-e procentili. cvalebadobis diapazoni aris manZili 25-e da 75-e
pocentils Soris.
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, am nusxaSi ar aRmoCnda Seuwynarebeli
Tviseba. egocentruli da upasuxismgeblo Sefasebuli iqna rogorc
saSineli Tvisebebi, aramizandasaxulTan dakavSirebiT azri Tanabrad
gaiyo da moTavsda saSinelsa da Zalian cuds Soris. Uunebisyifoba,
Tavmoubmeloba, impulsuroba, dakompleqsebuloba cdis pirebis mier
Sefasda rogorc Zalian cudi. Aaseve azri gaiyo sizarmacesTan
dakavSirebiT da moTavsda Zalian cudsa da cuds Soris; sijiute,
arapunqtualuroba CaiTvala cud Tvisebad, xolo gaubedaoba cudad,
magram misaRebad.
imis gasarkvevad, xom ar aris kavSiri sakuTari TavisaTvis
miwerili uaryofiTi Tvisebebis sixSiresa da Tvisebebis Sefasebas Soris,
gamoTvlilia korelacia spirmenis ranguli korelaciis koeficientiT: r
73
= - 0,575, p<0,05, anu gamovlinda statistikurad sando uaryofiTi
korelacia. Sesabamisad es niSnavs, rom rac ufro uaryofiTad aris
miCneuli Tviseba, miT ufro iSviaTad miaweren mas sakuTar Tavs.
Sedegi aseTia: cdis pirebi sakuTar Tavs ar afaseben Seuwynarebeli
Tvisebebis mixedviT da aseve naklebad miaweren sakuTar Tavs saSinel
Tvisebebs. ASeiZleba iTqvas, rom rac ufro uaryofiTad aris miCneuli
Tviseba, miT ufro iSviaTad miaweren mas sakuTar Tavs.
74
Tavi V
mcdari unikalurobisa da mcdari konsensusis efeqtebis kavSiri
TviTSefasebasTan
K
5. 1. kvlevis me-4 seria
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, TviTSefaseba aris sakuTari pirovnebis
subieqturi Sefaseba, sxva sityvebiT, es aris pozitiuri Tu negatiuri
ganwyoba, romelic mimarTulia specifikuri obieqtisaken (obieqtSi
igulisxmeba `me~). rodesac individi sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebs, maSin is
iwyebs laparaks Tavis fizikur da Tvisobriv maxasiaTeblebze,
interesebsa da motivebze, atitudebsa da grZnobebze, misTvis
damaxasiaTebel qcevebsa da unarebze.
cnobilia, rom pirovnebis qcevisa da misi Sinagani dinamikis
ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas, anu
TviTSefasebas. adamiani Tavis Tavs sworad an arasworad afasebs.
Tvisebebs, romelsac Cven sakuTar Tavs mivawerT xSirad ar aris
obieqturi da mas sxvebi ar EeTanxmebian. xSirad adamianebi cdiloben
sakuTar Tavs raime gansakuTrebuli Tviseba an unari miaweron, romelic
maT gamoarCevs sxvebisgan.
mesame TavSi ganxilul iqna `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari
konsensusis efeqtebi~. rogorc vnaxeT, sakuTari Tavis Sefasebisas
adamiani rTavs sxvebs da maTTan mimarTebaSi afasebs sakuTar Tavs. anu,
is, Tu ramdenad aris gavrcelebuli sakuTari pirovnuli niSnebi
(rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi) da is, Tu ramdenad daeTanxmebian
sxvebi pirovnebis ama Tu im Sexedulebas, miuTiTebs sakuTari Tavisadmi
arsebul damokidebulebaze, ganwyobaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xdeba
sakuTari subieqturi aspeqtebis sxvebSi gadatana da am gziT sakuTari
`me~-s Sefaseba.
TviTSefasebis procesSi moqmedebs `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da
`mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebi, anu adamians urCevnia ifiqros, rom misi
75
dadebiTi Tvisebebi naklebad aris sxvebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli (`mcdari
unikaluroba~); xolo uaryofiTi Tvisebebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli
(`mcdari konsensusi~). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am efeqtebis moqmedeba aris
universaluri kanonzomiereba da TiTqmis yovelTvis iCens Tavs. magram,
unda vifiqroT imaze, rom aRniSnuli efeqtebi sxavdasxva SemTxvevaSi
sxvadasxva siZlieriT SeiZleba vlindebodes.
rogorc cnobilia, yvela adamians aqvs warmodgena sakuTar Tavze
da sakuTari Tavisadmi garkveuli damokidebuleba. swored, am
warmodgenebisa da damokidebulebebis mixedviT adamianebi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebian da, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulad afaseben sakuTar Tavs.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, isini erTmaneTisagan TviTSefasebis doniT
gansxvavdebian, rac, rogorc viciT, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs maT
qcevasa da cxovrebis stils. `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari
konsensusis efeqtebi~, rogorc TviTSefasebis procesSi moqmedi
kanonzomierebebi vfiqrobT, rom unda iyos damokidebuli arsebuli
TviTSfasebis doneze.
am TavSi ganxilulia kvlevis meoTxe seria, romelic miznad
isaxavda imis dadgenas, Tu ra gavlenas axdens maRali TviTSefaseba
`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze, aZlierebs
Tu ara maRali TviTSefaseba aRniSnul efeqtebs. Cveni mizani iyo
Segvemowmebina Semdegi debuleba:
arsebos kavSiri TviTSefasebasa da `mcdari unikalurobisa da
mcdari konsensusis efeqtebs” Soris, anu maRali TviTSefaseba aZlierebs
aRniSnul efeqtebs.
5. 2. gamoyenebuli meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera
am etapzec kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRes Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis studentebma. kvleva Catarda 159 studentze (es ricxvi
SemTxveviTia).
76
Tavdapirvelad unda dagvedgina cdis pirTa TviTSefasebis done.
TviTSefasebis gasazomad gamoviyeneT specialurad SemuSavebuli
meTodika (m. baliaSvili), romelic bipolaruli zedsarTavis saxelebis
skalis ideas efuZneba. meTodikaSi 50 bipolaruli zedsarTavi
ganlagebulia 11 punqtian skalaze. TviTSefasebis skala moicavs 10
bloks, romelTagan TiToeuli 5 bipolarul zedsarTavs Seicavs.
TiToeuli es bloki pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel garkveul Tvisebebs
gulisxmobs, magaliTad, rogoric aris: 1 – socialuri reputacia: 2 _
goniereba; 3 _ zogadi STabeWdileba, romelsac adamiani sxvebze axdens; 4
_ temperamenti; 5 _ nebisyofa; 6 _ zneoba; 7 _ fizikuri statusi da
janmrTeloba; 8 _ nebisyofa; 9 _ grZnobebi, romelic axasiaTebs adamians;
10 _ garegnoba. bipolaruli zedsarTavebis pozitiur da negatiur
polusebs Soris 11 intervalian diapazonSi 1 – dan 5 – mde pozitiur
TviTSefasebas, xolo 6 – dan 11 – mde - negatiur TviTSefasebas
Seesabameba. xolo `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~
efeqtebis gamosavlenad gamoviyeneT kiTxvari, romelic Sedgeboda 20
Tvisebisagan, aqedan 10 yaryofiTi da 10 dadebiTi. es Tvisebebi
amokrefilia kvlevis wina etapebze Segrovebuli masalidan. es aris is
Tvisebebi, romelebic bevri cdispiris mier iyo dasaxelebuli, anu
sakmaod gavrcelebulia.
Tvisebebi Tvisebebi
mimtevebloba sizarmace
keTilganwyobileba sijiute
mizandasaxuloba egoizmi
pasuxismgebloba impulsuroba
Sromisunarianoba Tavmoubmeloba
sikeTe unebisyofoba
erTguleba Surianoba
TavSekavebuloba usamarTloba
gulaxdiloba kritikuloba
megobruloba gaubedaoba
77
am Tvisebebes Tan axlda 7 punqtiani skala, romelic miuTiTebs
imas, Tu cdis pirs ramdenad axasiaTebs esa Tu is pirovnuli niSani: (-3)
_ sruliad ucxoa Tviseba; (-2) _ Tviseba ar maxasiaTebs; (-1) _ TiTqmis ar
maxasiaTebs; (0) _ miWirs pasuxis gacema; (1) _ Tviseba met-naklebad
maxasiaTebs; (2) _ Tviseba maxasiaTebs; (3) _ Tviseba Zalian maxasiaTebs.
gamokvlevis procedura SemdegSi mdgomareobda: cdis pirs unda
aReniSna skalaze Tu sad ganaTavsebs sakuTar Tavs ama Tu im Tvisebis
mixedviT. es mas unda gaekeTebina ori gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT -
realuri da idealuri `me~-s kuTxiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mas unda
eCvenebina ara mxolod is, Tu rogorad miaCnia Tavisi Tavi, aramed isic,
Tu rogori unda rom iyos, rogoria misi sasurveli saxe, sasurveli `me~.
cdis pirebs unda SeesrulebinaT ramdenime davaleba: 1. unda
SeevsoT TviTSefasebis skala realuri `me~-s mixedviT; 2. unda
SeesrulebinaT igive davaleba idealuri `me~-saTvis; 3. unda aReniSnaT
miwodebuli 20 Tvisebidan ramdenad axasiaTebT TiToeuli (skalze); 4.
unda mieTiTebinaT studentTa is raodenoba (procentebSi), romelTac
zustad iseTive xarisxiT axasiaTebT es Tvisebebi.
5. 3. Sedegebis analizi
TviTSefasebis maCvenebli ganisazRvra, rogorc sxvaoba idealur
da realer `me~-s Sefasebas Soris. studentTa jgufis TviTSefasebis
donis mixedviT kategorizaciisaTvis gamoyenebuli iyo ierarqiuli
klasteruli analizi da gamoiyo sami qvejgufi: TviTSefasebis maRali,
dabali da saSualo doneebis mqone cdispirebi. klasteruli profilebi
warmodgenilia qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi:
cxrili # 1
sxvaobis
saSualo
mniSvneloba
standartuli
gadaxra TviTSefaseba
cdispirTa
raodenoba
(abs.)
cdispirTa
raodenoba
(fard.)
Pirveli 0,247 0,30759 maRali 72 45%
78
qvejgufi
meore qvejgufi 1,070 0,21539 saSualo 55 35%
mesame qvejgufi 2,010 0,26907 dabali 32 20%
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, ganawileba TviTSefasebis doneebis
mixedviT Tanabari ar aris; maRali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa
ricxvi aRemateba maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa
raodenobas (Z >1,96). aseve statistikurad sandoa gansxvaveba (Z >1,96)
saSualo da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone cdispirTa Soris.
ganawileba TviTSefasebis doneebis mixedviT Tanabari ar aris.
maRali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa ricxvi aRemateba cdis pirTa
raodenobas saSualo da dabali TviTSefasebiT (z>1.96). aseve
statistikurad sandoa gansxvaveba saSualo da dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone cdis pirTa Sorisac (z>1.96).
ganawileba TviTSefasebis doneebis mixedviT
maRali saSualo dabali Ppirs. X2 sandooba
45% 35% 20% 15,208 p=0.000
axla cal-calke ganvixiloT dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Tvisebebis
mixedviT miRebuli Sedegebi.
dadebiTi Tvisebebi
unda aRiniSnos, rom sakuTari Tavisa da sxvaTa Sefasebas Soris
Sedareba ori kriteriumis mixedviT xdeba: 1) saSualosa (saSualo
maCveneblis saxiT aRebulia mediana, ramdenadac Cveni monacemebi rigis
skalas ekuTvnis) da 2) im cdis pirTa procentuli raodenobis mixedviT,
romelic am Tvisebebis matarebelia.
maRali TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufSi dadebiTi Tvisebebis
mixedviT Sefasebisas Semdegi suraTi miviReT:
79
cxrili # 2 (qvejgufi maRali TviTSefasebiT)
SeniSvna: gansxvaveba TviTSefasebasa da sxvaTa Sefasebas Soris
yvela SemTxvevaSi statistikurad sandoa.
rogorc am cxrilidan Cans, cdis pirebs miaCniaT, rom dadebiTi
Tvisebebi, romelic damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis, naklebad axasiaTbs
sxvebs, anu am Tvisebebis matarebelia studentTa raodenobis 50%-ze
naklebi. agreTve, naTelia is garemoebac, rom rac ufro metad axasiaTebs
mas dadebiTi Tviseba, miT ufro naklebad aris es Tviseba gavrcelebuli.
niSneulia
CemTvis
niSneulia
sxvisTvis
Tviseba median
sxvaob.
Ddiapaz. Mmedian.
sxvaobis
diapazon
ramdens
axasiaT.
stiudent.
Kriter. sandooba
mimtevebloba 2,92 0,615 0,95 0,420 19% 33,18 p=0.000
keTilganwyobileba 2,90 0,554 0,78 0,676 22% 30,60 p=0.000
mizandasaxuloba 2,88 0,745 1,18 0,360 24% 25,91 p=0.000
pasuxismgebloba 2,87 0,500 0,87 0,298 13% 43,33 p=0.000
Sromismoyvareoba 2,46 0,747 1,01 0,728 11% 17,52 p=0.000
sikeTe 2,97 0,598 0,80 0,457 25% 36,37 p=0.000
erTguleba 2,89 0,686 0,79 0,660 25% 27,85 p=0.000
TavSekavebuloba 2,53 0,707 0,53 0,856 19% 22,72 p=0.000
gulaxdiloba 2,47 0,727 0,47 0,798 30% 23,36 p=0.000
megobruloba 2,88 0,338 0,69 0,688 29% 36,06 p=0.000
erTad: 2,78 0,622 0,81 0,594 22% 28,88 p=0.000
80
cxrili #3 (qvejgufi saSualo TviTSefasebiT)
SeniSvna: gansxvaveba TviTSefasebasa da sxvaTa Sefasebas Soris
yvela SemTxvevaSi statistikurad sandoa.
rogorc cxrilida Cans, saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone cdis
pirebic aRniSnaven, rom maTTvis Zlierad damaxasiaTebeli dadebiTi
Tvisebebi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli, anu axasiTebs Sesafasebeli
jgufis 50%-ze naklebs. Mmagram unda aRiniSnos, rom am SemTxvevaSi
saSualos (mediana) mniSvneloba mcirdeba, xolo procentuli maCvenebli
ufro izrdeba, vidre maRali TviTSefasebis qvejgufSi.
niSneulia
CemTvis
niSneulia
sxvisTvis
Tviseba Mmed.
sxvaob.
Ddiap. median
sxvaob.
Diapaz.
ramdens
axasia.
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
mimtevebloba 2,14 0,708 1,23 0,600 25% 12,43 p=0.000
keTilganwyobileb
a 2,25 0,620 1,26 0,410 32% 16,80 p=0.000
mizandasaxuloba 2,04 0,737 1,37 0,800 36% 7,86 p=0.000
pasuxismgebloba 2,22 0,762 0,99 0,480 14% 17,25 p=0.000
Sromismoyvareoba 1,73 0,852 1,35 0,920 18% 3,85 p=0.000
sikeTe 2,64 0,688 1,01 0,780 27% 19,78 p=0.000
erTguleba 2,69 0,611 0,97 0,972 40% 18,89 p=0.000
TavSekavebuloba 1,71 1,023 0,87 0,953 23% 7,55 p=0.000
gulaxdiloba 1,53 0,697 0,66 1,000 35% 9,05 p=0.000
megobruloba 2,69 0,600 1,24 0,840 44% 17,67 p=0.000
erTad: 2,17 0,730 1,09 0,776 29% 12,68 p=0.000
81
cxrili #4 (qvejgufi dabali TviTSefasebiT)
SeniSvna: niSandebulia is SemTxvevebi, sadac gansxvaveba
TviTSefasebasa da sxvaTa Sefasebas Soris sando ar aris.
rogorc aRmoCnda, dabali TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufSi ara aqvs
adgili zemoT aRniSnul tendencias, anu am SemTTxvevaSi cdis pirisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia. Tumca, ramdenime
Tvisebis mixedviT gansxavaveba sando ar aRmoCnda. es Tvisebebia:
mimtevebloba, keTilganwyobileba, TavSekavebuloba, gulaxdiloba.
Aaxla ganvixiloT TviTSefasebis sxvadasxva donis mqone qjgufebis
Sedareba. cxrilSi #5-Si mocemulia maRali da saSualo TviTSefasebis
mqone qvejgufebis Sedareba, anu ramdenad Zlierad axasiaTebT am
qvejgufebis warmomadgenel cdis pirebs es dadebiTi Tvisebebi da aris
Tu ara maT Soris raime gansxvaveba.
niSneulia CemTvis
niSneulia
sxvisTvis
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
ram.
axas.
stiu.
Krit. sandooba
mimtevebloba 1,67 0,613 1,49 1,256 45% 1,62 p>0.05
keTilganwyobileba 1,72 0,699 1,80 1,185 42% 0,74 p>0.05
mizandasaxuloba 1,54 0,820 1,69 1,323 50% 1,23 p>0.05
pasuxismgebloba 2,03 0,765 1,73 1,856 24% 1,89 p>0.05
Sromismoyvareoba 1,19 0,655 1,59 0,824 21% 4,78 p=0.000
sikeTe 2,44 0,482 1,39 1,046 32% 11,48 p=0.000
erTguleba 2,61 0,080 1,51 1,148 45% 12,08 p=0.000
TavSekavebuloba 1,27 0,577 1,09 1,274 33% 1,69 p>0.05
gulaxdiloba 1,38 0,701 1,26 0,877 43% 1,36 p>0.05
megobruloba 2,55 0,453 1,81 0,625 50% 12,08 p=0.000
erTad: 1,84 0,584 1,54 1,141 39% 3,00 p<0.002
82
cxrili #5 (niSneulia CemTvis)
maRali
TviTSefaseba
saSualo
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
mimtevebloba 2,92 0,615 2,14 0,708 15,79 p=0.000
keTilganwyobileba 2,90 0,554 2,25 0,620 14,81 p=0.000
mizandasaxuloba 2,88 0,745 2,04 0,737 14,14 p=0.000
pasuxismgebloba 2,87 0,500 2,22 0,762 16,37 p=0.000
Sromismoyvareoba 2,46 0,747 1,73 0,852 12,29 p=0.000
sikeTe 2,97 0,598 2,64 0,688 6,83 p=0.000
erTguleba 2,89 0,686 2,69 0,611 3,69 p<0.001
TavSekavebuloba 2,53 0,707 1,71 1,023 14,76 p=0.000
gulaxdiloba 2,47 0,727 1,53 0,697 16,29 p=0.000
megobruloba 2,88 0,338 2,69 0,600 7,21 p=0.000
erTad: 2,78 0,622 2,17 0,730 12,41 p=0.000
rogorc aRmoCnda, maRali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirebi ufro
Zlierad miaweren sakuTar Tavs dadebiT Tvisebebs. gansxvaveba
TviTSefasebis mixedviT yvela SemTxvevaSi statistikurad sandoa.
cxrili #6 (niSneulia sxvisTvis)
maRali
TviTSefaseba
saSualo
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
mimtevebloba 0,95 0,420 1,23 0,600 8,27 p=0.000
keTilganwyobileba 0,78 0,676 1,26 0,410 8,95 p=0.000
mizandasaxuloba 1,18 0,360 1,37 0,800 6,51 p=0.000
pasuxismgebloba 0,87 0,298 0,99 0,480 5,02 p=0.000
Sromismoyvareoba 1,01 0,728 1,35 0,920 5,84 p=0.000
sikeTe 0,80 0,457 1,01 0,780 5,95 p=0.000
83
erTguleba 0,79 0,660 0,97 0,972 3,46 p<0.001
TavSekavebuloba 0,53 0,856 0,87 0,953 4,95 p=0.000
gulaxdiloba 0,47 0,798 0,66 1,000 2,92 p<0.020
megobruloba 0,69 0,688 1,24 0,840 10,12 p=0.000
erTad: 0,81 0,594 1,09 0,776 6,08 p=0.000
im SemTxevaSi, rodesac sakiTxi exeba imas, Tu ramdenad miaweren
maRali da saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirebi dadebiT Tvisebebes
sxvebs, aRmoCnda, rom maRali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirebi Tvlian,
rom ufro naklebad aris niSneuli es Tvisebebi sxvebisTvis, vidre
saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone cdipirebi. gansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi
statistikurad sandoa.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Cven Sedarebas ori kriteriumis mixedviT
vaxdendiT: vadarebdiT rogorc saSualo, aseve procentul maCveneblebs.
Aprocentuli maCveneblis, anu imis mixedviT, Tu cdis piris azriT,
studentTa ramden procents axasiaTebs mocemuli dadebiTi Tvisebebi.
maRali da saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufebis Sedarebisas
Semdegi suraTi miviReT:
cxrili #7 ramdens axasiaTebs
Tviseba
maRali
TviTSefaseba
saSualo
TviTSefaseba
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
mimtevebloba 19% 25% 4,88 p=0.000
keTilganwyobileba 22% 32% 9,26 p=0.000
mizandasaxuloba 24% 36% 10,74 p=0.000
pasuxismgebloba 13% 14% 3,00 p=0.000
Sromismoyvareoba 11% 18% 5,72 p=0.000
sikeTe 25% 27% 1,91 p=0.000
erTguleba 25% 40% 13,37 p<0.001
TavSekavebuloba 19% 23% 3,90 p=0.000
gulaxdiloba 30% 35% 4,23 p<0.020
megobruloba 29% 44% 13,70 p=0.000
erTad: 22% 29% 1,99 p<0.05
A
84
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, maRali TviTSefasebis SemTxevevaSi
naklebia procentuli maCvenebli, vidre saSualo TviTSefasebisas.
Ggansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi sandoa.
Aseve, SevadareT maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa
qvejgufebi.
cxrili #8 (niSneulia CemTvis)
maRali
TviTSefaseba
dabali
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba
medi
ana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
medi
ana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi
sandoob
a
mimtevebloba 2,92 0,615 1,67 0,613 25,52 p=0.000
keTilganwyobileba 2,90 0,554 1,72 0,699 26,79 p=0.000
mizandasaxuloba 2,88 0,745 1,54 0,820 22,68 p=0.000
pasuxismgebloba 2,87 0,500 2,03 0,765 21,18 p=0.000
Sromismoyvareoba 2,46 0,747 1,19 0,655 21,47 p=0.000
sikeTe 2,97 0,598 2,44 0,482 11,11 p=0.000
erTguleba 2,89 0,686 2,61 0,080 5,20 p<0.001
TavSekavebuloba 2,53 0,707 1,27 0,577 22,46 p=0.000
gulaxdiloba 2,47 0,727 1,38 0,701 18,96 p=0.000
megobruloba 2,88 0,338 2,55 0,453 12,22 p=0.000
erTad: 2,78 0,622 1,84 0,584 18,99 p=0.000
rogorc aRmoCnda (asec iyo mosalodneli), am qvejgufebebs Soris
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. maRali TviTSefasebisasa bevrad ufro
Zlierad miaweren sakuTar Tavs dadebiT Tvisebebs. gansxvaveba
TviTSefasebis mixedviT statistikurad sandoa. xolo rac Seexeba
dadebiTi Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobas, Sedarebisas aqac dadsturda is
faqti, rom dabali TviTSefasebis SemTxvevaSi, c.p. Tvlis, rom dadebiTi
Tvisebebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia da niSneulia sxvisTvis (ix. cxrili
#8).
85
cxrili #9 (niSneulia sxvisTvis)
maRali
TviTSefaseba
dabali
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba
media
na
sxvaobis
diapazoni
median
a
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi
sandoob
a
mimtevebloba 0,95 0,420 1,49 1,256 16,07 p=0.000
keTilganwyobileb
a 0,78 0,676 1,80 1,185 19,10 p=0.000
mizandasaxuloba 1,18 0,360 1,69 1,323 17,92 p=0.000
pasuxismgebloba 0,87 0,298 1,73 1,856 36,36 p=0.000
Sromismoyvareoba 1,01 0,728 1,59 0,824 9,97 p=0.000
sikeTe 0,80 0,457 1,39 1,046 16,41 p=0.000
erTguleba 0,79 0,660 1,51 1,148 13,69 p<0.001
TavSekavebuloba 0,53 0,856 1,09 1,274 8,16 p=0.000
gulaxdiloba 0,47 0,798 1,26 0,877 12,40 p<0.020
megobruloba 0,69 0,688 1,81 0,625 20,63 p=0.000
erTad: 0,81 0,594 1,54 1,141 15,45 p=0.000
Ggansxvaveba sxvaTa Sefasebis mixedviT yvela SemTxvevaSi sandoa.
axla ganvixiloT saSualo da maRali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis
pirTa Sedareba.
cxrili #10 (niSneulia CemTvis)
saSualo
TviTSefaseba
dabali
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
mimtevebloba 2,14 0,708 1,67 0,613 8,46 p=0.000
keTilganwyobileba 2,25 0,620 1,72 0,699 10,71 p=0.000
mizandasaxuloba 2,04 0,737 1,54 0,820 8,63 p=0.000
pasuxismgebloba 2,22 0,762 2,03 0,765 3,16 p<0.002
Sromismoyvareoba 1,73 0,852 1,19 0,655 8,05 p=0.000
sikeTe 2,64 0,688 2,44 0,482 3,72 p<0.001
erTguleba 2,69 0,611 2,61 0,080 1,69 p>0.05
TavSekavebuloba 1,71 1,023 1,27 0,577 5,32 p=0.000
86
gulaxdiloba 1,53 0,697 1,38 0,701 2,79 p<0.010
megobruloba 2,69 0,600 2,55 0,453 2,82 p<0.010
erTad: 2,17 0,730 1,84 0,584 5,61 p=0.000
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, gansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi sandoa,
garda erTisa, anu gansxvaveba erTgulebis mixedviT statistikurad sando
ar aris. AsaSualo da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa Sedareba
kidev erTxel adasturebs im faqts, rom rac ufro maRalia
TviTSefaseba, miT urfo Zlierad miawers c.p. dadebiT Tvisebas sakuTar
Tavs.
cxrili #10 (niSneulia sxvisTvis)
saSualo
TviTSefaseba
dabali
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
mimtevebloba 1,23 0,600 1,49 1,256 5,46 p=0.000
keTilganwyobileba 1,26 0,410 1,80 1,185 16,74 p=0.000
mizandasaxuloba 1,37 0,800 1,69 1,323 5,13 p=0.000
pasuxismgebloba 0,99 0,480 1,73 1,856 19,46 p=0.000
Sromismoyvareoba 1,35 0,920 1,59 0,824 3,27 p<0.002
sikeTe 1,01 0,780 1,39 1,046 6,13 p=0.000
erTguleba 0,97 0,972 1,51 1,148 6,95 p=0.000
TavSekavebuloba 0,87 0,953 1,09 1,274 2,88 p<0.020
gulaxdiloba 0,66 1,000 1,26 0,877 7,57 p=0.000
megobruloba 1,24 0,840 1,81 0,625 8,61 p=0.000
erTad: 1,09 0,776 1,54 1,141 7,18 p=0.000
Aam qvejgufebis Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone studentebi dadadebiT pirovnul niSnebs ufro Zlirad miaweren
sxvebs, anu Tvlian rom es Tvisebebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia da yovelive
amas procentuli maCvneblebi Sedarebac adasturebs. (ix. cxrili # 11)
87
cxrili #11 (ramdens axasiaTebs)
ramdens axasiaTebs sxvas
Tviseba
saSualo
TviTSefaseba
dabali
TviTSefaseba
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
mimtevebloba 25% 45% 18,27 p=0.000
keTilganwyobileba 32% 42% 8,99 p=0.000
mizandasaxuloba 36% 50% 12,69 p=0.000
pasuxismgebloba 14% 24% 30,20 p=0.000
Sromismoyvareoba 18% 21% 3,15 p<0.001
sikeTe 27% 32% 4,55 p=0.000
erTguleba 40% 45% 4,43 p=0.000
TavSekavebuloba 23% 33% 9,24 p=0.000
gulaxdiloba 35% 43% 7,38 p=0.000
megobruloba 44% 50% 5,50 p=0.000
erTad: 29% 39% 1,99 p=0.000
gansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi sandoa.
Sedegi aseTia: rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro
naklebad aris gavrcelebuli cdipirisaTvis Zlierad damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebi dadebiTi Tvisebebi.
Arogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tvisebebis nusxaSi, romelic cdis
pirebs skalasTan erTad eZleodaT, aseve iyo uaryofiTi pirovuli
niSnebic. Aaxla gvinda ganvixiloT uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT
miRebuli Sedegebi.
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi
cxrili #12 (qvejgufi maRali TviTSefasebiT)
niSneulia CemTvis
niSneulia
sxvisTvis
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
ramdens
axasiaTebs
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
sizarmace 1,02 0,967 2,65 1,275 89% 12,79 p=0.000
88
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdis pirebi sakuTar Tavs uaryofiTi
Tvisebebis mixedviT afasebdnen, aRmoCnda, rom rac ufro aRiarebs
uaryofiT pirovnul niSans sakuTar TavSi, miT ufro miawers am niSans
sxvas. Aamas mowmobs Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobis, rogorc procentuli
(yvela SemTxvevaSi 50%-ze metia), aseve saSualo maCveneblebi. (ix. cxrili
#12). miRebuli gansxvaveba statistikurad sandoa.
cxrili #13 (qvejgufi saSualo TviTSefasebiT)
sijiute 1,52 0,856 2,78 1,970 92% 7,40 p=0.000
egoizmi -0,11 0,715 2,04 -0,891 90% 23,68 p=0.000
impulsuroba 0,81 0,895 2,87 0,988 60% 19,46 p=0.000
Tavmoubmeloba -0,25 0,792 2,21 0,823 71% 27,13 p=0.000
unebisyofoba -1,40 0,978 2,80 1,984 71% 23,92 p=0.000
Surianoba -2,39 1,957 2,20 2,039 63% 20,47 p=0.000
usamarTloba -2,43 0,957 1,79 1,433 75% 30,90 p=0.000
kritikuloba -0,47 0,987 2,18 0,737 67% 27,20 p=0.000
gaubedaoba 0,12 0,873 0,96 0,991 52% 7,97 p=0.000
erTad: -0,41 0,742 2,25 1,135 73% 24,68 p=0.000
niSneulia CemTvis
niSneulia
sxvisTvis
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
ramdens
axasiaTebs
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
sizarmace 1,94 0,770 2,53 0,956 86% 6,02 p=0.000
sijiute 1,58 0,965 2,73 0,774 70% 11,66 p=0.000
egoizmi 0,12 0,735 2,07 0,870 88% 21,55 p=0.000
impulsuroba 1,12 0,619 2,90 1,846 58% 11,51 p=0.000
Tavmoubmeloba -0,12 0,752 1,85 1,395 79% 15,70 p=0.000
unebisyofoba -1,31 0,875 1,92 1,173 72% 27,85 p=0.000
Surianoba -2,29 0,661 1,57 1,097 65% 38,00 p=0.000
usamarTloba -2,38 0,802 1,59 1,395 74% 31,09 p=0.000
kritikuloba -0,53 0,974 1,98 1,236 65% 20,11 p=0.000
gaubedaoba 0,17 0,746 0,89 0,778 51% 8,47 p=0.000
erTad: -0,15 0,790 2,00 0,776 71% 24,46 p=0.000
89
saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufSic igive tendencia
dasturdeba. Ggansxvaveba statistikurad sandoa.
cxrili #14 (qvejgufi dabali TviTSefasebiT)
cxrili #14 – dan Cans, rom cdis pirebi am SemTxvevaSic
miuTiTeben, rom aRniSnuli uaryofiTi Tvisebebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia,
anu aqvs adgili im studentTa ricxvis gazviadebas, romelsac isini am
Tvisebebs miaweren. Ggansxvaveba ramdenime SemTxvevis garda,
statistikurad sandoa. rogorc cxrilSia mocemuli, es Tvisebebia:
impulsuroba, kritikuloba.
Aaxla ganvixiloT TviTSefasebis sxvadasxva donis mqone qvejgufebis
Sedareba (uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT). cxrilSi #15 mocemulia
maRali da saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufebis Sedareba, anu
ramdenad Zlierad axasiaTebT am qvejgufebSi Semaval cdis pirebs es
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi da aris Tu ara maT Soris gansxvaveba.
niSneulia CemTvis
niSneulia
sxvisTvis
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
ramdens
axasiaTebs
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
sizarmace 2,67 1,170 2,41 0,654 48% 2,45 p<0.05
sijiute 2,86 0,727 2,46 0,745 72% 4,83 p=0.000
egoizmi 0,29 0,763 1,61 0,790 89% 15,14 p=0.000
impulsuroba 1,00 1,204 0,77 0,975 60% 1,88 p>0.05
Tavmoubmeloba 1,24 1,016 1,82 0,708 77% 5,97 p=0.000
unebisyofoba 2,71 1,200 0,59 0,970 67% 17,32 p=0.000
Surianoba -2,57 0,312 0,58 0,520 65% 65,51 p=0.000
usamarTloba -2,33 0,615 0,62 0,563 73% 44,61 p=0.000
kritikuloba 1,75 0,864 1,74 0,148 63% 0,06 p>0.05
gaubedaoba 2,59 1,289 -1,42 0,895 17% 32,20 p=0.000
erTad: 1,05 0,916 1,12 0,697 63% 0,79 p>0.05
90
cxrili #15 (niSneulia CemTvis)
maRali
TviTSefaseba
saSualo
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
sizarmace 1,02 0,967 1,94 0,770 5,30 p=0.000
sijiute 1,52 0,856 1,58 0,965 0,36 p>0.05
egoizmi -0,11 0,715 0,12 0,735 17,80 p=0.000
impulsuroba 0,81 0,895 1,12 0,619 2,80 p<0.02
Tavmoubmeloba -0,25 0,792 -0,12 0,752 5,61 p=0.000
unebisyofoba -1,40 0,978 -1,31 0,875 0,58 p>0.05
Surianoba -2,39 1,957 -2,29 0,661 0,38 p>0.05
usamarTloba -2,43 0,957 -2,38 0,802 0,20 p>0.05
kritikuloba -0,47 0,987 -0,53 0,974 1,07 p>0.05
gaubedaoba 0,12 0,873 0,17 0,746 2,76 p<0.02
erTad: -0,41 0,742 -0,15 0,790 7,62 p=0.000
rogorc vxedavT, ramdenime Tvisebis mixedviT gansxvaveba
statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda. Mmagram im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
gansxaveba sandoa rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro
naklenad aRmoaCens uaryofiT Tvisebas sakuTar TavSi.
cxrili #16 (niSneulia sxvisTvis)
maRali
TviTSefaseba
saSualo
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
sizarmace 2,65 1,275 2,53 0,956 1,14 p>0.05
sijiute 2,78 1,970 2,73 0,774 0,35 p>0.05
egoizmi 2,04 -0,891 2,07 0,870 0,40 p>0.05
impulsuroba 2,87 0,988 2,90 1,846 0,35 p>0.05
91
Tavmoubmeloba 2,21 0,823 1,85 1,395 5,56 p=0.000
unebisyofoba 2,80 1,984 1,92 1,173 5,56 p=0.000
Surianoba 2,20 2,039 1,57 1,097 3,88 p<0.001
usamarTloba 1,79 1,433 1,59 1,395 1,78 p>0.05
kritikuloba 2,18 0,737 1,98 1,236 3,56 p<0.001
gaubedaoba 0,96 0,991 0,89 0,778 0,83 p>0.05
erTad: 2,25 1,135 2,00 0,776 2,73 p<0.02
cxrili gviCvenebs, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi gansxvaveba
statistikurad sando ar aris. Tumca, sandoobis SemTxvevaSi sxvebisTvis
am Tvisebis miweris TvalsazrisiT doneebs Soris didi sxvaoba ar
SeimCneva.
cxrili #17 (niSneulia CemTvis)
maRali
TviTSefaseba
dabali
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
sizarmace 1,02 0,967 2,67 1,170 21,46 p=0.000
sijiute 1,52 0,856 2,86 0,727 19,78 p=0.000
egoizmi -0,11 0,715 0,29 0,763 7,08 p=0.000
impulsuroba 0,81 0,895 1,00 1,204 2,66 p<0.01
Tavmoubmeloba -0,25 0,792 1,24 1,016 23,57 p=0.000
unebisyofoba -1,40 0,978 2,71 1,200 52,98 p=0.000
Surianoba -2,39 1,957 -2,57 0,312 1,17 p>0.05
usamarTloba -2,43 0,957 -2,33 0,615 1,37 p>0.05
kritikuloba -0,47 0,987 1,75 0,864 28,33 p=0.000
gaubedaoba 0,12 0,873 2,59 1,289 35,56 p=0.000
erTad: -0,41 0,742 1,05 0,916 24,69 p=0.000
maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufebis Sedareba
ufro Zlierad gviCvenebs im tendencias, romlic sakuTari Tavisadmi
uaryofiTi Tvisebis miwera-armiweras gulisxmobs. rac ufro maRalia
92
TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro naklebad miiwers. magram aqac
niSandoblivia is SemTxvevbi, sadac gansxvaveba statistikurad sando ar
aris. Es Tvisebebia: Surianoba, usamarTloba.
cxrili #18 (niSneulia sxvisTvis)
maRali
TviTSefaseba
dabali
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
sizarmace 2,65 1,275 2,41 0,654 2,36 p<0.05
sijiute 2,78 1,970 2,46 0,745 2,03 p<0.05
egoizmi 2,04 -0,891 1,61 0,790 6,01 p=0.000
impulsuroba 2,87 0,988 0,77 0,975 26,80 p=0.000
Tavmoubmeloba 2,21 0,823 1,82 0,708 5,99 p=0.000
unebisyofoba 2,80 1,984 0,59 0,970 14,03 p=0.000
Surianoba 2,20 2,039 0,58 0,520 10,01 p<0.001
usamarTloba 1,79 1,433 0,62 0,563 10,29 p=0.000
kritikuloba 2,18 0,737 1,74 0,148 7,59 p<0.020
gaubedaoba 0,96 0,991 -1,42 0,895 30,27 p=0.000
erTad: 2,25 1,135 1,12 0,697 12,54 p=0.000
sxvisTvis miweris TvalsazrisiT AmaRali da dabali
TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufebis Sedarebisas aRmoCnda, rom gansxvaveba
yvela SemTxvevaSia statistikurad sandoa.
cxrili #19 (niSneulia CemTvis)
saSualo
TviTSefaseba
dabali
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
sizarmace 1,94 0,770 2,67 1,170 11,83 p=0.000
sijiute 1,58 0,965 2,86 0,727 16,73 p=0.000
egoizmi 0,12 0,735 0,29 0,763 2,99 p<0.02
93
impulsuroba 1,12 0,619 1,00 1,204 2,44 p<0.010
Tavmoubmeloba -0,12 0,752 1,24 1,016 22,78 p=0.000
unebisyofoba -1,31 0,875 2,71 1,200 57,91 p=0.000
Surianoba -2,29 0,661 -2,57 0,312 5,36 p=0.000
usamarTloba -2,38 0,802 -2,33 0,615 0,79 p>0.05
kritikuloba -0,53 0,974 1,75 0,864 29,50 p=0.000
gaubedaoba 0,17 0,746 2,59 1,289 40,88 p=0.000
erTad: -0,15 0,790 1,05 0,916 19,02 p=0.000
saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirebic ufro naklebad
miiweren uaryofiT Tvisebebs, vidre dabali TviTSefasebis SemTxvevaSi.
Tumca, aqac aRsaniSnavia is SemTxveva, sadac gnsxvaveba statistikurad
sando ar aris. Ees aris Tviseba _ usamarTloba.
cxrili #20 (niSneulia sxvisTvis)
saSualo
TviTSefaseba
dabali
TviTSefaseba
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
sizarmace 2,53 0,956 2,41 0,654 1,63 p>0.05
sijiute 2,73 0,774 2,46 0,745 4,28 p=0.000
egoizmi 2,07 0,870 1,61 0,790 6,57 p=0.000
impulsuroba 2,90 1,846 0,77 0,975 14,54 p=0.000
Tavmoubmeloba 1,85 1,395 1,82 0,708 0,25 p>0.05
unebisyofoba 1,92 1,173 0,59 0,970 14,33 p=0.000
Surianoba 1,57 1,097 0,58 0,520 11,39 p=0.000
usamarTloba 1,59 1,395 0,62 0,563 8,75 p=0.000
kritikuloba 1,98 1,236 1,74 0,148 2,40 p=0.000
gaubedaoba 0,89 0,778 -1,42 0,895 37,49 p=0.000
erTad: 2,00 0,776 1,12 0,697 14,37 p=0.000
am cxrilidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maRali da
saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa qvejgufebis Sedarebisas
aRmoCnda, rom umetesoba Tvisebebis mixedviT gansxvavevba sando ar
94
aRmoCnda. xolo ramdenime Tvisebis SemTxvevaSi igive tendencia
dasturdeba, rom am Tvisebebs naklebad miiwers. gansakuTrebiT,
Surianobis SemTxvevaSi gansxvaveba maRalia da es gansxvaveba
statistikurad sandoa.
Sedegi aseTia: TviTSefasebis done ar axdens pirdapir gavlenas
uaryofiTi Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobaze. Aam SemTxvevaSi ar Cans
tendencia, romelsac adgili aqvs dadebiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT
Sefasebisas.
gamoikveTa gansxvaveba Tvisebebis saSualo monacemebs Soris. aman
safuZveli mogvca gvefiqrebina, rom Tvisebebs Soris arsebobs raRac
ierarqia, anu cdis pirebi garkveul Tvisebebs ufro metad miaweren
sakuTar Tavs. amis dasadgenad gamoviyeneT faqtoruli analizi.
faqtorizacia Sesrulda mTavari komponentis meTodiT (kaizeris
`varimaqsis~ meTodi).
dadebiTi Tvisebebi
cxrili #21 (faqtoruli datvirTvis mniSvnelobebi (rotaciis
Semdeg))
Ifaqto.
(dispersiis
35%)
II faqt.
(dispersiis
12%)
III faqt.
(disper-siis
10%)
IVfaqtori
(dispersii
s 6%)
Vfaqtori
(dispersiis
5%)
mimtevebloba 0,780
keTilganwyobileba 0,668
mizandasaxuloba 0,763
pasuxismgebloba 0,719
Sromismoyvareoba 0,800
sikeTe 0,592
erTguleba 0,852
TavSekavebuloba 0,903
gulaxdiloba 0,701
megobruloba 0,643
95
cxrilidan Cans, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovnad CaiTvala Semdegi
Tvisebebi: sikeTe, erTguleba, megobruloba; mimtevebloba,
keTilganwyobileba meore adgilzea; mizandasaxuloba, pasuxismgebloba,
Sromismoyvareoba _ mesameze; TavSekavebuloba _ meoTxeze; xolo yvelaze
naklebad mniSvnelovnad ki CaiTvala gulaxdiloba.
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi
cxrili #22 (faqtoruli datvirTvis mniSvnelobebi (rotaciis
Semdeg)
I faqtori
(disper-
siis 41%)
II faqtori
(dispersiis
19%)
IIIfaqtor
i (disper-
siis 5%)
IVfaqtori
(dispersiis
4%)
sizarmace 0,644
sijiute 0,511
egoizmi 0,566
impulsuroba 0,472
Tavmoubmeloba 0,623
unebisyofoba 0,627
Surianoba 0,817
usamarTloba 0,792
kritikuloba 0,666
gaubedaoba -0,488 0,649
uaryofiTi Tvisebebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyo oTxi faqtori.
Yyvelaze uaryofiT Tvisebebad CaiTvala Surianoba da usamarTloba;
Semdeg modis sizarmace, sijiute, impulsuroba, Tavmoubmeloba,
unebisyofoba; mesame adgils ikavebs egoizmi, kritikuloba; xolo
yvelaze naklebad uaryofiT Tvisebad Sefasda – gaubedaoba.
magram aRsaniSnavia erTi sagulisxmo faqti, romelic gamovlinda
gaubedaobasTan dakavSirebiT. gaubedaoba am faqtorSi arsebul sxva
TvisebebTan (egoizmi, kritikuloba) uaryofiT korelaciaSia, rac am
96
Tvisebebis SeuTavseblobas gulisxmobs. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba
vifiqroT, rom gaubedavebi ar arian egoistebi da kritikulebi.
dadebiTi Tvisebebi
cxrili #23 (saSualo maCveneblebi faqtorebis mixedviT)
rogorc cxrilidan Cans faqtorebis mixedviT Tvisebebi Semdeg
blokebad dajgufda: zneoba _ sikeTe, erTguleba, megobruloba;
lmobireba _ mimtevebloba, keTilganwyobileba; nebeloba _
mizandasaxuloba, pasuxismgebloba, Sromismoyvareoba; zrdiloba _
TavSekavebuloba; siRiave _ gulaxdiloba.
niSneulia CemTvis
niSneulia
sxvisTvis
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
ramdens
axasiaTebs
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
pirveli
faqtori
(`zneoba") 2,71 0,371 1,13 0,802 35% 22,45 p=0.000
meore faqtori
(`lmobiereba") 2,27 0,635 1,25 0,758 31% 12,93 p=0.000
mesame faqtori
(`nebeloba") 2,11 0,731 1,31 0,843 23% 9,03 p=0.000
meoTxe faqtori
(`grZnobebi") 1,84 0,769 0,83 1,277 25% 8,53 p=0.000
mexuTe faqtori
(`siRiave") 1,80 0,708 0,80 1,116 36% 9,53 p=0.000
97
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi
cxrili #24 (saSualo maCveneblebi faqtorebis mixedviT)
uaryofiTi Tvisebebic iseve, rogorc dadebiTi, sxvadasxva blokSi
Semdegnairad gaerTianda: zneoba – Surianoba, usamarTloba; nebeloba –
sizarmace, sijiute, impulsuroba, Tavmoubmeloba, unebisyofoba;
Tavdajerebuloba _ egoizmi, kritikuloba; sisuste _ gaubedaoba.
axla ganvixiloT TviTSefasebis doneebis mixedviT, Tu rogor aris
ganawilebuli faqtorTa saSualo maCveneblebi.
dadebiTi Tvisebebi
cxrili #25
niSneulia CemTvis
maRali saSualo dabali
faqtori mediana sxvaobis
diapazoni
mediana sxvaobis
diapazoni
median
a
sxvaobis
diapazoni
faqtori I
`zneoba~
2,91 0,540 2,67 0, 633 2,53 0,933
niSneulia CemTvis
niSneulia
sxvisTvis
Tviseba mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni mediana
sxvaobis
diapazoni
ramdens
axasiaTebs
stiudentis
kriteriumi sandooba
pirveli faqtori
(`zneoba") -2,40 0,636 1,39 1,102 69% 37,56 p=0.000
meore faqtori
(`nebeloba") 1,03 1,092 2,22 0,796 73% 11,12 p=0.000
mesame faqtori
(`Tavdajerebuloba") 0,53 1,067 1,02 0,773 64% 4,72 p=0.000
meoTxe faqtori
(`sisuste~) 0,96 1,123 0,14 0,718 40% 7,72 p=0.000
98
faqtori II
`lmobiereba
2,91 0,584 2,20 0, 664 1,70 0,656
faqtori III
`nebisyofa~
2,74 0,664 2,00 0,784 1,59 0,746
faqtori IV
`grZnobebi~
2,53 0,707 1,71 1,023 1,27 0,577
faqtori V
`siaRiave~
2,47 0,727 1,53 0,697 1,38 0,701
cxrilidan kargad Cans, Tu cdis piri ramdenad Zlierad miiwers
dadebiT Tvisebebs. rac ufro Rirebuli da mniSvnelovania Tviseba miT ufro
miiwers. Sesabamisad, aq naCvenebia gansxvaveba TviTSefasebis doneebis
mixedviT. rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro Zlierad
axasiaTebs cdis pirs dadebiTi Tviseba. gansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi
statistikurad sandoa (p=0.000).
cxrili #26
niSneulia sxvisTvis
maRali saSualo dabali
faqtori mediana sxvaobis
diapazoni
mediana sxvaobis
diapazoni
mediana sxvaobis
diapazoni
faqtori I
`zneoba~
0,76 0, 602 1,07 0, 864 1,57 0,939
faqtori II
`lmobiereba~
0,87 0,548 1,24 0, 505 1,65 1,221
faqtori III
`nebisyofa~
1,02 0,462 1,24 0,733 1,67 1,335
faqtori IV
`grZnobebi~
0,53 0,856 0,87 0,963 1,09 1,274
faqtori V
`siaRiave~
0,47 0,798 0,66 1,00 1,26 0,877
99
Aaq ukve naCvenebia, Tu ramdenad axasiaTebT aRniSnuli dadebiTi
Tvisebebis sxvebs. Aam TvisebebiT sxvebis Sefasebisas, vlindeba tendecia,
romelic am Tvisebebis matarebeli sxvebis raodenobis Semcirebas glisxmobs.
rac ufro maRali aqvs cdis pirs TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro naklebad
miawers sxvas, anu naklebad avrcelebs sxvebSi am niSnebs. gansxvaveba yvela
SemTxvevaSi statistikurad sandoa (p=0.000).
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi
cxrili #27
niSneulia CemTvis
maRali saSualo dabali
faqtori mediana sxvaobis
diapazoni
mediana sxvaobis
diapazoni
mediana sxvaobis
diapazoni
faqtori I
`zneoba~
-2,41 1,457 -2,34 0, 732 -2,45 0,464
faqtori II
`nebisyofa~
0,34 0,897 0,64 0, 796 2,10 1,064
faqtori III
`Tavdajerebuloba~
-0,29 0,861 -0.21 0,855 1,02 0,814
faqtori IV 0,12 0,873 0,17 0,746 2,59 1,289
rac ufro uaryofiTia Tviseba, cdis piri miT ufro naklebad miiwers.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Zalian uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnis SemTxvevaSi,
TviTSefasebis mocemul dones ara aqvs mniSvneloba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
Zalian uaryofiT Tvisebas, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, naklebad miiwers.
gansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi statistikurad sandoa (p=0.000).
cxrili #28
niSneulia sxvisTvis
maRali saSualo dabali
faqtori mediana sxvaobis mediana sxvaobis mediana sxvaobis
100
diapazoni diapazoni diapazoni
faqtori I
`zneoba~
1,99 1, 736 1, 58 1, 246 0,60 0,541
faqtori II
`lmobiereba~
2,66 1,408 2,39 1, 229 1,61 0,811
faqtori III
`nebisyofa~
2,11 - 0, 077 2,02 1, 053 1,68 0,469
faqtori IV 0,96 0, 991 0,89 0,778 - 1,42 0,895
Sedegi aseTia: rac ufro mniSvnelovania (dadebiTi) Tviseba, cdis
piri miT ufro miawers sakuTar Tavs da Sesabamisad, naklebad aris
gavrcelebuli, rasac miuTiTebs gavrcelebulobis dabali procentuli
maCvenebeli (anu im studenTa raodenoba, romlisTvisac es Tvisebebia
damaxasiaTebeli). xolo uaryofiTi Tvisebebis SemTxvevaSi aseTi suraTi
miviReT: rac ufro uaryofiTia Tviseba, miT ufro naklebad miawers
sakuTar Tavs.
101
Tavi VI
miRebuli Sedegebis ganxilva da daskvnebi
6. 1. kvlevis I seriis Sedegebis ganxilva
Kvlevis pirvel seriaSi vikvlevdiT `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da
`mcdari konsensusis efeqtebs~, rogorc TviTSefasebis procesSi moqmed
universalur kategoriebs, anu fenomenebs, romelTa arseboba
kulturologiur xasiaTs ar atarebes; aseve gvainteresebda gvenaxa, rom
sakuTari uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnebis mixedviT sxvaTa Sefasebisas
adgili aqvs Tu ara `mcdari konsensusis efeqts~. Cveni kvlevis Sedagad
aCvena: adamians urCevnia ifiqros, rom misi sakuTari dadebiTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli da, Sesabamisad, naklebad miawers
sxvebs, anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, misi azriT, mcirea im adamianTa
ricxvi, romelic igive dadebiTi Tvisebebis matarebelia. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom adgili aqvs `mcdari unikalurobis efeqts”. xolo im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac saqme exeba sakuTar pirovnul pozicias (Sexedulebas), maSin
urCevnia ifiqros, rom misi Sexedulebebi gavrcelebulia da sxva bevri
eTanxmeba (anu, didia im adaminTa ricxvi, romelic am Sexedulebebs
iziarebs). Aaq ukve moqmedebs `mcdari konsensusis efeqti~.
rogorc aRvniSneT, kvlevis am seriaSi dadga sakuTari uaryofiTi
Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobis sakiTxic. Aam SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
Sedegebidan gviCvena, adamiani fiqrobs (Sesabamisad urCevnia), rom misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli pirovnuli niSnebis matarebeli bevria, anu am
TvalsazrisiT bevria misi msgavsi adamiani.
Aam Sedegebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba kidev erTxel vimsjeloT imaze,
rom adamians aqvs tendencia sakuTari `me~-s xatis gaZlierebisa da
dadebiTad Sefasebis, anu cdilobs ukeT warmoadginos sakuTari Tavi.
mokled, rom vTqvaT, miiswrafvis sakuTari Tavisadmi dadebiTi ganwyobis
uzrunvelyofisaken da is efeqtebi, romelsac Cven SromaSi ganvixilavT,
swored amas emsaxureba.
102
samive SemTxvevaSi unda vifiqroT, rom moqmedebs Tavdacvis
meqanizmebi. adamians cdilobs miuaxlovdes `idealur me~-s. amisaTvis is
sistematurad afasebs sakuTar Tavs, sxvebs da axdens Sedarebas. Aaq
SeiZleba moviSvelioT karl rojersis Teoria, romelSic ganixilulia
Tavdacvis meqanizmebi. man gamoyo dacvis meqanizmebi, romelsac pirovneba
mimarTavs, raTa ar gaacnobieros arakongruentuli damokidebuleba
subieqtur gamocdilebasa da sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb arsebul
warmodgenebs Soris. es meqanizmebia: 1) damaxinjeba, romelic gulisxmobs
subiqturi gamocdilebis aradeqvaturad aRqmas; 2) uaryofas, garkveuli
subieqturi gamocdilebis uaryofas.
Tu davubrundebiT Cven Sedegebs, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom samive
SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs sxavTa iseT Sefasebas, iseT aRqmas, rogoric
adamians urCvenia _ Tvlis, rom misi dadebiTi Tvisebebi ar aris
gavrcelebuli, anu uaryofs, rom, am TvalsazrisiT, bevria misi msgavsi
adamiani. Aam meqanizms mimarTavs swored imitom, rom gazardos sakuTari
unikalurobis daSevebis SesaZlebloba.
Sexedulebis gavrcelebuloba aZlierebs socialuri mxardaWeris
aRqmas, rac adasturebs sakuTari poziciis sisworesa da adeqvaturobas.
imisaTvis rom adamiani sakuTari pozicebisa da Sexedulebebis sisworeSi
iyo darwmunebuli, aucileblad esaWiroeba socialuri mxardaWera. es ki
amcirebs mosalodnel socialur urTierTqmedebasTan dakavSirebul
daZabulobas.
Kkvlevis Sedagad uaryofiT TvisebebTan dakavSirebiT gamovlinda,
rom maSin rodesac adamiani iZulebulia sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCinos
uaryofiTi Tviseba, mimarTavs sxvaTa araswor aRqmas da miuTiTebs, rom
es Tviseba sakmaod gavrcelebulia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sxvebisadmi
sakuTari uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnis miwera-gadatana ganapirobebs am
Tvisebis sicudis xarisxis Semcirebas. uaryofiTi Tvisebebis
gavrcelebuloba adamians afiqrebinebs, rom mxolod is ar aris aseTi da
bevria misi msgavsi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, uaryofiTi niSnebis
TvalsazrisiT, cdilobs rac SeiZleba meti aRmoaCinos Tavisi msgavsi da
103
amiT Seimsubuqos sakuTari mgomareoba. rac, aseve, `me~-s xatis
gaZlierebas emsaxureba.
6. 2. kvlevis II da III seriis Sedegebis ganxilva
sakuTari Tavis Sefasebisas Tavdacvis meqanizmebis moqmedebas
adasturebs is faqtic, romelic gamovlinda uaryofiTi Tvisebebis
skalirebisasa. am etapze Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom uaryofiT
TvisebaTa nusxaSi (romelic amokrefilia wina etapze miRebuli
monacemebidan) faqtobrivad ar aRmoCnda Seuwynarebeli Tviseba. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom maSin, rodesac adamiani iZulebulia uaryofiTi TvisebiT
Seafasos sakuTari Tavi, cdilobs moZebnos naklebad uaryofiTi Tviseba
da Sesamabisad Tavisi mdgomareoba amiT Seamsubuqos. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT sakuTari Tavis Sefasebisas
Semsubuqebis or gzas mimarTavs: pirveli, rodesac Tavis uaryofiT
pirovnul niSnebs sxvebSi avrcelebs da meore _ sakuTar Tavs naklebad
uaryofiTi TvisebebiT afasebs. rac kidev erTxel iZleva imis safuZvels
vifiqroT, rom adamiani miiswrafvis imisaken, rom Tavi ukeT
warmoadginos da iyos misaRebi yvelasaTvis, maT Soris sakuTari
TavisaTvis.
kvlevis im etapze, rodesac cdis pirebi ara sakuTari, aramed
zogadad, rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT
afasebdnen sxvebs, gamovlinda Semdegi tendencia: maTi azriT, uaryofiTi
Tvisebebi ufro metad aris gavrcelebuli, vidre dadebiTi. anu, cdis
pirebs Tvlidnen, rom sxvebisTvis, zogadad, ufro metad
damaxasiaTebelia uaryofiTi Tvisebebi. es gvaZlevs uflebas vifiqroT,
rom am tendenciis arseboba SeiZleba adamianis erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani moTxovnilebis _ TviTpativiscemis _ dakmayofilebis erT-
erTi meqanizmia.
kupersmitiseuli (1963) ganmartebis mixedviT: TviTpativiscema es
aris sakuTari Tavis Sefaseba, romelsac adamiani axorcielebs da,
104
Cveulebriv, inarCunebs. is gamoxatavs mowoneba-armowonebis atutuds da
miuTiTebs im zomas, riTac adamians sjera, rom aris unariani,
mniSvnelovani, warmatebuli da Rirebuli. TviTpativiscema aris
pirovnuli msjeloba sakuTari Rirseulobis Sesaxeb, gamoxatuli im
atitudebiT, romelic pirovnebas aqvs sakuTari Tavis mimarT.
Cven kvlevaSi miRebuli Sedegebi, romlis mixedviTac uaryofiTi
Tvisebebi ufro gavrcelebulia, amcirebs imis Sanss, rom bevri kargi
`sxva~ arsebobs. rac, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom sakuTari Tavis
gamorCeulobasa da gansakuTrebulobaze miuTiTebs da, Tavis mxriv,
zrdis TviTpativiscemis gancdas.
6. 3. kvlevis IV seriis Sedegebis ganxilva
`mcdari unikalurobis efeqtisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis efeqtis~
arsisa da bunebidan gamomdinare daviwyeT fiqri im faqtorebze,
romelmac SeiZleba gavlena iqonios aRniSnul efeqtebze. rogorc Cveni
Sromida Cans, Cven yuradRebis centrSi moeqca TviTSefasebis done,
rogorc aRniSnul efeqtebze moqmedi faqtori.
kvlevis am etapze, romelic mieZRvna `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da
`mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebis kavSiris dadgenas TviTSefasebis
donesTan gamovlinda: 1) pirdapiri urTierTkavSiri TviTSefasebasa da
`mcdari unikalurobis efeqts~ Soris. kerZod, rac ufro maRalia
TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro gamoxatulia mcdari unikalurobis
efeqti; anu rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, adamiani miT ufro
naklebad miawers misTvis Zlierad damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs sxvas
(igulisxmeba dadebiTi). 2) calsaxa kavSiri TviTSefasebasa da `mcdari
konsensusis~ efeqts Soris ar dasturdeba (statistikurad sando ar
aRmoCnda). Ees ki imas gulisxmobs, rom TviTSefasebis dones (maRali
iqneba, Tu dabali) sakuTari uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT sxvisi
Sefasebisas ara aqvs mniSvneloba. Nnebismier SemTxvevaSi adamians
105
urCevnia ifiqros, rom masSi gamoxatuli uaryofiTi Tviseba sakmaod
gavrcelebulia.
kvlevis Sedegebi Semdegze metyvelebs: adamians urCevnia ifiqros,
rom igi sxvebisgan swored dadebiTi TvisebebiT gansxvavdeba. rac ufro
Zlierad aris masSi dadebiTi Tviseba gamoxatuli, miT ufro naklebad
aris gavrcelebuli. es ukanaskneli ki iZleva imis safuZvels, rom man
sakuTari Tavi gansakuTrebulad da unikalurad CaTvalos. xolo
uaryofiTi Tvisebebis SemTxvevaSi, adamiani Tvlis, rom es Tvisebebi
sakmaod gavrcelebulia da amiT is ar gansxvavdeba sxvebisgan, rasac
adgili aqvs rogorc maRali, aseve dabali TviTSefasebisas.
aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom dabali TviTSefaseba
ar niSnavs, rom adamiani sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro metad maiwers sakuTar
Tavs uaryofiT Tvisebebs, aramed is sakuTar Tavs sxvisgan dadebiTi
Tvisebebis mixedviT ganasxvavebs. A
mTeli kvleva, romelic Cvens mier iqna Catarebuli kidev erTxel
adasturebs im tendencias, romlis mixedviT adamiani cdilobs sakuTari
Tavis dadebiTad Sefasebas da am TvalsazrisiT cnobierad, Tu
aracnobierad sxvadsxva gzasa da meqanizms mimarTavs.
adamiani cdilobs Tavidan aicilos Sinagni diskomforti, romelic
SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos sakuTari `realur~ da `idealur~ `me~-ebs
Soris gansxvavebiT. igi mudmivad afasebs sakuTar Tavs da adarebs
sxvebs. rogorc aRmoCnda, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi sxvebSi
gadatana-argadtana, Sexedulebebis gavrcelebuloba aris mniSvnelovani
kriteriumi sakuTari Tavis Sefasebisa da es kriteriumi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom aris universaluri xasiaTis.
Aaseve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gamovlinda TviTSefasebis saintereso
maxasiTebeli. Cveni kvlevis Sdegebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba vifiqroT,
rom dabali TviTSefaseba uaryofiTi Tvisebebis xarjze ki ara aqvs
adamians, aramed igi dadebiTi Tvisebebis deficits ganicdis. Anu,
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dabali TviTSefasebisas adamiani Tavis Tavs
ufro naklebad miawers dadebiT Tvisebebs. sxvebTan Sedarebisas igi xazs
106
usvams im garemoebas, rom sxvisgan imiT ki ar gansxvavdeba, rom igi
moWarbebuli uaryofiTi Tvisebebis matarebelia, aramed imiT, rom
misTvis naklebad aris damaxasiaTebeli dadebiTi pirovnuli niSnebi.
`me~ gagebulia, rogorc pirovnuli Tanmimdevrobisa da
stabilurobis centri. xolo pirovnuli Tanmimdevruloba da saboloo
jamSi ukavSirdeba socialur Sefasebasa da TviTSefasebis Zlier
moTxovnilebas. Des ki qmnis adamainis arsebobisa da aqtiobisaTvis
aucilebel safuZvels.
da bolos, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovelive es ki emsaxureba `me~-s
xatis gaZlierebas. Sesabamisad, sakuTar Tavze kargi warmodgenebis
Seqmnas da, saerTod, sakuTari Tavisadmi dadebiTi ganwyobis Seqmnasa da
Semdeg mis SenarCunebas. rogroc cnobilia, yovelive es Zalian
mniSvnelovania da aucilebelic ki adamianis normaluri funqcionirebisa
da aqtivobisaTvis, sxvadasxva situaciaSi adeqvaturi qcevis
ganxorcielebisaTvis, garkveuli warmatebebis misaRwevad.
107
saboloo daskvnebi
amrigad Cveni kvlevis safuZvelze, romelic am naSromSia
warmodgenili da ramdenime seriisagan Sedgeboda, SesaZlebelia Semdegi
daskvnebis gakeTeba:
1. sakuTari dadebiTi Tvisebebis sxvebSi gavrcelebulobis
SemTxvevaSi qarTul populaciaSic adgili aqvs `mcdari unikalurobis~
efeqts.
2. uaryofiTi Tvisebebis sxvebSi gavrcelebulobis SemTxvevaSi
dasturdeba `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtis moqmedeba.
3. sakuTari mniSvnelovani Sexedulebebis gavrcelebulobis
Sefasebisas adgili aqvs `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqts.
4. adamiani Tvlis, rom, zogadad, (ara sakuTari) uaryofiTi
pirovnuli niSnebi sxvebSi ufro gavrcelebulia, anu sxvebisTvis ufro
metad damaxasiaTebelia uaryofiTi Tvisebebi, vidre dadebiTi.
5. sakuTari Tavis uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT Sefasebisas,
Sefaseba xdeba naklebad uaryofiTi TvisebebiT.
6. TviTSefasebis done mniSvnelovnad aZlirebs `mcdari
unikalurobis~ efeqts. rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro
Zlieria aRniSnuli efeqti.
7. ar aris urTierTkavSiri TviTSefasebis donesa da `mcdari
konsensusis~ efeqts Soris. miuxedavad TviTSefasebis donisa, adamians
nebismier SemTxvevaSi urCevnia ifiqros, rom misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
108
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi gavrcelebulia da sxvebisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
8. dabali TviTSefasebis SemTxvevaSi adamiani sakuTar Tavs
uaryofiT Tvisebebs ki ar miawers, aramed Tvlis, rom naklebad
axasiaTebs dadebiTi Tvisebebi.
109
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