Semcvlelebi Cvens garSemo: 3 moTxovnis cneba...pretaciaze. magaliTad, mazoxisti ver iqneboda...

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3Semcvlelebi Cvens

garSemo: moTxovnis cneba

Tqven albaT bevrjer gsmeniaT an wagikiTxavT Semdegi saxis debulebani:

1. saxanZro usafrTxoebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom yvela sacxovrebels hqondes ori gasasv-

leli.

2. Cven gvesaWiroeba axali avtomobili.

3. mimdinare aTwleulSi Cvens Stats damatebiT dasWirdeba didi raodenobiT wyali.

4. satransporto nakadebis Seswavlam gamoavlina axali avtomagisralis mSeneblobis aucile-

bloba.

5. yvela moqalaqes, miuxedavad misi gadaxdisunarianobisa, unda SeeZlos aucilebeli samedi-

cino momsaxurebis miReba.

6. Cven mxolod gamarjveba gvWirdeba.

saxanZro usafrTxoeba, wyali, transportis swrafi da Tanabari gadaadgileba, samedicino

momsaxureba da axali avtomobilic ki ̀ keTildReobas~ warmoadgens. Cven vambobT _ ̀ avtomobil-

ic ki~, vinaidan ukanasknel xans, satransporto xazebis gadatvirTulobis gamo, eWvqveS dgeba

misi gamosadegobis sakiTxi, magram Tu amis Sesaxeb SeekiTxebiT avtomobilis mflobels an axal-

gazrdebs, romlebsac jer ar hyavT avtomobili, isini dagarwmuneben, rom axali avtomobili Za-

lianac sasargeblo ramaa. maS ra aris mcdari am mtkicebaSi?

aucileblobis cneba aris is saerTo elementi, romelsac eqvsive kiTxvaSi vxvdebiT. swored

mas SevyavarT SecdomaSi.

ganvixiloT pirveli mtkiceba. xanZris dros, erTi gasasvlelis mqone saxlSi gana yvela

mcxovrebi daiRupeba an daiwveba? ra Tqma unda, ara. ubralod, oris nacvlad erTi gasasvlelis

arsebobisas riski meti iqneba. maSin, ratom ar unda arsebobdes sami gasasvleli? an oTxi? ratom

ar mivideT ukiduresobamde da kedlebis nacvlad mravali kari ar gavakeToT? pasuxi isaa, rom

keTildReoba gulisxmobs ara mxolod saxanZro usafrTxoebas, aramed aseve binis gaTbobisa da

gagrilebis dabal fass, rom araferi vTqvaT binis dacvaze qurdebisagan, romlebmac kargad

ician, rom binidan mravali gasasvleli masSi bevr Sesasvlelsac niSnavs. garda amisa, SesaZloa

arsebobdes saxanZro usafrTxoebis ukeTesi saSualebebi. cecxlsaqrobebi, xanZris Caqrobis av-

tomaturi sistemebi da didi saferfleebi aseve amcirebs damwvrobis miRebis an cecxlSi daRup-

vis risks. Tuki moviTxovT binidan ramdenime gasasvlelis arsebobas, maSin ratom ar dagvekida

TiToeul kedelze TiTo cecxlsaqrobi?

binidan gasasvlelebis Sesaxeb Sexeduleba ar iTvaliswinebs sam urTierTdakavSirebul faqts

- pirveli: dovlaTis umetsoba ufaso ar aris da maTi SeZena moiTxovs sxva dovlaTze uaris Tq-

mas. meore: nebismier dovlaTs gaaCnia Semcvlelebi anu substitutebi. aqedan gamomdinareobs,

rom gonivruli arCevani _ arCevani, romelic SesaZlebelidan sasurvelis amorCevis saSualebas

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iZleva, anu ekonomikuri arCevani - alternativebis gamoyenebisas, moiTxovs damatebiTi xarjebi-

sa da damatebiTi mogebis Sedarebas. gonivrul arCevans ki gacvlebi mosdevs.

danaxarjebi da Semcvlelebi

davbrundeT ukan da ganvixiloT danarCeni xuTi debuleba. vis sWirdeba axali avtomobili?

cxadia, yvelas ki ara, aramed mas, vinc axal avtomobils imaze metad afasebs, razec, avtomobilis

SeZenis SemTxvevaSi, uaris Tqma uxdeba.

SesaZloa saWiro iyos uaris Tqma mogzaurobaze, axal tansacmelze, kinoSi mravaljer wasv-

laze da stereosistemaze. gamarTlebulia Tu ara es msxverpli? bolosdabolos, axali avtomo-

bilis SeZenis nacvlad, SeiZleba arsebulis SekeTeba, naxmari avtomobilis an velosipedis SeZe-

na, saavtomobilo pulSi Sesvla (car pule _ moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba, avtomobilis

rigrigobiT an erTdroulad gamoyenebis mizniT), sazogadoebrivi transportiT sargebloba, sa-

muSaosTan axlos sacxovreblad gadasvla, dabolos, saxlSi ufro xSirad yofna. gonieri momx-

mareblebi arCevans akeTeben mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ganixilaven sxvadasxva danaxarjebsa da

sargebels.

ganvixiloT mesame mosazreba. `Cvens Stats momaval aTwleulSi dasWirdeba wylis didi dam-

atebiTi raodenoba~. nuTu romelime Stats marTlac esaWiroeba damatebiT didi raodenobis wy-

ali? wyalsacavebi da kaSxalebi, milgayvaniloba da sarwyavi danadgarebi aseve warmoadgens wy-

lis resursebis gazrdis saSualebas. magram isini moiTxoven xarjebs. amarTlebs Tu ara

sargebeli danaxarjebs? Tu Tqven fiqrobT, rom wyali Seucvleli ramaa, Tqven metad akademiu-

rad azrovnebT, axdenT ra abstragirebas realuri samyrodan. Tqven albaT fiqrobT, rom wyali

ZiriTadad sasmelad gamoiyeneba, maSin rodesac aSS-Si wylis udidesi nawili sxva miznebiT ixar-

jeba.

Tqven ukeT gaerkveviT wylis problemaSi an avtomagistralis sakiTxSi (romelzedac qvemoT

gveqneba saubari), Tu ar dagaviwydebaT, rom iseTi warmonaqmnebi, rogoricaa Statebi an qalaqebi

sinamdvileSi arafers ar saWiroeben. bolosdabolos survilebi da miznebi mxolod pirovnebebs

gaaCniaT. ras gulisxmobs adamiani, rodesac ambobs: `xalxs surs~? imas, rom es yvela adamianis

survilia, Tu adamianTa umravlesobisa? an iqneb es mxolod rCeulTa survilia? amgvari mtkice-

bulebebis analizisas Cveulebriv kargia aseTi kiTxvis dasma: kerZod vis sWirdeba meti wyali, an

axali avtomagistrali an xanZrisgan meti usafrTxoeba?

sagnebi iSviaTad arian iseTebi, rogorc gamoiyurebian

rZe amJavda da surs Tavi araJnad mogvaCvenos

meoTxe mcdar mtkicebas _ `moZraobis gadatvirTuloba iwvevs axali Cqarosnuli gzebis mSe-

neblobis moTxovnas~ mivyavarT saqalaqo dagegmarebis erT-erT yvelaze mwvave sakiTxTan. albaT

es kiTxva ar gamoiwvevda aseT sirTuleebs, Tavidanve rom gveRiarebina is faqti, rom avtomagi-

stralebi ara marto dadebiT efeqts iZleva, aramed moiTxovs danaxarjebsac, rom maT gaaCniaT

mSvenieri Semcvlelebi da, rom qalaqis gonivruli dagegmareba gulisxmobs damatebiTi dana-

xarjebisa da damatebiTi sargeblis Sedarebas. is vinc varaudobs axali magistralidan mogebis

didi wilis miRebas SedarebiT mcire danaxarjiT, ar moisurvebs, rom sxvebma dainaxon am magi-

stralze gaweuli danaxarjebis erToblioba, an gaigon, Tu sinamdvileSi ramdeni Semcvleli ga-

aCnia. amitom isini moqmedeben ise, TiTqos satransporto nakadebis Seswavlas SeuZlia gamoavli-

nos `aucilebloba~. magram satransporto nakadebis Seswavla mxolod imas gviCvenebs, Tu

ramdeni avtomobili moZraobs moqmed marSrutebze, mZRolebze gaweuli danaxarjebis pirobebSi

iseTi arafuladi danaxarjebis CaTvliT, rogoricaa gzaSi Segvianeba, saSiSroebebi da kuWis

wyluli. davuSvaT, rom qalaqSi avtomobilebis sadgomebze manqanis gaCerebis fasi 500%-iT gai-

zarda. rogor fiqrobT, ra daemarTeba moZraobas pikis saaTebSi? is, vinc regularulad moZra-

obs qalaqSi, Seqmnis saavtomobilo pulebs da daiwyebs sazogadoebrivi transportiT sargeblo-

bas. Tu manqanis gaCerebis fasis gazrdis, sagzao SemTxvevisTvis dajarimebis an raime msgavsi

garemoebis gamo, qalaqsa da mis gareubnebs Soris mimosvlaze gaweuli danaxarjebi mZRolebisT-

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vis sakmaod maRali iqneba, maSin axali avtomagistralis saWiroeba SeiZleba myisve gadaiqces

swrafi satranzito mimosvlis sistemis ganviTarebis àucileblobad~. esaa aucileblobis me-

tad ucnauri saxe, romelic SesaZloa gaqres fasis swrafi cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.

mexuTe mtkiceba _ `yvela moqalaqes, miuxedavad maTi gadaxdisunarianobisa, unda gaaCndes

aucilebeli samedicino daxmarebis miRebis SesaZlebloba~ diaxac humanurad da liberalurad

gamoiyureba. magram ra raodenobis samedicino daxmarebas saWiroebs TiToeuli adamiani? yvela

dagveTanxmeba, rom adamians, romelsac apendicitis mwvave Seteva aqvs da ara aqvs operaciisTvis

saWiro Tanxa, aucileblad unda gaukeTdes operacia gadamxdelTa xarjze. magram rogor unda

moveqceT adamians, romelsac xiWvi Seeso? samedicino deficitur produqts warmoadgens da im

SemTxvevaSic ki ar iqneba aradeficituri, pacientisgan arcerTma eqimma safasuri rom ar aiRos.

magram, Tuki nebismieri adamiani ubralod SeuZlod yofnisas eqims mimarTavs, maSin eqimebis rao-

denoba momsaxurebisTvis arasakmarisi aRmoCndeba. rac ufro dabali iqneba eqimTan vizitis

fasi, miT ufro xSirad mivlen masTan miRebaze, imis nacvlad, rom ar gaamaxvilon yuradReba Seu-

Zlod yofnaze, dawvnen dasaZineblad, elodon da imedi iqonion. SeiZleba darwmunebiT vivarau-

doT, rom fuladi anazRaurebis Semcireba sxva saxis danaxarjebis zrdamde migviyvans da, vTqvaT,

gamoiwvevs rigSi saaTobiT lodins, vinaidan eqimebis momsaxureba deficituri saqonelia.

rac Seexeba meeqvse debulebas _ `Cven gvWirdeba mxolod gamarjveba~, is ubralod aramarTe-

bulia. SesaZloa aseTi mowodeba kargia brZolis win, magram, politikuri analizis Tvalsazri-

siT, is ararealisturia. Cveulebriv, gamarjvebisTvis saWiroa msxverplis gaReba. Tu msxverpli

garkveul masStabs aWarbebs, xalxi kompromisze midis da mzad aris Tavi damarcxebulad cnos da

amave dros gamoacxados, rom àrCevani ar arsebobda~. kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT, rom gonivru-

li politikuri formulebi, maT Soris sagareo politikis dargSi, damyarebulia damatebiTi mo-

salodneli danaxarjebisa da damatebiTi mosalodneli sargeblis zust gansazRvraze.

aucilebelia xazi gavusvaT gamoTqmas `mosalodneli~. Cven vcxovrobT ganuzRvrelobis sam-

yaroSi da iZulebulebi varT gavakeToT arCevani, romelic gavlenas iqoniebs Cvens momavalze,

imis bolomde dauzusteblad, Tu rogori iqneba es gavlena. msjeloben ra ekonomikur proble-

mebze, xSirad SecdomiT varaudoben, rom ar arsebobs ganuzRvreloba, an rom adamianebi, romle-

bic iReben ekonomikur gadawyvetilebas, yovlismcodneni arian, magram yovlismcodneoba jerje-

robiT miuwvdomelia Cveulebrivi mokvdavisTvis. Tuki Cven ganwirulebi varT imisaTvis, rom

ganuzRvrelobis pirobebSi vicxovroT, maSin SegviZlia ar gavirTuloT problemebi Tavis mot-

yuebiT, TiTqos es ase araa. frTxilad iyaviT, Tu am wignSi, an sadme sxvagan, SegxvdebaT mtkicebu-

leba, romelic gulisxmobs sruli da utyuari informaciis arsebobas. miaqcieT yuradReba imas,

rom informacia aseve warmoadgens faseulobas, romelsac SesaZloa gaaCndes Semcvlelebi.

moTxovnis koncefcia

àucileblobis~ koncefcia ukompromiso midgomas gulisxmobs. amitom ekonomistebi amjobi-

neben gamoiyenon moTxovnis cneba. moTxovna aris cneba, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs saqon-

lis da momsaxurebis (dovlaTis) Sesyidul raodenobas da im msxverpls, romlis gaRebac aucile-

belia am raodenobebis SesyidvisTvis.

dausviT sakuTar Tavs Semdegi kiTxvebi: ra raodenobis gramfirfitebi gsurT rom gqondeT?

weliwadSi ramdenjer gsurT restoranSi sadiloba? ra niSnis miReba gsurT romelime saganSi?

Tu Tqven SegiZliaT pasuxi gasceT am kiTxvebs, mxolod imitom, rom TiToeul SemTxvevaSi va-

raudobT garkveuli xarjis gaRebas. davuSvaT Tqven gegmavT xuTianis miRebas mocemul saganSi.

ra moxdeba Tu xuTianis fasi gaizrdeba? maswavlebeli qrTams ar iRebs. xuTianis fasi TqvenTvis

(swored esaa mTavari) aris is msxverpli, romelic Tqven unda gaiRoT niSnis misaRebad. moindo-

mebT xuTianis miRebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amisaTvis kviraSi 20 saaTis muSaoba iqneba saWiro, maSin

rodesac oTxianis misaRebad kviraSi erTi saaTis mecadineobac sakmarisia? SeiZleba Tqven gsurT

xuTiani, magram ara ase Zvirad, raki arcTu ise cudi Semcvleli _ òTxiani~ _ gacilebiT iafi

dagijdebaT. swored esaa saqme. Tu moTxovnis dakmayofileba SesaZlebelia mxolod garkveuli

safasuris gadaxdiT, anu sxva moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis xarjze, Cven Tavs vika-

vebT moTxovnis dakmayofilebisgan da imaze naklebs vjerdebiT, vidre Tavidan gvsurda.

movlena, romelzedac Cven vsaubrobT, imdenad fundamenturia, rom zogierTi ekonomisti

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mzad aris igi kanonis rangSi aiyvanos. moTxovnis kanoni adgens, rom arsebobs uaryofiTi kavSiri

adamianebis mier SeZenili dovlaTis raodenobasa da im fass (msxverpls) Soris, romelic maT am

dolaTis SesaZenad unda gaiRon. ufro maRali fasebis dros naklebs SeiZenen; ufro dabali fa-

sebis dros ki _ mets.

Tanaxma xarT Tu ara, rom am debulebas kanoni vuwodoT? Tu Tqven gamonaklisebze fiqrobT?

Tuki marTlac arsebobs namdvili gamonaklisebi, es didi iSviaTobaa. ratom ar unda miaqcion

adamianebma yuradReba msxverpls, romlis gaRebac maT mouwevT? gana maT urCevniaT naklebi msx-

verplis gaRebis nacvlad metis gaReba? swored ase moiqceoda is adamiani, romelic met dovlaTs

SeiZenda masze xarjebis zrdisas.

moTxovnis kanonidan e.w. gamonaklisebi, Cveulebriv dafuZnebulia faqtebis araswor inter-

pretaciaze. magaliTad, mazoxisti ver iqneboda gamonaklisi, vinaidan tkivili misTvis sasiamov-

no ramaa da ara msxverplis gaReba. ganvixiloT yvelasaTvis cnobili SemTxveva, rodesac raime

saqonlis fasi izrdeba da adamianebi yiduloben mets, moelian ra fasebis Semdgom zrdas. Tu

Tqven am movlenas CaufiqrdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom es araa gamonaklisi moTxovnis kanonidan.

fasebis sawyisi zrda ganapirobebs momavalSi ufro maRali fasebis molodins, romelic zrdis

mimdinare moTxovnas mocemul saqonelze. adamianebs surT metis SeZena axla, raTa SemdgomSi na-

klebis daxarjva mouwioT. imis mizezs, rom adamianebi awmyoSi mets yiduloben, warmoadgens ara

ufro maRali fasi, aramed Secvlili molodini. fasebis sawyis cvlilebas rom ar Seecvala molo-

dini, Cven sul sxva rames SevniSnavdiT.

garda amisa, isini, visac fasebis zrdis molodini ubiZgebs swrafi Sesyidvebisken, gasaReb msx-

verpls mainc gaiTvaliswineben Sesyidvebis raodenobis gansazRvrisas.

zogjer amtkiceben, rom egreTwodebuli prestiJuli saqoneli warmoadgens gamonakliss

moTxovnis kanonidan. magaliTad, iTvleba, rom adamianebi yiduloben wavis qurqebs imitom, rom

maTi fasi maRalia da ara dabali. udavoa, rom zogjer adamianebi yiduloben metad Zvirfas

nivTebs ZiriTadad imitom, rom STabeWdileba moaxdinon im TanxebiT, romelTa daxarjvis ufle-

basac sakuTar Tavs aZleven. zogjer, informaciis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi nivTis

xarisxis Sesaxeb msjeloben misi fasis mixedviT, ase rom, zogierT SezRudul diapazonSi mainc,

maTi msyidvelobiTi mzadyofna SesaZloa dakavSirebuli iyos fasTan dadebiTi da ara uaryofi-

Ti damokidebulebiT. magram es moCvenebiTi gamonaklisebi SeiZleba martivad iqnas axsnili

moTxovnis kanonis farglebSi. adamianebi yiduloben prestiJs, da ara ubralod wavs, an isini

msjeloben xarisxze fasis mixedviT, vinaidan ar gaaCniaT ukeTesi informacia.

`movimaragoT, sanam fasebi gaizrdeba~

magram es magaliTebi sxva araferia, Tu ara kuriozi. miuxedavad imisa, mzad xarT Tu ara cnoT

kanonad, Semdegi faqti metad mniSvnelovani da udavoa: saqonlis fasis zrdas Tan axlavs Sesyid-

vebis saerTo moculobis Semcireba, xolo fasebis Semcirebas ki, piriqiT, _ maTi zrda. am kav-

Siris ugulvebelyofa seriozuli Secdomaa.

niSani miRebis fasi

5 20 saaTi kviraSi

4 1 saaTi kviraSi

3 3/4 saaTi kviraSi

zRvruli mniSvnelobebi

ra ufro mniSvnelovania, wyali Tu briliantebi? adamianebis umravlesoba, visac am kiTxvas

dausvamT, daufiqreblad gipasuxebT, rom wyali, magram sxvanairad vikiTxoT: ra ufro mniS-

vnelovania, erTi Wiqa wyali Tu erTi Wiqa briliantebi? Tu maT kvlav gipasuxes, rom wyali, maSin

SeiZleba vkiTxoT, romels irCevdnen Tavad, Wiqa wyals Tu Wiqa briliantebs da gamarjveba yov-

elTvis briliantebs darCeba. rogor SeiZleba adamianebma daufiqreblad amjobinon brilian-

tebs wyali da airCion briliantebi, Tuki maT arCevans SesTavazeben? isini ityvian, rom wyali

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ufro mniSvnelovani iqneba, Tuki udabnoSi wyurvilisgan daxrCoba emuqrebaT.

magram isini xom udabnoSi ar arian da arc wyurviliT kvdebian. Zveli gazeTi ufro saWiroa,

vidre Seqspiris tomeulebi, Tu Tqven unda moigerioT mwerebis Semoteva, raTa yviTeli cieb-

cxeleba ar dagemarToT. Tu kbilebs Soris saWmeli gageCxiraT da amas Wkuidan gadayavxarT, kbi-

lebis gamosawmendad Zafi ufro saWiroa, vidre kompiuteri. da saerTod, nebismieri sagani Se-

saZloa sxvaze ufro mniSvnelovani gamodges, vinaidan sagnis mniSvneloba damokidebulia

situaciaze.

ekonomistebs imave azris gamosaTqmelad sakuTari saSualebebi gaaCniaT. mniSvnelovani sidi-

deebi zRvruli sidideebia. ekonomikuri analizi Tavisi SinaarsiT zRvrul analizs warmoad-

gens. mravali ekonomisti gamoiyenebs sityvas ̀ marginalizmi~ imis gansamartad, rasac Cven ekono-

mikur azrovnebas vuwodebT. zRvruli niSnavs imas, rac sazRvarze an sazRvarTan imyofeba.

ekonomikuri Teoria dafuZnebulia zRvrul analizze, vinaidan gulisxmobs, rom gadawyvetile-

bebis miReba yovelTvis damatebiTi xarjebisa da damatebiTi sargeblis SedarebiT xdeba. ga-

dawyvetilebebis miRebaze sxva faqtorebi ar moqmedeben _ mxolod zRvruli danaxarjebi da

zRvruli sargebeli.

zRvruli danaxarjebi an sargebeli aris damatebiTi danaxarjebi an sargebeli yovel konkre-

tul SemTxvevaSi.

zRvrul mniSvnelobebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebi

davuSvaT, rom saRamos cxra saaTze, rodesac Tqven emzadebiT xvalindeli gamocdisaTvis, gi-

rekavT Seyvarebuli, romelsac surs ramdenime saaTiT gestumroT. Tqven eubnebiT, rom mecadi-

neobiT. is daJinebiT gTxovT da Tqven kvlav uarze xarT. is nawyeni toniT gekiTxebaT: `SenTvis

fizika ufro mniSvnelovania Tu me?~ da Tuki am droisaTvis Tqven kargad aiTviseT ekonomikuri

azrovneba, maSin pasuxobT: `mxolod zRvruli mniSvnelobiT~.

Tu Seyvarebuli ganagrZobs wuwuns, urCieT momaval wels ekonomikis kursebi gaiaros da dau-

brundiT mecadineobas. am situaciaSi ar daismis fizikisa da Seyvarebulis faseulobis sakiTxi.

sakiTxavi isaa, warmoadgens Tu ara SeyvarebulTan gatarebuli ori saaTi met faseulobas, vidre

igive ori saaTi gatarebul fizikis wignTan.

Tqvenma Seyvarebulma dauSva Cveulebrivi Secdoma. is azrovnebs `yvelaferi~ an `araferi~-s

terminebiT. magram maSin, rodesac is saRamoTi girekavT, aseT arCevanTan rodi gvaqvs saqme. ga-

dawyvetilebis miRebisas, aseT arCevans sinamdvileSi iSviaTad vxvdebiT. Cveulebriv, raRac er-

Tis did raodenobas vadarebT, meoris mcire raodenobasTan. ekonomikuri azrovneba uaryofs

`yvelaferi~ an `araferi~-s terminebiT midgomas da yuradRebas amaxvilebs zRvrul mogebasa da

xarjebze.

gamovsaxoT grafikze

ekonomistebis mier gamoyenebuli cnebebis umetesobis gamosaxva da Seswavla mosaxerxebelia

grafikebis saxiT. moTxovnasa da moTxovnis sidides Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovani da Znelad

gasagebi sxvaoba SedarebiT advilad SeiZleba warmovidginoT grafikebze dakvirvebisas. Tu

Tqven adamianebis im mcire kategorias miekuTvnebiT, romlebsac grafikebis danaxvaze Jruante-

li uvliT, girCevT Tavi moTokoT. advilad darwmundebiT, rom grafikebi saSiSi araa, roca gaer-

kveviT imaSi, rac gamosaxulia 3-1 naxazze.

3-1 naxazze gamosaxuli grafiki gviCvenebs wyalze moTxovnas tipuri amerikuli saxlisTvis.

vertikalur RerZze gadazomilia erTi galoni wylis fasi centebSi. horizontalur RerZze ga-

dazomilia wyalze moTxovnis raodenoba anu wylis is raodenoba, romelic moixmareba. qedan

Cans, rom Tu wylis fasi galonSi 0,03 cents udris, saxlis saWiroebaze yoveldRiurad daaxloe-

biT 320 galoni wyali daixarjeba. ojaxi wyals ise moixmars, TiTqos mas Rirebuleba ar gaaCndes.

mobinadreebi gazonebis gakreWis Semdeg samanqano da fexiT mosiaruleTa gzebs ki ar daxveten,

aramed SlangiT miuSveben wyals. tualetebs gaxexaven yoveli xmarebis Semdeg: didxans miiReben

Sxapebs da sarecxs meoTxedamde gavsebul manqanebSi garecxaven.

wylis fasis gaormagebisas mobinadreebi gansxvavebulad moiqcevian. isini wylis moxmarebas,

grafikidan gamomdinare, orjer Seamcireben. Tu fasi kidev gaormagda, ekonomia gaizrdeba. eko-

34

nomikuri Teoria uSvebs, rom isini mudmivad adareben wylis fass sxvadasxva miznebisTvis mis

`praqtikulobasTan~ da amcireben moxmarebas iq, sadac mosalodnelia, rom zRvruli praqtiku-

loba ufro naklebi iqneba, vidre is fasi, romelic unda gadaixadon. fasi da saWiroeba erTmaneT-

Tan mWidro kavSirSi arian, Tumca realuri kavSiri ufro zRvrul saWiroebasTanaa.

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400

galoni wyali 1 dReSi

$07

06

05

04

1 g

al

on

is

fa

si

nax. 3-1 tipuri ojaxis moTxovna wyalze

wylis saerTo saWiroeba mobinadreebisTvis gansxvavebulia da iseTi ramaa, rac wylis fasTa-

naa dakavSirebuli. 3-1 naxazze wylis saerTo saWiroeba SeiZleba gazomili iqnas moTxovnis mru-

dis qveS farTiT. moTxovnis mrudi, samwuxarod, ver gadakveTs fasebis RerZs maRali fasebis Sem-

TxvevaSic ki. Tu wyali araCveulebrivad deficituri iqneba, erTi Wiqa wylis fasi bevrad meti

iqneba, vidre erTi Wiqa briliantebisa.

naxazi 3-1 warmogviCens Semdeg moTxovnaTa nusxas. SeadareT is grafiks, raTa darwmundeT, Tu

rogor kavSirSi arian isini.

erTi galonis fasi galoni dReSi

$0.07 23

0.04 40

0.02 80

0.01 160

0.005 320

moTxovna da moTxovnis sidide

moTxovnis cnebis gamoyenebisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom fasebis cvlilebis garda Sesa-

Zloa sxva cvlilebebic. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, rom naTlad gvesmodes sxvaoba moTxovnasa

da moTxovnis sidides Soris. ekonomikuri mimomxilvelebi xSirad gamoiyeneben sityva moTxov-

nas, rogorc moTxovnis sididis Semoklebul gamoTqmas. aman, rogorc vnaxeT, SesaZloa xSirad

migviyvanos da mivyavarT kidevac SecdomasTan.

ekonomikur TeoriaSi moTxovna ewodeba kavSirs or konkretul cvlads _ fassa da im raodenobas

Soris, risi Sesyidvac surT adamianebs. ar SeiZleba moTxovna nebismier produqtze gansazRvruli

iqnas rogorc raodenoba. moTxovna yovelTvis aris fasebisa da im raodenobis (an sididis) Sesabam-

isoba, romlis SeZenac surT am fasad. imisTvis, rom es garemoeba gamovxatoT, vambobT, rom moTxovna

aris nusxa. nusxis erTi striqonidan meore striqonisken, an mrudis erTi wertilidan meore werti-

35

lisken moZraobas yovelTvis moTxovnis sidide unda vuwodoT da ara moTxovnis cvlileba.

kvlav daakvirdiT 3-1 naxazs. Tu fasad dawesebuli iqneba erT galonSi 0,04 centi da Semdeg es

fasi 0,03-mde Semcirdeba, moTxovnis raodenoba SesaZloa dReSi 160 galonidan 320 galonamde

gaizardos. 0,04 centis fasis pirobebSi moTxovnis raodenoba dReSi 40 galonis toli iqneba, ma-

gram moTxovna am dros ar Seicvleba, vinaidan moTxovna es aris mTeli mrudi, an cxrili (nusxa).

SesaZloa, am gansxvavebis gasacnobierebeli saukeTeso saSualeba isaa, rom sityvebi `mrudi~ an

`cxrili~ yovelTvis mivayoloT sityvas `moTxovna~. Tu Tqven ityviT `moTxovna~, magram konte-

qstidan gamomdinare ar SegiZliaT TqvaT `moTxovnis mrudi~ Tqven Secdomas dauSvebT, raki gu-

lisxmobdiT ara moTxovnas, aramed moTxovnis raodenobas.

imisaTvis, rom gaizardos moTxovna, unda moxdes raRac iseTi, ris Sedegadac adamianebs

gauCndebaT survili, Seisyidon adrindelze meti wyali, miuxedavad fasisa. magaliTad, gvalvam

SesaZloa aiZulos adamianebi ufro xSirad morwyan gazonebi. mocemul raionSi mosaxleobis zr-

dam SesaZloa aseve gamoiwvios moTxovnis zrda anu mTeli mrudis zemoT da marjvniv wanacvleba.

wylis ekonomiisTvis warmatebulma kampaniam SesaZloa Seamciros moTxovna, rac mruds marcxniv

da qvemoT gadaadgilebs, es ki imis amsaxveli iqneba, rom ucvleli fasis dros adamianebi moi-

surveben adrindelze naklebi raodenobis wylis SeZenas.

moTxovna aris nusxa

Tu gsurT grafikze warmoadginoT wyalze moTxovnis zrda, aRniSneT 3-1 naxazis meore sveti-

dan aRebuli raodenobebi. Tu ufro metad moTxovnis Semcirebis asaxva gsurT, waivarjiSeT mesa-

me svetTan.

erTi galonis fasi galoni dReSi galoni dReSi

0.07 40 15

0.04 60 25

0.02 140 55

0.01 240 100

0.005 400 200

fasi moTxovnili raodenoba

50$ 125000

40$ 160000

30$ 175000

aris gansxvaveba?

ramdenime wlis win gazeT ùol sTriiT-jornel~-is mowinave statia cxadad gviCvenebda, Tu

ra saSiSroeba moelis mas, visac sityvebs Soris aseTi gansxvaveba umniSvnelod miaCnia. mowinave

statiis avtors surda gamoeaSkaravebina soflis meurneobis saministros ekonomistis uvicoba,

rodesac am ukanasknelma ganacxada, rom: àSS-Si momxmarebelTa moZraobis Zalisxmevam kvlav

gamoiwvia yavaze fasis dakleba mas Semdeg, rac fasma erT funtSi 4,42 dolars miaRwia~. ès ar

aris swori~ _ ganacxada statiis avtorma, _ `yavis bazari ise iqceva, rogorc unda iqceodes

bazari da rogorc es elementarul saxelmZRvaneloebSia asaxuli: fasebi izrdeba, moTxovna

klebulobs da fasi klebulobs~.

elementarul saxelmZRvaneloebSi araferi msgavsi ar weria. piriqiT, maTSi axsnilia, rom

mowinave statiis avtorma erTmaneTSi auria moTxovna da moTxovnis sidide. rodesac yavis fasi

gaizarda, moTxovnis sidide daeca. morCa da gaTavda. Tu momxmarebelTa moZraobam SeZlo yavis

moxmarebisadmi adamianebis midgomis Secvla, (zogierTi imdenad ukmayofilo iyo fasebis zrdiT,

rom erTi periodi uars acxadebda nebismieri fasis yavis dalevaze), es imas niSnavs, rom marTlac

36

moxerxda moTxovnis cvlileba. xolo Tu moTxovna ecema, maSin fasi klebulobs. `uol sTriiT

jornelSi~ gamoqveynebuli statiis avtoris mcdari SexedulebiT rom vimsjeloT, gamodis, rom

fasi dausruleblad ixtunavebs zemoT-qvemoT, vinaidan, rodesac fasi kvlav daiklebs, moTxov-

na gaizrdeba, rac fasis zrdas gamoiwvevs, ris Sedegad moTxovna daecema da amis gamo fasi kvlav

daiwyebs vardnas.

moTxovnis dacema

P

Q

D1

D2

magram yovelive es sxva araferia, Tu ara gaurkvevloba, rac terminebis aRrevam gamoiwvia.

sabavSvo saqanelas or sawinaaRmdego mxares warmoidgineT fasi da moTxovnis sidide, xolo

moTxovna _ rogorc didi sahaero burTi (haerze msubuqi), romelzedac es saqanelaa mimagrebu-

li. rodesac fasi erT mxares moZraobs, moTxovnis sidide sawinaaRmdego mxares moZraobs.

moTxovnis cvlileba (sahaero buStis zemoT an qvemoT moZraoba) erTidaimave mimarTulebiT

moaxdens gavlenas rogorc fasze, ise moTxovnis sidideze. nebismier produqtze moTxovnas ise-

Ti biologiuri realiebis, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, fsiqologiuri faqtorebis da eko-

nomikuri cvladebis farTo krebulis kombinacia gansazRvravs, rogoricaa Semosavali da fasi,

xarisxi da Semcvlelebis arseboba. yvela es Zalebi erToblivad qmnian moTxovnas nebismier

konkretul produqtze, anu qmnian kavSirs fulad fassa da Sesyidvebis moculobas Soris. Tuki

moTxovna ar icvleba (sahaero buSti arc zemoT adis da arc qvemoT eSveba), maSin fasi da moTxov-

nis sidide yovelTvis sawinaaRmdego mxares imoZraveben.

fasi izrdeba, moTxovnis

raodenoba mcirdeba

P

Q

P1

P2

Q1Q2

D

es SeiZleba martivad CamovayaliboT: erTaderTi cvlileba, rac velosipedze moTxovnis cv-

lilebas ar gamoiwvevs, es velosipedis fasis cvlilebaa. Tu Semosavlebis zrda, garemos

dabinZurebis gamo SeSfoTeba da sufTa haerze varjiSis interesebis urTierTSerwyma mraval

adamians velosipedis SeZenis survils aRuZravs, maTze moTxovna gaizrdeba.

37

Q

P

savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom amis gamo moimatos fasmac da moTxovnis sididemac. amis msgavsi

faqtebi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba. Tu TqvenTvis naTelia, ratom ar ewinaaRmdegeba aseTi Sexed-

uleba moTxovnis sididis gansazRvrebas, es imas niSnavs, rom kargad garkveulxarT moTxovnasa

da moTxovnis sidides Soris gansxvavebaSi. moTxovnis zrdam SesaZloa gazardos fasi da moTxov-

nis sidide maRali fasis dros ufro mcire iqneba, vidre dabali fasis dros. swored amas amt-

kicebs moTxovnis kanoni. ekonomikuri Teoria fulad fass gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis obieq-

tad aRiarebs, vinaidan fuladi fasebi gansakuTrebul rols asruleben adamianebis

koordinaciisa da SemgueblobisaTvis.

velosipedebis moTxovna:

garemoze damokidebulebis

efeqti

P

Q

fuladi da sxva xarjebi

yovelive es ar niSnavs, rom fuladi fasi warmoadgens saboloo sazoms, romelic myidvelis xar-

jebis yvela tips iTvaliswinebs. sinamdvileSi, zogjer is warmoadgens metad aradamakmayofileb-

el maxasiaTebels (magaliTad im SemTxvevis ganxilvisas, rodesac students surda `xuTianis~

miReba). ekonomistebma es iseve kargad ician, rogorc sxvebma. moTxovnis cneba sruliadac ar gu-

lisxmobs, rom fuli aris erTaderTi ram, rasac mniSvneloba aqvs adamianebisTvis. amasTan dakav-

Sirebuli Sexedulebebi imden gaugebrobas qmnian, rom CvenTvis sasargeblo iqneba, cota xniT Sevy-

ovndeT am sakiTxis ganxilvaze da saqmis arsi rac SeiZleba naTlad warmovidginoT.

ganvixiloT eipril Saueris da misi kolega mei flauersis SemTxveva. eiprili bunebis damcve-

lia da yvelgan an fexiT midis, an avtobusiT. mei ver itans sazogadoebriv transports da 50

iardze meti nebismieri manZilis gasavlelad manqaniT mgzavrobs. miuxedavad amisa, eiprili

iZulebulia manqaniT imgzavros gareubanSi, vinaidan avtobuisiT mgzavroba misi ojaxis eqvsi

wevrisTvis ufro Zviri jdeba. mei ki iZulebulia imgzavros avtobusiT, rodesac mas saqme aqvs

qalaqis centrSi, vinaidan manqanis sadgomiT sargebloba bevrad Zviria, vidre avtobusiT mgzav-

robis safasuri. eiprili da mei erTnair fass ixdian manqaniT da avtobusiT mgzavrobisaTvis,

38

magram gansxvavebul gadawyvetilebebs iReben, gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis, garemoebebisa da

upiratesobebis gamo.

im mtkicebidan, rom adamianebi xarjebis gazrdisas raime produqts naklebi raodenobiT Sei-

Zenen, sruliadac ar gamomdinareobs, rom isini yuradRebas mxolod fuls aqceven, an rom isini

egoistebi arian, an rom sazogadoebis keTildReobaze fiqri ar cvlis ekonomikur qcevas. aqedan

mxolod is gamomdinareobs, rom adamianebi reagireben xarjebis cvlilebebze da SeiZleba vi-

varaudoT, rom fasis sakmarisad didi cvlileba TiTqmis yovelTvis gamoiwvevs sasworis isris

gadaxras. fuli warmoadgens iseT misaReb maCvenebels, rasac yvela aqcevs yuradRebas, vinaidan

yvelas SeuZlia misi gamoyeneba im gegmebis gansaxorcieleblad, risi interesic gaaCniaT. fulad

fasebSi cvlilebebi warmoadgens mosaxerxebel iaraRs adamianebis saqcielis koordinaciisT-

vis. swored amitom aqceven ekonomistebi aseT did yuradrebas am cvlilebebs.

inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli araswori warmodgenebi

erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom mraval adamians dResdReobiT miaCnia, TiTqos moTxov-

nis kanoni ar muSaobs, isaa, rom isini ar iTvaliswineben inflaciis gavlenas. swrafi inflaciis

periodSi fasebis zrda xSirad realuri araa. inflaciis bunebas, mizezebsa da Sedegebs dawvr-

ilebiT qvemoT ganvixilavT (me-15 Tavi), magram inflacia imdenad amaxinjebs fardobiTi xar-

jebisa da fasebis cvlilebis Cvenebur gagebas, rom axlave saWiroa Tavidan aviciloT amasTan

dakavSirebuli mravali gaugebroba.

inflacia niSnavs yvela saqonelze fasebis saerTo donis zrdas. magram Cven miCveulebi varT

nebismieri saqonlis fasad fulis is raodenoba CavTvaloT, romlis gadaxdac aucilebelia. ad-

vilad mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom fulis raodenobis gaormageba niSnavs orjer met xarjs, anu

msxverplis gaRebas.

magram, rodesac dolarebis gaormagebul raodenobas sanaxevro msyidvelobiTi unari aqvs, es

ase ar xdeba. Tu absoluturad yvela saqonlis fulad fass gavaormagebT, adamianis Sromisa da

yvelaferi sxvis CaTvliT, rasac adamianebi yidian an aqiraveben fulis misaRebad, arcerT re-

alur saqonelze realuri fasi ar Seicvleba, ra Tqma unda, fulis garda, romlis fasi orjer

Semcirdeba. amitom benzinze fasis gaormageba aucileblad ar ubiZgebs adamianebs benzinis mox-

marebis Semcirebisken, Tu imavdroulad maTi Semosavlebi da yvela im produqtis fasi, romlebsac

isini moixmaren, gaormagda.

ra eRireba momavalSi is, rac 1960 wels 1 dolari Rirda, Tu fasebi

inflaciis donis Sesabamisad aiwevs

sinamdvileSi inflaciis Sedegad fuladi fasebi erTnairi proporciiT ar izrdeba da es aris

erT-erTi faqtori, rac inflacias problemad aqcevs. magram fasebi marTlac erTad moZraobis

tendencias amJRavneben. amitom Tu gvsurs fasis garkveuli zrdis Sedegebs davakvirdeT, upir-

veles yovlisa, isini fasebis saerTo zrdis Sedegebisgan unda gamovyoT. davuSvaT, rom kolejma,

romelic 1975 wels studentebidan 5000 dolars iTxovda, 2000 wels es Tanxa 12000 dolaramde

gazarda. ramdeniT gaizarda ganaTlebis fasi am periodSi? saqme isa, rom ise ar gazrdila, rom

swavlis fass inflaciis tempi SeenarCunebina, raki maSin is 5000 dolaridan 12000 dolarze me-

tad gaizrdeboda.

Tavisufleba da mwarmoebluroba

unda miaqcion ki ekonomistebma aseTi didi yuradReba fulad fass? oskar ualdis cinikuri

gamoTqmis mixedviT: `adamianma icis yvelafris fasi da arafris Rirebuleba~. xels uwyobs Tu

ara ekonomika cinizmis gavrcelebas?

Tu produqti iSviaTia _ Tu adamianebs ar SeuZliaT miiRon igi sasurveli raodenobiT, uimi-

sod, rom maTTvis aseve mniSvnelovan rames Seelion, maSin saWiroa aseTi produqtis racionire-

ba, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamoyenebuli unda iqnas garkveuli kriteriumi imis gansa-

sazRvrad, Tu es produqti vis ramdeni ekuTvnis. mzadyofna fulis gadasaxdelad erT-erT aseT

39

kriteriums warmoadgens. magram arsebobs agreTve mravali sxva sistema, romlebsac Cveulebriv

gamoviyenebT.

saWiroebebTan dakavSirebuli racionirebis ideas, bunebrivia, mravali adamiani uWers mxars,

magram igi naklebad mimzidveli iqneba nebismierisTvis, visac wakiTxuli aqvs am wignis pirveli

Tavi, an vinc xedavs, Tu ramdenad ganuzRvreli, subieqturi, SemTxveviTi, fardobiTi da damamZi-

mebeli iqneba es kriteriumebi nebismieri sazogadoebisTvis, romelic Seecdeba misi didi mas-

StabiT gamoyenebas. meore sistemis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: `vinc pirvelia, is gamarjvebu-

lia~. rodesac xedavT raimes SesaZenad rigSi mdgom adamianebs, Tqven akvirdebiT normirebis

sistemas, romelic swored am kriteriumiT moqmedebs. iSviaTi saqonlis normirebis sxva sistemas

lataria warmoadgens. mraval Cvengans is SezRuduli raodenobis produqciis normirebis sa-

marTlian gzad miaCnia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac msurvelTa Soris upiratesoba arc erTs ar gaaC-

nia. zogjer normirebisTvis viyenebT tol nawilebad dayofis kriteriums. magaliTad vWriT pi-

cas an namcxvars tol nawilebad ise, rom yvelas mxolod erTi naWeri Sexvdes. cxovelebi sakvebis

mopovebisas sargebloben kriteriumiT: `Zala Zlieris mxaresaa~, iseve rogorc amas zog SemTxve-

vaSi adamianebi sCadian. adamianebi gamoiyeneben aseve damsaxurebis kriteriums. garkveul konte-

qstSi iSviaTi produqcia xvdeba imas, vinc garkveuli mizezis gamo imsaxurebs mas.

normirebis TiToeul am sistemas gaaCnia upiratesobebi. magram TiToeul maTgans aqvs zogier-

Ti seriozuli nakli, Tuki mas ganvixilavT, rogorc iSviaTi produqtis ganawilebis ZiriTad si-

stemas im sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac adam smiti `komerciul sazogadoebas~ uwodebda. adamia-

nebma didi dro unda daxarjon rigSi dgomisas, Tu iSviaTi saqoneli ganawilebuli iqna kriteriumiT:

`vinc pirveli miva~, maSin, rodesac lataria TavisTavad aZlevs Sanss, survilis an mdgomareobis

miuxedavad. tol nawilebad ganawilebis principi naklebad gamosadegia, rodesac SeuZlebelia

produqtis tolad danawileba an, rodesac, mravali msurvelis arsebobisas, nawilebi metad mcire

zomisa gamodis. `Zala Zlieris mxaresaa~ principi, Cveulebriv rTulia ara marto sustisTvis, ara-

med ZlierisTvisac, romelic iZulebulia moiZios Zvirfasi saxsrebi da daicvas sakuTari wili.

damsaxurebis mixedviT ganawileba metad mgrZnobiare sistemaa im xalxisTvis, vinc unda gadawyvi-

tos, Tu romel personas ra damsaxureba miuZRvis sinamdvileSi. aseTi mdgomareoba mxolod iseT

mcire socialur jgufs akmayofilebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, myarad Sekruli ojaxi.

ufro metic, nebismieri naxsenebi kriteriumiT normireba ignorirebas ukeTebs miwodebis

problemas, vinaidan produqtis mxolod mcire raodenoba vardeba cidan ciuri mananis msgavsad.

is, Tu ra raodenoba iqneba xelmisawvdomi, sinamdvileSi damokidebulia normirebis arCeul si-

stemaze. produqciis umetesobas awarmoeben adamianebi, romlebsac surT, rom maTi Zalisxmeva

anazRaurebuli iqnas. iSviaTia produqtis normirebis iseTi sistema, romelic ar iZleva anazRau-

rebis saSualebas, maTTvis, visi gadawyvetilebiTac iqmneba es produqti. modiT, miwodebis gan-

xilva momavlisTvis gadavdiT da am TavSi moTxovnis koncefcia ganvixiloT. moTxovnis Tval-

sazrisiT, normirebis is sistema, romelic iSviaT produqts anawilebs maT Soris, vinc mzadaa

meti gadaixados, am ukanasknelT mniSvnelovan upiratesobas aniWebs. ZiriTadad es ubiZgebs

adamianebs Tavisuflebisa da Zalauflebis gazrdisken. ganvixiloT benzinis magaliTi.

arsebobs benzinis ekonomiis mravali gza. fexiT siaruli, avtobusiT mgzavroba, velosipedis

gamoyeneba, saavtomobilo pulSi gaerTianeba, samsaxurTan axlos sacxovreblad gadasvla, tra-

saze siCqaris Semcireba, Zravis regulireba, alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba (maga-

liTad wylis Txilamurebi an manqanis gataceba) mogzaurobis ufro racionaluri dagegmva da

dasasveneblad saxlTan axlos gamgzavreba, mogzaurobis SezRudva, ufro mcire simZlavrisa da

gabaritebis manqanis SeZena. ekonomiis TiToeuli am saxeobis danaxarji, SesaZloa Zalian gaizar-

dos. is, visTvisac xelmisawvdomia avtobusiT mgzavroba, SesaZloa, naklebs kargavs, vidre isini,

visac guli ereva avtobusiT mgzavrobisas. is, vinc gegmavs didis nacvlad patara manqanis yidvas,

SesaZloa waawydes uxerxulobas, Tuki didi ojaxis patronia an Tu suraTebis gadatana uxdeba.

ar arsebobs iseTi formula, romelic yvelasaTvis iqneba gamosadegi da romelic yvelas miscems

ekonomiis saSualebas. Tuki migvaCnia, rom mniSvnelovania, adamianebma dazogon benzini da ama-

sTan, ekonomia ufro Zviri ar daujdeT, saWiroa ganvixiloT benzinis fasis zrda.

rodesac produqtis fasi izrdeba, mis momxmareblebs ar sWirdebaT imis Sexseneba, rom ekono-

mia gaswion. es maT pirad interesebSia. aseve ar sWirdebaT imis Sexseneba, rom pirvel rigSi Seam-

40

ciron araekonomiuri produqciis gamoyeneba. isini unda daakvirdnen im saSualebebs, rac namd-

vili ekonomiis SesaZleblobas miscems. umetes SemTxvevaSi isini ar dazaraldebian da, vinaidan

maT ukeT ician sakuTari garemoebebi, ukeTes poziciaSi aRmoCndebian da airCeven ekonomiis sau-

keTeso alternatiul gzas.

dro Cvenze muSaobs

Tu Tqven eWviani adamiani xarT, SesaZloa daeWvdeT, arian ki adamianebi namdvilad ase moqnil-

ni da momzadebulni fasebis cvlilebebTan SeguebisaTvis, rogorc amas es magaliTebi warmog-

vidgens? es safuZvliani eWvia. fasebis cvlilebisas, moTxovnis raodenobis cvlileba miT ufro

meti iqneba, rac met xans grZeldeba Segueba.

scadeT da azrobrivi eqsperimentis safuZvelze Tavad darwmundiT amaSi. davuSvaT, erTi ga-

loni wylis fasi 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi naxevari centi iyo da erT RameSi misma fasma erT centamde

aiwia. wylis romeli Semcvlelebi SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli umalve? romel Semcvlelebs

SeiZleba moelodeT erTi an ori Tvis Semdeg? romel Semcvlelebze SeiZleba laparaki momavali

10 wlis ganmavlobaSi imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SenarCunebuli iqneba fasebis maRali done?

ramdenad gaizarda 1970-ian wlebSi navTobmompovebeli qveynebis krizisis dros benzinis fasi,

vidre amerikelebma ar Seamcires misi moxmareba? ar iCqaroT pasuxis gacema, sanam ar gaiTvalis-

winebT, rom fasi ise ar gazrdila, rogorc amas gazeTebi iuwyebodnen. mniSvneloba aqvs fardo-

biT fass da benzinis fasis zrdis mniSvnelovani nawili ubralod inflaciiT gamowveuli fula-

di fasis zrdaa. benzinze fasebi inflaciis tempTan erTad rom izrdebodes, 1972 wels 38 centi

erT galonSi dauyovnebliv 1,25 dolarad gadaiqceoda. miuxedavad amisa, es kargi kiTxvaa: ram-

denad unda gaizardos fardobiTi fasebi, raTa benzinis moxmareba 10 an 25 procentiT an 50 pro-

centiT Semcirdes? cxadia, rom pasuxi damokidebulia Seguebis vadebze. Tuki benzinis fasi sak-

maod gaizarda, adamianebi SeiZenen im manqanebs, romlebic nakleb sawvavs moixmaren, sacxovreblad

samsaxurTan axlos gadavlen, Seqmnian saavtomobilo pulebs. magram yovelive amas uecrad ver

SeZleben. sakmao dro dasWirdeba imas, rom inJinrebma Seqmnan iseTi manqanebi, romlebic nakleb

sawvavs moixmaren da imasac, rom aviaxazebma da avtobusebma gazardon momsaxureba, raTa SesTa-

vazon avtomobilistebs benzinis ukeTesi Semcvlelebi.

mogvaqvs ra magaliTebi mosaxleobis gadawyvetilebebTan dakavSire biT, SesaZloa, ramdenad-

me davCrdiloT is mniSvnelovani faqti, rom momxmareblebi, saojaxo meurneobebTan erTad,

mwarmoeblebsac moicaven. saqmiani firmebi aseve gamoiyeneben wyals da benzins da zogjer iseTi

didi raodenobiTac, rom metad mgrZnobiareni xdebian fasebis cvlilebis mimarT. ugulebe-

lyofT ra mwarmoeblebis rols, Tqven mxedvelobidan gamogrCebaT zogierTi metad mniSvne-

lovani mizezi, romlebic am produqtze moTxovnis mruds qvemoT daswevs, magaliTad, wylis Sem-

TxvevaSi. gadawyvetileba sawarmos ganlagebis Taobaze xSirad wylis fasidan gamomdinareobs,

Semdeg ki es gadawyvetileba moqmedebs wylis im raodenobaze, romelsac sxvadasxva geografiul

raionebSi SeiZenen.

momxmarebels sWirdeba garkveuli dro, raTa ipovos Semcvlelebi da daiwyos maTi gamoyeneba.

mwarmoeblebsac sWirdebaT garkveuli dro, raTa moigonon Semcvlelebi, awarmoon isini da yur-

adReba miiqcion. amis Sedegad Sesyidvebis zrdis an Semcirebis masStabebi uSualod aris damoki-

debuli fasebis cvlilebisadmi Seguebis xangrZlivobaze. zogjer fasebis metad mniSvnelovan

zrdas (an Semcirebas) Tavidanve ar mivyavarT moxmarebis mniSvnelovan Semcirebamde (an zrdam-

de). zogjer amis gamo akeTeben daskvnas, rom fasi ar moqmedebs moxmarebaze. es metad mcdari

Sexedulebaa. am qveyanaze araferi xdeba myisierad, adamianebi TavianTi Cvevebis monebi arian: maT

sWirdebaT dro, raTa daamtkicon, rom nebismier produqts gaaCnia Semcvleli.

moTxovnis safaso elastiuroba

uxerxulia vilaparakoT `im raodenobis Sesaxeb, romliTac adamianebi gazrdian an Seamcire-

ben TavianT Sesyidvebs, fasebis cvlilebisas~. miuxedavad amisa, es metad mniSvnelovani damoki-

debulebaa, mravali sasargeblo ganStoebiT, amitom ekonomistebma misTvis specialuri mokle

termini moigones. am cnebas moTxovnis fasobriv elastiurobas uwodeben. es dasaxeleba sakmaod

kargadaa morgebuli am cnebaze. elastiuroba niSnavs reaqciis intensiurobas. Tu fasis umniSv-

41

nelo cvlileba Zlier cvlis Sesyidvebis moculobas, maSin amboben, rom moTxovna elastiuria.

Tu fasebis Zalian didi cvlileba mxolod umniSvnelod cvlis Sesyidvebis moculobas, maSin am-

boben, rom moTxovna araelastiuria.

moTxovnis fasobrivi elastiuroba ganisazRvreba, rogorc moTxovnis raodenobis procen-

tuli cvlilebis fardoba fasebis procentul cvlilebaze. magaliTad, Tu kvercxze fasebis 10

procentian zrdas mohyveba gayiduli kvercxebis raodenobis 5 procentiani Semcireba, maSin

moTxovnis elastiuroba udris 5 procenti gayofili 10 procentze, anu 0,5. Tu ufro zusti viq-

nebiT, is minus 0,5 udris, vinaidan fasi da gayidvebis moculoba sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT

icvleba. magram simartivisTvis yuradRebas ar vaqcevT niSans da elastiurobis yvela koefici-

ents ise moveqceviT, TiTqos isini dadebiTi sidideebia.

moTxovnis safaso elastiuroba=raodenoba % cvlileba / fasis %

cvlilebaze

rodesac elastiurobis koeficienti 1,0-ze metia (niSans yurad Rebas nu mivaqcevT) anu, ro-

desac Sesyidvebis moculobis procentuli cvlileba metia, vidre fasis procentuli cvlile-

ba, amboben, rom moTxovna elastiuria. rodesac elastiurobis koeficienti 1,0-ze naklebia, anu

Sesyidvebis moculobis procentuli cvileba naklebia fasebis procentul cvlilebaze, ambo-

ben, rom moTxovna araelastiuria. gansakuTrebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelebs, maT, visac gauCn-

debaT kiTxva, Tu ras amboben im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sesyidvebis moculobis procentuli cv-

lileba zustad udris fasis procentul cvlilebas, anu moTxovnis elastiurobis koeficienti

udris 1-s, gTavazobT informacias: am SemTxvevaSi laparakoben erTeulovan elastiurobaze.

imisaTvis, rom mieCvioT SemoRebuli cnebis gamoyenebas, dafiqrdiT Semdeg SemTxvevebSi moT-

xovnis elastiurobisa Tu araelastiurobis Sesaxeb. yvela es SemTxveva momaval TavebSi iqneba

ganxiluli.

`rac unda davukloT fass, Cvengan bevrad mets ar iyidian~.

ès konkurentuli biznesia. fasebis mxolod 2 procentiT momatebis SemTxvevaSic ki Cveni

myidvelebis naxevars davkargavT~.

`moTxovna marilze~.

`moTxovna mortonis marilze~.

`moTxovna mortonis marilze kregeris maRaziaSi mexuTe da mTavari quCebis gadakveTaze~.

swavlis qiris 20 procentiT Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi universitetSi erToblivi fuladi Se-

natanebi gaizrdeba.

ùcnauria, magram asea: xorblis momyvani fermerebi mets miiRebdnen, Tuki Tavs erTad

moiyrian da wliuri mosavlis meoTxeds dawvaven~.

fiqrebi elastiurobaze

`rac ar unda davakloT fasi, Cvengan bevrad mets ar iyidian~. Tu biznesmeni ar aris darwmune-

buli imaSi, rom fasis metad mniSvnelovani Semcirebac ki xels Seuwyobs gayidvebs, es niSnavs,

rom mis produqciaze moTxovna ukiduresad araelastiuria. cxadia, rom aseT situaciaSi is ar

moisurvebs fasis Semcirebas, vinaidan ufro mets dakargavs daklebuli fasis gamo, vidre moi-

gebs gayidvebis raodenobis gazrdidan. magram Tu adamianebi maincdamainc ar reagireben fasebis

klebaze, SeamCneven ki isini fasebis matebas? Tu ara, maSin biznesmeni, romelic eswrafvis Semosa-

vlebis zrdas, moisurvebs sakuTar produqciaze fasis gazrdas. Cveulebriv, biznesmenebi sayve-

durs gamoTqvamen metad dabali fasebis gamo, magram ratom ar umateben maSin fass? pasuxi isaa,

rom am SemTxvevaSi isini bevr myidvels dakargaven. swored moTxovnis elastiuroba gansazRvra-

vs, SeuZlia Tu ara biznesmens gazardos Tavisi Semosavali, produqciaze fasis zrdis meSveobiT.

ès konkurentuli biznesia, amitom fasis mxolod 2 procentiT gazrdis SemTxvevaSic ki davkar-

gavT myidvelebis naxevars~. fasebis adminstratori, romelic am gancxadebas akeTebs, sinamdvi-

leSi amtkicebs, rom saqme aqvs maRalelastiur moTxovnasTan: fasis 2 procentian zrdas mohyve-

ba moTxovnis raodenobis 50 procentiani Semcireba.

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araelastiuri moTxovna

elastiurobis koeficienti 25-s udris. moTxovna marTlac metad elastiuria. es SeiZleba sxvanaira-

dac gamovxatoT, vityviT ra, rom myidvelebi metad mgrZnobiareni arian fasis nebismieri cvlilebis mi-

marT. amitom, rogorc ar unda surdes mas produqciaze fasis momateba, mas es Zalian gauWirdeba.

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elastiuri moTxovna

`moTxovna marilze~. ra aqcevs moTxovnis mrudebs elastiurad an araelastiurad? erT-erT

mniSvnelovan faqtors, cxadia warmoadgens kargi Semcvlelebis arseboba. meore faqtori aris

is, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia myidvelis biujetSi produqts. Tu raime saqonelze

xarjebi maRalia myidvelis SemosavalTan an simdidresTan SedarebiT, maSin is ufro mgrZnobiare

iqneba fasebis nebismieri cvlilebis mimarT.

gamoviyenoT es principi sufris marilTan mimarTebaSi. erTi girvanqa marili momxmarebels

didxans yofnis da erTi uncia ramdenime centi Rirs. vis aRelvebs es? maRaziis momxmareblebi

sakmaod gulgrilad Sexvdebian fasis nebismier cvlilebas. ufro metic, marils cota Semcvle-

li gaaCnia. saeWvoa, rom moxarSul kvercxs Saqari moayaroT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, marilze fasi

sagrZnobad rom gaizardos. zustad aseve, Tqven ar SeamcirebT wiwakis moxmarebas da orjer ar

gazrdiT marilis moxmarebas, am ukanasknelze fasis orjer Semcirebis SemTxvevaSic ki.

`xalxebis simdidreSi~ adam smiti aRniSnavda, rom `marili warmoadgens metad Zvel da Zalian ga-

vrcelebul dasabegr obieqts. nebismieri individis mier marilis wliuri moxmareba imdenad mcirea

da misi Sesyidva imdenad mudmivia, rom veravin igrZnobs masze Zalian didi begaris dadebas~. ufro

metic, adam smitis terminologiiT, marili warmoadgens pirveladi aucileblobis produqts. Cven

SesaZloa, ar daveTanxmoT smits terminologiur sakiTxSi da misi Sexeduleba ufro zustad gamov-

xatoT: marils cota Semcvleli gaaCnia. amis Sedegad moTxovna metad araelastiuria da zogierT

mTavrobas uCndeba survili, rac SeiZleba didi gadasaxadi daados marils.

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araelastiuri moTxovna

marilze

magram ar SeiZleba marilze moTxovnis araelastiurobac ki gavazviadoT. civi regionebis mkvi-

drni sufris marils ayrian moyinul gzebs da kibeebs, imisaTvis, rom yinuli daadnon. marili aTjer

Zviri rom iyos, maSin isini amas ar gaakeTebdnen da yinulis asaRebad niCabs gamoiyenebdnen.

`moTxovna mortonis marilze~. ratom ar iqneba moTxovna mortonis marilze iseve araelastiuri,

rogorc Cveulebrivze? imitom, rom arsebobs misi Semcvleli sxva produqtebi. kompania `mortonis

marili~ ar imyofeba iseTive privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi, rogorc Zveli mTavrobebi, romlebsac

SeeZloT aewiaT fasi mTel marilze. Tu mortonis kompaniis marketingis ganyofilebis romelime Ta-

namSromeli SemTxveviT waikiTxavs adam smits da, misi rCevebiT aRfrTovanebuli, gaaormagebs marilis

fass, maSin maRaziebi, romlebic mortonis marils yidulobdnen, mas sxva mwarmoeblebisgan SeiZenen.

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elastiuri moTxovna

marilze erT maRaziaSi

`moTxovna mortonis marilze kregeris maRaziaSi, mexuTe da mTavari quCebis gadakveTaze~. Tu mor-

tonis marils meti kargi Semcvleli gaaCnia, vidre marils saerTod, ufro meti Semcvleli gamouCnde-

ba mortonis marils axlomdebare kregeris maRaziaSi. Cven gadavediT erTsa da imave raodenobisTvis

nakleb araelastiuri moTxovnidan maRalelas ti ur moTxovnaze. swored amitom ar aRmoCndebiT Tqven

TaRliTobis msxverpli marilis yidvisas. Tqven SeiZleba gadagexadaT 5 dolari erT girvanqaSi, Tu

ufro dabal fasad marilis yidva SeuZlebeli iqneboda, magram, sabednierod, Tqven gagaCniaT arCeva-

nis mravali SesaZlebloba. is gamyidvelebi, romlebic Seecdebodnen marilze saerTo moTxovniT esar-

geblaT, dakargavdnen myidvelebs. maT mier gayidul marilze moTxovna metad elastiuria.

adamianebs xSirad mcdarad miaCniaT, rom maT, vinc `sasicocxlod aucilebel saqonels~ yidis,

SeuZliaT nebismieri fasis dadeba. Cven ukve miveCvieT undoblobiT SevxedoT termins `sasico-

cxlod aucilebeli saqoneli~ da axla kvlav vxedavT, rom am undoblobas garkveuli safuZveli

44

gaaCnia. sakvebi, ise rogorc arcerTi sxva produqti, imsaxurebs imas, rom mas ewodos `sasico-

cxlod aucilebeli saqoneli~, magram saqme isaa, rom aravin yidulobs ubralod sakvebs. momxmare-

blebi yiduloben ara erT girvanqa sakvebs, aramed erT girvanqa hamburgers, SaSxs an RviZls. mrava-

li gamyidveli yidis sakvebis uamrav saxesxvaobas. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sxvadasxva sakveb

produqtebs gaaCniaT SesaniSnavi Semcvlelebi da amitom maTi moTxovnis mrudebi metad elastiu-

ria. mgvarad, gamyidvelebi ZiriTadad Zalian SezRudulebi arian fasebis dadgenis dros.

elastiuroba da erToblivi Semosavlebi

`swavlis qiris 20 procentiT Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi, universitetSi erToblivi fuladi Sena-

tanebi sinamdvileSi gaizrdeba~. universitetis erToblivi fuladi Senatanebi warmoadgens swa-

vlebis gadasaxadis da Cawerili studentebis raodenobis namravls. Tu swavlis qiris 20%-iani

Semcireba gazrdis fulad Senatanebs, es imas niSnavs, rom Cawerili studentebis raodenoba 20%-

ze metad gaizarda. moTxovnis sididis procentuli cvlileba metia fasis procentul cvlile-

baze, ase rom moTxovna elastiuria.

amgvarad warmoiqmneba elastiurobis Sefasebis advili xerxi. ar dagaviwydeT, rom Sesyidvebis

moculoba da fasi yovelTvis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebiT imoZraveben. Tu fasis cvlilebas

erToblivi Semosavlis sawinaaRmdego cvlileba mosdevs, moTxovna namdvilad elastiuria. Se-

syidvebis moculoba, procentuli TvalsazrisiT, meti unda iyos, vidre fasis cvlileba, vinaidan

erToblivi Semosavali aris fasis namravli raodenobaze. swored es aris moTxovnis elastiurobis

gansazRvra. Tu fasis cvlileba iwvevs erToblivi Semosavlis imave mimarTulebiT cvlilebas, ma-

Sin moTxovna araelastiuria. Sesyidvebis raodenobis cvlileba sakmarisad didi ar aRmoCnda imi-

saTvis rom, gadaewona fasis cvlileba. swored es aCvenebs, rom moTxovna araelastiuria.

nu aCqardebiT im daskvnis gasakeTeblad, rom elastiuri moTxovnisas, universitetis finan-

suri mdgomareoba swavlis qiris Semcirebis Semdeg aucileblad gaumjobesdeba. marTlac, ro-

desac moTxovna elastiuria, gadasaxadis dakleba gazrdis Senatanebs, magram studentebis ufro

meti raodenoba moiTxovs met xarjebs. aseT situaciaSi universitetma unda gadawyvitos, aRmoC-

ndeba Tu ara Senatanebis nazrdi meti, vidre erToblivi xarjebis nazrdi (fasobrivi strategiis

problemebi me-9 Tavamde unda gadavdoT).

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moTxovna elastiuria

C-sa da E-s Soris,

radgan SOBCG<SOAEF

E

CB

A

OG F

`ucnauria, magram xorblis momyvani fermerebi mets miiRebdnen, Tuki Tavs erTad moiyridnen da

wliuri mosavlis meoTxeds dawvavdnen~. aq isev gamogvadgeba wina magaliTis logika. naklebi xor-

blis gayidvisas fermerebi met fuls miiReben im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fasis procentuli cvlileba

meti iqneba gayidvebis moculobis procentul cvlilebaze. moTxovna araelastiuri unda iyos.

erTaderTi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven SevcvaleT mizezobrivi kavSiris mimarTuleba.

45

Cven vvaraudobdiT, rom gamyidvelebi adgenen fass, xolo myidvelebi reagireben masze, magram

fassa da gayidvebs Soris damokidebulebaze msgavsi Sexeduleba yovelTvis misaRebi araa. zogierT

dargSi, kerZod ki soflis meurneobis mraval seqtorSi, ufro moxerxebulia sawinaaRmdego varau-

di - saqonlis moculoba bazarze gansazRvravs fass. momavalSi araerTxel visaubrebT amis Sesa-

xeb. amJamad mniSvnelovania yuradReba mivaqcioT mxolod imas, rom erToblivi gayidvebis cvli-

lebasa da fasis cvlilebas Soris urTierTkavSirs moTxovnis elastiuroba gansazRvravs.

P

Q

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A-sa da B-s Soris

moTxovna aris araelastiuri

B

D

SesaZloa, fermerebs arasdros smeniaT elastiuri da araelastiuri moTxovnis Sesaxeb. ma-

gram rodesac isini mTavrobisagan moiTxoven warmoebis moculobaze kontrols, Zalian kargad

aqvT warmodgenili saqonlis fassa da raodenobas Soris kavSiri. molieris cnobili personaJis

b-n Jurdenis msgavsad, romelic 40 wlis manZilze proziT laparakobda ise, rom Tavadac ar ico-

da amis Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia mSvenierad sargeblobde moTxovnis elastiurobiT da arc ki ico-

de am terminis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

moTxovna

fqvilze

P

Q

fasi, roca

1/4 mosavali damwvaria

sabazro fasi, roca

mTeli mosavali iyideba

miTi vertikaluri moTxovnis Sesaxeb

davubrundeT dasawyiss. ra ivaraudeboda moTxovnis elastiurobis Sesaxeb im eqvs mosazreba-

Si, romliTac es Tavi iwyeboda? ramdenadac gaxsovT, Cven yoveli magaliTisTvis gagvaCnda uar-

yofa, rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom nebismier produqts gaaCnia Semcvleli da rom fasebis cvli-

lebisas, sinamdvileSi adgili eqneba Canacvlebas, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, moTxovnis

mrudebi ar aris absoluturad araelastiuri. absoluturad araelastiuri moTxovnis mrudi

vertikaluri xaziT iqneboda gamosaxuli. magram Tqven gonivrulad moiqceviT, Tu realur cxo-

vrebaSi ar daiwyebT aseTi moTxovnis mrudebis Zebnas.

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miTiuri produqti

axla moTxovnis kanoni ase SeiZleba iqnas gamosaxuli elastiurobis gagebidan gamomdinare:

ar arsebobs sruliad araelastiuri moTxovna, SesaZlo fasebis mTel diapazonSi. xarjebis mci-

re cvlilebisas, myidvelTa umravlesoba odnav mainc moaxdens reagirebas, xolo didi cvlile-

bisas, reagirebas yvela myidveli moaxdens. Tu Tqven es imdenad naTeli geCvenebaT, rom amaze

laparakic ki ar Rirs, sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT yoveldRiur gazeTebs, raTa sawinaaRmdego-

Si darwmundeT. es sruliadac ar aris yvelasaTvis cxadi. rogorc keTilganwyobili, aseve arake-

Tilganwyobili adamianebi mudmivad laparakoben ZiriTadi saWiroebebis, minimaluri moTxovni-

sa da absoluturi aucileblobis Sesaxeb.

Tumca moTxovnis mrudebi iSviaTad aris iseTi, rogoric zogierT orators hgonia, aqedan su-

lac ar gamomdinareobs is, rom moTxovna yovelTvis elastiuria. es ufro rTuli sakiTxia da

masze pasuxis gasacemad yvela SemTxveva saTiTaod unda iqnas ganxiluli, magram, rogorc Semd-

gomSi vnaxavT, yvelasTvis, visac surs gaerkves, ramdenad kargad funqcionirebs Cveni ekonomi-

kuri sistema, es sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovania.

47

mokled gavimeoroT

produqtebis umravlesoba iSviaTobas warmoadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom maT SesaZenad saWi-

roa sxva produqtebze uaris Tqma.

nebismier produqts gaaCnia Semcvlelebi. ekonomia aris iSviaTi produqtebis gacvlis pro-

cesi, damatebiTi xarjebisa da damatebiTi sargebelis fardobiTi Sedarebis saSualebiT.

`saWiroebis~ koncefcia ugulebelyofs imas, rasac xazs usvams moTxovnis koncefcia - miznis

miRwevis did mravalferovnebasa da aqedan gamomdinare, gacvlis mniSvnelobas.

`moTxovnis kanoni~ gviCvenebs, rom adamianebi ewevian ekonomias - dabali fasebis SemTxvevaSi

isini mets SeiZenen, xolo maRali fasisas naklebs.

produqtze moTxovna gamosaxavs kavSirs im fassa, rac produqtSi unda iqnas gadaxdili da

produqciis im raodenobas Soris, romlis SeZenac surT adamianebs. moTxovna aris grafiki an

mrudi da igi ar unda agverios produqtis im raodenobaSi, razec moTxovna yalibdeba nebismieri

gansazRvruli fasis dros.

saWiroa iSviaTi produqtebis normireba, vidre yvelas ar eqneba SesaZlebloba iqonios imde-

ni, ramdenic surs.

iSviaTi produqtis normirebisTvis SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas mravali kriteriumi. fu-

ladi fasis mixedviT normireba aZlierebs individis Tavisuflebas da Zalisxmevas imiT, rom sa-

Sualebas aZlevs mas, awarmoos ekonomia individualuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT.

is raodenoba, romliTac adamianebs surT, gazardon an Seamciron produqtebis Sesyidva, fa-

sebSi cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, aisaxeba moTxovnis fasobrivi elastiurobis koncefciaSi,

romelic warmoadgens produqtze moTxovnis sididis procentuli cvlilebis fardobas misi fa-

sis procentul cvlilebasTan.

rodesac moTxovnis sididis procentuli cvlileba ufro didia, vidre fasis procentuli

cvlileba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxovna elastiuria da fasebSi cvlileba iwvevs produqciaze

dolarebSi gamosaxuli xarjebis cvlilebas, romelic fasebis cvlilebis sawinaaRmdego mimar-

TulebiT moZraobs. rodesac moTxovnis raodenobis procentuli cvlileba naklebia fasis pro-

centul cvlilebaze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxovna araelastiuria da fasis cvlileba iwvevs

produqtze dolarebSi asaxuli xarjebis cvlilebas, romelic imave mimarTulebiT moZraobs,

saiTkenac fasebis cvlileba.

moTxovnis fasobrivi elastiuroba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli Semcvlelebis arsebobaze.

rac ufro ukeTesi Semcvlelebi gaaCnia produqts, miT ufro didi iqneba masze moTxovnis ela-

stiuroba.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. ra aqvT adamianebs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac saubroben `saWiroebebis~ Sesaxeb?

a) helafis institutis gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, saSualo amerikul ojaxs normaluri

arsebobisaTvis kviraSi sWirdeba 387 dolari mas mere, rac gadasaxadebi gadaxdili

aqvs. kolejdamTavrebulebs kviraSi saSualod 462 dolari sWirdebaT, xolo skola-

damTavrebulebs ki 384. maSin rodesac demokratebi amtkicebdnen, rom sWirdebodaT

386 dolari, respublikelebi ambobdnen, rom 458 dolari maTTvis sakmarisi iyo. ro-

gor fiqrobT, kolejdamTavrebulebsa da respublikelebs marTlac meti moTxovna

gaaCniaT, vidre skoladamTavrebulebsa da demokratebs?

b) samamulo avtomobilebis usafrTxoebis Seswavlisas, romelic ramdenime wlis win

Crdilo-aRmosavleTis universitetis mier iqna Catarebuli, dadginda, rom gamoki-

Txul momxmarebelTa 16% gamoTqvams survils SeiZinos usafrTxoebis sahaero bali-

Sebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini 500 dolari eRireba. Tu fasi 100 dolari iqneba, aseTi

survili mxolod 5%-s gaaCnia. sahaero baliSebis `saWiroebis~ Sesaxeb ris maCvene-

bels warmoadgens es, im adamianebTan mimarTebaSi, vinc sahaero baliSebis moqmedebis

efeqtianobaSi darwmunebulia? sicocxlis SenarCunebisTvis am produqciis `saWiro-

ebis~ TvalsazrisiT, raze metyvelebs es gamokiTxva?

48

g) eTanxmebiT Tu ara gamokiTxvis Sedegebs, rom saSualo Semosavlis mqone amerikelebis

60 procents gaaCnia ìuridiuli saWiroebebi~, ras warmoadgens zogierTi ìuridiu-

li saWiroeba~, romelic adamianebs SeiZleba gaaCndeT mxolod maSin, Tu SeuZliaT ia-

fad daiqiravon iuristi?

d) qvemoT motanilia nawyveti ùorker uordis~ mowinave statiidan, romelic exeboda

autanel sicxes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis SuadasavleTSi.

ratom ar unda iyos dakanonebuli haeris kondicireba? ratom unda iyos isini xelmisawvdomi

mxolod maTTvis, visac maTi SeZenis saSualeba aqvs? mxolod im sistemam, romelic adamiane-

bis Rirebulebas imis mixedviT gansazRvravs, Tu vis ramdeni fuli aqvs, SeiZleba gaaprote-

stos is ueWveli gadawyvetileba, rom, aseTi krizisuli kvireebis ganmavlobaSi, kondencio-

nerebi unda gaaCndes yvelas, visac is sWirdeba.

vis sWirdeba `haeris kondicireba~? vis ufro metad sWirdeba kondicionerebi, iseTi mdida-

ri qveynis warmomadgenlebs, rogoric aSS-ia, Tu ufro metad cxeli da naklebad mdidari

qveynebis mosaxleobas, rogoricaa bangladeSi da nigeria? `sWirdeboda~ vinmes haeris kon-

dincionerebi manam, sanam maT gamoigonebdnen?

2. Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi produqti warmoadgens aucilebel adamianur `saWi-

roebas~, gulisxmobs, rom am produqtebis xelmisawvdomoba unda iyos ufleba da ara privi-

legia, magram uflebis aRiareba moiTxovs movaleobebis aRiarebas. magaliTad Tqvens mier

xmis micemis ufleba movaleobas akisrebs arCevnebis organizatorebs mogcen saarCevno bara-

Ti da Semdeg daTvalon Tqveni xmebi. Tqveni ufleba, isargebloT sakuTari qolgiT, movale-

obas akisrebs danarCenT, ar aiRon is Tqveni nebarTvis gareSe.

a) amerikis eqimTa asociaciam oficialurad gamoacxada, rom `janmrTelobis dacva sa-

yovelTao uflebaa~. rogor fiqrobT, janmrTelobis dacvis ra xarisxs da raodeno-

bas gulisxmobda amerikis eqimTa asociacia? aqvs Tu ara RviZliT daavadebul yvela

adamians RviZlis gadanergvis ufleba?

b) Tu janmrTelobis dacva sayovelTao uflebaa, vis akisria movaleoba, miawodos is ne-

bismier msurvels? vin iRebs amJamad aseT pasuxismgeblobas Tavis Tavze? rogor unda

davarwmunoT Sesabamisi xalxi, rom pasuxismgebloba sakuTar Tavze aiRon?

g) qvemoT motanilia samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebTan dakavSirebuli sami SemTxveva:

1) pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis gamoyeneba 11%-iT daeca, rodesac dawesebuli

iqna 5 dolariani gadasaxadi; 2) universitetSi Catarebulma gamokvlevebma aCvena,

rom invalidobis damadasturebeli gancxadebebis raodenoba matulobs an klebu-

lobs umuSevrobis donis Sesabamisad; 3) rodesac SvedeTis samedicino dazRvevis si-

stemam gadasaxadebi avadmyofobis pirveli sami dRisTvis dReSi 100%-dan 75%-mde da

yoveli momavali dRisTvis 90%-mde Seamcira, avadmyofobis gamo gacdenili samuSao

dReebis raodenoba 20%-iT Semcirda.

dacvis `saWiroebis~ rogor maCvenebelze miuTiTebs yovelive es?

3. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis uflebaTa bilis pirveli aTi Sesworeba ar Sei-

cavs sacxovreblis uflebas. zogierTebi amtkiceben, rom sacxovreblis ufleba ufro mniSv-

nelovania, vidre sxva uflebebi (religiis, presis, sityvis, politikuri gaerTianebebis).

eTanxmebiT Tu ara mosazrebas, rom sacxovreblis ufleba Setanili iqnas uflebaTa bilSi.

daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.

4. minesotas universitetis mkvlevarebma universitetSi daamontaJes gamyidveli avtomati da

50%-iT Seamcires im sakvebis fasi, romelic 3 gramze nakleb cxims Seicavda. sam kviraSi da-

balcximiani sakvebis gayidva 25%-dan 46%-mde gaizarda. SemdgomSi maT ori skolis kafeSi

gamoacxades 5%-iani fasdakleba salaTebze, stafilosa da xilze. sami kviris Semdeg salaTe-

bis Sesyidva ar gazrdila, magram stafilos gayidvebi qalaqgareTa skolebSi gaormagda, xi-

lisa ki qalaqis skolebSi gaoTxmagda. vinaidan sakvebis saerTo raodenoba ZiriTadad ar

Secvlila, skolis moswavleebs SesaZlebloba hqondaT nakleb jansaRi sakvebis nacvlad

ufro jansaRi sakvebi moexmaraT. rogor fiqrobT, iqneba Tu ara saganmanaTleblo kampania

efeqtiani gza imisaTvis, rom daarwmunos studentebi, raTa nakleb jansaRi sakvebis moxmare-

49

bidan ufro jansaRi sakvebis moxmarebaze gadavidnen?

5. zogierTebi amtkiceben, rom `ar aris marTali, rodesac amboben, rom arsebobs nebismieri

produqtis Semcvleli. Tu Tqven erbokvercxi gindaT, gWirdebaT kvercxi. ar arsebobs kver-

cxis Semcvleli erbokvercxisTvis~ ra azris xarT amis Sesaxeb?

6. `eleqtroba TavisTavad ar moitans energias, Tu ara mTavrobis Zalisxmeva, fasebi da ideo-

logia. es aris Tqvens mier arCeuli energiis forma~. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am gamonaTqvams? aris

Tu ara eleqtroba fasisgan damoukideblad arCeuli energiis forma? zogierT qalaqSi di-

zelis sawvavze moqmed avtobusebs iyeneben maSin, rodesac sxvagan eleqtroavtobusebi ga-

moiyeneba. ratom aTbobs zogierTi sakuTar saxls gaziT an sawvaviT maSin, rodesac sxvebi

amisTvis eleqtrobas iyeneben?

7. gazeTis redaqtorisadmi miweril werilSi moqalaqe sTavazobs SemoiRon kanoniT dadgenili

akrZalva benzinis araaucilebeli mizniT gamoyenebisTvis, magaliTad, fostis miwodeba so-

flebSi kviraSi eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi. movaxerxebT ki benzinis araaucilebeli miznebisT-

vis gamoyenebis Semcirebas, Tu soflis fostalionebi SabaTobiT ar imuSaveben? Tu samSa-

baTsa da xuTSabaTsac dasvenebis dReebi eqnebaT?

8. 1970-iani wlebis bolos kongresma miiRo sawvavis erTiani normirebis efeqtianobis kanoni,

romelic avalebda avtomobilebis mwarmoeblebs gaezardaT maT mier gayiduli manqanebis

mier erTi galoni benziniT gavlili manZili. saSualo avtomobilis mier unda daxarjuliyo

erTi galoni 27,5 milis gavlaze, xolo mcire sabargo manqanebis mier _ 20,7. rodesac kanoni

miiRes, aRricxuli iqna 20%-ze naklebi mcire sabargo manqanebis ricxvi. pikapebi, sportuli

manqanebi da minivanebi, romlebic msubuqi sabargo manqanebis klasifikacias miekuTvneba, Se-

adgenda samgzavro avtomanqanebis naxevars. miuxedavad amisa, sawvavis ekonomia saSualod

erT galonze daaxloebiT 28 mils Seadgenda. erTi galoni benzinis mTliani ekonomia samgza-

vro manqanebze 10 procentamde daeca ukanasknel aTwleulSi. sawvavis dazogvis ra maCvene-

belze metyvelebs yovelive es?

9. dagegmvis amerikuli asociaciis monacemebis mixedviT, oTxi sulisagan Semdgari ojaxi yo-

veldRiurad saSualod 345 galon wyals moixmars. es raodenoba dayofilia Semdegnairad:

235 galoni Sida moxmarebisTvis, xolo 110 _ gare moxmarebisTvis. Sida moxmarebis saerTo

moculobiadan 95 galoni yoveldRiurad gamoiyeneba tualetSi. sasmelad da saWmlis gake-

Tebaze dReSi 9 an 10 galoni ixarjeba. wylis gadasaxadi yvelgan sxvadasxvagvaria, magram

iSviaTad aris 0,1 centze maRali erT galonSi. rogor fiqrobT, mniSvnelovnad dazaralde-

bian Tu ara Raribebi wylis fasis orjer an oTxjer momatebis SemTxvevaSi?

10. xorcze, avtomobilebsa da televizorebze gazrdili fasebi am produqtebze moTxovnis Sem-

cirebamde migviyvans. moifiqreT raime konkretuli cvlilebebi (magaliTad, produqciis ge-

mosa, Semcvlelebis fasebsa an Semcvlelebis xarisxSi), rac SesaZloa aRniSnul produqteb-

ze moTxovnis gazrdis mizezi gaxdes ise, rom sinamdvileSi ufro maRali fasis SemTxvevaSi

maTze moTxovna gaizardos. ratom ar ewinaaRmdegeba es moTxovnis kanons?

11. `yavaze moTxovnis Semcirebisas, misi fasi klebulobs~. marTebulad gamoiyeneba Tu ara sit-

yva `moTxovna~ gazeTis am saTaurSi? rogor fiqrobT, fasis daklebisas, yavis moxmareba

mcirdeba Tu izrdeba?

12. SeafaseT Semdegi argumenti, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda 1993 wels kongresis mier miRebul

gadawyvetilebas, aekrZala samamulo warmoebis benzinze gadasaxadis zrda.

erT galonSi 4,3 centi gadasaxadis gauqmeba damatebiT stimuls miscems navTobkompaniebs, raTa ga-

zardon fasebi. Tuki saraketo gazis fasebi moTxovnisa da miwodebis faqtorebis Sedegia, rogorc

amas navTobis kompaniebi amtkiceben, 4,3 centiT Semcireba gamoiwvevs moTxovnis zrdas produqtze

mxolod moklevadiani miwodebisTvis. gazrdili moTxovna xels Seuwyobs benzinis fasis zrdas.

ra Secdomas uSvebs am argumentis avtori?

13. absoluturad samarTliania Tu ara mtkiceba, rom zogierTi produqtis fasis cvlileba iwvevs

masze moTxovnis raodenobis cvlilebas, magram ar iwvevs moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebas?

50

a) rogor imoqmeda 1970-ian wlebSi benzinis fasis mkveTrma zrdam im avtomobilebis

moTxovnis mrudze, romlebic benzins ekonomiurad xarjavdnen?

b) rogor imoqmeda aman ramdenime wlis Semdeg benzinze moTxovnis sawyis mrudze?

g) rogor imoqmeda 1970-ian wlebSi sawvavze fasis zrdam sacxovrebeli saxlebis

Tboizolaciis moTxovnaze? ranairad Secvala aman sabolood sawvavze moTxovna?

d) SegiZliaT Tu ara, moifiqroT analogiuri magaliTebi, rodesac erT produqtze fa-

sis cvlileba TandaTan iwvevs sxva produqtze moTxovnis cvlilebas?

e) Tu garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg produqtis fasi sawyis dones ubrundeba, xolo

moTxovnis sidide - ara, niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom SualedSi moTxovna Seicvala?

14. 3-2 naxazze gamosaxuli grafikebi gviCvenebs warmosaxviT qalaqSi avtobusebiT momsaxure-

baze (marcxniv) da sadgomebze (marjvniv) moTxovnas. Tu qalaqi avtobusiT mgzavrobis ga-

dasaxads 1-dan 2-mde zrdis, moTxovnis mrudi ar icvleba, magram moTxovnis raodenoba ecema.

ra mouva sadgomebze moTxovnas, Tu avtobusebis mZRolTa raodenoba Semcirdeba? ra gavle-

nas moaxdens es sadgomebis tarifebze? sadgomebze ufro maRali tarifebis SemTxvevaSi, moi-

survebs Tu ara meti adamiani avtobusebiT mgzavrobas? ra gavlenas moaxdens avtobusebze

gazrdili fasi avtobusiT momsaxurebis moTxovnaze?

moTxovna

avtosadgomze

biznescentrSi

bi

zn

es

ce

nt

rS

i a

vt

os

ad

go

mT

a

ma

Cv

en

eb

el

i

qalaqis biznes-centrSi

avtosadgomebis farTis

raodenoba

P2

moTxovna avtobusis

momsaxurebaze

P1mg

za

vr

ob

is

qi

ra

avtobusis mgzavrTa

raodenoba

15. Tu momxmareblebs maRal fasad yovelTvis naklebis Sesyidva surT, ratom unda akeTebdnen

zogierTi gamyidvelebi imis reklamirebas, rom maTi produqcia Zviria?

a) `meikerz markis~ viskis sareklamo lozungi gvamcnobs: `mas Zvirfasi gemo aqvs da is

marTlac Zviria~. gana sisulele araa, rom gamyidvelma reklama gauwios maRal fass?

gana adamianebi mets SeiZenen maRal fasad? xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba es moTxovnis kanons?

b) vaSingtonis popularuli restornis `Jan-luis~ oficianti acxadebs, rom `kargia,

rodesac Zviriani restornis saxeli gaqvs. adamianebma ician, rom SeuZliaT STabeW-

dileba moaxdinon stumrebze~ ras yiduloben adamianebi rodesac savaxSmod restoran

`Jan-lui~-Si midian?

g) robert cialdinis Tavis wignSi `gavlena~ mohyavs Semdegi magaliTi: arizonaSi sai-

uveliro maRaziis mepatronem turistuli sezonis pikis dros ver SeZlo dabal fasad

gaeyida maRali xarisxis firuzebisgan damzadebuli samkaulebi, amitom vidre is

saqmiani vizitiT sxva qalaqSi wavidoda, asistents daavala, fasi orjer Seemcirebina,

magram asistenti ver miuxvda da fasebi orjer gazarda. rodesac mepatrone dabrun-

da, mas yvela samkauli gayiduli daxvda. SegiZliaT axsnaT es ise, rom daskvna ar ewi-

naaRmdegebodes moTxovnis kanons?

16. molodinis cvlileba SesaZloa gaxdes moTxovnis cvlilebis mizezi. axseniT, rogor SeuZlia

aman marTos situacia, romlis drosac fasebis zrdas mohyveba im adamianTa raodenobis zrda,

51

visac Sesyidva surs.

17. ris gamoa moTxovnis mrudebi araelastiuri an elastiuri?

a) rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlenas iqoniebs kopirebis sxva manqanebis Seqmna, qseroqsis man-

qanebze moTxovnis elastiurobaze?

b) aspirinze moTxovna arsebuli fasis pirobebSi metad araelastiurad gamoiyureba. ra

daemarTeba moTxovnis elastiurobas, Tu aspirinis fasi yvelafer danarCenTan mi-

marTebaSi xuTjer gaizarda? Tu ormocdaaTjer gaizarda? ratom?

g) elastiuria Tu araelastiuri receptiT damzadebul wamlebze moTxovna? ratom?

eTanxmebiT Tu ara zogjer gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom receptiT damzadebul wam-

lebze fasis dadgena mwarmoeblis uflebas warmoadgens, vinaidan adamianebma unda

iyidon is, rasac eqimi gamouwers?

d) rogor moqmedebs uvicoba moTxovnis elastiurobaze?

e) ra gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia mecnierebis da teqnologiis ganviTarebas moTxovnis ela-

stiurobaze?

v) SeiZleba Tu ara, rom sazogadoebrivi transportis sistemam raime gziT gavlena moa-

xdinos moTxovnis elastiurobaze? rogor?

18. erT-erTi SefasebiT, sigaretze moTxovnis fasis elastiuroba 0,4 tolia. sigaretis fasis

10%-iani zrda iwvevs moTxovnili raodenobis 4%-ian Semcirebas

a) niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom sigaretze gadasaxadis zrda efeqtianad imoqmedebs Tamba-

qos wevis Semcirebaze?

b) niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tambaqoze gadasaxadis zrda efeqtiani saSualeba iqneba

mTavrobisTvis, raTa gazardos sakuTari Semosavali?

g) Tu mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs endomebaT mowevis Semcireba da amave dros sigaret-

ze dawesebuli gadasaxadebis aweviT Semosavlebis zrda, sigaretze ramdenad ela-

stiuri an araelastiuri moTxovna unda surdeT maT?

19. Seswavlam gviCvena, rom im StatebSi, sadac sigaretze ufro maRali gadasaxadebi aqvT,

arasrulwlovan mwevelTa naklebi procentia. magram Semdgomma gamokvlevebma, romlis dro-

sac gamoricxuli iqna CrdiloeT karolinis, kentukisa, da virjiniis Statebi, ver aCvena mni-

Svnelovani urTierTgavlena sigaretze gazrdil gadasaxadsa da arasrulwlovan mwevelTa

raodenobas Soris. SegiZliaT amis axsna? ratom ar iyo mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba arasrulw-

lovan mwevelTa da sigaretze maRal an dabal gadasaxads Soris maSin, rodesac Seswavlidan

gamoricxuli iqna CrdiloeT karolina, virjinia da kentuki?

20. zogierTebs miaCniaT, rom saWiroeba da fufuneba Semdegi gziT SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT: fufune-

ba aris produqcia, romlisTvisac moTxovna metad elastiuria, xolo saWiroeba aris produ-

qcia, romlisTvisac moTxovna metad araelastiuria. eTanxmebiT Tu ara im mosazrebas, rom mo-

Txovnis fardobiTi elastiuroba warmoadgens efeqtian kriteriums imisTvis, rom ganvasxvavoT

erTmaneTisagan fufuneba da saWiroeba? dafiqrdiT im specifikur produqciaze, romelic ume-

tesobisTvis fufuneba, zogierTisTvis ki saWiroebaa da Semdeg SeekiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: iqneba

Tu ara moTxovnis mrudebi, Cveulebriv, elastiuri an araelastiuri TiToeul SemTxvevaSi?

21. yinvebma braziliuri yavis mosavlis 75 procenti gaanadgura maSin, rodesac brazilia miawodebda

yavis msoflio eqsportis erT mesameds. mwvane (mouxalavi) yavis fasi Sesabamisad 400 procentiT

gaizarda. daaxloebiT rogori iyo yavaze moTxovnis elastiuroba? ratom iyo is aseTi dabali?

22. rodesac kaliforniaSi mosavlis aRebisas mosulma wvimebma gaanadgura salaTis mosavali,

erTi yuTis fasma (romelSic 24 Tavi salaTa eteoda) sarekordo maCvenebels, 18 dolars

miaRwia. ori Tvis Semdeg, rodesac axali mosavali movida, fasi 2,75 dolaramde daeca. aqedan

gamomdinare, ra SeiZleba iTqvas Taviani salaTis moTxovnis Sesaxeb? adamianebis Cvevebisa da

restornebis praqtikidan gamomdinare, fasTan mimarTebaSi ra xdis salaTze moTxovnas me-

tad araelastiurs?

23. Jurnal `ekonomistis~ 1998 wlis 18 aprilis statiaSi mcdari statistikuri monacemebis ga-

moqveynebis Semdeg, mexikos mTavrobam gadawyvita gaezarda saavtomobilo magistralis `via-

duqtos~ gamtarunarianoba da nacvlad oTxrrigiani moZraobisa, dawesebuli iqna eqvsrigia-

52

ni moZraoba, ramac 50%-iT gazarda gamtarunarianoba. magram mas Semdeg, rac fataluri

SemTxvevebis ricxvi gaizarda, mTavrobam isev oTxrigiani moZraoba daawesa, ramac gamtaru-

narianoba 33%-iT Seamcira. gamoiwvia Tu ara damatebiTi cvlilebebis Setanam gamtarunaria-

nobis 17%-iT zrda, rogorc amas mTavroba aRniSnavda (Tu gainteresebT ras moutanda es

ekonomikas, daubrundiT 24-e SekiTxvas)

24. fasebis mixedviT moTxovnis elastiuroba, SeiZleba gamovTvaloT, Tu moTxovnis sididis

procentul cvlilebas gavyofT fasis procentul cvlilebaze.

a) ras udris moTxovnis elastiurobis koeficienti qvemoT moyvanil TiToeul SemTxvevaSi?

bileTis

fasi

SeZenili

bileTebis

raodenoba

Wiqa yavis

fasi

SeZenili

Wiqa yavis

raodenoba

2 dolari 200 35 centi 600

1 dolari 400 70 centi 300

b) Tu bileTebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven 100% gayaviT 50%-ze, xolo yavis SemTxvevaSi _ 50%

gayaviT 100%-ze, maSin metad gansxvavebuli koeficientebi geqnebaT _ Sesabamisad: 2

da 0,5 fardobiTi cvlilebebisTvis, romlebic sinamdvileSi identuria. gansxvavebu-

li Sedegebi miiReba imis gamo, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi procentebis gamosaTvlel ba-

zad gamoiyeneba momatebuli raodenoba da naklebi fasi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _

naklebi fasi da momatebuli raodenoba. magram or wertils Soris elastiurobis koe-

ficienti erTnairi unda iyos imis miuxedavad, Tu romeli mimarTulebiT vzomavT cv-

lilebas. rogor gadavwyvitoT es problema?

g) rogori iqneba elastiurobis koeficienti TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqven pro-

centuli cvlilebebis gamosaTvlel bazad fasisa da raodenobis saSualo mniSvn-

elobebs iRebT?

d) orive SemTxvevaSi fasis cvlilebisas erToblivi xarjebi (fasi gamravlebuli ra-

odenobaze) ar icvleba. moTxovnis elastiurobis mimarT risi maCvenebeli SeiZleba

iyos es? Seesabameba Tu ara es Sedegi Tqvens mier g) kiTxvaze gacemul pasuxs? (unda

Seesabamebodes).

e) SeasworeT 23-e kiTxvaSi mexiko sitis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mTavrobis moxseneba

25. mTavrobis mier satelefono momsaxurebis regulirebis Sewyvetis zogierTi mowinaaRmdege

SiSobda, rom es gamoiwvevda fasebis zrdas Sida momsaxurebaze da aiZulebda zogierT momx-

marebels moexsnaT telefonebi.

a) Tu satelefono momsaxurebis xarjebi TveSi 20 dolaridan 28 dolaramde gaizarda,

telefonebis mflobelTa ra procentma unda Tqvas uari telefonebze, imisaTvis,

rom moTxovna elastiurad CaiTvalos?

b) Tqveni gamoTvlebiT, ra procenti moiqceva marTlac ase? elastiurobis rogori

koeficienti Seesabameba Tqvens gamoTvlebs?

26. 3-3 naxazi gviCvenebs marwyvze moTxovnis hipoTetur mruds.

a) erTi yuTi marwyvis rogori fasi iZleva erToblivi amonagebis maqsimums maTTvis, vi-

sac mohyavs marwyvi? (ajobebs CaxedoT am kiTxvis `d~ nawils, vidre daxarjoT didi

dro sxvadasxva fasis mosinjvisaTvis. Tu moTxovnis mrudi warmoadgens wrfes, maSin

gavavlebT ra mas, RerZebTan gadakveTamde, fass, romelic iZleva maqsimalur erTo-

bliv amonagebs, zustad SuaSi aRmovaCenT. Tu gesmiT ratom xdeba ase, Zalian kargi.

Tu ara - sulerTia, radgan aseT codnas mxolod akademiuri Rirebuleba gaaCnia).

b) Tu marwyvis fasi mosavliTa da moTxovniT ganisazRvreba, rogori mosavlis SemTx-

vevaSi iqneba fasi iseTi, rogorc “d” nawilSi?

g) rogori iqneba erToblivi amonagebi maTTvis, visac 30000 yuTi marwyvi mohyavs?

d) SegiZliaT Tu ara daamtkicoT, rom marwyvze moTxovna elastiuria erT yuTSi 24

53

dolari fasis SemTxvevaSi da araelastikuri ufro dabali fasis dros?

e) Tuki maT, visac marwyvi moyavs, SeuZliaT meti fuli miiRon 3000-ze naklebi yuTis

gayidvisas, maSin ratom gamoaqvT maT bazarze produqti aseTi didi raodenobiT? ra-

tom ar spoben isini mosavals, imis nacvlad, rom `moSalon bazari~.

0 10 20 30 40 marwyvis yuTebis raodenoba

(aTasebSi)

D$40

30

20

10 er

Ti

yu

Ti

ma

rw

yv

is

fa

si

nax.3.3. marwyvze moTxovnis mrudi

27. dafiqrdiT, SegiZliaT Tu ara axsnaT Semdegi mosazreba: `Tu xanZari mospobs Cveni tyeebis

naxevars, maSin darCenili xe-tyis Rirebuleba meti iqneba, vidre xanZramde arsebuli mTeli

xe-tyis Rirebuleba. es uazroba, TiTqosda mTeli naklebi Rirs, vidre naxevari, gviCvenebs,

rom sabazro ekonomika Rirebulebebs amaxinjebs.”

28. es aris SekiTxva maTTvis, visac gaukvirda, rom 3-1 naxazze fasi gamosaxulia vertikaluri

RerZis gaswvriv, rogorc ekonomikur mecnierebaSia miRebuli, da ara horizontaluri Rer-

Zis gaswvriv, romelzedac Cveulebriv damoukidebeli cvladi gadaizomeba. aris ki fasi

marTlac damoukidebeli cvladia da raodenoba - damokidebuli? Tu raodenoba damokide-

bulia fasze, maSin razea damokidebuli fasi? vin an ra gansazRvravs fasebs?

55

4alternatiuli Rirebuleba da

saqonlis miwodeba

Tqven ukve gaecaniT am Tavis centralur cnebas. da Tu es SeumCneveli darCa, mxolod imitom,

rom jerjerobiT mas namdvili saxeli ar vuwodeT. wina TavSi, vimsjeleT ra moTxovnis fassa da

sidides Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb, ramdenjerme aRvniSneT, rom im saqonlis raodenoba, romlis SeZenac

surs adamians, misTvis ganisazRvreba am saqonelze gaweuli danaxarjebiT, an im sazRauriT, risi

Sewirvac mis SesaZenad aris saWiro. swored es warmoadgens alternatiuli Rirebulebis, anu im cne-

bis gansazRvras, romelic aerTianebs moTxovnis kanonsa da miwodebis warmmarTvel principebs. am

TavSi Cven SevecdebiT dagarwmunoT, rom mosaxerxebelia vifiqroT danaxarjebze, rogorc alter-

natiuli SesaZleblobebis faseulobaze, romelic msxverplad unda iqnas gaRebuli.

danaxarjebi Sefasebebia

yvela dagveTanxmeba, rom moTxovna adamianTa orientirebas asaxavs, magram bevrs miaCnia, rom miwodeba

ekonomikis materialur mxares miekuTvneba da misi marTva xdeba iseTi obieqturi realobiT, rogoricaa

warmoebis xarjebi da ara adamianuri subieqturi faseulobebi an prioritetebi. aseTi Sexeduleba mcda-

ria. miwodeba da danaxarjebi aseve Sefasebebzea dafuZnebuli. imisaTvis, rom amaSi darwmundeT, orSabaT

saRamos SevixedoT studentTa saerTo sacxovrebelSi da yuri davugdoT Semdeg dialogs:

_ ̀ gamarjoba, jek, wamoxval axali filmis sanaxavad, romelSic uim endersi TamaSobs? dRes bolo

dRea~.

_ `Zalianac minda, magram ar SemiZlia. xval sakontrolo maqvs rusulSi da Tu sityvebi ar da-

vizepire orians miviReb~.

_ ̀ ara uSavs. xval Sesvenebaze amoweril sityvebs mogcem da erT saaTSi ise iswavli, rom oTxiani

garantirebuli geqneba~.

_ `kargi, magram maSin ajobebs, `redskinsis~ da `maiamis~ TamaSs vuyuro da es dro amgvarad

gamoviyeno~

_ `eqvssaaTian seansze wavideT da matCis dawyebasac miuswreb~.

_ `kargi, magram moica, jer davTvalo ramdeni fuli damrCa stipendiamde. rva dolariRaa xuT-

SabaTamde, saWmlis talonebi ki ukve gamiTavda~.

_ `ara uSavs, karaqiani buterbrodebi Wame. egona, marTla gindoda am filmis naxva~.

_ ̀ marTlac rom Zalian minda. kargi, Cemi kuWi xuTSabaTamde rogorme moiTmens. eqvss rom TxuT-

meti daakldeba, gavdivarT~.

namdvili danaxarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia nebismier qmedebasTan (kinoSi wasvlasTan,

jinsebis SeZenasTan, gazonis sakreWi manqanis SeqmnasTan, galifaqsSi gamgzavrebasTan, saqonlis

56

moSenebasTan, rkina-kaveulobis maRaziis mSeneblobasTan, sadazRvevo polisis miRebasTan) im

alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis fasia, romelzedac uari unda vTqvaT, raTa es qmedeba ganva-

xorcieloT. kinoSi wasvlis xarjebi jekma Tavidan inglisur enaSi sakontrolos kargad daweris

SesaZleblobis xelidan gaSvebad Seafasa. rodesac megobarma daanaxa, Tu rogor unda Seemcire-

bina es xarjebi, jekma momdevno SesaZlebloba - fexburTis yureba gaixsena, romelzedac uari

unda eTqva. rodesac misma megobarma am xarjebisgan Tavis acilebis SesaZleblobac daanaxa, maSin

jekma ukve fulad xarjebs mimarTa. magram fuladi xarjebi ar warmoadgens namdvil xarjebs. nam-

dvili xarjebi araa mxolod dolarebi da centebi, aramed es aris is alternatiuli SesaZleblo-

bebi, romlebzedac uari unda vTqvaT uari fulis xarjvisas da ara _ piriqiT. kinoSi daxarjuli

sami Tu oTxi dolari dakavSirebulia im sayvarel kerZebTan, romlebzedac jekma uari unda

Tqvas filmis gamo.

nebismieri moqmedebis fasi aris im gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebis Rirebuleba,

romlebzedac am qmedebebis ganxorcielebisas uaris Tqma mogvixda.

mewarmis danaxarjebi, rogorc alternativis Rirebuleba

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba miwodebis da moTxovnis Teo-

riebs Soris. erTica da meorec varaudobs, rom gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirovnebebs aqvT arCe-

vanis SesaZlebloba, arCevani ki gulisxmobs alternativebis arsebobas da dafuZnebulia al-

ternativebTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli sargeblobis Sedarebaze. ekonomikuri procesebis

logika erTnairia mewarmisa da momxmareblisTvis.

rodesac mewarmis danaxarjebze vmsjelobT, vsvamT kiTxvas, Tu ratom jdeba aTsiCqariani

velosipedis damzadeba ufro Zviri, vidre wiTeli xis sapikniko magidisa da viwyebT iqidan, rom

vixsenebT, Tu ra masalaa gamoyenebuli maT dasamzadeblad. Cven vfiqrobT masalasa da ned-

leulze, samuSao Zalis danaxarjebze, aucilebel manqana-danadgarebze, mere am resursebis

Rirebulebas Cven fulSi gamovxatavT da vvaraudobT, rom velosipedis an magidis damzadebis

danaxarjebi am fuladi Sefasebebis jamis tolia. aq Secdomas adgili ara aqvs, magram warmoi-

Sveba ori upasuxo kiTxva. ratom amjobineben velosipedebisa da magidebis mwarmoeblebi gamoi-

yenon zustad es resursebi mxolod aseTi kombinaciiT? da ratom aqvT mocemul resursebs swo-

red aseTi fuladi Sefaseba?

yvelafers SeiZleba gaaCndes Semcvleli, rogorc moxmarebis, ise warmoebis TvalsazrisiT.

teqnologia qmnis SesaZleblobebs da awesebs imis sazRvrebs, Tu risi gakeTeba SegviZlia, ma-

gram is ar awesebs erTaderT, calsaxa process nebismieri produqtis warmoebisTvis. niu deli-

Si gzebis gasaTxrelad mamakacebi iyeneben Toxs, xolo qalebs tvirTi Tavze dadgmuli kalaTe-

biT gadaaqvT. kontraqtorebi irCeven am teqnologias, vinaidan miaCniaT, rom es aris gzis

gaTxris da tvirTis gadatanis yvelaze iafi saSualeba. indoeTSi adamianis Sromas naklebi Ri-

rebuleba aqvs, vidre meqanikurs, vinaidan adamianis daqiraveba SesaZlebelia Zalian dabal fa-

sad.

ratom aris indoeTSi arakvalificiuri muSaxeli ase iafi? imitom, rom am qveyanaSi poten-

ciur muSaxels ara aqvs SesaZlebloba, Tavisi Sroma gamoiyenos imgvari saxiT, rasac SeuZlia

sxvebs mniSvnelovani Rirebuleba moutanos. alternatiuli Rirebulebis koncefcia amtki-

cebs, rom fulis raodenoba, romelic mewarmem nebismier, adamianur Tu fizikur, resursSi

unda gadaixados, damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ras moelis am resursis mflobeli sxvisgan da,

Tu ras moutans es resursi nebismier sxvas.

velosipedebis damamzadeblisTvis, xarjebi utoldeba Sesabamisi resursebis SesaZenad ga-

weul danaxarjebs. magram, vinaidan arsebobs maTi gamoyenebis sxva SesaZleblobebi, man resur-

sebSi `saukeTeso alternativis~ fasi unda gadaixados. amgvarad ararealizebuli alterna-

tiuli SesaZleblobebis fasi gadaiqceva velosipedis warmoebis xarjebad.

ganvixiloT sapikniko magidis magaliTi. misi warmoebis danaxarjebis nawils nedleulis Ri-

rebuleba warmoadgens. davuSvaT, rom gaizrdeba moTxovna axal sacxovrebel saxlebze da fir-

mebi daiwyeben gacilebiT meti raodenobis xis masalis SeZenas. amis Sedegad xis masalis fasi

57

gaizrdeba da, Sesabamisad, piknikis magidis damzadebis danaxarjebic meti iqneba. araferi

momxdara iseTi, rasac SeeZlo magidebis warmoebisTvis saWiro fizikuri resursebis gazrda

gamoewvia, magram danaxarjebi gaizarda. vinaidan sacxovrebeli saxlebi, romelTa mSeneblobi-

sTvis xis masala gamoiyeneba, axla ufro Zvirad fasobs, magidebis damamzadebelma unda gadai-

xados xis masalis ufro maRali alternatiuli Rirebuleba. rodesac 1992 wels samxreT flo-

ridaSi qariSxalma `endrium~ daangria saxlebi, Sewebebuli firficaris fasi mTeli aSS-is

teritoriaze swrafad gaizarda. firficars metad didi mniSvneloba hqonda maTTvis, vinc qa-

riSxalma usaxlkarod datova, magram isinic, visac is sxva miznebisTvis sWirdeboda, iZulebu-

lebi gaxdnen axali da ufro maRali alternatiuli fasi gadaexadaT. ra Tqma unda, aman gamoi-

wvia is, rom yvela Seecada ekonomiurad gamoeyenebina xsenebuli masala.

kvalificiuri muSa met anazRaurebas miiRebs, vidre arakvalificiuri mxolod im mizezis

gamo, rom sxva adgilas mis kvalifikacias meti fasi eqneba. muSebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT yiraze

dadgnen, ustvinon da ise dauyenon velosipeds saburavebSi Cxirebi, saocari kvalifikacia

aqvT, magram fabrikis mepatrone ar gadauxdis maT met xelfass am kvalifikaciaSi, Tu isini Ta-

vianTi uCveulo talantis gamo romelime sxva adgilas ufro saWironi ar aRmoCndebian. es sav-

sebiT SesaZlebelia. magaliTad maTi niWi SesaZloa gamoadgeT cirkSi. Tu cirkSi maT ufro met

anazRaurebas SesTavazeben, vidre isini velosipedis awyobisas iRebdnen, maSin fabrikis mepa-

tronisTvis maTi alternatiuli Rirebuleba gaizrdeba da albaT fabrikis mepatrone maT war-

matebas usurvebs da daiqiravebs axal muSebs, romelTa alternatiuli Rirebuleba naklebi

iqneba.

ra daemarTa Svidi futi simaRlisa da SesaniSnavi koordinacis mqone adamianebis alterna-

tiul Rirebulebas, rodesac kalaTburTis erovnuli asociacia da kalaTburTis amerikuli

asociacia erT ligaSi gaerTianda? rodesac arsebobda ori liga, TiToeuli moTamaSis SeZenas

ori gundi cdilobda. Tanxa, romlis gadaxdac erT-erT maTgans uwevda, damokidebuli iyo ima-

ze, Tu ra Tanxis gadaxdas varaudobda am moTamaSisTvis meore liga. orive maTgani Tanaxma iyo

sakmaod soliduri Tanxa gaeRo mocemuli moTamaSisTvis, Tuki miaCndaT, rom am moTamaSis mo-

nawileoba did gavlenas moaxdenda gayiduli bileTebis raodenobaze, magram rodesac es ori

liga gaerTianda, konkretuli moTamaSis ayvanis ufleba erTi ligis prerogativad iqca da Svi-

di futi simaRlisa da SesaniSnavi koordinaciis mqone adamianis alternatiuli Rirebuleba

daeca. rodesac moTamaSeTa kavSirSma daicva moTamaSeebis uflebebi da neba darTo garkveul

viTarebaSi sxva gundebSi gadasuliyvnen, maRali kalaTburTelebis alternatiulma fasma isev

aiwia. amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom profesionaluri sakalaTburTo gundebis mflobelTa

TvalsazrisiT, erTi liga sjobs ors da rom isini cxared amtkiceben, rom gundis gamocvlis

ufleba, romelic moTamaSeebs miecaT, arRvevs balanss da, aqedan gamomdinare, auaresebs Tama-

Sis xarisxs.

modiT, ganvixiloT ufro zogadi SemTxveva. Tu msxvili firma, romelSic mravali adamiani

muSaobs, xsnis Tavis filials patara qalaqSi, maSin am qalaqSi maRaziis gamyidvelis, bankis mo-

laris, mdivnebisa da benzingasamarTi sadgurebis muSakebis daqiraveba ufro Zviri dajdeba.

ratom? imitom, rom maRaziebma, bankebma, dawesebulebebma da benzingasamarTma sadgurebma maT

mier daqiravebul adamianebs unda gadauxadon alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis safasuri, vi-

naidan maT SeiZleba ufro momgebiani SesaZleblobebi aRmoaCndeT axal firmaSi. davuSvaT,

axal firmas surs mxolod qalebis daqiraveba: maSin dasawyisSi gaizrdeba qalebis alterna-

tiuli Rirebuleba. qalebi miatoveben zogierT samuSao adgilas, Seuqmnian ra amiT damatebiT

alternatiul SesaZleblobebs mamakacebs da gazrdian maT alternatiul Rirebulebas.

alternatiuli Rirebulebis cnebis naTlad ilustrireba SesaZlebelia iseTi resursis ma-

galiTze, rogoricaa miwa. davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT saxlis asaSeneblad erTi akri (0,405 ha)

farTi miwis SeZena. ra Tanxis gadaxda mogiwevT? es damokidebuli iqneba miwis Rirebulebaze,

misi alternatiuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. miaCniaT Tu ara sxva adamianebs es miwa mSvenier

nakveTad saxlis asaSeneblad? aris Tu ara imis SesaZlebloba, rom perspeqtivaSi es miwa gamo-

yenebuli iqnas warmoebaSi an vaWrobaSi? miwis SesaZenad gaweuli xarjebi ganisazRvreba misi

gamoyenebis alternatiuli SesaZleblobebiT, romelsac sxva adamianebi adgenen.

58

D1

D2

P miwis

miwodeba

moTxovna

miwaze

rogor moqmedebs moTxovna

miwis Sesyidvis fasze

alternatiuli Rirebulebis magaliTebi

imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu rogor xsnis alternatiuli Rirebulebis koncefcia nacnob, magram

xSirad arasworad gagebul movlenebs, ganvixiloT cvalebadi xarjebis ramodenime magaliTi.

ratom gaizarda ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi wlis manZilze Tmis SeWris Rirebuleba bevrad

ufro metad, vidre saSualod sxva momsaxurebis Rirebuleba? es imitom moxda, rom dalaqTan

Tmis SeWris msurvelebi mzad arian da surT gadauxadon mas fulis sakmarisi raodenoba, raTa

xeloba ar miatovos. ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi sadalaqoebis mwarmoebluroba rom ar

CamorCebodes damamuSavebel warmoebaSi Sromis nayofierebas, dalaqebi SesZlebdnen SeenarCu-

nebinaT TavianTi Semosavlebi. magram ucvleli mwarmoeblurobis SemTxvevaSi mxolod TiToeu-

li adamianidan aRebuli meti Tanxa akavebs dalaqebs Tavis adgilze. Cven TviTon avuwieT fasi

dalaqebis momsaxurebas, vinaidan Tmis gakreWa profesionalebTan gvsurs da amgvarad dalaqebi-

sTvis, romlebic im sferoSi moRvaweoben, sadac Sromis mwarmoebluroba arasdros ar maRldeba,

dawesda is fasi, romelic Seesabameba alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas.

Tu dalaqs SeuZlia saaTSi ori adamianis davarcxna, ra fasi unda dadgindes, raTa saaTSi 15

dolari miiRos? rogor unda moiqces is, Tuki mis momxmareblebs ar surT ase Zviris gadaxda?

ratomaa xSirad mdidar sacxovrebel raionebSi axalgazrda ZiZis povna ufro Zneli, vidre

Rarib ubnebSi? sasowarkveTilma mSoblebma, romlebic ver pouloben ZiZas, SesaZloa daiCivlon,

rom maT ubanSi zarmacebi cxovroben, magram es metad mkveTri gamonaTqvami iqneboda. nebismier

ojaxs SeuZlia, alternatiuli Rirebulebis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi, daiqiravos ZiZa. es ki niSnavs,

rom maT ufro maRali anazRaureba SesTavazon, rac uars aTqmevinebs ZiZebs alternatiul Se-

saZleblobebze. Tu ubanSi ZiZebze moTxovna gazrdilia (vinaidan mdidrebi ufro xSirad atare-

ben dros saxlis gareT) da Tu adgilobriv mozardebs imdeni fuli aqvT, rom paemanze wasvlas an

dasvenebas metad afaseben, vidre bavSvis movliT aRebul Tanxas, maSin arc unda gvikvirdes daqi-

ravebuli ZiZebis maRali alternatiuli Rirebuleba.

ratom izrdeboda meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi ase swrafad kolejSi swavlebis fasi?

mniSvnelovan wilad es SeiZleba aixsnas swavlebaze xarjebis mkveTri gazrdiT: erTi mxriv, pedago-

gebis maRali anazRaurebiT da meores mxriv, pedagogiuri datvirTvebis SemcirebiT. ratom moxda

ase? dausviT es SekiTxva nacnob profesors da is mogiyvebaT, Tu ramdeni weli sWirdeba samecnie-

ro xarisxis mopovebas da rom SeuZlebelia samecniero moRvaweoba maSin, rodesac yoveldRiurad

Tormeti saaTi leqciebis wakiTxva giwevs. profesorTa gildiis nebismieri warmomadgeneli am mo-

sazrebas daeTanxmeba. magram ekonomikis arcerTi patiosani profesorisTvis damajereblad ar ga-

moiyureba is, Tu ratom iRebdnen profesorebi met Semosavlebs, roca naklebs muSaobdnen.

es profesorebze gazrdili moTxovniT aixsneba. federaluri mTavrobis mier omis veteranebze

59

gamoyofilma grantebma mkveTrad gazarda kolejebSi mimarTvebis raodenoba. Statebis kanonmde-

blebma didi Tanxebi gamoyves axali kolejebis mSeneblobasa da Zvelis gafarToebaze: eSinodaT ra

sabWoeTis mecnierebis upiratesobisa, federalurma mTavrobam uzarmazari Tanxebi gamoyo ganaT-

lebasa da mecnierul kvlevebze, riTac axali SesaZleblobebi Seuqmna mecnierebs. omis Semdgomi

periodis Sobadobis bumma, 60-ian wlebSi studenturi bumic gamoiwvia. mosaxleobaSi gavrcelda

azri, rom kolejis diplomis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda warmatebis miRweva. amave dros, gaizar-

da moTxovna maRalkvalificiur muSakebze samTavrobo da kerZo sawarmoebis mxridan, rac zrdida

ganaTlebis maRali donis mqone adamianebis SesaZleblobebs. yovelive aman sabolood migviyvana

profesorebze gazrdil moTxovnasTan. kolejis profesorebi xom Tavisi alternatiuli Rirebu-

lebiT iSviaTi resursia. imisTvis, rom gadaebirebinaT profesorebi, saWiro iyo maTi mozidva sa-

muSaos alternatiuli adgilebidan maRali xelfasisa da Semcirebuli datvirTvis SeTavazebiT

(kolejis nebismierma profesorma kargad icis, rom Semosavlis gazrda ufro advilia axali samu-

Sao adgilis monaxviT, vidre imiT, rom Zvel dekans sakuTar Rirsebebze esaubro. dekanebi ufro

didi interesiT usmenen im profesorebs, romlebsac alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT).

Tu Tqven am msjelobas mihyeviT, advilad SeZlebT 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi kolejis profeso-

rebis Semosavlebis Semcirebis winaswarmetyvelebas. inflacias SeuZlia damalos es Semcireba.

magram, dolaris msyidvelobiTi unaris cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiTac, Cven TvalnaTliv davina-

xavT, rom igive faqtorebi, romlebic 50-ian da 60-ian wlebSi iwvevdnen profesorebis Semosavle-

bis zrdas, 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi maTi Semcirebis mizezebad iqcnen.

ratomaa, rom ekonomikuri vardnis periodSi mcirdeba im adamianebis ricxvi, vinc Tavs anebebs

universitetSi an kolejSi swavlas? mozardebisTvis Sromis bazarze koniunqturasTan erTad

icvleba swavlis gagrZelebis alternatiuli Rire bu le bac. samuSaos povnis SesaZleblobis kle-

ba amcirebs zogierTi axalgazrdisTvis universitetSi darCenis alternatiul Rirebulebas,

amitom maTi mxolod mcire nawili anebebs Tavs swavlas.

ratom mogzauroben Raribebi ufro xSirad avtobusiT, xolo mdidrebi TviTmfrinaviT? mar-

tivi pasuxi is iqneboda, rom avtobusi ufro iafia. magram is iafi ar aris. es metad Zviri satrasn-

porto saSualebaa im adamianebisTvis, visTvisac dros maRali alternatiuli Rirebuleba aqvs:

rogorc wesi drois alternatiuli Rirebuleba Raribebs bevrad dabali aqvT, vidre maT, visac

didi Semosavlebi aqvs.

mixvdiT Tu ara, ra aris mTavari idea? maSin, scadeT warmoidginoT kolejis ganaTlebasTan

dakavSirebuli xarjebi. Tu Tqven gamoTvlebSi CarTavT Rirebulebas, romelsac miiRebdiT ko-

lejSi rom ar geswavlaT, Tqven agiTvisebiaT alternatiuli Rirebulebis principi.

daskvniTi magaliTi: davuSvaT, rom qali TviTon marTavs patara xilbos tneulis maRazias. mas

miaCnia, rom saqmeebi kargad misdis, vinaidan ar aqvs xarjebi muSa Zalaze. marTalia Tu ara igi?

misi sakuTari Sromis xarjebi ar aris dakavSirebuli fulad xarjebTan, magram, ra Tqma unda isi-

ni xarjebs warmoadgenen da am xarjebis sidide SeiZleba gaizomos im alternatiuli SesaZle-

blobebis RirebulebiT, razedac is uars ambobs, rodesac Tavad asrulebs samuSaos.

danaxarjebi da qmedeba

ekonomikuri azrovneba ar scnobs obieqtur Rirebulebebs. es ewinaaRmdegeba saR azrs, rome-

lic gvkarnaxobs, rom sagnebs mainc gaaCniaT realuri Rirebuleba, romelic ufro fizikis kano-

nebiTaa gansazRvruli, vidre adamianis fsiqikis ucnaurobebiT. Znelia ebrZolo saR azrs, ma-

gram mainc unda vcadoT.

imisTvis rom saRma azrma ufro swrafad cnos Tavisi damarcxeba, axlave mivaqcioT yuradReba imas,

rom `sagnebs~ saerTod ar gaaCniaT araviTari Rirebuleba. ra Tqma unda, Cven vlaparakobT xarjebis

Rirebulebaze, romlebic miwodebasTanaa dakavSirebuli _ anu im xarjebze, romlebsac gavlena aqvT

adamianTa gadawyvetilebaze, momsaxurebis miwodebis uzrunvelyofaze. am gagebiT ̀ sagnebi~ ar SeiZle-

ba dakavSirebuli iyos danaxarjebTan. xarjebTan SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos mxolod qmedebebi. Tu

Tqven migaCniaT, rom sagnebi uSualodaa dakavSirebuli xarjebTan da mzada xarT es magaliTiT dagvi-

dasturoT, maSin aucileblad gulisxmobT raRac qmedebas, romelic am xarjebs moiTxovs.

magaliTad, ra Rirs beisbolis burTi? Tqven pasuxobT: aTi dolari. magram mxedvelobaSi iqo-

nieT, rom aTi dolari Seadgens axlomdebare sportul maRaziaSi burTis Sesyidvis danaxarjs.

60

vinaidan yidva warmoadgens qmedebas, masSi SeiZleba igulisxmebodes alternatiul SesaZleblo-

bebze uaris Tqma, rac ganapirobebs xarjebs. magram yuradReba miaqcieT qmedebas, romelsac

Tqven malulad CaatarebT. Tu SecvliT qmedebas, maSin burTTan dakavSirebuli xarjebic Seicv-

leba. beisbolis burTis warmoebis xarjebi sul sxvaa. aseve sxva iqneba xarjebi mis gayidvaze.

rogoraa im danaxarjebis saqme, romlebic dakavSirebulia burTis daWerasTan, rodesac cdi-

lobT daiWiroT burTi da risks swevT sicocxlis bolomde damtvreuli cxviriT iaroT?

davubrundeT kolejis ganaTlebis magaliTs. ra Rirs igi? zusti pasuxi isaa, rom mas ar

SeiZleba gaaCndes Rirebuleba, Cven aq unda gavarCioT ganaTlebis miRebis danaxarjebi da misi

miwodebis xarjebi. rogorc ki es gansxvaveba dafiqsirdeba, aucilebelia yuradReba mieqces ki-

dev erT garemoebas, romelic yovelTvis igulisxmeboda, rodesac am da wina TavebSi laparaki

iyo Rirebulebaze. kerZod ki is, rom xarjebs yovelTvis viRac gaiRebs. ganaTlebis miRebis

xarjebis qveS igulisxmeba studentis mier gaRebuli xarjebi. magram xarjebis qveS SeiZleba igu-

lisxmebodes studentis mSoblebis mier gaRebuli xarjebi, rac erTi da igive araa. n, Tu erTi

studentis Caricxva gulisxmobs sxva studentisTvis uaris Tqmas, maSin es SeiZleba iyos jonis

(romelic ar Cairicxa) xarjebi, rac gamowveuli iyo marias CaricxviT. es xarjebi sxvadasxvaa.

ar arsebobs `obieqturi~ xarjebi. yvela xarji gamoxatavs viRacis

mier dakarguli SesaZleblobis Rirebulebas.

sagnebis `namdvili Rirebulebis~ Sesaxeb unayofo dava gamowveulia imiT, rom ver xdeba imis

gacnobiereba, rom xarjebi axasiaTebs mxolod qmedebebs da erTi da igive qmedebebs sxvadasxva

adamianisTvis sxvadasxva xarjebi moaqvs. amis SesaniSnav magaliTs samxedro gawvevis aRdgenis

Sesaxeb mimdinare diskusia warmoadgens. davuTmoT mas yuradReba.

danaxarjebi daqiravebul jarze

samxedro gawveva didi xania diskusiis sagans warmoadgens. TiTqmis yvelas miaCnia, rom Tavi-

sTavad is arasasurvelia, magram mravali amerikeli masSi xedavs erTaderT saSualebas, misaRebi

xarjebisas uzrunvelyos samxedroebis sakmarisi raodenoba.

SeiZleba marTlac arsebobs samxedro gawvevis sasargeblo argumentebi, magram maT ricxvs ar

SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT xSirad gamoTqmuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos moxaliseTa5 jari

metad Zviri jdeba.

1 2 3 4 5

jariskacebis raodenoba

(milionebSi)

24

20

16

12

8

4

wl

iu

ri

xe

lf

as

i (

aT

as

ob

iT

do

la

rS

i)

nax. 4-1 jariskacebis miwodebis mrudi

5 zogierT konteqstSi, `moxalise~ niSnavs pirovnebas, romelic muSaobs anazRaurebis gareSe (mexanZreebi, hospital-

Si momsaxureebi). SeiaraRebuli Zalebis moxaliseebis SemTxvevaSi, sadac mimzidveli anazRaureba warmatebis gas-

aRebs warmoadgens, es ase ar aris

61

Tavdacvis saministro da yvela, vinc fiqrobs aRniSnul xarjebze, ar pasuxoben im kiTxvas, Tu

vis xarjebzea saubari _ samxedro momsaxureebis, gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebis, kongresisa Tu

pentagonis? es xarjebi metad gansxvavebulia.

ra ujdeba axalgazrdas jariskacad gaxdoma? pasuxis povnis saukeTeso gzaa, SesTavazo mas

fuladi anazRaureba da gazardo im donemde, sanam ar daTanxmdeba. Tu joni wava amaze weliwadSi

5000 dolaris gulisTvis, keroli _ 8000 dolarisTvis, xolo filipi aranakleb 60000-sTvis, ma-

Sin es Rirebulebebi asaxaven alternatiul Rirebulebebs, Sesabamisad, jonis, kerolisa da fi-

lipisTvis. maTi gawvevis xarjebi samivesTvis 73000 dolars Seadgens, Tumca saxelmwifos Seu-

Zlia damalos es faqti da daakisros maT samxedro samsaxuri gacilebiT dabali xelfasiT.

alternatiuli Rirebuleba samuSaoze mowyobis ararealizebul alternatiul SesaZleblo-

bebze da RirebulebaTa didi raodenobis orientirebze (cxovrebis wesis arCeva, omisadmi damo-

kidebuleba, adamianuri simxdale, simamace da a.S.) aris damokidebuli. rodesac, samxedro mosam-

saxures saxelmwifo fulad kompensacias sTavazobs, zrdis ra ganakveTs im donemde, vidre

saWiro raodenobis moxaliseebs ar daiqiravebs, is garkveul wilad marTlac cdilobs Tavisi

programis xarjebis minimizacias, vinaidan qiraobs maT, visac yvelaze dabali alternatiuli Ri-

rebuleba aqvs, anu maT, vinc jonsa da kerols hgavs. samxedro gawvevis SemTxvevaSi am movlenas

SeiZleba adgili hqonoda mxolod garemoebaTa araCveulebrivi damTxvevis pirobebSi. Cveni

msjelobis arsi ufro advilad SeiZleba gavigoT 4-1 naxazis ganxilvisas.

aq warmodgenilia moxalise jariskacebis miwodebis mrudi. is ajamebs raodenobas an sidides,

romelic SesaZloa miwodebul iqnas sxvadasxva fasad. is mosazreba, rom adamianebi ar gaswiraven

sicocxles nebayoflobiT, im faqtiTaa uaryofili, rom isini amas akeTeben, amasTanave ara mxo-

lod samxedro moxaliseebi, aramed policielebi, mTamsvlelebi da sxvebi. rogoric ar unda iyos

mrudis zusti mdgomareoba da daxriloba, is aucileblad wava zemoT. zogierTi adamiani (vinc

mis xelT arsebul alternativebs mcired afasebs) wava samxedro samsaxurSi Zalian dabali xel-

fasis pirobebSi. magram miRebuli winapirobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vipovnoT sam milionamde mo-

xalise, romelic Tanaxma iqneba imsaxuros aranakleb wliuri 16000 dolariani anazRaurebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom jamSi yovelwliurad 48 mlrd. dolari unda iqnas gadaxdili.

vinaidan gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs ar uyvarT, rodesac mTavroba zrdis maT gadasaxadebs, kon-

gresi ar moindomebs aseTi uzarmazari asignebis gamoyofas. xolo Tavdacvis saministro ki me-

tad mgrZnobiared reagirebs imaze, Tu ra moswons da ra ara kongress. maT SeuZliaT arsebuli

xarjebi orjer Seamciron, SesTavazon mxolod 8000 dolari da samxedro samsaxuri savaldebu-

lo gaxadon. xarjebi am SemTxvevaSi mxolod 24 mlrd. iqneba. maS, gaumarjos dazogvas!

keTildReobis

gadanawileba

alternat

iuli Ri-

rebuleba

S

Q

P

ra vuyoT imaT xarjebs, vinc SeiaraRebul ZalebSi msaxurobs? Cveni varaudiT moxaliseTa ja-

ris xarjebi 30 mlrd. dolars Seadgens. es xarjebi nulidan sam milion adamianamde mrudqveSa

aris farTobis tolia, anu udris armiaSi mosamsaxureTa ararealizebul alternatiul SesaZle-

blobaTa jamur Rirebulebas. danarCeni 18 mlrd, romelsac saxelmwifo ixdis, warmoadgens sim-

didris gadanawilebas gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTagan im samxedro mosamsaxureebze, romlebic

62

jarSi wavidodnen ufro dabali xelfasis pirobebSic ki, magram miuxedavad amisa, ufro maRal

xelfass iReben, raTa moxdes sammilioniani qvotis SenarCuneba.

rogori iqneba samxedro mosamsaxureTa danaxarjebi aucilebeli samxedro samsaxuris gavlis

SemTxvevaSi? amis Sesaxeb arafris Tqma ar SegviZlia, garda imisa, rom isini gacilebiT meti iqne-

ba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki gawvevaSi mxolod da mxolod moxaliseebi moxvdebian, xarjebi 30 mlrd.

dolaris toli iqneba. magram es naklebsavaraudoa. wvevamdelebis rac ufro meti raodenoba iq-

neba amoRebuli miwodebis mrudis zeda da ara qveda nawilidan, miT ufro meti iqneba samxedro

mosamsaxureTa xarjebi. magaliTad, adamians, romelic Tanaxmaa nebayoflobiT imsaxuros 9000

dolarad, sTavazoben 8000 dolars. is uars ambobs da mas ar gaiwveven samxedro samsaxurSi. mis

nacvlad iwveven adamians, romelic Tanaxmaa imsaxuros mxolod 24000 dolaris safasurad da

uxdian 8000 dolars. gadasaxadis gadamxdelebma dazoges 8000 dolari, gadauxades ra mxolod

8000 dolari mas, visTvisac sayovelTao gawvevis SemTxvevaSi 16000 unda gadaexadaT. magram is,

visi alternatiuli Rirebuleba 24000 dolari iyo, Seicvala im pirovnebiT, romlis alterna-

tiuli Rirebuleba mxolod 9000 dolars Seadgenda. es aris 15000 dolariT xarjebis zrda jarSi

mosamsaxureTa TvalsazrisiT.

samxedro gawvevis Sedegad ar xdeba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Senaxvaze xarjebis dazogva. es

xarjebi gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa mxrebidan wvevamdelebis mxrebze gadadis. Tqven SeiZleba

TqvaT, rom es aris gawvevis yvelaze mcire nakli da SemogvTavazoT upiratesoba, romelic am nak-

lovanebas gadawonis, magram gawvevis swored am Sedegze miTiTeba SeuZliaT ekonomistebs.

`aunazRaurebeli danaxarjebis~ gamoricxva

me-2 TavSi Tqven iswavleT, rom produqciis Rirebuleba yovelTvis zRvrulad ganisazRvreba.

magaliTad, wylis Rirebuleba ar aris is, ra msxverplis gaRebasac apirebs adamiani im SemTxveva-

Si, Tu alternativa saerTod uwylod darCenaa. adamianebisTvis wylis Rirebuleba isaa, rasac

gadaixdian wylis damatebiTi raodenobisTvis im realur situaciaSi, romelSic aRmoCndebian.

igive zRvruli principebi gamoiyeneba xarjebis mimarTac. adamianebis umravlesoba cdeba,

radgan erTmaneTSi erevaT produqciis an sargeblis mTliani Rirebuleba da maTi zRvruli Ri-

rebuleba. danaxarjebis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze xSiri Secdoma isaa, rom winaswar gaweuli dana-

xarjebi xSirad erevaT zRvrul xarjebSi.

rodesac kafeteriaSi iRebT erT ulufa Tevzs da molares 1,9 dolars uxdiT, Tqven swevT

xarjs: kargavT yvela im SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas, romlebzedac uari ganacxadeT 1,9 do-

laris daxarjvisas. magram pirvelive lukmis gasinjvisas uecrad inaneT, rom es kerZi airCieT.

rogori iqneba Tqveni xarjebi, Tu Tevzs TefSze datovebT?

is ar Seadgens 1,9 an 1,8 dolars, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom pirveli lukma 10 centi Rirda. es

xarjebi ukve istorias ekuTvnis. xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia Tevzis ulufis TefSze da-

tovebasTan, ganisazRvreba yvela im dakarguli SesaZleblobebis RirebulebebiT, romelzedac

unda TqvaT uari im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ase moiqceviT. gyavT ZaRli, romelsac uyvars makaroni Tev-

ziT, yveliT da tomatis sawebeliT? Tu gyavT, maSin xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia TefSze

datovebul TevzTan _ es aris imis ararealizebuli SesaZlebloba, rom dainaxoT Tqveni ZaRlis

anTebuli Tvalebi da kudis qicini. Tqven am SesaZleblobaze uars acxadebT, Tuki ar moiTxoveT,

rom qaRaldis parkSi Cagidon saWmlis narCenebi.

ekonomistebs ar ainteresebT is fasi, romelic Tqven ukve gadaixadeT, isini amas aunazRaure-

bel (Seuqcevad) danaxarjebs uwodeben aunazRaurebeli xarjebi gavlenas ar axdens ekonomikur

gadawyvetilebebze. rac morCa, morCa da gaTavda.

erTaderTi danaxarji, rac gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, aris zRvruli dana-

xarjebi da isini yovelTvis momavalzea gaTvlili.

yvela danaxarji, rac mniSvnelovania miwodebis gadawyvetilebi-

sTvis, momavals miekuTvneba

ra Tqma unda, vidre gavakeTebdeT daskvnas, rom isini marTlac ar axdenen gavlenas gadawyvetile-

63

bis miRebaze, Cven darwmunebulebi unda viyoT imaSi, rom xarjebi marTlac aunazRaurebelia. Tqven,

rom motocikli geyidaT da maSinve genanaT es, ra dagijdebodaT motociklis Semdgomi Senaxva? cxa-

dia, rom sulac ar xarT valdebuli ganacxadoT: `me es gavakeTe da es samudamod ase iqneba~. Tqven

SegiZliaT gayidoT motocikli. Tu amas ar gaakeTebT, maSin gaswevT xarjs (dakargavT sargebels),

romelic misi xelaxali gayidvis Rirebulebis toli iqneba. amrigad, WeSmariti aunazRaurebeli

xarjebi gautoldeba sxvaobas gadaxdil fassa da xelaxali gayidvis fasebs Soris. Tqveni xarjebis am

nawils aRara aqvs mniSvneloba. ekonomikuri azrovnebis CarCoebSi isini saerTod ar warmoadgenen

xarjebs, vinaidan ar arian dakavSirebuli arCevanis arcerT SesaZleblobasTan.

da mainc, Cven viciT, rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar msjeloben amgvarad. mraval maTgans, vinc

aseTi SenaZeni gaakeTa da Semdeg inana, urCevnia, daitovos motocikli da sawyis fasTan Sedare-

biT nakleb fasad ar gayidos. maT sakuTari saqcieli imiT SeuZliaT gaamarTlon, rom Tqvan: `me

ar SemiZlia mivce Tavs ufleba ase vizaralo~. magram danakargebi saxezea. Secdoma daSvebulia

da sruli danakargebi im momentSi warmoiqmna, rodesac Secdoma dauSves. Tuki vinme, miuxedavad

amisa, gadawyvets, ar gayidos motocikli, is albaT Tavs ityuebs. mravali adamiani cdilobs da-

arwmunos sakuTari Tavi, TiTqos avtofarexSi Jangmokidebul motocikls igive Rirebuleba aqvs,

rac im fuls, romelic gadaixades, raTa is iq moeTavsebinaT, arada, erTaderTi danaxarjebi, ro-

melsac amJamad mniSvneloba aqvs, es is SesaZleblobebia, romelzedac unda iTqvas uari, Tu ar

gavyidiT motocikls.

zRvruli damatebiTi danaxarjebi

Tu gainteresebT kavSiri damatebiT xarjebsa da zRvrul xarjebs Soris, es marTlac drouli

kiTxvaa. yvela zRvruli xarji warmoadgens damatebiT xarjebs da yvela damatebiTi xarjebi zR-

vruli xarjebia. damatebiTi xarji da zRvruli xarji erTidaigive ramaa, sxvadasxva kuTxiT da-

naxuli. damatebiTi xarjebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebis sidideze,

xolo zRvruli xarjebi ki cvlilebebze, rac qmedebas mohyveba. sruli saxelwodeba nebismieri

xarjisa, rac mniSvnelovania gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, aris zRvruli damatebiTi xarji.

mxolod qmedebebs SeiZleba hqondes xarjebi;

yvela danaxarji vinmes xarjs warmoadgens;

yvela danaxarji momavals ekuTvnis.

yvela amgvari danaxarji warmoadgens qmedebebis an gadawyvetilebebis xarjs. yvela maTgani

dakavSirebulia individTan da yvela maTgani momavalSi moiazreba.

ganvixiloT ubralo magaliTi. amber krombim da misma qmarma fiCma gadaixades 250000 dolari

nakveTSi da saxlSi, romelic lamazi tbis napiras mdebareobs. isini varaudoben, rom icxovreben

axal komfortul saxlSi, romlidanac mSvenieri xeli iSleba da miiReben bevrad met siamovnebas

vidre 250000 dolaria. magram male aRmoCnda, rom tba cud suns gamoscems, rodesac qari aRmosa-

vleTidan uberavs, rac SeumCneveli darCa, rodesac isini aq uZravi qonebis yidva-gayidvis

agentTan erTad imyofebodnen. arada, rogorc aRmoCnda, aq metwilad aRmosavleTis qari ubera-

vs. bolosdabolos emberi da fiCi gadawyveten saxlis gayidvas, magram saxlis yidvis msurveli

mxolod erTi wyvili aRmoCnda, romelTac qronikuli surdo aqvT da mzad arian gadaixadon 60000

dolari. ra moxdeba Semdeg?

amberma da fiCma unda Seadaron erTmaneTs zRvruli mogeba (siamovneba) da zRvruli damate-

biTi xarjebi. maT unda awonon cudi sunis gamo am saxlSi cxovrebisgan miRebuli sargeblis Sem-

cireba, im zRvruli SesaZlebeli xarjis sapirwoned, rac am saxlSi cxovrebas mohyveba, es aris

60000. Tu isini ar moelian zRvrul (momaval) mogebas, imaze mets, vidre 60000 dolaria, maT unda

gayidon saxli.

ra daemarTa danarCen 190000 dolars, romelic investirebuli iyo? es aris danakargebi, rac

maT izarales, Cades ra 250000 dolari iseT rameSi, rac, rogorc SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, mxolod

60000 dolari Rirda. isini ver gaeqcevian am danakargs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ganagrZoben cxo-

vrebas am saxlSi, Tuki Tavad am saxls afaseben imaze naklebad, vidre is wyvili, romelsac surdo

64

aqvs da mzadaa gadaixados es Tanxa. maTi simdidre 190000 dolariT Semcirda. Cveni mosazrebiT

maTi danakargebi kidev ufro gaizrdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini Seecdebian Tavi aaridon amas

da ar gayidian saxls.

davuSvaT rom krombis ojaxma gadaixada mxolod 75000 dolari, xolo 175000 aiRo bankSi ses-

xad. vis daawveba am SemTxvevaSi zarali? saxlis gayidvis Semdeg banki moiTxovs ipoTekis dafar-

vas, magram saxlis gayidvisas aRebuli 60000 dolari axlosac ar aris am TanxasTan. Tu maT ar ga-

aCniaT sxva aqtivebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeuZliaT daakmayofilon bankis moTxovna, banks

SeuZlia miiRos gadawyvetileba da aukrZalos saxlis gayidva. magram ra SeuSlis maSin krombebs,

gamoacxadon ipoTekis gadaxdis uunaroba da gadascen saxli banks? banki gayidis saxls, raTa

daibrunos Cadebuli fuli da miiRebs 60000 dolars im wyvilisgan, romlebsac ynosva daqveiTe-

buli aqvT. am SemTxvevaSi krombebis wyvili dakargavs 75000 dolars, Tavis pirvandel investi-

cias, xolo banki dakargavs 115000 dolars _ es aris sxvaoba gacemul Tanxasa da im Tanxas Soris,

romelsac is ukan daibrunebs, gaauqmebs ra giraos da gayidis ra saxls.

ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia sxva variantebic. SeiZleba krombebma gadawyviton, rom saxlis da

kreditunarianobis dakargva Zalian Zviri ujdebaT, ar aRiaron gadaxdis uunaroba da ganagrZon

bankisTvis fulis gadaxda mas Semdegac ki, rac datoveben tbis sanapiroze mdebare saxls. savse-

biT SesaZlebelia, rom krombebma an bankma scadon zarali imas gadaabralon, vinc SesaZloa cno-

bili iqnas cudi sunis gavrcelebaze pasuxismgeblad, magaliTad, uZravi qonebis gayidvis agents,

visac unda gaefrTxilebina isini im `surnelebis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac es tba avrcelebda.

Tu pasuxismgebloba ar SeiZleba daekisros sxvas, ese igi saxlis Sesyidvis zarali dafiqsirda

maSin, rodesac is iyides. mTeli Tanxa, garda 60000 dolarisa, aris Seuqcevadi xarji da zarali.

am SemTxvevaSi ipoTekuri gadasaxadi warmoadgens zRvrul xarjebs saxlis Semdgomi mflobelo-

bisa, an Tu krombebi gayidian saxls da ganagrZoben bankisTvis fulis gadaxdas, maTi kredituna-

rianobisa da saxelis SenarCunebis zRvruli damatebiTi xarjebia:

$ 75000 ganvadebiTi gadaxda

+ 175000 bankis sesxi

$ 250000 Sesyidvis fasi

- 60000 gadayidvis fasi

$ 190000 mTliani danakargi

- 75000 krombebis danakargi

$ 115000 bankis danakargi

zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebi

mniSvnelovania, rom erTmaneTSi ar avurioT zRvruli da saSualo mniSvne lobis cnebebi. Se-

saZloa Tqven arc ki apirebdiT, agreodaT saSualo da zRvruli mniSvnelobebis cnebebi da maSin

Semdgomma msjelobam SeiZleba gzakvali agibnioT. imedi viqonioT, rom es ar moxdeba. gansxvaveba

SeiZleba, ganxiluli iqnas ubralo magaliTze. qvemoT naCvenebia suvenirebis hipoTeturi warmo-

ebis SesaZlo moculobebi da danaxarjebi:

warmoebuli

suvenirebis

raodenoba

suvenirebis

warmoebis sruli

danaxarjebi

42 4200 dolari

43 4257 dolari

44 4312 dolari

45 4365 dolari

gayofa gvaZlevs saSualebas davadgingoT, rom 42-e suveniris warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebi

65

(erToblivi xarjebi erTeulze gaTvliT) udris 100 dolars. 43-sTvis _ 99 dolars, 44-sTvis _

98 da 45-sTvis ki 97 dolars. Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom 43-e suveniris damzadebis danax-

arji Seadgens ara 99 dolars, aramed 57 dolars, 43-e suveniris damzadebis damatebiTi danaxar-

jebi warmoadgens zRvrul danaxarjebs. 44 da 45 suveniris zRvruli danaxarjebi Sesabamisad 55

da 53 dolars Seadgens. cxadia, rom zRvruli danaxarjebi SeiZleba saSualo danaxarjebze meti

an naklebi iyos, an mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes maTgan. aseve cxadia, rom mwarmoeblebma

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, unda ixelmZRvanelon zRvruli danaxarjebiT. unda gaizardos Tu

unda Semcirdes warmoeba? zRvruli danaxarjebi warmoadgens moqmedebis Sedegs, amitom isini

swored qmedebiT unda imarTon.

niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom biznesmenebs ar ainteresebT saSualo danaxarjebi? Tu isini ar mii-

Reben sakmaris amonagebs, raTa dafaron danaxarjebi, maSin izaraleben. isini ar wavlen raime qme-

debebze Tavisi nebiT, Tuki ar moelian sakuTari danaxarjebis srul dafarvas. amitom SesaZloa,

amocana erTeul produqciaze mosalodneli danaxarjebisa da mosalodneli gasayidi fasis Se-

darebiT terminebSi wamoayenon. magram, miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom nebismieri gadawyvetile-

bisas, mosalodneli xarjebi sinamdvileSi zRvrul danaxarjebs warmoadgens. vinaidan ukanaskne-

li aucileblad ar niSnavs produqciis erTeulze damatebiT danaxarjebs. isini SesaZloa

aRniSnavdnen damatebiT xarjebs erTeulebis seriaze an damatebas xarjebze, romlebic mosa-

lodnelia mTeli sawarmoo procesis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. gadawyvetilebebi xSi-

rad swored aseTi `borcvuli~ meTodiT miiReba.

magaliTad, aravin gegmavs gamagrilebeli wylis fabrikis mSeneblobas mxolod erTi yuTi

wylis gamoSvebis mizniT. mraval warmoebaSi arsebobs ekonomia masStabebze, ase rom, Tu biznes-

menebi ver xedaven produqciis didi moculobiT warmoebis SesaZleblobebs, isini arc arafers

ar awarmoeben. isini xels ar mokideben am saqmes. saerTod ar aaSeneben am fabrikas. gadawyvetile-

ba imis Sesaxeb, aaSenon Tu ar aaSenon, aaSenon ama Tu im zomis qarxana, aaSenon amgvarad Tu imgva-

rad _ es aris zRvruli gadawyvetileba im momentisaTvis, rodesac misi miReba xdeba. gaxsovdeT,

rom damatebebi SesaZloa iyos metad mcire, magram amave dros metad didic.

damoukideblad imisa, azrovneben Tu ara biznesmenebi saSualo sididis terminebiT, maTi ga-

dawyvetilebebi marTulia mosalodneli zRvruli xarjebiT. momavalSi SesaZloa yuradReba mie-

qces saSualo mniSvnelobebsac, raTa gaverkveT, ramdenad kargad an cudad gamogvivida yvelafe-

ri da SevityoT rame momavalze, Tuki CavTvliT, rom momavali warsuls waagavs. magram es ukve

istoria (romlis codna udavod sasargebloa), maSin, rodesac ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis

miReba xdeba awmyoSi, momavalze gaTvliT.

saSualo danaxarjebi: 4200/42=100

4257/43=99

zRvruli danaxarjebi: 4257-4200=57

zRvruli danaxarji es aris moqmedebebis Sedegi

danaxarjebi, rogorc gamamarTlebeli garemoeba

moumzadebel adamians ekonomikuri analizisas gansakuTrebiT xSirad mosdis Secdoma, vinai-

dan xarjebs Cveulebriv gaaCnia ara marto ekonomikuri, aramed eTikuri da politikuri aspeqte-

bi. mraval adamians miaCnia, rom gamyidvelebs ufleba aqvT ainazRauron xarjebi, magram ara aqvT

ufleba, daaweson fasebi, romlebic bevrad aRemateba gaweul xarjebs da albaT maSinac raRac

upatiosno miznebs isaxaven, Tuki xarjebTan SedarebiT bevrad nakleb fass aweseben. Sexedulebe-

bis aseTma sistemam, romelSic xarjebi dasabuTebis funqcias asrulebs, Cvens kanonebSic ki Sea-

Rwia. magaliTad, fasebze sakanonmdeblo kontroli Cveulebriv uSvebs fasebis zrdas xarjebis

zrdisas, magram ar uSvebs fasebis aranair zrdas, Tu es ar aris dasabuTebuli xarjebis zrdiT.

sazRvargareTuli firmebi, romlebic sakuTar produqcias aSS-Si yidian, SesaZloa daisajon,

`dempingisTvis~. Tu saxelmwifo dawesebuleba daadgens, rom isini produqcias am qveyanaSi xar-

jebze nakleb fasad yiddnen. aseT garemoebebSi, rodesac xarjebi gadawyvetilebebis organiza-

ciul racionalizaciad ufro iqceva, vidre WeSmarit mizezad, maT mimarT yvelanairi mtkicebu-

66

leba gansakuTrebul Semowmebas unda daeqvemdebaros.

moaruli warmodgenis mixedviT, fasebi mWidrod unda iyos dakavSirebuli xarjebTan, vinai-

dan igulisxmeba, rom xarjebi realur da gardauval obieqturobas warmoadgens. binis qiris kon-

trolis yvelaze aqtiuri momxreebic ki dagveTanxmebian (yovel SemTxvevaSi, principSi), rom bi-

naTmflobelebs neba unda daerToT moumaton binis fasi, Tu gaTbobisTvis saWiro mazuTi

Zvirdeba. oRond, arasdros daeTanxmebian imas, rom binaTmflobelebs SeeZloT fasebis gazrda

mxolod imitom, rom binaze moTxovna ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre miwodeba. maTi Tvalsazri-

siT, aseTi mateba iqneboda spekulacia, motyueba da tyavis gaZroba, vinaidan es ar aris dakavSi-

rebuli xarjebTan. magram qiris aseTi zrda isevea dakavSirebuli xarjebTan, rogorc saTbobis

fasis zrda. rodesac gasaqiravebel binebze moTxovna izrdeba, mobinadreebi sTavazoben ufro

maRal fass, vinaidan arsebul farTze erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven. amiT izrdeba binaTmflo-

belis xarjebi, rac dakavSirebulia ama Tu im damqiraveblisTvis binis miqiravebasTan. is Tanxa,

romlis gadaxdisTvisac mzadaa sxva mobinadre, binaTmflobelisTvis warmoadgens am binaSi amJa-

mad mcxovrebi adamianis iq cxovrebis xarjs. gveCveneba, rom sawvavis SemTxvevaSi es sxvagvaradaa,

magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. saboloo jamSi sawvavis xarjebi aseve ganisazRvreba erTma-

neTSi konkurirebadi mimwodeblebis fasobrivi ganacxadebiT. xarjebi yovelTvis miwodebisa da

moTxovnis qmedebaTa Sedegs warmoadgens. am Temas Cven momdevno or TavSi gavagrZelebT.

danaxarjebi moTxovnisagan damoukidebelni

arasdros arian

danaxarjebi da miwodeba

ise rogorc moTxovnis mrudebi gviCveneben zRvrul xarjebs an xarjebs, risi gawevisTvisac

mzad arian adamianebi, raTa gansakuTrebuli saqoneli miiRon, ise miwodebis mrudebi gviCveneben

zRvrul xarjebs, romlebic dafaruli unda iqnas, raTa potenciurma mimwodebelma saqoneli

xelmisawvdomi gaxados.

davuSvaT, rom, smiti, rikardo, marqsi da keinsi arian ekonomikis Semswavleli kursis poten-

ciuri maswavleblebi. yovel maTgans surs imuSaos dReSi 8 saaTi iq, sadac mas met fuls gadaux-

dian. studentebis azriT, maTi mosaxureba absoluturad urTierTSenacvlebadia: am oTxidan

TiToeulis mier Catarebuli yoveli saaTi erTnairad Rirebulia studentebisTvis.

marqsi mzadaa aswavlos dReSi 8 saaTi saaTSi 6 dolaris anazRaurebiT, vinaidan misTvis amJa-

mad mis xelT arsebuli SesaZleblobebidan yvelaze saukeTesos, revoluciis momzadebas, saaTSi

7,99 dolari maoqvs. rikardos SeuZlia 4 saaTi imuSaos firmaSi “meri linCi” saaTSi 27,99 dolaris

anazRaurebiT: garda amisa, misTvis fexsacmelebis gayidvas damatebiT saaTSi 9,99 dolari moaqvs.

smitisTvis saukeTeso arCevania adgilobriv kolejSi zneobriobis filosofiis kursis wakiTxva

dReSi 8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, saaTSi 15,99 dolaris anazRaurebiT. keinsi muSaobs dReSi 8 saaTs,

agrovebs ra Sewirulobebs adgilobrivi simfoniuri orkestrisaTvis saaTSi 23,99 dolarad. ro-

gor gamoiyureba am viTarebaSi swavlebis miwodebis mrudi? modiT davfiqrdeT amaze.

swavleba ver iqneba uzrunvelyofili manam, sanam fasi sakmarisi araa yvelaze dabalanazRau-

rebadi potenciuri maswavleblis damatebiTi xarjebis dasafaravad. es iqneba marqsi. rodesac

fasi 8 dolaramde gaizrdeba, marqsi mzad iqneba SeaCeros revoluciis momzadeba da daiwyebs mas-

wavleblobas dReSi 8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. ase rom Cven avagebT miwodebis mruds, rogorc verti-

kalur xazs nulidan 8 dolaramde. Semdeg gavagrZelebT mas horizontalurad 8 saaTis sididemde.

damatebiTi 8 saaTiani swavleba ar iqneba SeTavazebuli, vidre fasebi izrdeba 10 dolaramde

saaTSi. am fasis dros rikardo miatovebs samuSaos fexsacmlis maRaziaSi da 4 saaTis ganmavloba-

Si aswavlis. Cven amasobaSi vagrZelebT miwodebis mruds da vxazavT vertikalur xazs 8 dolari-

dan 10 dolaramde 8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xolo Semdeg vagrZelebT horizontalur xazs 12 saaTis

sididemde.

smiti zneobrivi filosofiis swavlebidan ekonomikis swavlebas daubrundeba, rodesac amisT-

vis mas 16 dolars gadauxdian. miwodebis mrudis misi monakveTi aris horizontaluri xazi 16

dolarze, 12-sa da 20 saaTs Soris monakveTSi. keinsi mzad iqneba maswavleblobisTvis, rodesac

67

fasi saaTSi 24 dolaramde gaizrdeba. rikardo mzad iqneba aswavlos 4 saaTiT meti drois ganmav-

lobaSi, damatebiT im 4 saaTamde, romelSic mas 10 dolars uxdian, Tuki fasi 24 dolaramde gaiz-

arda. Cveni varaudiT, ramdenadac ar unda gaizardos fasi, 32 saaTze meti swavleba ar iqneba Se-

Tavazebuli. miwodebis mrudi Sesabamisad vertikalur xazad iqceva 32 saaTze. ganixileT 3-2

naxazi, raTa darwmundeT, rom mixvdiT, Tu rogor iqna agebuli es mrudi.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

ekonomikis swavlebis saaTebis yoveldRiuri raodenoba

$30

20

10

sa

aT

ob

ri

vi

xe

lf

as

i

3-2 swavlebis momsaxurebis miwodeba

swavlebis Sesaxeb moyvanili magaliTi martivad gviCvenebs, Tu ra udevs safuZvlad yvela mi-

wodebis mruds. miwodebis mrudebi warmoadgenen zRvruli Seuqcevadi xarjebis mrudebs produq-

ciis xelmisawvdomobis Sesaqmnelad.

miwodebis safaso elastiuroba

elastiurobis koncefcia yovelmxriv mniSvnelovania rogorc miwodebis, ise moTxovnis Sem-

TxvevaSi. formaluri gansazRvreba igivea. miwodebis safaso elastiuroba es aris miwodebuli

raodenobis procentuli cvlilebis fardoba fasis procentul cvlilebasTan. miwodebis Sem-

TxvevaSi fasebi da raodenoba erTidaimave mimarTulebiT icvleba, asaxavs ra im faqts, rom maRa-

li fasi ubiZgebs mimwodeblebs miawodos meti raodenoba. miwodeba SedarebiT elastiuria, Tu

miwodebuli raodenobis procentuli cvlileba ufro metia, vidre fasis procentuli cvlile-

ba da SedarebiT araelastiuria, Tu miwodebuli raodenobis procentuli cvlileba naklebia,

vidre fasis procentuli cvlileba.

miwodebis safaso elastiuroba = %-uli cvlileba raod.-Si / %-uli cvl. fasSi

es wigni savsebiT araelastiuri moTxovnis mrudebs imave ojaxs miakuTvnebs, rasac faskunjs:

auxsneli fenomenebis ojaxs. savsebiT araelastiuri miwodebis mrudebi sxva SemTxvevaa. maSin,

rodesac saqonelze fasebis zrdisas, moTxovnis Semcirebas didi dro ar sWirdeba, sakmaod mniS-

vnelovani dro sWirdeba imas, rom saqonelze fasebis gazrdisas miwodebac gaizardos. saqonlis

fasis mniSvnelovani zrda Tavdapirvelad ar iwvevs miwodebuli saqonlis raodenobis Sesabamis

zrdas. es moxdeba maSin, rodesac garkveuli drois Semdeg, potenciuri mimwodeblebi moiZieben

SesaZlo resursebs da, Sesabamisad, mzad iqnebian gazrdili raodenoba ufro maRal fasad gayidon.

Tu im resursebis damatebiTi raodenoba, romelic saWiroa gansakuTrebuli saqonlis dasamza-

deblad, dauyonebliv SeiZleba iqnas mopovebuli igive an ufro nakleb fasad, saqonlis miwo-

debis mrudi ufro axlos iqneba sruliad elastiurTan. am SemTxvevaSi fasebis umniSvnelo zrda

68

gamoiwvevs gayidvisTvis miwodebuli saqonlis raodenobis did zrdas.

4-1 naxazze warmodgenili samxedro moxaliseebis miwodebis mrudi warmoadgens Sualedur

SemTxvevas. fasebis elastiuroba icvleba mrudis gaswvriv, 7 dolarsa da 9 dolars Soris arse-

buli 2-is toil niSnulidan 23 dolars da 25 dolars Soris arsebul 1,2 niSnulamde klebulobs.

(Tu Tavad gsurT SeamowmoT es cifrebi, gamoTvlebis safuZvlad or fassa da raodenobebs Soris

procentuli cvlilebis saSualo mniSvnelobebi gamoiyeneT.)

erTi wuTiT CafiqrdiT, raTa darwmunebulebi iyoT, rom gaerkvieT miwodebis fasobrivi

elastiurobis koncefciaSi. rogorc Semdeg TavebSi davinaxavT, miwodebisa da moTxovnis

mrudebis fardobiTi elastiuroba gansazRvravs, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens viTarebis cvlileba

saqonlis gacvlis raodenobaze da fasebze.

69

mokled gavimeoroT

rogorc moTxovnis ise miwodebis mrudebi asaxaven imas, Tu rogor afaseben adamianebi alter-

natiuli SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas. gasayidad miwodebuli saqonlis raodenoba da is ra-

odenoba, romelzedac moTxovna arsebobs, damokidebulia im arCevanze, romelsac akeTeben ada-

mianebi mas Semdeg, rac Seafaseben maTTvis xelmisawvdom SesaZleblobebs.

miwodeba damokidebulia xarjebze, magram mimwodeblis xarjebi aris alternatiuli SesaZle-

blobebis Rirebuleba, romlis realizacia ver xerxdeba miwodebis gamo. xarjebis es koncefcia

ekonomikur TeoriaSi iseTnairad formulirdeba, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan dakavSirebu-

li yvela xarjebi warmoadgenen alternatiul Rirebulebebs, anu im alternatiuli SesaZleblo-

bebis Rirebulebas, romelzedac uaris Tqma gaxda saWiro, moqmedebis konkretuli gzis SerCevis

gamo.

alternatiuli xarjebi aucileblad zRvrul xarjebs warmoadgens: esaa damatebiTi xarjebi

rac qmedebas an gadawyvetilebas axlavs Tan.

dava imis Sesaxeb Tu “ra Rirs” esa Tu is nivTi, SeiZleba gadawyvetili iqnas, Tuki vaRiarebT,

rom TavisTavad nivTs Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. mxolod qmedebas dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobebis

uaryofasTan da amitom mxolod qmedebes axasiaTebs xarjebi.

xarjebi yovelTvis warmoadgens im SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas, romelsac swiraven konkre-

tuli adamianebi. imisaTvis, rom gadailaxos SexedulebaTa mravalgvaroba xarjebis gamo. xSirad

sakmarisia miRweul iqnas SeTanxmeba, Tu vis xarjebzea kerZod saubari.

gaweul xarjebze gavlenas ver axdens mimdinare gadawyvetilebebi. es aris aunazRaurebeli

xarjebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, isini umniSvneloa gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis. gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebisas gasaTvaliswinebeli xarjebi samomavlo xarjebia.

miwodebis mrudebi gadaxrilia zemoT da marjvniv, vinaidan aucilebelia resursebis mflobe-

lebs mivawodoT ufro maRali fasi, raTa davarwmunoT isini wina saqmianobaze uaris Tqmis Sesa-

ZleblobaSi.

miwodebis fasobrivi elastiuroba aris miwodebuli raodenobis procentuli cvlilebis

fardoba fasebis procentul cvlilebasTan.


1. 1980 wels axali inglisis erT-erTma cnobilma klinikam uaryo am saavadmyofos eqimebis mier

wamoyenebuli winadadeba gulis gadanergvis operaciebis Sesaxeb. klinikis direqtors ar mi-

aCnda, rom aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba “xarjebis analizze iyo dafuZnebuli”. is, piriqiT, Tv-

lida, rom “aseTi gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovan wilad SezRudul fizikur resursebTan da

maRalprofesionaluri personalis naklebobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da aRniSnavda, rom

gulis gadanergvis TiToeuli operaciis Casatareblad iZulebulebi iqnebodnen uari eTq-

vaT sxva pacientebisaTvis, romlebsac sWirdebodaT Cveulebrivi, naklebad resurstevadi

da im droisaTvis winaswargansazRvruli dadebiTi efeqtis momtani operacia”.

a) eTanxmebiT Tu ara, rom es gadawyvetileba ar efuZneboda xarjebis ganxilvas?

b) rogoria uaris Tqmis seriozuli SesaZlebloba am SemTxvevaSi?

g) ratom ar daiqirava hospitalma meti qirurgi da ar SeiZina meti materialuri

resursebi, Tuki ”xarjebis ganxilva” ar warmoadgenda hospitalis miRebuli gadaw-

yvetilebebis mizezs

d) rogor fiqrobT, ram ukarnaxa hospitalis direqtors, emtkicebina, rom gadaw-

yvetileba ar efuZneboda xarjebis ganxilvas?

2. qvemoT motanilia nawyveti fresnsis uelendis ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelodan, romelic

amerikul kolejebSi 1860 wlamde gamoiyeneboda.

“bunebis Zalebis Tvisebebi da qmedeba RmerTis mieraa boZebuli da amitom araferi ar gvi-

jdeba. magaliTad, Tu gvsurs wylis vardnis gamoyeneba, Cven gvWirdeba mxolod Sesabamisi

nagebobis da wylis borblis dayeneba. Semdeg SegviZlia visargebloT vardnili wyliT ise,

70

rom ar gavwioT damatebiTi xarjebi. radgan Cveni xarjebi dakavSirebulia mxolod aRWurvi-

lobis xarjebTan, rac saSualebas iZleva gamoviyenoT bunebis Zalebi, maSasadame, mxolod es

xarjebi moiTxovs politikuri ekonomistis yuradRebas”

a) ra ujdeboda mecxramete saukuneSi wisqvilis mepatrones wylis vardnis gamoyeneba

wisqvilis asamuSaveblad, Tu wylis kaSxali mis teritoriaze imyofeboda?

b) risi toli iqneba mewisqvilis xarjebi, Tu wylis kaSxali sxvis miwaze iqneba?

g) ra garemoebebis dros iqneba wylis vardnis wisqvilis energiad gamoyenebis xarjebi

nulis toli?

d) ratom ar eTanxmebian Tanamedrove ekonomistebi frensis uilendis am mosazrebas da

yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze, rom bunebis Zalebis gamoyeneba xarjebTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli.

3. Taj-mahalis mavzoleumis garSemo gazonis balaxs xSirad, samzareulos patara danebis meS-

veobiT axalgazrda qalebi kreWen. Zviria Tu iafi gazonis movlis es meTodi?

4. D punqtidan H punqtSi TviTmfrinaviT misvla erT saaTSi SeiZleba. avtobusiT imave

marSrutiT gavla xuT saaTSia SesaZlebeli. Tu aviabileTi 120 dolari Rirs, xolo avtobu-

sis - 30, gadaadgilebis romeli meTodi iqneba ufro iafi adamianisaTvis, romelic saaTSi 6

dolars gamoimuSavebs? imisTvis, vinc saaTSi 30 dolars gamoimuSavebs?

5. kanoniT akrZaluli rom ar iyos 18 wlamde marTvis mowmobebis gacema, rogor imoqmedebda es

axalgazrdobis saskolo ganaTlebis damTavrebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebze?

6. gazeTis saTauri gvamcnobs: ”SeuracxyofisTvis sarCelebis raodenoba izrdeba maSin, rode-

sac sxva sasamarTlo saqmeebi klebulobs”. gamoiyeneT zRvruli xarjebis koncefcia, raTa

axsnaT es movlena. Seamcirebs Tu ara kanonebi, romlebic mkacrad zRudavs SeuracxyofisT-

vis sarCelebs, anderZis SedgenisTvis advokatebis daqiravebis xarjebs?

7. rogor axsniT jariskacebis damqiravebeli oficris gamonaTqvams: “ekonomikuri daRmavloba

Cveni problemebis gadawyvetis saukeTeso saSualebaa”?

8. erT-erTi mosazreba, romelic daqiravebuli jaris sawinaaRmdegod gamoiTqmis, imaSi mdgo-

mareobs, rom TiTqos is uares mdgomareobaSi ayenebs Raribebs, radgan maT samxedro samsax-

urTan mimarTebaSi gaaCniaT umciresi alternativebi da amitom isini moxaliseTa jaris Ziri-

Tad nawils Seavseben.

a) eTanxmebiT Tu ara am analizs?

b) zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom Tuki jari mxolod moxaliseebs daeyrdnoba, is

imdeni arakvalificiuri da uunaro xalxiT Seivseba, romlebic ver SeZleben rTuli

SeiaraRebis marTvas. IBM-is firmac mxolod moxaliseebs qiraobs, magram misi TanamS-

romlebi ZiriTadad arc uunaroni da arc arakvalificiurni arian. ra gansxvavaebaa

jarsa da IBM-s Soris? rogor auxsnidiT amas kritikosebs?

g) moxaliseTa jaris sawinaaRmdegod gamoTqmuli kidev erTi mosazreba imaSi mdgo-

mareobs, rom Cven ar gvWirdeba “daqiravebuli jari”. samxedro moxaliseTa xelfasis

rogori done gadaaqcevs maT daqiravebulebad? valdebulebi arian Tu ara oficrebi,

darCnen jarSi? ratom agrZeleben isini samsaxurs? arian Tu ara isini daqiravebule-

bi? daqiravebulia Tu ara Tqveni maswavlebeli? Tqveni eqimi? Tqveni ministri?

9. ukanasknel wlebSi sul ufro meti amerikeli cdilobs Tavi aaridos nafic msajulobas, riT-

ic seriozul problemebs uqmnis zogierT sasamarTlos, romlebic iZulebulni arian gada-

don mosmena, vinaidan ara hyavT saWiro raodenobis msajulebi.

a) ra fasi aqvs moqalaqisTvis msajulad muSaobas?

b) visTvis iqneba es fasi dabali an sulac uaryofiTi? visTvis iqneba es fasi maRali, Ses-

aZloa usazRvrod maRalic ki?

g) SegiZliaT Tu ara SemogvTavazoT moqalaqeebisTvis msajulad samsaxuris saSualo

xarjebis Semcirebis romelime martivi sistema?

d) ra Sedegebs iwinaswarmetyvelebT, Tuki gadavalT mTlianad nebayoflobiT msajulTa

sistemaze, romlis drosac sasamarTloebi gadauxdian yoveldRiur anazRaurebas,

raTa gaaCndeT nafic msajulTa is raodenoba, rac sasamarTloebs sWirdeba?

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e) mravali moqalaqe, romelic keTilsindisierad pasuxobs nafic msajulad gamoZaxe-

bas, sayvedurs gamoTqvams sasamarTloebis oficialuri warmomadgenlebis mxridan

maTi Seuracxyofis gamo, vinaidan isini Turme ar afaseben maT dros. magaliTad, moma-

vali msajulebi SeiZleba mTeli dReebi isxdnen mosacdelSi ise, rom sasamarTlos

darbazi TvaliTac ver naxon. ra ujdebaT sasamarTlos oficialur pirebs momavali

nafici msajulebis Seuracxyofa?

10. romel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia mravalerovan korporacias, romelsac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erT-

nairi qarxnebi aqvs, gadauxados gansxvavebuli xelfasi sxvadasxva qveynis muSebs maSinac ki,

rodesac maT kvalifikaciis erTnairi done aqvT? migaCniaT Tu ara es usamarTlobad? ratom

aris SesaZlebeli, rom im muSebma, romlebic mets iReben, protesti gamoTqvan?

11. ukanasknel wlebSi komerciuli daniSnulebis Senobebis saarendo Rirebuleba san - francis-

koSi mkveTrad gaizarda, ramac mravali korporacia aiZula, qalaqgareT gaetana Tavisi

ofisebi. Tu firmas gaaCnia sakuTari ofisi san-franciskoSi, SeuZlia Tu ara mas ignorireba

gaukeTos saarendo Rirebulebis zrdas?

12. henrieta jorjma 48 wlis win SeiZina didi Zveli saxli 2000 dolarad. dRes rom man am saxlis

gayidva gadawyvitos, 200000 dolars miiRebs. rogor fiqrobT, ra ujdeba mas yovelTviurad

did, Zvel saxlSi cxovreba?

13. rodesac profesiuli beisbolis gundi bavSvTa saxls 50 ufaso bileTs sTavazobs, ra ujdeba

klubs erTi bileTi? aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, kerZod romel TamaSze sTavazoben ufaso bile-

Tebs? ratom daujdeboda klubs ufro Zviri am bileTebis kolejis studentebisTvis SeTavazeba?

14. modiT, ganvixiloT telereklamis sakiTxebi. ra Sedis im xarjebSi, romelic 30 wamian reklamas

ukeTebs “fordis” tipis manqanebis gamyidvel firmas “megobari fredi”? riTi SegiZliaT axsnaT

is, rom erTidaigive sareklamo rgoli oTxSabaT dilas 90 dolari eRireba, xolo mniSvnelovani

safexburTo matCis win 1600 dolari? sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi adgilobriv satelevizio

sadgurebs xSirad mimarTaven TxovniT, rom gamouyon dro gancxadebebisaTvis. ra ujdebaT es

sadgurebs? rogor fiqrobT, SeiZleba Tu ara sadgurebis mflobelTa religiurobiT avxsnaT is

faqti, rom isini kvira diliT ufro siamovnebiT Tmoben ufaso dros, vidre samuSao dReebSi?

15. ratom gansxvadeba aSS-is sxvadasxva qalaqSi manqanebis sadgomebze gaCerebis fasi? magaliTad

manhetenSi sadReRamiso gaCerebis fasi 20 dolars udris. atlantaSi is, albaT, 5 dolari iqne-

ba. aris Tu ara es dakavSirebuli niu-iorkSi avtosadgomebis mflobelTa sixarbesTan?

16. Tu finaluri matCis bileTs 10 dolarad gaZleven, xolo Sav bazarze misi fasi 100 dolaria,

ra gijdebaT am TamaSze wasvla? rodis ufro waxvalT am matCze: rodesac viRaca mogcemT

bileTs, Tu rodesac Tqven TviTon iyidiT mas 100 dolarad? rodesac viRaca mogcemT bi-

leTs, Tu rodesac Tqven TviTon moaxerxebT mis SeZenas 10 dolarad?

17. alternatiuli xarjebis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, ar arsebobs sxvaoba fulis gadaxdasa

da fulis miRebis SesaZleblobaze uaris Tqmas Soris. miuxedavad amisa, es ar eTanxmeba Cvens

intuicias. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, Semdegi SemTxvevebi:

a) devidi da jonaTani megobrebi arian. jonaTanma sTxova devids erTi wliT asesxos 1000

dolari da devidmac asesxa. samarTliani iqneba Tu ara, rom devidma mosTxovos jona-

Tans valis procentis gaadaxda? an iqneb devidma Tavad unda isesxos fuli procentis

gadasaxdelad? ramdenadme naklebad samarTliani xom ar iqneba devidisTvis, procenti

gadaaxdevinos jonaTans, Tuki is depozituri serTifikatidan iRebs procentebs?

b) fridrixma gamofenaze terneris naxati SeiZina. magram daTanxmda, eqvsTviani gamofe-

nis daxurvamde saxlSi ar waeRo. bolosdabolos gamofena daixura da rodesac fri-

drixma suraTi saxlSi miitana, ori ram aRmoaCina: gamofenaze gatanam ise gazarda

terneris prestiJi, rom suraTis fasi orjer gaizarda da, rom suraTi arcerTi misi

oTaxis kedelze ar eteoda. Carlis oTaxis kedlebi ufro didia da mas surs SeiZinos

suraTi megobrisagan. rogori iqneba is samarTliani fasi, romelic fridrixma Car-

lis unda gamoarTvas? ra Tanxa gadaixada man Tavad am suraTSi, an risi miReba SeuZlia

mas amjerad bazarze suraTis gayidviT?

72

18. dResdReobiT mravali amerikeli ganicdis drois ukmarisobas imaze metad, vidre maTi wina-

prebi. es miT ufro gasakviria, rom Cveni saxlebi da samuSao adgilebi savsea drois damzogavi

uamravi nivTiT, rac Cvens winaprebs ar gaaCndaT. riTi axsniT amas? Tu Tqven ar SegiZliaT amas

axsna mouZebnoT, SeekiTxeT sxvebs, Tu ra mizezi aqvs drois ukmarisobas. ra emarTeba qmedebaSi

CarTvis fass, rodesac uecrad warmoiSveba mimzidveli alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi?

19. rodis aqvs azri Tavis danebebas?

a) ramden xans ganagrZobT dakarguli 20 doalarianis Zebnas, Tu TiToeuli Tqveni saaTi

5 dolarad giRirT? davuSvaT, iciT, rom is Tqvens oTaxSi dakargeT. racionaluri

iqneba Tu ara eZeboT is oTx saaTze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi? Seuqcevadi xarjebisa da

mosalodneli zRvruli xarjebis cnebebis gamoyenebiT axseniT, rogor SeuZlia ra-

cionalur pirovnebas, romelic sakuTari drois erT saaTs 5 dolarad afasebs, 20

doalriani kupiura usasrulod did xans eZebos?

b) sasamarTlos 1987 wels gadaeca binis damqiravebelsa da mepatrones Soris davis SemTx-

veva, romlis drosac mobinadre 909 dolaris Rirebulebis fanjris gisosebis damon-

tajebas moiTxovda. Svidi wlis Semdeg es saqme jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli da am

droisTvis mosamarTleebis honorarma 1000000 dolars miaRwia. xom ar fiqrobT, rom

es uazrobaa? ra garemoebebSi SeuZliaT adamianebs gadaixadon sasamarTlo gadasaxade-

bi 1000000 dolaris odenobiT, raTa Seecadon moigon 909 dolaris Rirebulebis dava?

20. ra dagijdebaT erT-erTis gacdena 30 leqciidan, romlebze dasaswrebadac Tqven 300 dolari

gadaixadeT? ra dagijdaT leqciaze daswreba?

21. ufro mondomebulad swavloben Tu ara adamianebi im kursebze, romlebisTvisac maT meti fasi

gadaixades?

22. ufro gemrielia Tu ara Semwvari sosisi stadionze, sadac isini orjer meti Rirs? SeiZleba

Tu ara rom is ufro gemrieli iyos mxolod imitom, rom ufro Zviria?

23. rogor fiqrobT, ivlian Tu ara adamianebi, romlebsac maindamainc ar moswonT filmebi ingmar

bergmanis monawileobiT, filmebis festivalze, rodesac 10 filmze dasaswrebi bileTi 5 do-

lari eRireba? rogor fiqrobT, ivlian Tu ara festivalze iseTebi, visac maindamainc ar mo-

swons ingmar bergmanis filmebi, Tu 10 filmze dasaswrebi bileTis fasi 50 dolari iqneba?

SeuZlia Tu ara Tqvens pasuxs am kiTxvaze Secvalos adre (moxarSuli sosisis Sesaxeb) dasmul

kiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxi.

24. gamoiyeneT zRvruli midgoma, raTa daexmaroT pol berers, miiRos gadawyvetileba, Tu ra ra-

odenobis sasuqi gamoiyenos miwis nakveTze. Cven gavamartivebT problemas imis daSvebiT, rom

erTaderTi fasi, romelic icvleba damatebiTi sasuqis SeZenisas, aris sasuqis SeZenis fasi.

qvemoT mocemulia mosavlis zrda sasuqis damatebisas.

moxmarebuli sasuqis

tomrebis raodenoba

mosavali

tonebSi

1 12

2 22

3 28

4 32

5 35

6 37

pols SeuZlia mis mier moyvanili mTeli mosavlis TiToeuli tona 2 dolarad gayidos. erTi

tomara sasuqi 10 dolari Rirs, magram polma fasdakleba miiRo: ori tomara - 18 dolarad,

sami - 24 dolarad, oTxi - 30 dolarad, xuTi - 35 dolarad da eqvsi - 42 dolarad.

a) risi tolia polisTvis zRvruli sargebeli (dolarebSi) sasuqis gamoyenebisas? an,

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ramdeni dolari emateba pols mosavlis gayidvisas yov-

73

elTvis, rodesac is damatebiT tomara sasuqs iyenebs?

b) ras udris damatebiTi tomara sasuqis gamoyenebis zRvruli xarji? anu, sxva sityve-

biT rom vTqvaT, ramdenad icvleba polis xarjebi yovelTvis, rodesac is sasuqis dam-

atebiT tomaras iyenebs?

g) ramdeni tomara sasuqi unda moixmaros polma, Tu mas surs miiRos rac SeiZleba meti

moigos?

25. fotokopirebis manqanis daqiraveba TveSi 295 dolari Rirs. daqiravebis Tanxa faravs remon-

tis, fxvnilis, gamJRavnebis, TveSi 200000 aslis damzadebis xarjs. biblioTeka 20000-ze zemoT

yvela aslSi ixdis erT cents plus erTnaxevari centi yoveli gamoyenebuli qaRaldisTvis.

hariet martins xvalindeli leqciisTvis wasakiTxi aqvs 20 gverdiani saJurnalo statia. igi

mzadaa statiis aslSi 50 centi gadaixados, magram, Tu amaze metis gadaxda gaxda saWiro, man

statia biblioTekaSi unda waikiTxos.

a) ra aris erTi gverdis umaRlesi fasi, romlis gadaxdisTvisac mzadaa harieti aslebis

gadasaRebi manqanis gamoyenebisas?

b) ra aris erTi gverdis umciresi fasi, romelzedac Tanaxmaa biblioTeka? ra damate-

biTi informacia gWirdebaT, raTa pasuxi gasceT am SekiTxvas?

g) harietma axlaxans aRmoaCina, rom mas xvalisTvis sWirdeba meore statiis wakiTxva,

romelic savsea grafikebiT. hariets Zalian unda, rom hqondes am statiis sakuTari

asli da mzadaa gadaixados masSi nebismieri Tanxa. ra iqneba axla is umaRlesi fasi,

ris gadasaxdeladac mzadaa harieti, raTa gamoiyenos biblioTekis kuTvnili gadam-

Rebi manqana?(pasuxisTvis Tqven unda mogvawodoT sakuTari gamocdilebiT miRebuli

informacia).

d) ra gavlenas axdens yovelTviuri 295 dolaris odenobis qira im fasze, romelsac bib-

lioTeka akisrebs aslebis gadamRebi manqanis gamomyeneblebs?

26. Tu firma, romelSic muSaobT, gixdiT 20 cents yoveli gavlili milisTvis, rodesac Tqven

sakuTari manqaniT dadixarT kompaniis saqmeebze, am SemTxvevaSi, kompaniis manqana unda gamoi-

yenoT Tu sakuTari? qvemoT CamoTvlili xarjebidan romeli moaxdens gavlenas Tqvens gadaw-

yvetilebaze?

a) Tqveni manqanis Sesyidvis fasi;

b) licenziis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisufleba;

g) sadazRvevo premia;

d) gakicxva;

e) benzinis xarji.

27. imisaTvis, rom gadawyvitos CaerTos Tu ara kolejebs Soris safexburTo CempinatSi, Tqveni

universiteti awarmoebs am RonisZiebis xarjebis Seswavlas. rogor fiqrobT, biujetis ro-

meli muxlebi warmoadgens namdvil xarjebs?

a) moTamaSeebis swavlaze gamoyofili stipendiebi;

b) stadionis giravnobis gadasaxadi;

g) dRis swavlebis studentebisTvis ufaso bileTebi;

d) gundis direqtoris, administratorisa da mwvrTnelis xelfasebi.

28. Tavdacvis saministro aformebs TqvenTan kontraqts pirobiT “xarjebi plus 10 procenti”

imisTvis, rom Tqven sakuTar avtofarexSi raketebi daamzadoT. romelia kanonier safuZvel-

ze Setanili xajebi?

a) avtofarexis mSeneblobis xarjebi, inflaciisa da amortizaciis gaTvaliswinebiT;

b) avtomobilis cveTa, imis gaTvaliwinebiT, rom igi quCaSi dgas, radgan avtofarexSi

adgili aRaraa;

g) avtofarexis oTxi futiT dagrZelebis xarjebi, raTa raketebma quCaSi ar gayon Tavi

da mezoblis bavSvebs ar hqondeT maTi gaSvebis SesaZlebloba;

d) adgilobriv universitetSi leqciaTa kursis safasuri, romlis mosmenac mogiwiaT,

raTa migeRoT raketebis xelosnis diplomi am kontraqtis gasaformeblad;

74

e) maTematikis kursis safasuri, romelic Tqven didi xnis win gaiareT, magram romelic

aucilebeli aRmoCnda, raTa gagevloT kursi raketebis specialobaSi;

v) saSualo skolaSi swavlis xarjebi, raki verafriT daamzadebdiT raketebs, wera-ki-

Txva rom ar gcodnodaT;

z) tetanusis acris xarji, romelic sami wlis asakSi gagikeTdaT da romelmac ixsna

Tqveni sicocxle, ramac sabolood saSualeba mogcaT gamxdariyaviT warmatebuli

samxedro moijare;

T) fsiqoTerapevtze gaweuli xarjebi, romelic dagexmaraT im depresiis dasaZlevad,

risi mizezic gaxda Tqveni Svilebis mier Tqvendami, rogorc samxedro sawarmoo kom-

pleqsis warmomadgenlisadmi, gamoTqmuli upativcemuloba.

29. B-2 tipis bombebis damzadebis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom kongress Zviri daujda am bombebis

warmoebis SeCereba, vinaidan ukve sakmarisad didi Tanxebia daxarjuli mis Seqmnaze. Seeca-

deT daexmaroT kongress am argumentis gabaTilebaSi.

30. Tqveni ufrosi braziani xmiT gsayvedurobT “me ar mainteresebs ra iswavleT ekonomikaSi. Tu

Tqvens angariSSi ar CarTavT Cveni firmis yvela aunazRaurebel xarjebs da rekomendaciebs,

samsaxuridan gagaTavisuflebT”. aqvs Tu ara kavSiri aunazRaurebel xarjebs Tqvens mier mi-

Rebul gadawyvetilebasTan?

31. omis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, unda miiRos Tu ara mTavrobam mxedve-

lobaSi ukve gaweuli xarjebi? es advili kiTxva ar aris. sakmaod rTulic kia, Tu mxedvelo-

baSi miviRebT, rom mTavroba damokidebulia sazogadoebis mxardaWeraze.

32. ekonomistebis wesi, rom “aunazRaurebel xarjebs mniSvneloba ara aqvs” mxolod gvaxsenebs,

rom aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT mxolod zRvruli xarjebi, magram ver migviTiTebs, Tu

romeli xarjebia zRvruli. amisaTvis saWiroa kvalificiuri msjeloba. Tqven SegiZliaT ga-

naviTaroT Tqveni SesaZleblobebi aseTi daskvnebis gamosatanad, Tu SeecdebiT CamoTvaloT

da SeafasoT zRvruli xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom zafxulis periodSi

daitovoT an ar daitovoT oTaxi kolejSi. SeecadeT gamoTvaloT minimaluri gaqiravebis

Tanxa, romelic gibiZgebT iqiTken, rom datovoT oTaxi zafxulis periodSi da Semodgomaze

isev SesaxldeT iq.

33. 4-3 naxazze gamosaxuli miwodebis mrudi gviCvenebs xelfasis ganakveTebs, romelic unda ga-

daixados firmam, raTa yoveldRiurad SeiZinos garkveuli raodenobis kac-saaTebi konver-

tebis dasawebeblad.

a) xelfasis ra ganakveTi unda SesTavazon firmebma, Tu surT konvertebis dasawebe-

blad daiqiravon 400 kac-saaTi.

b) rogori iqneba maTi erToblivi danaxarjebi konvertebis damwebeblebis xelfasebze?

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

fostalionebis muSaobis saaTebi

$10

5

sa

aT

ob

ri

vi

xe

lf

as

i

nax. 4-3 konvertebis damwebeblebis Sromis miwodebis mrudi

75

g) risi toli iqneba konvertebis damwebeblebisTvis erToblivi alterna tiuli Rireb-

uleba (daxmareba: TiToeuli ujra Seadgens 20 dolars: 20 saaTi gamravlebuli 1

dolarze);

d) ras udris miwodebis fasobrivi elastiuroba 4 dolarsa da 6 dolars Soris? 6 do-

larsa da 8 dolars Soris?

34. gamoiyeneT 4-2 naxazis grafiki da Sesatyvisi teqsti:

a) aCveneT, rogor Seicvleba miwodebis mrudi, Tu meril linCi rikardos mTeli dRiT

daiqiravebs;

b) gviCveneT mrudis cvlileba, Tu marqss SesTavazeben gazeTis reportiorad muSaobas,

saaTSi 19,999 dolaris anazRaurebiT;

g) rogor Seicvleba miwodebis mrudi, Tu sazogadoeba uecrad ufro metad daintere-

sdeba moraluri filosofiis sakiTxebis SeswavliT?

77

5moTxovna da miwodeba: kooperaciis procesi

Rrma da detaluri specializacia swored is faqtoria, rac axasiaTebs yvela im mdidar sazo-

gadoebas, romelsac msoflio odesme icnobda. naSromSi, romelSic me-18 saukuneSi didi

britaneTis ekonomikis aRmavlobis gzebs aSuqebda, adami smiti aRniSnavda:

`Sromis danawilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili produqciis mravalsaxeoba qmnis sworadmarTul

sazogadoebas, romelSic sazogado simdidre yvelaze dabali rangis adamianamde vrceldeba~.

sazogadoeba mdidrdeba maSin, rodesac mis wevrebs gacnobierebuli aqvT specializaciis sa-

Wiroeba.

rogor viTardeba specializacia? pirvel TavSi es kiTxva dasmuli iyo, rogorc ekonomikis

ZiriTadi kiTxva. dadga dro, mas pasuxi gaeces. marTlacda, rogor axerxeben adamianebi mdidar,

maRali specializaciis mqone qveynebSi ganaxorcielon zustad is urTierTSeTanxmebuli qmede-

bebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs moTxovnili produqciis Seqmnas?

ZiriTad sirTules masobrivi informaciis nakleboba warmoadgens. mTel msoflioSi arc erT-

ma individma ar icis, rogor mzaddeba iseTi martivi sagani, rogoricaa fanqari. mravalma specia-

listma icis, rom is xis, grafitis, saSlelisa da metalisgan Sedgeba. magram maT ar ician, Tu ro-

gor unda awarmoon es Semadgeneli nawilebi. amas isini avaleben sxva specialistebs da arcerTma

maTganma ar icis, Tu rogor unda mouyaros Tavi erTad am Semadgenel nawilebs.

sabazro sistemebi

bazris saocreba isaa, rom milionobiT adamiani, romelic arc ki icnobs erTmaneTs, axerxebs

gaaerTianos Zalebi da gamouSvas ara marto fanqrebi, aramed bevrad ufro rTuli saqonlis uT-

valavi raodenoba, Tanac, yovelive es advilad gaakeTos.

sabazro sistemebi xSirad SeiZleba avtomatur, TviTregulirebad sistemebad mogveCvenos,

rac iseT warmodgenas qmnis, rom yvelaferi adamianis Carevis gareSe xdeba. es mcdari Sexedule-

baa. sabazro sistemebi momxmareblebis da mimwodeblebis mier aris Seqmnili, romlebic ganaxor-

cieleben maTTvis saintereso proeqtebs da moilaparakeben imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras miiReben garan-

tirebulad maTgan, visac sanacvlod saWiro saqonels miawvdian. rodesac ekonomistebi

gamoiyeneben terminebs: `moTxovna~ da `miwodeba~, isini sinamdvileSi droSi gavrcobil daskv-

nebs gulisxmoben.

moTxovnisa da miwodebis procesebi aris konkretul

urTierTSeTavazebaTa mimdinare erToblioba.

78

SeTanxmebebis miRweva ar xdeba sakomiteto Sexvedrebze. ufro metad esaa mravalricxovani

winadadebebi yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb, rasac Cven, vcxovrobT ra sazogadoebaSi, yoveldRiurad

vaxorcielebT. yidva-gayidvis aseTi winadadebebi TamaSis gansazRvrul wesebs emyareba, kargad

gansazRvruli sakuTrebis wesebis CaTvliT. `gamikeTebT Tu ara Tqven amas, Tuki me ase gadagi-

xdiT?~ _ Cveulebriv Cven ar gviwevs am SekiTxvis dasma. daupatiJeblad SevdivarT piceriaSi,

vTxovT oficiants mogvitanos saSualo zomis pica zeTisxiliT, wiwakiTa da saSualoze meti yve-

liT. oficianti ar gvekiTxeba, Tu ras gavukeTebT Cven mas sapasuxod, magram Cveulebriv iguli-

sxmeba, rom gadavuxdiT garkveul Tanxas.

mesame TavSi Tqven gaecaniT moTxovnas, meoTxe TavSi ki _ miwodebis safuZvlebs. es Tavi mo-

Txovnas da miwodebas erTdroulad warmogidgenT. yovelive es bevrad metia, vidre miwodebis da

moTxovnis mrudebis grafikebze maTi gadakveTis wertilis moZebna. Cven amasac vakeTebT, vinai-

dan es aris am urTierTkavSiris ganxilvis moxerxebuli gza, magram Tu gvinda gavigoT, rogor

moqmedebs da zogjer ratom ar moqmedebs kooperacia sabazro sistemebSi, Cven unda gaverkveT

imaSi, Tu ra abrkolebs zogjer adamianTa TanamSromlobas.

transaqciuli danaxarjebi

TavisTavad, is, rom adamianebs surT raRacis gakeTeba da mzad arian gadaixadon rac sxvebs undaT,

ar niSnavs, rom gasakeTebeli aucileblad gakeTdeba. araferi amtkicebs, rom moTxovna savsebiT sakma-

risia mimwodeblis xarjebis dasafarad. yoveldRiurad mravali aseuli velosipedisti sargeblobs

savelosipedo gziT, raTa gadaiaros xidi. am gzaze dagdebuli gatexili SuSa xels uSlis moZraobas.

yvela siamovnebiT gadaixdis erT dolars am SuSis mosaSoreblad, rac niSnavs, rom jamSi gadaxdili

iqneba aseuli dolari imisTvis, rasac mravali adamiani aT dolarze naklebad gaakeTebda.

ratom xdeba ase? imitom, rom transaqciis saSualo danaxarji maRalia. sakmarisi ar aris, rom

momxmarebelma gadaixados is, rasac mimwodebeli moiTxovs. viRacam unda Caataros aqtiuri qme-

deba: moagrovos fuli velosipedistebisgan da miaqcios yuradReba, rom SuSebi gzidan aiRon. es

advili gasakeTebeli ar aris. ase rom ar iyos, gzebze amden damtvreul SuSas ar SevxvdebodiT.

pirovnebam, romelic am saqmes xels mohkidebs, saTiTaod unda gaaCeros yvela velosipedisti,

Camosvas, auxsnas situacia da sakuTar patiosnebaSi daarwmunos, raTa maT, rom fuli gadaixadon

maSin, rodesac mravali maTgani ver xvdeba, Tu ratom unda gadaixados fuli piradad man, rode-

sac amiT sxvebic isargebleben.

am saxis naklovanebebi warmoadgens transaqciuli danaxarjis Sedegs - mimwodebelsa da momx-

marebels Soris molaparakebuli kontraqtis fass.

transaqciuli danaxarji iZleva imis axsnas, Tu ratom ar uTmoben gzas maT, visac ufro eCqa-

reba, im komfortuli manqanebis mflobelebi, visac sulac ar eCqareba. es iZleva imis axsnasac,

Tu ratom abinZurebs garemos is xalxi, vinc gulwrfelad ganicdis garemos dabinZurebas. tran-

saqciuli danaxarjebis koncefcia saSualebas gvaZlevs avxsnaT, Tu ratom marcxdeba demokra-

tiis momxreTa umravlesoba. es koncefcia metad mniSvnelovania im sazogadoebisTvis, romelic

biurokratiuli da centralizebuli sistemidan, sabazro ekonomikur sistemaze gadadis.

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sabWoTa kavSiris centralizebuli ekonomikuri sistemis ngrevisas,

xSirad vismendiT ambebs carieli maRaziebis Sesaxeb. rogor moxda es? ratom ar mihqondaT sakvebi

qalaqebSi, sadac masze didi moTxovna iyo? biurokratiuli sistemis kolafss ara aqvs adekvaturi

axsna. xalxs zemodan miTiTebis gareSe unda gaetana sakvebi mindvrebidan da mieca mSieri xalxisTvis.

modiT davfiqrdeT, vis xelSi iyo mosavlis aReba? vin iyo pasuxismgebeli aRWurvilobis gamoyeneba-

ze? vis xelSi iyo qalaqSi gadasazidi satransporto saSualebebi? rogor unda ganawilebuliyo sa-

kvebi, rodesac is qalaqamde miaRwevda? mxolod is faqti, rom sakvebi mindvrebidan miaRwevda im qa-

laqamde, sadac xalxi mSieri iyo, araa sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom mSier xalxs hqonoda sakvebi. swori

iqneboda xalxisTvis Tavdapirvelad miewodebinaT Sesabamisi informacia da miecaT stimulebi.

transaqciuli daxarjebi iZleva am ̀ gaflangvis~ axsnas. sityva ̀ gaflangva~ Casmulia brWyalebSi, vi-

naidan sruliadac ar aris naTeli, rom is, rac namdvilad xdeboda, gaflangvas warmoadgenda. flan-

gvad ar CaiTvleba is qmedeba, rodesac alpob sakvebs da ar miawvdi mas momxmarebels, Tu sakvebis mi-

wodebis fasi aWarbebs sakvebis fass. es cxadia. transaqciuli danaxarjebi aranakleb mniSvnelovania

da realuri, vidre transportirebis da mosavlis aRebis fasi.

79

sakuTrebis ufleba da institutebi

aseTi situacia naklebad mosalodnelia aSS-Si, sadac mindvrebi, sakvebi, aRWurviloba, gzebi,

sawyobebi da sacalo vaWroba kerZo pirebis xelSia. sakuTrebis uflebis mqone sistemaSi xalxs

aqvs stimulebi, raTa ganaxorcielos kontroli, Tu rogor moaxdinos sakvebis gadanawileba im

mxridan, sadac misi siWarbea, im mxares, sadac mis naklebobas ganicdian. kerZo sakuTreba mflo-

belebs saSualebas aZlevs, Tavisuflad gacvalon aucilebeli resursebi, swrafad da nakleb

fasSi miawodon mas, visac es sWirdeba.

SevadaroT samwuxaro situacia, romelic yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Seiqmna, im viTarebas, rode-

sac yinuli, ficari, samSeneblo masala da sxva yvelaferi, rac saWiroa rekonstruqciisa da kri-

tikul situaciebSi usafrTxoebisTvis, daiZra Carlstonisaken 1989 wels qariSxal `hiugos~ an

1992 wels maiamiSi qariSxal `endrius~ dros. mTavari gansxvaveba kargad SerCeuli sistema, rome-

lic naTlad gansazRvravs sakuTrebis uflebas aSS-Si, Tavisufali arCevanis saSualebasTan er-

Tad. yovelive es aSS-Si wlebis ganmavlobaSi iqmneboda institutebis farTo qselis meSveobiT,

rac gansazRvravs yvela gacvliTi operaciis dabal transaqciul danaxarjs, (dakvirvebuli mki-

Txveli mixvdeba, rom xalxi xSirad da regularulad axorcielebs transaqciebs mxolod imitom,

rom transaqciebis xarji dabalia).

mkafiod gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebebi

uflebebis gacvlis SesaZlebloba

kvlav dafiqrdiT imaze, Tu ra advilia im picis SeZena, romelic Tqven gWirdebaT, rodesac

gSiaT. mravali transaqcia, rac iZleva amis saSualebas _ piceriis ageba, wiwakis moyvana, zeTisxi-

lis gazrda, Zroxebis mowvela da yvela am rekvizitis Tavmoyra _ yvelaferi winaswar unda iyos

molaparakebuli da gaTvlili. es molaparakebebi warmatebuli iqneba, vinaidan transaqciuli da-

naxarjebi sakmarisad dabali iyo im institutebis mZlavr qselSi, rac ganviTarda droTa ganma-

vlobaSi, rodesac bazari muSaobda transaqciuli danaxarjebis dagdebaze. dafiqrdiT speciali-

zebul warmoebaze, specializebul calobiT gayidvebze, yvelanairi momsaxurebis specialur

mimwodeblebze, finansuri aRricxvis, sagzao moZraobis, sabaJo samsaxuris, sxvadasxva saxis bizne-

sis principebze - bankebze, sakredito saagentoebze, maRali organizaciis mqone safondo birJeb-

ze, yoveldRiuri gazeTebis klasificirebul nawilebze, satelefono kompaniebis yviTel gver-

debze, brokerebisa da mimwodeblebis siebze, romlebic SegviZlia SeviZinoT gancxadebebiT,

Cveulebrivi samarTlis wesebze, am wesebis gamoyenebaze, arbitraJis kerZo sistemebsa da samoqa-

laqo samarTlis sakiTxebze. erebi, romlebic moZraoben centraluri dagegmvis sistemebidan Ta-

visufali bazris sistemebisken, winaaRmdegobas awydebian maRali transaqciuli danaxarjebis sa-

xiT swored imitom, rom maT ar gaaCniaT mravali instituti, rac gadamwyvet rols asrulebs

sabazro sistemebis muSaobisTvis. SeuZliaT ki am erebs Caataron es gardaqmnebi grZelvadiani Ca-

moyalibebuli sabazro ekonomikis gareSe? SeuZliaT Tu ara maT, swrafad Camoayalibon institu-

tebis kompleqsi, romelsac SeuZlia iarsebos neli, evoluciuri procesis pirobebSi? SeuZliaT

Tu ara maT, daZlion maRali transaqciuli danaxarjebis problema im moqalaqeTa molodinis dasa-

kmayofileblad, romlebic mouTmenlad elian sabazro sistemis danapirebis asrulebas? yofili

sabWoTa kavSiris mravali erisTvis ekonomikuri reformis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad ganapiro-

bebs am kiTxvebze pasuxi.

fuladi fasebis maregulirebeli roli

ratom xdeba komerciul sazogadoebaSi yvelanairi gacvlebi fulis meSveobiT? ratom ar sar-

geblobs xalxi barteruli sistemiT, cvlian ra maT mier nawarmoeb produqcias imaze, rac surT,

rom gaaCndeT? ratom iyeneben isini Suamavlad fuls?

pasuxi isaa, rom fuli amcirebs transaqciul danaxarjs. barterTan SedarebiT, fulis gamoyenebis

upiratesoba. gacvlebis fasi bevrad meti iqneboda da Cveni simdidre - rogorc Sedegi _ bevrad naklebi,

fuli rom procesebis maregulirebeli ar iyos. barteriT SemosazRvrul sistemebSi adamianebs sWirde-

baT uamravi dro, raTa ipovon sxvebi, visac SeuZliaT gaucvalon sakuTari produqcia. violinos xelo-

80

sanma unda ipovos xil-bostneulis gamyidveli, webos mimwodebeli, eleqtrobis mwarmoebeli da mravali

sxva, romlebsac surT TavianTi produqciis violinoze gacvla. es uamrav dros moiTxovs da violinos

warmoeba nel-nela daecema. Seignebs ra, rom yoveli gacvla dakavSirebulia maRal transaqciul dana-

xarjTan, xalxi Seecdeba TviTonve daamzados is produqcia, rac mas sWirdeba. barterze orientirebul

sazogadoebaSi specializaciis done daecema da yvela gaRaribdeba. fulis gamoyenebis upiratesobis na-

Tel magaliTs warmoadgens misi zogierTi saxeobis evolucia, mraval sazogadoebaSi, romelSic amisT-

vis araxelsayreli pirobebi arsebobda. garda imisa, rom yvela cdilobs mis gamoyenebas gacvlisTvis,

fuls gaaCnia kidev erTi upiratesoba. misi raodenoba SeiZleba icvlebodes zrdisa da klebis mimarTu-

lebiT. naxevari violino, romelic me gavakeTe, arafrad gamoadgeba mas, visac surs daukras masze, xolo

ori violino ki mas arafrad sWirdeba. amitom sazogadoebaSi, romelSic fuli ar funqcionirebs, Tu me

specializirebuli var violinos gakeTebaze, Cems mier damzadebul erT violinoSi unda gavcvalo sxva

sagnebi da amitom iZulebuli viqnebi SeviZino imaze meti an naklebi, vidre mWirdeba. xolo Tu violinos

fulze gavyidi, SemiZlia am fulidan movixmaro zustad imdeni, rac mWirdeba. SemiZlia, agreTve movuma-

to fass, Tu vigrZnob, rom momxmarebeli mzadaa meti gadaixados, an davaklo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vigrZnob,

rom sxvanairad ver gavyidi. komerciuli sazogadoebis koordinaciisTvis mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba

mcire regulirebis SesaZleblobas. ganvixiloT galoni benzinis magaliTi. Tu Cven gvsurs, rom paraske-

vs 5 sT. 30 wuTze avzi savse iyos, adamianebma da manqanebma zustad unda icodnen, sad, ramdeni, rodis da

ra samuSaoebi Caataron burRvis, amoqaCvis, transportirebis da sxva mimarTulebiT. am CaxlarTul si-

stemaSi koordinatoris rols fasebi asrulebs. xalxma SesZlo am koordinaciis miRweva ara imitom, rom

ician benzinze Cveni moTxovnis Sesaxeb, aramed imitom, rom sakuTari interesebi gaaCniaT. maTi Zalisxme-

va gaerTianda imitom, rom misi koordinireba xdeboda fasebis cvladi signalebis saSualebiT.

kidev erTxel xazi unda gavusvaT, rom fasebis uzarmazari roli aranairad ar aris dakavSire-

buli Cveni moqalaqeebis xasiaTsa Tu moralTan. ra Tqma unda, adamianebi mxedvelobaSi iReben

ara marto fass _ es absurdi iqneboda. magram fasebis cvlilebisas isini cvlian qcevas, raTa

isargeblon mogebiT, razedac signals axali fasebi iZleva. swored amas mohyavs bazari wonaswo-

robaSi da sakuTari miznebis miRwevas saerTo TanamSromlobad gadaaqcevs.

ZiriTadi procesi

moTxovnisa da miwodebis analizi warmoadgens ekonomistis ZiriTad iaraRs. azrovnebis ekonomikuri

wesis Camoyalibebisas unda iswavloT miwodebisa da moTxovnis cnebebiT azrovneba. dasawyisisTvis, me-

tad mniSvnelovania gaiazroT, rom gacvlaze moqmedi umTavresi faqtorebi Cveulebriv SeiZleba or

kategoriad daiyos _ moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi da miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebi. meore safexurs

warmoadgens is, rom Tqven moxerxebulad igrZnoT Tavi miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebis garemoSi.

Q

D1

P

D2

modiT, daviwyoT martivi magaliTidan. ra daemarTeba xorblis fass da mosavlis raodenobas

aSS-Si, Tuki ruseTsa da ukrainaSi xorblis mosavlianoba mniSvnelovnad daeca? pirveli kiTxva

iqneba, imoqmedebs Tu ara xorblis mousavlianoba moTxovnasa da miwodebaze aSS-Si? vinaidan aSS-

Si xorblis mosavali SesaniSnav Semcvlels warmoadgens rusuli Tu ukrainuli xorblisaTvis,

amitom romelime adgilas xorblis mousav lianoba gamoiwvevs aSS-is xorbalze moTxovnis gazr-

81

das. moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba Crdilo-aRmosavleTisken. es gamoiwvevs fasebis zrdas,

vinaidan moTxovnis raodenoba ufro maRali iqneba, vidre miwodebisa. momxmareblebi iZulebu-

lebi iqnebian, gadaixadon meti da mimwodeblebi aRmoaCenen, rom maT SeuZliaT gayidon ufro ma-

Ral fasSi, maRali fasi ki kvlav gaxdeba xorblis ufro meti raodenobiT miwodebis mizezi.

romeli ufro metad izrdeba – miwodebis fasi Tu raodenoba? es damokidebulia miwodebis

elastiurobaze. Tu fasis mcire zrda iwvevs miwodebis raodenobis did procentul zrdas, miwo-

deba elastiuria. am SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis didi zrda xorblis fass mxolod mcired gazrdis,

maSin, rodesac gasayidi xorblis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. meores mxriv, Tu fasebis

metad didi procentuli zrda iwvevs gayidvis raodenobis mxolod mcire matebas, miwodeba ara-

elastiuria da moTxovnis didad gazrdis Sedegad dadgindeba bevrad maRali fasi, magram ima-

vdroulad xorblis Sesasyidi raodenoba mxolod odnav gaizrdeba.

S

miwodeba

moklevadian

periodSi

Q

P

D

faqtiurad ra xdeba? elastiuria Tu araelastiuri miwodebis mrudi aSS-Si? davubrundeT

Cveni msjelobebis sawyis wertils. xorblis fasis moulodneli da uecari zrda Tavdapirvelad

ar gamoiwvevs gayidvisTvis saWiro raodenobis metad did zrdas, vinaidan damatebiTi mosavlis

mosayvanad ramdenime Tve iqneba saWiro. adgili eqneba gasayidi xorblis erTjerad uecar zrdas,

vinaidan arsebobs maragebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba. rodesac moTxovnis zrda aswevs mimdina-

re fass, is, visac aqvs maragi momavlisTvis, amjobinebs garkveuli raodenoba maSinve gayidos.

moklevadian periodSi miwodebis mrudi sakmaod araelastiuri iqneba.

miwodeba

grZelvadian

periodSi

Q

P

ufro grZelvadian periodSi, xorblis miwodebis mrudi metad elastiuria. maRal mosalod-

nel fasebze fermerebi mosavlis mniSvnelovani gazrdiT reagireben. mivdivarT daskvnamde, rom

ruseTsa da ukrainaSi xorblis mousavlianoba Tavdapirvelad gamoiwvevs aSS-Si xorblis fasebis

zrdas, magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, rodesac miwodebis raodenoba gaizrdeba, fasebi Tavis Cveu-

lebriv dones daubrundeba.

82

1 b

uS

el

is

fa

si

SSR

D1

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

buSeli weliwadSi (bilionebSi)

$6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

SLR

D2

SSR

SLR

D1

D2

nax. 5.1 miwodeba da moTxovna fqvilze

davuSvaT, xorblis fasi 3 dolaria da rogorc moTxovnis, ise miwodebis raodenoba 2 mlrd bu-

Sels Seadgens. D1 warmoadgens xorblis moTxovnis Cveulebriv mruds. mousavlianoba gadaanacv-

lebs mruds D2 wertilSi. es ar gamoiwvevs miwodebis raodenobis cvlilebas. Tu fasi 3 dolari

darCeba, moTxovnis raodenoba naxevari mlrd buSeliT meti iqneba, vidre miwodebis raodenoba da,

amdenad, xorblis fasi gaizrdeba. Tuki ase moxda, miwodebis raodenobac gaizrdeba. moklevadian

periodSi is mniSvnelovnad ar gaizrdeba, vinaidan gayidvisTvis miwodebuli raodenoba ukve moyva-

nili da dabinavebuli mosavlidan unda ganisazRvros. moklevadiani periodis miwodebis mrudi Ssr sakmaod araelastiuri moCans. fasi izrdeba 4 dolaramde da wonasworobaSi mohyavs miwodebisa da

moTxovnis raodenoba. am dros xorblis mwarmoeblebi sxva kulturebisTvis gankuTvnil miwebs

xorbals dauTmoben da moiyvanen met xorbals, ufro maRali fasis gamo. grZelvadian periodSi

miwodebis mrudi elastiuria. rodesac grZelvadiani miwodebis Slr mrudi amoqmeddeba, fasi, rome-

lic moTxovnis da miwodebis raodenobas aregulirebs, 4 dolaridan 3,25 dolaramde daiwevs.

5.1 naxazi moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebs exeba. Tuki yuradRebiT daukvirdebiT naxazs da

mis axsnas, karg praqtikas gaivliT moTxovnis da miwodebis gasaanalizeblad.

damatebiTi praqtika

rogor moqmedebs yovelive es soios fasze? rodesac xorblis fasi gaizrdeba, Secvlian momxmare-

blebi mas soioTi? Tuki ase moxdeba, maSin es gazrdis soioze moTxovnas da gamoiwvevs masze fasebis

zrdas. magram gansaxilvelia sxva tipis cvlileba _ warmoebis Secvla. rodesac fermerebi gadaw-

yveten, damatebiTi miwebi xorblisTvis gamoiyenon, isini amas sxva kulturebis xarjze gaakeTeben.

soios raodenoba Q

D

P

S2

S1

83

Tuki soios mosayvani miwa gamosadegia xorblis mosayvanad, xorblis fasis mosalodneli

zrda gazrdis soios moyvanis alternatiul Rirebulebas da soios miwodebis mrudi amis Sede-

gad zemoT da marcxniv gadainacvlebs.

tbis sanapiro

miwebis miwodeba

Q

P

ra daemarTeba tbis napiris miwebs, Tu mravali ojaxi gadawyvets iq kotejebis SeZenas? ras moe-

liT Tqven, fasebis zrdas Tu Semcirebas? moTxovna gaizrdeba da misi mrudi Crdilo-aRmosavle-

TiT wainacvlebs. me viwinaswarmetyve lebdi aseTi adgilebis fasebis mniSvnelovan zrdas, vinaidan

miwodebis mrudi metad araelastiuria. Cveulebriv, Zalian Znelia tbis napirze damatebiTi adg-

ilebis Seqmna, ase rom, gasayidi miwebis raodenoba fasebis zrdis Sesabamisad ar gaizrdeba.

rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlena eqneba fanqrebis fasze im testebis raodenobis gazrdas, romelTa

Sesavsebad fanqaria saWiro? Tqveni azriT, ramdenad gaizrdeba fasi? am testebis zrda gamoiwvevs

fanqrebis moTxovnis zrdas. me viwinaswarmetyve leb fanqrebis warmoebis did zrdas maTi fasis

mniSvnelovani zrdis gareSe, vinaidan, rodesac moTxovna izrdeba, fanqrebis damatebiTi raode-

noba advilad SeiZleba miwodebuli iqnas zRvruli fasis mniSvnelovani gazrdis gareSe. miwodebis

mrudi metad elastiuria, rac niSnavs, rom moTxovnis zrda fasze umniSvnelo gavlenas moaxdens.

fanqrebis mowodeba

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ra gavlenas moaxdens benzinis fasze is, rom Tqveni Statis mTavroba mniSvnelovnad gazrdis ga-

dasaxads mis gayidvaze? es SemTxveva bevrad ufro rTulia. gayidvaze gadasaxadis zrda benzinis fa-

sis zrdas gamoiwvevs, magram nuTu benzinze fasi gadasaxadis proporciulad gaizrdeba? an, iqneb,

mimwodeblebi iZulebulni iqnebian nawilobriv TviTonve dafaron gadasaxadebis zrda? imis gas-

agebad, Tu ra moxdeba, davsvaT kiTxva, Tu ra garemoebebis dros iqnebian mzad mimwodeblebi Tavad

gadaixadon gadasaxadebis nawili da momxmareblebs ar daakisron. ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian is

mimwodeblebi, romelTa benzingasamarTi sadgurebi axlos imyofeba im StatebTan, sadac gadasaxade-

bi ar gazrdila? magaliTad, kanzasis Statis qalaq kanzas - sitisTvis mosaxerxebeli iqneba, benzini

SeiZinos misuris Statis nawilSi. ra Tqma unda, yvela ar moisurvebs ramdenime centis gulisTvis

sxva qalaqSi wasvlas, magram gamoCndebian iseTebic, vinc amas regularulad an xSirad gaakeTebs. am

SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis mrudi elastiuri iqneba. omxmareblebi rom ar dakargon, benzinis mimwodebe-

li biznesmenebi wavlen imaze, rom benzinis fasi ar gazardon gadasaxadebis zrdis Sesabamisad.

84

fasebis dafiqsirebis mcdeloba

momxmarebeli xSirad miiCnevs, rom saqonlis fasi masze gaweuli danaxarjebis proporciuli

unda iyos. Sesabamisad, momxmareblebi fasebis zrdas xSirad usamarTlod miiCneven. mimwodeb-

lisTvis fasi gansazRvravs mis Semosavals da fasebis dacemaSi is saSiSroebas xedavs. swored

amitom, mravali adamiani ver SeigrZnobs fasebis cvlilebis makoordinirebel rols da aiZulebs

mTavrobas, ar dauSvas aseTi cvlilebebi. arada, Sedegebi Sorsaa sasurvelisgan, vinaidan fasebis

fiqsacia socialuri koordinaciis meqanizmis gamoTiSvis tolfasia. davuSvaT, rom Sua aRmosav-

leTSi omma mTlianad mospo aSS-Si navTobis miwodeba da sxva mimwodeblebi ar Cqaroben Seavson

danaklisi. benzinis moTxovnis mrudi aSS-Si sakmaod araelastiuria, vinaidan benzinis Semcv-

lelebi arcTu ise mimzidvelia momxmareblisTvis, magram arCevani mainc arsebobs: saavtomobi-

lo pulSi Sesvla; naklebi zomis avtomobilis SeZena; samuSaosTan axlos sacxovreblad gadasv-

la; avtobusiT mgzavroba; Zravis ufro xSiri regulireba; saxlSi ufro xSirad yofna. benzinis

fasis matebisas mis SesaZenad gaRebuli msxverpli. amis Sedegad, maSinac ki, Tu adamianebis mcire

raodenoba gadawyvets ar Seamciros benzinis moxmareba, umravlesoba mainc ipovis gzas, raTa

gaswios mcire ekonomia, xolo zogierTebi wavlen Tavisi xarjebis mkveTr Semcirebaze.

moTxovna sawvavze

sazRvarTan axlos

mdgar sadgurebze

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benzinze moTxovna SedarebiT araelastiuria, ase rom, benzinis fasi swrafad da mniSvnelovnad

gaizrdeba. omi gamoiwvevs miwodebis mrudis Crdilo-dasavleTisken gadaadgilebas da ar iqo-

niebs araviTar gavlenas moTxovnis mrudze. vinaidan moTxovnis raodenoba gadaaWarbebs miwo-

debis raodenobas, gamyidvelebi moumateben fass. fasi gaizrdeba im donemde, romelic gaaTana-

brebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobas. ekonomistebi am fasebs xSirad wonasworul fass

uwodeben. es aris fasi, romlis pirobebSic momxmarebelTa mier moTxovnili raodenoba tolia

mimwodebelTa mier miwodebuli raodenobisa.

ras gamoiwvevs fasebis momateba? erTi rom, fuli mZRolebis jibeebidan gadaedineba benzinis

mwarmoeblebisa da gamyidvelebis jibeebSi. radgan mZRolebi bevrad metni arian, vidre benzinis

mimwodeblebi, es iwvevs ukmayofilo miTqma-moTqmas. kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT mimarTon fasebis

kontrols _ SezRudon navTobis industria, raTa, rogorc isini ityvian, vinmem ar isargeblos

krizisiT. mTavrobis aseT gadawyvetilebas ekonomistebi mxars ar uWeren, vinaidan fasebis gayin-

viT mTavroba socialuri sistemis koordinaciis ZiriTad jaWvs asustebs. imisTvis, rom gavigoT,

ras niSnavs es, ganvixiloT urTierTkavSiri iSviaTobas, normirebasa da konkurencias Soris.

iSviaTobidan konkurenciisken

aravin brazobs Termometrze, rodesac is dabal temperaturas aCvenebs da ar cdilobs saxlis

gaTbobas civ amindSi imiT, rom anTebuli sanTeli miitanos TermometrTan. ai, iSviaT produqte-

bze maRal fasebs ki xSirad cudad axseneben da ise iqcevian, TiTqos iSviaTobis daZleva fasebze

kontrolis dawesebiT miiRweva. es midgoma arasworia.

iSviaToba aris Tanafardoba sasurvelsa da arsebuls Soris, an moTxovnasa da miwodebas So-

ris. Tu romelime sazogadoebaSi yvelas eSinia gvelebis, amiT isini arc ufro xSirad Segvxvdeba

da arc ufro iSviaTad. Tu meore sazogadoebaSi gvelebs sakvebad iyeneben, maSin isini sakmaod

85

xSirad Segvxvdeba, magram amave dros SesaZloa iSviaTobas warmoadgendnen. produqti iSviaTo-

bas warmoadgens, Tu xalxs ara aqvs misi sasurveli raodenobiT SeZenis saSualeba imis gareSe,

rom amis gamo sxva faseulobaze uari ar Tqvan.

iSviaTi saqoneli

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araiSviaTi saqoneli

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rogorc meore TavSi gamoCnda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu produqti iSviaTobas warmoadgens, gvixdeba

misi ganawileba, anu normireba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saWiroa garkveuli kriteriumebis

SemuSaveba pretendentebis SesarCevad da imis gansazRvra, Tu vis ramdeni Sexvdeba. kriteriumad

SeiZleba gamodges asaki, darwmunebis niWi, sazogadoebrivi pativiscema, gadaxdisTvis mzadyof-

na, moxerxebuloba da uamravi sxva. Cveni sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia iSviaTi produqte-

bis ganawileba fulis gadaxdis SesaZleblobis mixedviT. zogjer SerCevisTvis sxva kriteriume-

bic gamoiyeneba.

magaliTad, harvardis universitetSi yovelwliurad didi konkursia. ase rom, harvardma unda

gaanawilos es iSviaTi adgilebi. SerCeva warmoebs skolis niSnebis, sakontrolo naSromebis,

rekomendaciebis da sxva kriteriumebis mixedviT.

aSS-is prezidentoba nebismier dros SeuZlia mxolod erT adamians. vinaidan am Tanamdebobis

dakavebis msurvelebi bevrad metia, amitom SemuSavebulia SerCevis rTuli sistema yrilobebisa da

arCevnebis saxiT. Tumca mTlad naTeli araa, raSi mdgomareobs kriteriumebi, magram sistema, miu-

xedavad amisa, muSaobs. oTx weliwadSi erTxel mxolod erTi kandidati aRwevs sasurvel Sedegs.

jo koleji yvelaze popularuli biWia studentur qalaqSi da yvela axalgazrda qali cdi-

lobs miipyros misi yuradReba. amitom mas uxdeba yuradRebis gadanawileba Tayvanismcemlebs

Soris. isargeblebs Tu ara is silamazis, Wkuis, ganaTlebis, sikeTisa da romelime sxva kriteriu-

miT, mas ase Tu ise mouwevs arCevanis gakeTeba. magram arCevani warmoSobs konkurencias. rogorc

ki harvardis universiteti gamoacxadebs miRebas, potenciuri pirvelkurselebi daiwyeben Seji-

brs, raTa daakmayofilon kriteriumebi. optimistebi arCevnebis dawyebamde didi xniT adre dai-

wyeben prezidentad arCevis kriteriumebis Seswavlas da brZolas. Tuki jo kolejis Tayvanism-

cemlebi gadawyveten, rom misi arCevanis mTavar kriteriums silamaze warmoadgens, isini

Seecdebian Seejibron erTmaneTs silamazeSi.

iSviaToba iwvevs normirebis aucileblobas

normireba (rogorc diskriminaciuli kriteriumi)

konkurencias sasicocxlod aucilebels xdis

cxadia, rom konkurencia ar aris damaxasiaTebeli mxolod kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis,

an mxolod im sazogadoebisTvis, romelSic gamoiyeneba fuli. es aris fundamenturi mniSvnelobis

daskvna: konkurencia aris iSviaTobis Sedegi da misgan gaTavisufleba mxolod iSviaTobis aRmofx-

vriTaa SesaZlebeli. iq, sadac adgili aqvs iSviaTobas, unda moxdes ganawileba. ganawileba aris

SerCevis ganTavseba zogierTi kriteriumis Sesabamisad. konkurencia ubralod isaa, rasac adgili

aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben ukeTesad Seeguon warmodgenil kriteriumebs.

86

ra Tqma unda, bevria damokidebuli imaze, Tu kerZod romeli kriteriumi gamoiyeneba. Tuki

sazogadoebaSi ganawileba xorcieldeba fulis gadaxdis mixedviT, maSin adamianebi Seecdebian

iSovon meti fuli, Tu kriteriumad fizikuri Zala gamoiyeneba, maSin sazogadoebis wevrebi xels

mokideben kulturizms, xolo Tuki kolejebi da institutebi SerCevas niSnebis mixedviT gaa-

keTeben, moswavleebi ibrZoleben kargi niSnebisTvis.

konkurencia fiqsirebuli fasebis dros

ra moxdeba, rodesac romelime produqti, magaliTad iseTi, rogoric benzinia, ufro Znelad

xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba, xolo mis fass ar eqneba gazrdis SesaZlebloba? Cven aucileblad davi-

naxavT, rom mis SesaZenad fuladi danaxarjebi gaizrdeba, vinaidan benzini ufro iSviaTi gaxdeba

da amitom aucileblad moxdeba misi normireba. Tu kanoni xels uSlis ganawilebis iseTi meqaniz-

mis funqcionirebas, rogoricaa fasi, maSin aucileblobisda mixedviT gamoyenebuli iqneba sxva

kriteriumebi da meqanizmebi. benzinis potenciuri myidvelebi Seecdebian gamoavlinon my-

idvelebis SerCevis axali kriteriumebi da amis safuZvelze daiwyeben erTmaneTTan konkurire-

bas. konkurencia gazrdis saerTo xarjebs, fuladsac da arafuladsac, gazrdis manamde, sanam

moTxovnis sidide ar gautoldeba miwodebis sidides.

moTxovna

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miwodeba

legaluri

maqsimaluri

fasi

arafuladi

Rirebuleba

fuladi

Rirebuleba

deficiti

saukeTeso magaliTad albaT benzinze rigebi gamodgeba. rodesac adamianebs eSiniaT, rom isi-

ni ver SeZleben sasurveli raodenobis benzinis yidvas 1 dolarad erT galonSi, isini Seecdebian

ufro adre mividnen sadgurSi, magram es idea sxvebsac gauCndebaT. ase rom, rigebi ufro adre

warmoiSoba da maTi sigrZec imatebs. lodini udavo danaxarjia. moqmedebas daiwyebs moTxovnis

kanoni - momxmareblebi naklebs ivlian manqaniT, rodesac maT rigSi dgomis xarjebi daemateba.

zogierTi mZRoli Seecdeba aRmoaCinos benzini sadme maxlobel olqSi da rigSi ar dadges.

maTi damatebiTi xarjebia benzinis da drois danakargebi, rac moZebnisTvisaa saWiro. sxvebi ga-

rigebaze wavlen da miscemen benzinis Camsxmels ufro mets: daTanxmdebian am sadgurze Caataron

teqnikuri Semowmeba; uSovnian Teatris bileTebs sadguris mflobels da sxva. konkurenciis yve-

la es forma zrdis benzinis SeZenis xarjs. xarjebi manamde gaizrdeba, sanam, sabolood, moTxov-

nis sidide ar gautoldeba miwodebis sidides. konkurencia im adamianebs Soris, romelTa jamuri

moTxovna srulad ver kmayofildeba fasebis arsebuli donis dros, migviyvans SeZenis xarjebis

zrdamde. Cveulebriv, aseT situaciaSi izrdeba fuladi fasi. rodesac produqtis SeZenasTan da-

kavSirebuli xarjebis sxva komponentebi izrdeba, ueWvelia, rom fuladi fasis Sekaveba rome-

lime sazogadoebrivi Zalis (magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo SezRudviT) mier xdeba. xolo rodesac

produqtis ganawilebis mTavar Sedegad iqceva gazrdili rigebi, moZebnaze daxarjuli drois

zrda da sxva specifiuri kombinaciebi, Cven saqme gvaqvs mocemuli produqtis deficitTan.

deficitis ekonomikuri gageba fokusirebulia fulad fasze. deficitebi arsebobs mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac fulad fass ar SeuZlia konkurirebad myidvelebs Soris iSviaTi

produqtis ganawilebis funqciis Sesruleba. realurad deficits vawydebiT maSin, rodesac aR-

movaCenT, rom saqonlis SesaZenad gaweuli arafuladi xarjebi izrdeba, raTa moxdes iSviaTi

produqciis normirebuli ganawileba.

87

fasebis regulirebisa deficiti gardauvalia;

ukmarobisgan Tavdacva fasebis aweviT SeiZleba

mimwodeblis roli ganawilebaSi

Cveulebriv ar gvikvirs produqtis fasis momateba, rodesac es produqti ufro iSviaTi xde-

ba, imitom, rom mimwodeblebi praqtikulad yovelTvis dainteresebulebi arian fuladi fasis

momatebiT da ara produqtis SesaZenad xarjebis romelime sxva komponentis zrdiT. bolosdabo-

los, gana ra mogebas miiRebs benzinis gasamarTi sadguris mflobeli imiT, rom xalxi 30 wuTi

rigSi dgas? arafers da kidev ufro naklebs, rodesac naxevarsaaTiani lodinis Semdeg isini nak-

leb sasiamovno subieqtebad gadaiqcevian. arada, erTi galoni benzinis fasis 20 centiT momate-

ba, benzingasamarTi sadguris mepatrones TiToeul galonze 20 centis mogebas aZlevs. arafu-

ladi danaxarjebis zrdas mohyveba is, rasac ekonomistebi fuW danaxarjebs uwodeben. es aris

momxmareblis danaxarjebi, romelsac ar moaqvs mogeba mimwodeblisTvis. amis SesaniSnav mag-

aliTs warmoadgens rigSi lodini.

fuWi danaxarjebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli transaqciul danaxarjebTan. rom ar arsebobdes

transaqciuli danaxarji, momxmareblebi arasdros dadgebodnen rigSi. amis nacvlad, isini

daTanxmdebodnen imgvar sistemaze, romelic yidvis prioritets ise gadaanawilebda, rom aravis

dasWirdeboda rigSi dgoma. sinamdvileSi aseTi SeTanxmebebis miRwevis da cxovrebaSi gatarebis

fasi bevrad maRalia, vidre mocdis fasi, rasac benzinis myidvelebi rigSi dgomisas ixdian. ma-

gram, isini amas akeTeben mxolod iq, sadac fasebis kontroli gamoricxavs fuWi xarjebisgan gaT-

avisuflebis swraf da advil gzas _ fuladi fasis zrdas.

Tuki mimwodeblebs SeuZliaT mogeba naxon fuWi xarjebidan, isini moisurveben amis gakeTebas

yovelTvis, rodesac mimwodeblebs SeuZliaT maT mier miwodebuli produqtis fasis zrda. maT

xelTaa aseTi gardaqmnis martivi saSualeba. miaqcieT yuradReba, ramdenad martivi da moxerxe-

buli saSualebaa es. yoveli adamiani afasebs fuls, vinaidan es aZlevs produqtebis uzarmazari

erTobliobis marTvis saSualebas. yvela miCveulia, produqtSi fuli gadaixados. Cveulebriv,

gamyidveli warmoadgens mesakuTres an misi ndobiT aRWurvil pirs, romelsac aqvs ufleba,

Secvalos fuladi fasi. fasis niSnulis zemoT an qvemoT moZraoba, im mizniT, rom napovni iqnas

misi iseTi done, romlis drosac momxmareblis mier produqciis SeZenaze gaweuli xarji maqsim-

alurad aisaxeba momwodeblebis mogebaSi, sakmaod advilia.

yovelive es iZleva imis axsnas, Tu ratom warmoadgens fuladi fasis cvlileba Cveulebriv

reaqcias produqtis iSviaTobis cvlilebaze da ratom Tvlian ekonomistebi fuladi fasis cv-

lilebas sazogadoebaSi koordinaciis uzrunvelyofis pirvelxarisxovan saSualebad. eWvgare-

Sea, rom arsebobs iseTi produqtebi, romelTa ganawileba SeuZlebelia cvladi fuladi fasis

saSualebiT da sxva produqtebic, romelTa ganawileba, rogorc amaSi umravlesoba dagveTanx-

meba, aseTi gziT6 ar SeiZleba, magram aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom iq, sadac sazogadoebrivi

koordinaciis aseTi meqanizmi gamoyenebuli ver iqneba, bevrad ufro rTulia farTo masStabiani

TanamSromlobis miRweva.

swori da araswori gzebi

rogori iqneba mimwodeblebis reaqcia, Tu kanoni maT aukrZalavs fasebis momatebas aSkara

deficitis dros? albaT, isini Seecdebian ipovon sxva gza am situaciidan sargeblis misaRebad.

benzinis gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT Seamciron TavianTi xarjebi klientebis momsaxurebaze, Seamci-

reben ra yoveldRiur samuSao saaTebs da saerTod ar imuSaveben uqme dReebSi. Tuki SeiZleba

maTTvis gamoyofili benzinis 20 saaTSi gayidva, ratom imuSaveben isini 120 saaTs kviraSi? defi-

citze aseTi reaqcia gazrdis momxmareblis mier benzinis SeZenis xarjebs _ maT mouwevT mogza-

urobaze uaris Tqma uqme dReebSi. isini Tavs ususurebad igrZnoben, vinaidan ver iSovian sawvavs.

maT aseve mouwevT damatebiTi xarjebis gaReba, rac dakavSirebuli iqneba ZiebasTan, Sewuxebas-

6 Zneli iqneboda, kvartlis yvela macxovreblisaTvis gamogveyo quCis ganaTebis is zusti raodenoba, romlis safa-

sursac cal-calke gadaixdidnen. xSirad xom sxvadasxva uSveri sityvebiT movixseniebT maT, vinc Tavis keTilganwyo-

bas mxolod fuladi fasis mixedviT anawilebs

88

Tan da SesaZloa, sicocxlis riskTanac ki (benzinis araswori Senaxvisa da Casxmis dros).

sazogadoebasa da ekonomikaSi efeqtiani urTierTTanamSromlobis misaRwevad Cven, mniS-

vnelovnad varT damokidebuli fuladi fasis cvlilebaze. rodesac fasebi ar metyveleben iSvia-

Tobis cvlilebaze, momxmareblebi da mimwodeblebi iReben araswor signalebs. isini ver pouloben

saSualebas, ukeTesad Seeguon erTmaneTs, vinaidan ara aqvT saamiso stimulebi. metad mniSvnelova-

nia, rom adamianebi iRebdnen aseT stimulebs, rakiRa arsebobs urTierTSeTanxmebis mravali sx-

vadasxva mimarTuleba, romelic SeuZlebelia iwinaswarmetyvelos romelime centralurma or-

ganom da romelTa erToblivi Sedegi gansazRvravs sxvaobas koordinaciasa da qaoss Soris.

moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebisas, swored cvladi fasebi uzrunvelyofs aseT stimulebs.

arsebobs Tu ara ukeTesi sistema

vambobT ra, rom fuladi fasi asrulebs aRniSnul funqcias, Cven ar vamtkicebT, rom igi amas

idealurad asrulebs. ra Tqma unda, momdevno TavebSi Cven ganvixilavT fasebis sistemis saSuale-

biT socialuri koordinaciis ara marto miRwevebs, aramed SezRudvebsac. Cven davsvamT kiTxvas

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra pirobebSi ver asaxaven fasebi adamianebis prioritetebs da aRmovaCenT, rom

fasebis sistemis idealur funqcionirebas xels uSlis codnis ukmarisoba, sabazro Zalaufleba,

faruli SeTanxmebebi sakuTrebis uflebebis Sesaxeb, SeuTanxmebloba da araTanasworuflebiano-

ba. magram Cven ar uarvyofT meqanikis pirvel kanons (romelic amtkicebs, rom moZraobaSi myofi

sxeulebi inerciiT cdiloben ganagrZon Tanabari moZraoba) mxolod imitom, rom realur samyaro-

Si adgili aqvs xaxuns. msgavsi Secdoma iqneboda isic, rom Tvali dagvexuWa fasebis sistemis upi-

ratesobaze mxolod imitom, rom igi ver uzrunvelyofs idealur koordinacias.

fuladi fasis meSveobiT iSviaTi produqtebis ganawilebis sistema, ra Tqma unda, am produqts

mimarTavs maTken, vinc mzadaa gadaixados. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac ganawilebas fasebi mar-

Tavs, Raribebi, rogorc wesi, imaze naklebs miiReben, vidre mdidrebi. swored amaSi mdgomareobs

`mdidaris~ da `Raribis~ ekonomikuri azri. magram arc mTlad asea. fasebiT ganawilebisas, mxedv-

elobaSi miiReba adamianebs Soris arsebuli sxva mravali gansxvaveba, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac

ganawilebis nebismieri sxva formis dros metad Znelia.

davuSvaT, gadavwyviteT benzinis ganawileba specialuri talonebis saSualebiT. rogor gas-

cems saxelmwifo am talonebs? usamarTloba iqneba, erTnairi raodenobiT gascen martoxelaze

da Svidi sulisgan Semdgar ojaxze, magram aseve usamarTloba iqneba, rom erT ojaxs Svidjer

meti taloni Sexvdes. usamarTloba iqneba gagveca erTnairi raodenobis talonebi, maTze visac

aqvs avtomobili da vinc mxolod sargeblobs imiT. mWidrod dasaxlebuli qalaqebisa da gareub-

nebis mosaxleoba ufro xSirad sargeblobs sazogadoebrivi transportiT, xolo sakuTari manqa-

niT mokle manZilebs gadis. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom isini naklebi raodenobis talonebs

iRebdnen, xolo naklebad dasaxlebuli raionebis mkvidrni ki mets. magarm niu-iorkis zogierTi

macxovrebeli regularulad ufro Sor manZilebze mogzaurobs, vidre is, vinc cxovrobs kolo-

rados Statis qalaq silvertonSi. samarTliani iqneba Tu ara sistema, romelic ignorirebas

ukeTebs individualur garemoebebs? rogor SeiZleba samarTlianad ganawildes talonebi dasav-

leT texasSi mogzaur gamsaRebel agentsa da patara qalaqSi macxovrebel moxuc qals Soris, ro-

melic manqaniT mxolod eklesiaSi Tu dadis? gana erTnairi raodenobis talonebs unda iRebdes

is, visac ar uyvars saWesTan jdoma da isic, visac es Zalian moswons?

ra vuyoT im firmebs, romlebic benzins gamoiyeneben? ganawilebis adekvaturma sistemam mxed-

velobaSi unda miiRos, rom dizelis sawvavi da benzini erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven erT-

sadaimave navTobsa da erTsadaimave navTobgadamamuSavebel simZlavreebze. Tu taqsomotorul

kompaniebs, komerciul TevzmWer flotiliebs, avtogadazidvebiT dakavebul firmebs (Cven

CamovTvaleT saqmiani sawarmoebis ramdenime saxeoba, romelic dizelis sawvavs gamoiyenebs)

miecema yvelaferi, rac maTTvis aucilebelia, aRmoCndeba, rom maT sWirdebaT bevrad meti, vi-

dre amas vinme warmoidgenda. Tu am mimarTulebaSi Cven SevqmniT saxelmwifo dawesebulebas da

davavalebT gamouyos garkveuli raodenoba yovel firmas, ra kriteriumebiT isargeblebs igi?

warsuli moxmarebiT? albaT. magram SeiZleba ki, rom warsuli moxmareba resursebis dRevandeli

ganawilebis swor orientirad gamodges iseT ekonomikaSi, sadac uwyvetad warmoiqmneba axali

firmebi da kvdeba Zveli, sadac warmoebebis nawili izrdeba, sxvebi ki wyveten muSaobas, sadac

89

ganuwyvetliv icvleba teqnologia da moTxovna?

vinaidan firmebi saqonels awvdian ara marto saboloo momxmareblebs, aramed sxva firmebsac,

amitom SeumCneveli da gamousworebeli Secdomebi dominos efeqts gamoiwvevs. resursebis aras-

wor ganTavsebas albaT mTeli dargis daxurvac SeiZleba mohyves Tu xels SeuSlis erTi SexedviT

umniSvnelo, da meore mxriv ki Seucvleli resursis warmoebas an transportirebas. firmebs So-

ris dizelis sawvavis TviTneburi ganawilebisas SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tanamedrove ganviTare-

bul ekonomikaSi rTuli urTierTkavSirebis SenarCuneba.

inflacia da binis qiris kontroli

fasebis saSualebiT ganawilebisadmi sazogadoebis cudi damokidebuleba Zlierdeba infla-

ciis periodSi, vinaidan adamianebi SecdomiT aigiveben erTmaneTTan fasebis zrdasa da cxovrebis

donis dacemas. mraval Cvengans uWirs imis gageba, rom Cveni fuladi Semosavlebi izrdeba im

produqtebis fasis zrdasTan erTad, romelsac vyidulobT. rodesac garkveul produqtze dan-

axarjebi Cveni Tviuri Semosavlis sagrZnob nawils Seadgens, maSin gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni

vxdebiT masze fasebis zrdis mimarT. amasTan erTad, fasi xSirad ar icvleba, magram Tu Seicvala,

didad icvleba da maSin ufro metad vbrazobT am cvlilebebis gamo, xolo sazogadoebrivi uk-

mayofileba nayofier niadags qmnis fasebis moZraobaSi sakanonmdeblo CarevisTvis.

yvelaze saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens binis qiraze kontrolis daweseba. inflaciis dros

fasebi kvebasa da tansacmelze nel-nela iwevs zemoT da amitom maT yuradRebas naklebad aqceven.

binis qira ki didi xnis manZilze ucvleli rCeba da erTbaSad mkveTrad matulobs. binis qira 450

dolaridan 525 dolaramde izrdeba, es sagrZnob sicarieles qmnis Cvens biujetSi da gaumarTle-

blad didi gveCveneba maSinac ki, rodesac imave periodSi Cvens mier SeZenili sxva produqtebis

fasi 50%-iT gaizarda. amgvar SemTxvevebSi adamianebi gantevebis vacs eZeben da binaTmflobele-

bi (TviT es sityva iwvevs aRSfoTebas) am rolisTvis saukeTeso kandidatebad iTvlebian.

sabinao gadasaxadis magaliTSi Taviseburi boroti ironia imaleba da es ironia bevrad amZimebs

problemas. vinaidan binis gadasaxadis ganakveTebi ̀ xistia~ da rogorc wesi CamorCeba sxva fasebis

zrdas, amitom swrafi inflaciis dros binis qiris saSualo realuri done ecema.

rodesac produqtis realuri an inflaciuri fasi sxva produqtis fasamde ecema, am produq-

tze moTxovnis raodenoba izrdeba da adgili aqvs deficits. sacxovreblebis bazarze deficiti

gamoixateba vakansiebis ricxvis SemcirebaSi: binebis mxolod mcire raodenoba qiravdeba im

xalxze, visac bina ara aqvs. vakanturi binebis raodenobis es Semcireba gadaiqceva binis qiris

kontrolis sasargeblod metyveli kidev erTi argumentad.

`Cven ar SegviZlia davuSvaT binis qiris zrda, rodesac vakanturi binebis wili 1 procentze

naklebia~, an kidev ukeTesi: `Cven unda davawesoT kontroli binis qiraze manam, sanam vakanturi

binebis wili ar miaRwevs misaReb 3 procentian dones~. vinaidan vakanturi binebis dabali wili

warmoadgens binis dabali qiris Sedegs, es argumenti Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad binis qiris

mudmivi kontrolis sasargeblod metyvelebs. miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom fasebis momatebis am

specialurma akrZalvam swored is mimwodeblebi gamohyo, romelTa fasebi ukve isedac veRar ew-

eva inflaciis temps.

rodesac kanoni an Cveva binis qiris fass ufro dabal doneze aCerebs, vidre is donea, romelic

moTxovnasa da miwodebas awonasworebs, maSin gamoCndeba racionirebis sxva meTodebi. binis mepa-

troneebs SeuZliaT arCevani gaakeTon asakis, seqsualuri midrekilebis, piradi Cvevebis, ojaxis

sididis, sarekomendacio werilebis, Sinauri cxovelebis, raionSi cxovrebis xangrZlivobis da

Sida ganawesis dacvis mixedviT. isini, vinc binaSi cxovrobdnen binis qiraze kontrolis dawese-

bamde, Seecdebian, rac SeiZleba didi xniT daikavon maqsimalurad didi farTobi, xolo wasvli-

sas megobars gadascen an Tavad iqcnen qvedamqiraveblebad. binis mflobelebi Seamcireben mom-

saxurebis xarisxs, vinaidan ician, rom Tuki romelime damqiravebeli ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams,

arsebobs binaSi Sesvlis msurvelTa grZeli rigi.

yovelive es iwvevs imis aucileblobas, rom Seiqmnas ZviradRirebuli damkvirvebeli adminis-

traciuli komisiebi da damatebiTi kanonebi, romlebic binis mepatroneebs ukrZalavs garkveul

qmedebebs. amis grZelvadiani Sedegi arsebuli Senobebis ngrevisda mixedviT binis mepatroneTa

saboloo mospoba iqneba, radgan rom Sewydeba ijariT gadasacemi axali saxlebis mSenebloba. am

90

SemTxvevaSi binaTmflobelobis yvelaze aSkara mowinaaRmdegemac ki unda aRiaros, rom Znelia

binis daqiraveba, rodesac mas aravin aqiravebs.

fasebis kontroli qmnis deficits

gasaqiravebeli saxlebis deficiti warmoCindeba rogorc vakansiebis dabali procenti

vakansiebis dabali procenti ver `gamoswordeba~ binis qiris kontroliT

iSviaToba da siWarbe

xSirad, roca fiqroben, rom gansazRvruli produqti ar warmoadgens iSviaTobas, masTan mi-

marTebaSi iyeneben sityvas “siWarbe”.

amerikis samedicino asociacia didi xania gamoTqvams wuxils eqimebis moWarbebis gamo. Tu ar

SevaCereT maTi momzadeba, male aRmovCndebiT am specialistebis Warbi raodenobis winaSe. magram

ar arsebobs eqimebis zusti raodenoba, romelic mosaxleobisTvisaa saWiro. rodesac ama Tu im

profesiis pirebi laparakoben aucilebel raodenobaze, isini TiTqmis yovelTvis gulisxmoben mo-

Txovnas mocemuli fasis pirobebSi. ra Tqma unda, isini amjobineben ar ifiqron momsaxurebis fasis

Semcirebaze.

maswavleblebis siWarbe bolo wlebSi, TviTon maswavleblebisTvis mainc, aseve problemad ga-

daiqca. skolis sabWoebisa da adgilobrivi gadamxdelebis TvalsazrisiT, aq ufro sasikeTo Se-

saZleblobebi iSleba. ufro dabali ganakveTebis SemTxvevaSi saskolo olqebi mzad arian daiqi-

ravon maswavlebelTa meti raodenoba. garda amisa, isini, vinc aswavlian, ufro dabali xelfasis

pirobebSi gadawyveten kariera sxva sferoSi gaikeTon. Tu xelfasebis Semcireba ar moxerxda

profkavSirebTan molaparakebebis an imis gamo, rom marTebuli ar iqneba naklebi gadavuxadoT

maT, visac Cveni Svilebis sulsa da guls vandobT, maSin moiZebneba sxva saSualebebi miwodebisa

da moTxovnis dasabalanseblad. xelfasis momateba, romelic CamorCeba inflaciis temps, amci-

rebs realur xelfass. saskolo sabWoebs SeuZliaT aseve gaafarToon maswavleblebis movaleo-

bebis sfero, Seamcireben ra erTeuli gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebulebas ucvleli xelfasis

pirobebSi meti produqciis miRebis gziT.

siWarbe

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Tuki es zomebi ar aRmoCndeba sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom dabalansebuli iqnas miwodebisa da mo-

Txovnis sidideebi, maSin maswavleblebis deficituri vakansiebis ganawilebisas sxva kriteriu-

mebis gamoyeneba mogvixdeba (maswavleblebis siWarbe imavdroulad maswavlebelTa vakansiebis

deficits niSnavs). ganawilebis TvalnaTel da farTod gamoyenebul kriteriums warmoadgens

asaki. es kriteriumi moswonT didi staJis mqone maswavleblebs, magram ar eCvenebaT momxibvle-

lad axalgazrda da momaval maswavleblebs. aseTi midgoma, ra Tqma unda, xels ar uwyobs imas,

rom klasis kari SeaRon maT, visac yvelaze metad surs maswavlebloba.

momwodeblebi, romlebic gulgrilni arian fasis mimarT

rodesac romelime produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, myidvelebs Soris konkurencia, rogorc

wesi, iwvevs misi fasis zrdas. Cveulebriv mimwodeblebs uxariaT myidvelebTan TanamSromloba am

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miznis misaRwevad, vinaidan maT awyobT maRali fasebi. magram rogor iqneba saqme, rodesac rome-

lime produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, xolo mimwodebeli arafers igebs fasis momatebiT?

amis karg magaliTad gamodgeba dasajdomi adgilebis ricxvi qveynis yvelaze metad datvir-

Tul aeroportebSi. aviaciis federaluri sammarTvelos prognoziT uaxloes periodSi aSS-is 50

aeroporti didi problemebis winaSe aRmoCndeba. ratom?

moTxovnis swrafi da didi zrdac ki aucileblad rodia deficitis mizezi. magaliTia person-

aluri kompiuterebis deficitis ararseboba. rodesac adamianebis met ricxvs surs gafrena, avi-

akompaniebi sTavazoben met reisebs. Tu saWiroa, isini qiraoben met xalxs da yiduloben met

TviTmfrinavebs. ra Tqma unda, maT uwevT meti xarjis gaweva, magram aviakompaniebi siamovnebiT

midian am xarjebze, vinaidan miaCniaT, rom damatebiTi Semosavali gadafaravs damatebiT xarjebs.

aeroportebSi sirTuleebi warmoiSoba imitom, rom TviTon aeroportebi da maTi garemomcve-

li sivrce kerZo sakuTrebaSi araa da misi gamoyenebis fasi ar iZleva mogebas. damatebiTi mgza-

vrebi, romlebic menejerebis guls sixaruliT avseben, mxolod Tavis tkivils iwveven aeropor-

tis xelmZRvanelobaSi, vinaidan aeroportis da misi garemomcveli sivrcis `mepatroneebi~ ver

zrdian fass, rodesac maT mier miwodebuli produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba.

Tqveni sakuTari aeroporti

davuSvaT, rom Tqven xarT vaSingtonis aeroportis _ qveynis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gadat-

virTuli aeroportis mepatrone da SegiZliaT misi marTva ise, rogorc Tavad migaCniaT saWiro.

`gadatvirTuloba~ wamsve gaqreboda, gardaiqmneboda ra simZlavreebis srulad amoqmedebaSi

(swuxan ki Teatrebis mflobelebi gadatvirTulobaze, rodesac yvela bileTi gayidulia?). sx-

vadasxva aviaxazebi mainc ecdebian reisebis umravlesoba swored am aeroportisken mimarTon, vi-

naidan is dedaqalaqidan ramdenime wuTis savalze imyofeba, rac awyobs vaSingtonSi Camaval mg-

zavrebs, magram Tqven fulis moyvaruli aramzada xarT da aiZulebT, gaiRon soliduri Tanxebi,

vinaidan gsurT dasajdomi tarifebidan maqsimaluri mogebis miReba. konkurenciis Sedegad fasi

gaizrdeboda im donemde, romelic asaxavs alternatiul Rirebulebas pirveli daukmayofile-

beli momxmareblisTvis. Tqven uamrav fuls gaakeTebdiT, magram amavdroulad (Tqvenis wyalo-

biT) arsebuli dasajdomi adgilebi imaT daeTmoboda, vinc maT sxvebze metad afasebs.

xom ar dazaraldebian Tqveni merkantiluri qmedebebis gamo mgzavrebi? didi albaTobiT,

erovnul aeroportSi axali wesebis SemoRebisas, aviakompaniebi ramdenadme gazrdian bileTis

fass, magram es iSviaTi adgili im mgzavrebs ergebaT, romelTaTvis qalaqis centrSi dajdoma bev-

rad mimzidvelia, vidre sxva aeroportidan mgzavroba.

sinamdvileSi, Tu mgzavrebi erovnul aeroportSi gadaixdidnen met fuls, amiT moigebdnen

sxva mgzavrebi. aviakompaniebi ufro met reisebs gauSvebdnen Tavisufali asafreni zolebis

mqone dalasis aeroportSi. amitom mravali mgzavri, romelic ar apirebda vaSingtonSi Casvlas,

an visac aucileblad sWirdeba iq gadajdoma sxva reisebze, isargeblebdnen dalasis ufro mosax-

erxebeli da usafrTxo aeroportiT.

ufro metic, Tuki arsebobs Tqveni aeroportis gamtarunarianobis gazrdis saSualeba, Tqven

amas Zalian safuZvlianad ganixilavT da Tuki gafarToebis xarjebi im Rirebulebaze naklebi aR-

moCndeba, rac aviakompaniebis (sabolood ki mgzavrebis) mzadyofniT izomeba, Tqven dauyovne-

bliv ganaxorcielebT aseT gafarToebas. Tqven ar moiqceviT ise, rogorc iqceva aviaciis feder-

aluri sammarTvelo, romelic yviris krizisze, magram acxadebs aviasadispetCero mowyobilobis

modernizaciis programas, romelic aTwleulzea gaTvaliswinebuli.

reisebis dagvianeba, avariuli situaciebi da sahaero sivrcis deficitis sxva niSnebi SeiZleba uSu-

alod davukavSiroT sahaero sivrceze sakuTrebis Cvens sistemas. arsebuli kanonebi praqtikulad ar

iZleva imis saSualebas, rom bileTebi SeiZinon maT, vinc yvelaze metad afasebs da Seayovnon isini, vinc

mzad araa aseTive maRali fasis gadasaxdelad. aCereben ra farTofiuzelaJian TviTmfrinavs 600 mgza-

vriT, propelerian da eqvsmgzavrian patara TviTmfrinavs nebas rTaven dajdes vaSingtonis erovnul

aeroportSi an Cikagos o’haris aeroportSi, vinaidan TamaSis wesebi 600 mgzavrs ar aZlevs imis saSu-

alebas, rom 6 mgzavrs vaWrobis gziT Seedavos maTTvis saWiro dasajdomi bilikis gamo. Tumca moTxov-

na da miwodeba aqac moqmedebs, magram maT am SemTxvevaSi urTierTTanamSromlobamde ar mivyavarT.

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fasebi, komitetebi da diqtatorebi

ekonomikis centraluri problema adamianebs Soris iseTi TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofaa,

rom dasaxuli miznebis miRweva moxdes resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebiT. didi raodenobis

erTmaneTisTvis ucnobi adamianebis efeqtiani TanamSromlobisTvis aucilebelia, rom gacvlis

pirobebi iyos naTeli, ubralo da standartizebuli.

fuladi fasebi warmoadgens gamartivebis, standartizaciis da TvalsaCinoebis mxriv saukeTe-

so saSualebas. ratom aRweven aseT mcire Sedegebs komisiebi, maSin rodesac am komisiis wevrebi

uamrav drosa da energias xarjaven? es imitom xdeba, rom komisiebi warmoadgens cud saSualebas

imave miznebis misaRwevad. Tuki komisia mainc moaxerxebs am amocanebis gadasawyveti proce-

durebis SemuSavebas, is aRar hgavs komisias, ufro kooperatiul sawarmos warmoadgens.

ra Tqma unda, arsebobs komisiebisTvis dakisrebuli samuSaoebis Sesrulebis kidev erTi meTo-

di: SeiZleba neba davrToT erT adamians, miiRos yvela gadawyvetileba. diqtatorebi saqmeebs

swrafad agvareben. did sazogadoebaSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis diqtatorul meTodebs Seu-

ZliaT Seasrulon fasTa sistemis mravali funqcia.

medlis meore mxare isaa, rom fasebis sistema saSualebas iZleva mivideT sazogadoebriv

TanamSromlobasTan diqtatorebis ararsebobis dros. es aSkara upiartesobaa maTTvis, visac

isini ar uyvars.

diqtatorebs kidev ufro didi winaaRmdegoba imitom xvdebaT, rom maT ar SeuZliaT mouaron

im codnas, romelic gabneulia im xalxSi, visi mbrZaneblobac ganuzraxavT. fasTa sistema yur-

adRebas aqcevs da koordinirebas ukeTebs ara marto survilebs, aramed mimwodeblebisa da momx-

mareblebis codnasac. Tu moTxovnis mrudi imdenad araelastiuri iqneboda, rom adamianebi

moTxovdnen yvelafers zustad gansazRvruli raodenobiT, xolo miwodebis mrudi _ metad

elastiuria, maSin, vinaidan zRvruli alternatiuli Rirebuleba fiqsirebulia teqnologiebiT

da mudmivia, mTeli codnac ki ver SeZlebda Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganviTarebas. mewarmeebi

mzad unda iyvnen, raTa awarmoon im yvelafris gansazRvruli raodenoba, rac ki adamianebs sWird-

ebaT, Tanac TiToeuli nivTis - gansazRvruli fasiT.

sruliaad

araelastiuri

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sruliad

elastiuri

magram saqmec isaa, rom miwodebis mrudebi sruliad elastiuri araa teqnologiiT dadgenili

warmoebis fasis Sesabamisad da moTxovnis mrudebi sruliad araelastiuri araa moTxovnis ra-

odenobis mixedviT. Cven vcxovrobT metad gansxvavebuli donis interesebis, faseulobebisa da

prioritetebis msoflioSi, sadac resursebs mravali potenciuri gamoyeneba aqvs da alterna-

tiuli Rirebulebebi usasrulod icvleba, xolo mimdinare cvlilebebi da mudmivi aRmoCenebi

damaxasiaTebelia yoveldRiuri cxovrebi saTvis. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri dagegm-

vis sistemis kolafsma dagvanaxa is, rasac ekonomikuri Teoria didi xniT adre varaudobda.

diqtatorebma, ragind keTili ganzraxvebi ar unda gaaCndeT, ar ician, Tu rogor uxelmZR-

vanelon komerciuli sazogadoebis yoveldRiur biznes-saqmianobas.

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mokled gavimeoroT

gadawyvetilebebis koordinacia iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelic Sromis maRali danawilebiT

xasiaTdeba, metad rTuli sakiTxia, romelic moiTxovs milionobiT SeTanxmebebis da molapara-

kebebis yoveldRiur gadaxedvasa da kontrols.

efeqtiani sabazro ekonomika warmoqmnis mraval instituts, romlebic cdiloben Seamciron

transaqciuli danaxarjebi da romlebic mowodebulia sakontraqto, an mimwodebelsa da momx-

marebels Soris transaqciuli SeTanxmebebis misaRwevad.

fasebis sistema, romelic swrafad reagirebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis pirobebis cvlileba-

ze, maRali specializaciis xarisxis mqone ekonomikur sistemebSi adamianTa saqcielis koordi-

naciis sasicocxlod aucilebel meqanizms warmoadgens.

moTxovna da miwodeba aris urTierTqmedebis procesi, romlis drosac xdeba fardobiTi

fasebis gansazRvra. es aris urTierTSeguebisa da koordinaciis procesi.

fardobiTi fasebis cvlileba qmnis qcevis cvlilebis stimulebs - moixmaron naklebi da awar-

moon meti fasebis zrdisas, moixmaron meti da awarmoon naklebi fasebis dacemisas.

iSviaToba aris arsebulsa da sasurvels Soris, anu miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris fardoba.

produqti aRar warmoadgens iSviaTobas, rodesac adamianebs SeuZliaT miiRon is nebismieri ra-

odenobiT, yovelgvari damatebiTi xarjebis gareSe.

iSviaTi produqtebi ase Tu ise unda gadanawildes. ganawileba gulisxmobs SerCevis kriteri-

umebis gamoyenebas, romlebic gansazRvraven, Tu vis ramdeni Sexvdeba. konkurencia aris mis-

wrafeba, rac SeiZleba kargad dakmayofildes iSviaTi produqtebis ganawilebis midgomis krite-

riumebi.

rodesac produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, xolo misi fasis gazrda SeuZlebelia, warmoiqmneba

deficiti. moTxovnis sidide am fiqsirebuli fasis SemTxvevaSi aWarbebs miwodebis sidides.

siWarbe warmoiqmneba maSin, roca miwodebis sidide aWarbebs moTxovnis sidides arsebuli fa-

sis dros. Tuki fasi sakmaod maRal doneze dafiqsirda, warmoiqmneba produqtis Warbi miwodebis

raodenoba, imisda miuxedavad rogori iSviaTic unda iyos es produqti.

Tu konkurencias ar SeuZlia fasebis momateba, is gazrdis SeZenis xarjebis sxva komponentebs.

es xarjebi xSir SemTxvevaSi fuWia _ fuladi gadaxdebisgan gansxvavebiT, aseT xarjebs mimwode-

blebisTvis mogeba ar moaqvT.


1. ai, kargi kiTxva, miwodebisa da moTxovnis makoordinirebeli rolis Sesaxeb, romelzec Sei-

Zleba dafiqrdeT: yovelwliurad milionobiT amerikeli icvlis sacxovrebel adgils, amas-

Tan, mravali maTgani Sor manZilze da ucnob raionebSi gadaadgildeba. rogor pouloben

isini axal sacxovrebels?

a) vin zrunavs imaze, rom praqtikulad yvela adamianma an ojaxma, romelic sxva StatSi

gadadis sacxovreblad, ipovos is xalxi, vinc mzadaa miaqiravos bina an saxli, ro-

melic maT gemovnebasa da garemoebebs Seefereba?

b) vin adevnebs Tvalyurs imas, rom im StatebSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT swrafad iz-

rdeba, axali mSeneblobebi uzrunvelyofdnen sacxovrebeli fondis zrdas iseTi sis-

wrafiT, romelic mosaxleobis zrdas Seesabameba?

g) CamoTvaleT zogierTi instituti, romlebic amcirebs transaqciul danaxarjebs im

amerikelebisTvis, vinc unda gayidos an iyidos saxli sxva qalaqSi gadasasvlelad.

d) wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac saxlebi CineTis komunisturi mTavrobis xelSi iyo,

didi qalaqis mcxovrebTaTvis mas neba unda daerTo binebis gasacvlelad. ratom iyo

gacvlis transaqciuli danaxarji bevrad meti, vidre kerZo sakuTrebis sistemaSi, sa-

dac gacvlis fasi vaWrobis maregulirebelia?

2. ruseTis wiTeli jvris organizaciis Tavmjdomarem 1990 wels gamoacxada, rom is sakvebi, ro-

melic dasavleTis mier daxmarebis saxiT igzavneboda, moipares. `rusi qurdebi yvelaze

94

ufro gamocdilebi arian msoflioSi~ _ Tqva man. ruseTisTvis daxmarebis komisiis direq-

torma daxmareba centralizebuli sistemiT gaagzavna, raTa darwmunebuli yofiliyo ga-

nawilebis sisworeSi. rogor fiqrobT, damSeul xalxamde romeli sakvebi miaRwevda ufro

swrafad da saRad, is, romelsac mTavroba da sazogadoebebi anawilebdnen, Tu is, romelic

moipares? ratom?

3. 1990 wels SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis Sedegad somali gaTavisuflda diqtatorisgan, romelic

didi xnis manZilze marTavda qveyanas. soflis meurneoba, vaWroba da socialuri institute-

bi daingra, ramac gamoiwvia masobrivi SimSilis saSiSroeba.

a) ra iqneboda dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis yvelaze mokle da efeqtiani gza SimSilis sa-

SiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad?

b) zogierTi damxmare organizacia amjobinebda, dasavleTis qveynebidan miRebuli xor-

bali sanapiro zolis gaswvriv TviTmfrinavebiT CaeyaraT. rogor fiqrobT, ra moxde-

boda, es rekomendacia rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT?

g) rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeboda dasavleTis qveynebs xorblis gagzavnis nacvlad,

mTels qveyanaSi vertmfrenebiT erTdolariani da xuTdolariani banknotebi rom

CamoeyaraT? gamoyenebuli iqneboda Tu ara es banknotebi evropidan xorblis Semosa-

tanad?

d) ratom (romeli procesis daxmarebiT) vrceldeba didi raodenobiT narkotikebi

samxreT amerikis mTebidan amerikis qalaqebSi, miuxedavad mTavrobis mcdelobisa, ar

dauSvas es?

4. romeli nivTebi unda gaugzavnoT im raionis mkvidrT, romelic bunebis damangrevelma Za-

lebma daazarala? aris Tu ara pasuxi damokidebuli imaze, bunebis rogor katastrofas

hqonda adgili?

5. Tuki gamdidrebis survili warmoadgens egoisturobisa da merkantilurobis maCvenebels,

rogorc es mraval adamians hgonia, maSin ratom cdiloben eklesiebi da sxva saqvelmoqmedo

organizaciebi didi raodenobiT fulis Sovnas?

6. 1988 wlis zafxulSi aSS-Si rekorduli gvalva iyo. momdevno wlebSi sasoflo-sameurneo

kulturebis farTi ise gaizarda, rogorc arasdros, meore msoflio omis Semdeg. ram aiZula

fermerebi aseTi zomebisTvis miemarTaT?

7. mraval adamians swams, rom Tu sawvavis krizisi kvlav warmoiqmneba Sua aRmosavleTSi an rome-

lime sxva adgilas gamarTuli omis gamo, mTavrobis mier benzini ganawildeba saWiroebis

mixedviT. rogor varaudobT, ris mixedviT gansazRvraven saWiroebas?

8. SeafaseT benzinis normirebis Semdegi sistemebi maTi samarTlianobis mixedviT:

a) isini, visi sanomre niSnebic kentia, benzins yiduloben kent ricxvebSi, xolo visi nom-

rebic luwia luw ricxvebSi;

b) adamianebma unda airCion kviraSi erTi dRe, rodesac isini avtomobilebs ar gamoiy-

eneben. manqanebze dawerili iqneba cifri 1-dan 7-mde, xolo policia daakavebs maT,

vinc am wesebs ar daemorCileba;

g) veravin ver SeiZens benzins kvira dRes.

9. meore msoflio omis dros kvebis mraval produqtze da tansacmlis zogierT saxeobaze

kanonmdeblobiT iqna dadgenili zRvruli fasebi. Semdgom aman gamoiwvia ganawilebis wig-

nakebis gavrceleba qveynis yvela moqalaqeze. nebismieri nivTis SesaZenad, garda fulisa,

saWiro iyo wignakSi aRniSvnis Setana.

a) ramdenad kargad cvlida wignakebiT ganawilebis sistema fuladi ganawilebis sistemas?

b) ratom amjobinebdnen iSviaTi produqtis ganawilebis sawignako sistemas da ara misi fu-

ladi fasis gazrdas?

10. mravali koleji da instituti regularulad uars ambobs moTxovnis raodenobis Sesabamis-

ad popularuli kursebis ganawilebaze.

a) ratom xdeba ase? ratom ver xvdeba skolebis administracia imas, rom moTxovnis ra-

odenoba metia, vidre miwodebis da ar zrdis am kursebis fass an raodenobas?

95

b) rogor gardaqmniT Tqven Semdeg winadadebas am problemis gadasaWrelad: yoveli

studenti Sesvlisas iRebs 1000 kredits, rac SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas special-

uri kursebis SesaZenad. rodesac xdeba registracia, studenti aRniSnavs, Tu am

kreditebis ra raodenobis gadaxdas apirebs is TiToeul kurssa Tu im seqciaSi, sadac

cdilobs registracia gaiaros. kompiuteri SemdegSi aRniSnavs saukeTeso SeTavaze-

bebs. klasze gamoyofili limitis zemoT, rogor Seedreba ganawilebis aseTi sistema

alternativebs?

g) ratom warmoaCens ukeTesad konkretuli kursis fass ukanaskneli daSvebuli studen-

tis winadadeba, vidre studentebis sxva winadadebebi?

d) mxars dauWerT Tu ara imas, rom studentebs neba daerToT, kreditebi erTmaneTs

naRd fulze miyidon, Tuki aseT sistemas skolebSi SemoiReben.

e) davuSvaT, rom iSviaTi kursebis ganawilebas registraciis sistema imisda mixedviT

axdens, Tu vin ufro adre miva da daikavebs adgils rigSi, risTvisac studentebi dil-

iT adre unda adgnen. studenti mzadaa gadauxados amxanags 20 dolari imaSi, rom is

rigSi adgils daukavebs da aT saaTian kurss aiRebs, magram mkacr protests gamoTq-

vams im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas amxanagi damatebiT 15 dolars moTxovs igive kursis

asaRebad. arada, es saSualebas aZlevs, iseTive warmatebiT aaridos Tavi rigs, ro-

gorc adre. Tu Tqven aseTi aSkara sawinaaRmdego reaqcia marTebulad migaCniaT, ma-

Sin riTi axsniT winaaRmdegobas?

11. mraval saqalaqo avtomagistralze ar axdevineben fass pikis saaTebis dros, rogor xdeba

SezRuduli sivrcis normireba?

12. mraval sauniversiteto qalaqSi manqanebis gasaCerebeli adgili faqtobrivad nulovan

fasad iyideba, maSin, roca gasaCerebeli adgilebis raodenoba SezRudulia.

a) rogor xdeba SezRuduli sivrcis ganawileba? niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom gaCerebis

uflebebis ganawileba SeuZlebelia?

b) rogor xdeba iSviaTi gaCerebis uflebebis ganawilebis normireba gaCerebis gadasaxadiT?

g) Tuki kolejebi yvela students 200 dolars arTmeven manqanis gasaCereblad, aris Tu

ara es normirebis kargi saSualeba?

d) davuSvaT, kolejma gaanawila manqanis gasaCerebeli adgilebi saerTo sacxovre-

blebis gaswvriv. rogor SeiZleba es efeqtianad iqnas gamoyenebuli gasaCerebeli

adgilebis SezRuduli raodenobis normirebisaTvis? mxedvelobaSi iqonieT, rom zo-

gierT gasaCerebel adgilze ufro meti moTxovnaa, vidre sxvaze.

13. ras fiqrobT, Tu kiborCxalebis gayidvis zRvruli fasi erT girvanqaSi 1 dolars aRwevs, ro-

gor ganawildeba iSviaTi kiborCxalebi? sad SegeZlebaT wasvla maT misarTmevad?

14. icavs Tu ara mdidrebs fasebis kontroli imisgan, rom Raribebma moixmaron meti?

nuTu imis erT-erT mizezs, rom adgilobrivi xelisufleba zogjer kontrols amyarebs binis

qiraze, warmoadgens ganzraxva, xeli SeuSalon fasebs sacxovrebeli farTis SezRuduli ra-

odenobis racionalur ganawilebaSi? miaRwevs Tu ara es kontroli dasaxul mizans? rogor

moxda, rom niu-iorkSi kontrols daqvemdebarebul binebSi sakmaod mdidari xalxi cxo-

vrobs?

15. iyidda Tu ara yvela erTnairi xarisxis manqanas, Semosavlebis ganawileba absoluturad Ta-

nabari rom iyos? vis sawinaaRmdego diskriminacias axorcielebs saavtomobilo fasebi? gana,

Semosavlebis erTnairi ganawilebisas, yvela ojaxi erTnairi sididisa da xarisxis binas Sei-

Zenda an iqiravebda? vis sawinaaRmdego diskriminacias axorcielebs binis qira?

16. rodesac garemos dacvis federalurma dadgenilebam ufro mkacrad SezRuda niu-iorkSi

manqanebis gasaCerebeli adgilebi, gaizarda avtofarexebSi gaCerebis fasebic. ratom? niu-

iorkis momxmarebelTa sazogadoebis sammarTvelos ufrosma mouwoda, bolo moeRoT gamdi-

drebis moyvaruli avtofarexebis mflobelebisTvis. rasTan gveqneboda saqme, kanons rom

eiZulebina avtofarexebSi gaCerebis fasis dakleba?

17. SesaZlebelia Tu ara janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis ageba normirebis gareSe? 1948 wels

96

didi britaneTis yvela ojaxma miiRo dadgenileba imis Sesaxeb, rom janmrTelobis dacvis

axali sistema `uzrunvelyofs yovelgvari samedicino, stomatologiuri da saeqTano momsa-

xurebiT yvelas, mdidarsa da Raribs, mamakacs, qalsa Tu bavSvs. yvelas SeuZlia miiRos is an

misi nawili mainc. ar arsebobs SezRudvebi, garda specialuri SemTxvevebisa~.

a) janmrTelobis dacvis es mowinave sistema, romelmac 1998 wels 50 wlisTavi izeima,

dafuZnebulia im daSvebaze, rom janmrTelobis dacva, romlis fasi nulovania, mSve-

nieria. es daSveba uaryofili iqna britaneTsa da yvela im qveyanaSi, romelmac janmr-

Telobis dacvis igive sistemebi SemoiRo da amiT deficiti Seqmna. ra iwvevs aseT Sem-

TxvevaSi deficits?

b) Tu janmrTelobis dacva yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomia nulovan fasad da am fasad mo-

Txovnis raodenoba aWarbebs miwodebis raodenobas, rogor SeiZleba janmrTelobis

dacvis normireba?

g) normirebis romel sistemas SesTavazebT Tqven?

18. amJamad aSS-Si bevrad met wyvils surs bavSvis ayvana, vidre gasaSvilebeli bavSvebis raode-

nobaa. miscemdiT Tu ara Tqven bavSvs im mSoblebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro metad moiTxoven

amas? ra Sedegebs gamoiwvevda es? ra kriteriumebis mixedviT xdeba mSoblebis SerCeva?

19. federaluri samarTali mkacrad krZalavs adamianis organoebis gayidvas transplataciisT-

vis. adamianebs uxdebaT didi xnis lodini, vidre maTTvis gamosadegi organoebi gamoCndeba.

cxadia, rom SesaZlebelia meti organoebis miReba, Tu finansurad daSvebuli iqneba donore-

bis gamoyeneba. xarT Tu ara amis momxre? ra Sedegebs gamoiwvevs es?

20. Tu mSoblebs aqvT erTi televizori da hyavT sami bavSvi, unda miscen Tu ara programis amor-

Cevis ufleba mas, vinc yvelaze met Tanxas gadaixdis? davuSvaT isini arCevanis uflebas yve-

laze ukeTes gadamxdels miscemen da Tanxas danarCen ors gaunawileben. Secvlis Tu ara es

Tqvens pasuxs? Tuki mSoblebisTvis umjobesia samarTlianobisa da wesrigis Sesaxeb Tavian-

Ti Sexedulebebis mixedviT mixedviT am iSviaTi produqtis ganawileba, energetikis samini-

strosTvisac ukeTesi xom ar iqneba iSviaTi energetikuli resursebi konkurentunarian mo-

qalaqeebs Soris samarTlianobisa da wesrigis Sesaxeb Tavisi Sexedulebisda mixedviT

gaanawilos? raSia gansxvaveba?

21. davuSvaT, Tavdacvis saministrom gadawyvita sanapiro zolze samxedro bazis daxurva da

surs miwa kerZo mflobelebs gadasces. es miwa mdebareobs mWidrod dasaxlebuli raionis

axlos da masze ganlagebuli nakveTebidan mSvenieri sanaxaoba iSleba.

a) Tuki nakveTebi latariis mixedviT ganawildeba, vin aaSenebs iq saxlebs?

b) xadia, rom zogierTi nakveTi sxvebze ukeTesi iqneba. aSendeba Tu ara ufro mdidruli

saxlebi saukeTeso monakveTebze Tu nakveTebis ganawileba latariis mixedviT moxda?

g) pasuxobdiT ra wina SekiTxvebze, varaudobdiT Tu ara, rom saxelmwifo ar awesebs

araviTar SezRudvebs saxlebis gadayidvaze? ra Seicvleba Tu latariis kanonebi kon-

fiskaciis an dajarimeqbis muqariT akrZalavs mogebuli nakveTebis gayidvas SeZeni-

dan xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi?

d) nakveTebis rogori ganawilebaa ufro samarTliani _ latariiT Tu gadaxdisTvis

mzadyofnis mixedviT?

22. federaluri teleradiokomitetisTvis aucilebelia, licenziebis SezRuduli raodenoba

mciresimZlavrian satelevizio sadgurebze gaanawilos. sul Semosulia 5000 gancxadeba. da-

exmareT komitets swori gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, miuTiTebT ra Semdegi sistemebis dade-

biTsa da uaryofiT mxareebze. licenziebi gaicema:

a) yvelaze maRalfasiani gancxadebebis mixedviT;

b) pretendentebis kvalifikaciis mixedviT;

g) latariis mixedviT;

d) iseTi latariis mixedviT, romelic met Sanss aZlevs im xalxs, vinc yvelaze naklebadaa

warmodgenili telegadacemebSi, oRond im pirobiT, rom latariis monawileebi sak-

marisad kvalificiurni arian.

23. iutas Stati bizonebze sanadirod yovelwliurad yidis 27 licenzias, teritoriis 1500 kv

97

milze. gadasaxadi Statis macxovrebTaTvis 200 dolars, xolo sxvebisTvis 1000 dolars

Seadgens. vinaidan Stati yovelwliurad 1000-ze met SekveTas iRebs, is msurvelebs Soris la-

tarias atarebs.

a) rogor fiqrobT, ratom ar aZlevs iutas Stati licenzias mas, vinc yvelaze maRal fa-

sian ganacxads gaakeTebs?

b) rogor migaCniaT, unda mieces Tu ara licenziis mimRebs gayidvis ufleba?

g) latariis Semdeg licenziebis Tavisufali gayidva ra Sedegebamde migviyvans?

24. Tu noemberSi indaurebis miwodeba uecrad arasakmarisi, aRmoCnda. gamoiwvevs Tu ara es de-

ficits? ratom?

25. zafxulSi dasavleTis StatebSi mogzaurobis dros gasaCerebeli adgilebis deficits Tqven

ufro xSirad waawydebiT kempingebSi, vidre motelebSi, ratom?

26. ekonomisti Carlz leivi werda: `SesaZloa, energetikul seqtorSi fasebze orientirebuli

gadawyvetilebebis erT-erTi upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianebma ukve ician,

rogor gadawyviton problemebi fasebis saSualebiT. arsebobs warsulTan uwyveti kavSiri

da, SesaZloa, biurokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis ZiriTadi nakli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

maT ar gaaCniaT aseTi uwyvetoba da amis nacvlad aiZuleben adamianebs iswavlon da gaigon

qcevis axali normebi. Cven ver vamCnevT imis sirTules, rac Cveulebrivia. benzinis ganawile-

ba da gayidva sakmaod trivialuri amocana iyo manam, sanam saxelmwifo 1973 da 1979 wels Ta-

vad ar Seecada am sakiTxis gadawyvetas.~

a) SeiZleba Tu ara ase avxsnaT is winaaRmdegobebi, rac wina SekiTxvebSi iyo? iZleva Tu

ara es imis axsnas, Tu ratom vaxdenT fasebis mixedviT zogierTi produqtis normire-

bas yovelgvari meryeobis gareSe, magram uars vambobT fasis mixedviT sxva iSviaTi

produqtis normirebaze? arsebobs Tu ara am ori gansxvavebuli midgomis raime

adekvaturi axsna?

b) rogor xdeba rTul sistemebTan adaptacia? vis Semoaqvs aseTi sistemebi? ratom cdi-

lobs mavani axali da rTuli sistemis Semotanas, raTa Secvalos ukve cnobili, magram

naklebad efeqtiani sistema?

g) aravin moindomebs benzingasamarTi sadguris gaxsnas, vidre manqanis mflobelebisa

da mZRolebis sakmarisi raodenoba ar mogrovdeba, magram cota Tu iyidis avtomo-

bils, benzingasamarTi sadgurebiT sargebloba Tu ar iqneba SesaZlebeli. advilia

ifiqro aseT dilemaze, magram Znelia ipovo sityvebi asaxsnelad. rogor xdeba kverc-

xisa da qaTmis dilemis gadawyveta praqtikaSi? ratom yidulobs xalxi televizorebs

manam, sanam satelevizio sadgurebi aSendeba da ratom Sendeba satelevizio sadgure-

bi manam, sanam adamianebi televizorebs SeiZenen?

27. ratom iyeneben restornebi fasTa warmoqmnis sxvadasxva meTodebs sxvadasxva produqtsa da

momsaxurebaze? magaliTad, qaRaldis xelsawmendebSi fass ar axdevineben da nebas rTaven

klientebs isargeblon maTi SeuzRudavi raodenobiT. sasmelebze Tanxas iReben, oRond dama-

tebiT ulufaze Tanxa an mcirdeba, an sulac ganuldeba. rac Seexeba sxva produqtebs, yvela

erTeulze klientebi ixdian dadgenil fass. Tu Tqveni pasuxi isaa, rom xelsawmendebi Zviri

ar Rirs, maSin ratom ar arigeben maT maRaziebi ufasod? ratom iReben kafeSi karaqis ulufis

fass, maSin rodesac restornebSi karaqis damatebiTi ulufa, moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, klien-

tebs ufasod miewodebaT.

28. am saxelmZRvaneloSi amtkiceben, rom fasebis warmoqmnis sistema TanamSromlobas arsebuli

SesaZleblobebidan arCevanis gamartivebiT uzrunvelyofs. sxva sistema, romelic amas aseve

efeqtianad akeTebs, aris SuqniSani. samarTliania Tu ara SuqniSniT damyarebuli wesrigi?

iTvaliswinebs Tu ara is masTan misuli mZRolebis garemoebebs? mianiWebdiT Tu ara upirate-

sobas sagzao moZraobis kontrolis iseT sistemas, romelic wiTel Suqze im mZRols gaata-

rebs, romelsac ufro saswrafo saqme gamouCnda?

99

6miwodeba da moTxovna:

Teoriidan praqtikisaken

`Zveli istoriis wignSi wavawydi `arqaul da trivialur~ Sexedulebas: Sua saukuneebSi ada-

mianebs miaCndaT, rom sagnebis fass gansazRvravs ara miwodeba da moTxovna, aramed ned-

leulisa da Sromis Rirebuleba da maT gaaCndaT kanonebi, romlebic am fasebs gansazRvravda.

raoden absurduli Sexedulebaa ekonomikaze, romelic mxolod fasebis mixedviT funqcioni-

rebs~.

gazeTis gamomcemlisadmi miwerili es sarkastuli werili asaxavs ucnaur da ironiul, magram,

samwuxarod, gavrcelebul Seexedulebas, rom ekonomia siZunwes iwvevs. is aseve asaxavs gavrce-

lebul Sexedulebas, rom warmoebis xarjebi ramdenadme damoukidebelia miwodebisa da moTxov-

nis procesze. esaa mTavari mcdari Sexeduleba, romlis gabaTilebasac am TavSi SevecdebiT.

gansazRvravs Tu ara fass xarjebi?

rodesac gamyidvelebi atyobineben sazogadoebas fasebis momatebis Sesaxeb, maT uyvarT imis

aRniSvna, rom fasebis zrda xarjebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli. saqmian presaSi xSirad ibeWdeba aseTi

saxis gancxadebebi. TiTqmis yovelTvis, maT Tan erTvis gancxadebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor swu-

xan mimwodeblebi, rom xarjebis zrdam fasebic gazarda. Cveulebriv, arcerTi gamyidveli ar

swuxs imaze, rom fasebis zrda gamoiwvia moTxovnis zrdam, arada, fasebi yovelTvis moTxovnazea

damokidebuli.

miwis nakveTebis SemTxveva amis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens. miwis fasi da, aqedan gamom-

dinare, sxva fasebi xarjebSi Sedis. ra Rirs miwa? kargad dafiqrdiT. sagnebs xarji ar gaaCniaT.

miwa ki sagania. xarji SeiZleba hqodes mxolod qmedebas. imdenad, ramdenadac miwas TavisTavad ar

gaaCnia xarji, miwis gamoyeneba Seicavs xarjs maTTvis, visac surs misi gamoyeneba. ra aris es

xarji? es aris gamomyeneblis mier gaRebuli fasi, romelsac isini gaiReben im mizniT, rom miwa

sakuTari arCevanis mixedviT gamoiyenon. Tu gamomyeneblebi Tavad arian miwis mflobelebi, maT-

Tvis miwis gamoyenebis xarji iqneba miwis nebismieri sxva gziT gamoyenebis dakarguli SesaZle-

blobebis zoma. davuSvaT, rom miwa saxlis samxreTiT mdebareobs. mfobeli aSenebs baRs mimdeba-

re nakveTze da amas akeTebs imis gamo, rom moelis met sargebels, vidre manamde hqonda. Tu is

cxovrobs sofelSi an patara qalaqSi, misi gamoyeneba gacilebiT naklebi daujdeba, vidre dau-

jdeboda maSin, did qalaqSi an mis gareubanSi rom ecxovra. mravali adamianisTvis miwaze maRali

fasi imas niSnavs, rom did qalaqebSi misi Rirebuleba imdenad maRalia, rom misi baRad gamoyeneba

ar Rirs. miwaze maRali fasi da, aqedan gamomdinare, mebaReobis maRali xarji warmoadgens im mo-

Txovnis Sedegs, romelic warmoqmnilia mosalodneli gamoyenebiT.

rodesac miwa sxvisi sakuTrebaa da vinmes surs misi gamoyeneba, man igi unda iyidos an iqiravos.

fasi an qiris ganakveTi Cveulebriv imis maCvenebelia, ris gadasaxdeladac arian mzad sxva mflo-

belebi an gamomyeneblebi. mokled, miwaze moTxovna gansazRvravs misi gamoyenebis xarjs.

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Tu Tqven sawinaaRmdego argumentebi gaqvT, maSin unda SeZloT upasuxoT Semdeg SekiTxvas -

aris Tu ara erTi akri miwis fasi ufro maRali konektikutSi, masaCusetSi da rodailendze, vi-

dre aiovaSi, ilinoissa da indianaSi? xedavT Tu ara, rom fasi axali inglisis StatebSi bevrad

maRalia, vidre Sua dasavleTSi? faqtia, rom aiovas, ilinoissa da indianas Statebs gaaCniaT be-

vrad meti nayofieri niadagi, iq modis bevrad meti sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia, rac miuxeda-

vad yvelafrisa, mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. arasasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebisTvis miwaze mo-

Txovna axali inglisis sam StatSi imdenad maRalia, rom is miuRwevelia mdidari fermerebisTvisac

ki. akrebis raodenoba, romelic gamoyofilia fermerebisTvis konektikutSi, masaCusetssa da

rodailendSi metad mcirea imasTan SedarebiT, rac aiovaSi, ilinoissa da indianaSia. da es ar aris

mxolod erTeuli da iSviaTi SemTxveva. Cikagos mimdebare miwebic metad nayofieria, an SesaZloa

aseTi yofiliyo, adamianebs rom ar gadaewyvitaT maTi sxvagvarad gamoyeneba da mTlianad uari

ar eTqvaT, fermerul meurneobaSi maT gamoyenebaze.

warmovidginoT fermeri, romlis miwis nakveTi didi qalaqis maxloblad mdebareobs. qalaqis

mimdebare adgilebis zrdasTan erTad, samSeneblo firmebi sTavazoben nakveTis gayidvas im fa-

sad, romelic samjer an metad maRalia sasoflo-sameurneo miwis fasze. Tu fermers surs ganagr-

Zos fermeroba da uars ityvis gayidvaze, rac nakleb savaraudoa, is daiwyebs Civils imis gamo,

rom miwis fasi izrdeba. swored aseTi Civili ismis xSirad im fermerebis mxridan, vinc didi qala-

qebis maxloblad qiraobs miwas. cxadia, rom miwis mflobeli, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, moisurvebs

miwis miyidvas samSeneblo firmebisTvis, Tu miwis moijare ar gadaixdis masSi samjer met fass. ra

Tqma unda, SeiZleba garkveuli simpaTiebi gvqondes im fermeris mimarT, romelmac qalaqis zr-

dis gamo mosavlis moyvanis saSualeba dakarga, magram mniSvnelovania gvesmodes, Tu ratom iTxo-

ven misgan gazrdil saijaro fass _ swored miwaze moTxovnis gazrdis gamo.

Tu miwis Rirebulebis Sefaseba dafuZnebulia `mis saukeTeso da yvelaze momgebian gamoyene-

baze~, maSin im nakveTis mflobels, romelic moisurvebs fermerad darCenas, SeuZlia sruliad

safuZvlianad daiCivlos imis gamo, rom mas ar SeuZlia misces Tavs iseTi fufunebis ufleba, rom

ar gayidos miwa. aseT situaciaSi is valdebulia gadaixados gadasaxadebi, romelic damyarebu-

lia ara imaze, Tu rogor gamoiyenebs miwas Tavad fermeri, aramed imaze, Tu rogor gamoiyenebda

mas is myidveli, romelic yvelaze met fass sTavazobda am nakveTSi.

gansazRvreba, romelic dafuZnebulia `saukeTeso da yvelaze

momgebian gamoyenebaze~, efuZneba alternatiul danaxarjebs

davuSvaT, rom fermeri flobs miwas, romelsac amuSavebs da adgilobrivi xelisufleba ar

zrdis miwis fass, vinaidan surs igi Seinaxos sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisTvis, Tumca mSene-

blebi bevrad met fass sTavazoben. warmatebuli iqneba Tu ara aseTi politika?

rodesac fermeri ganagrZobs miwis gamoyenebas sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisTvis, misi

xarjebi im alternatiuli SesaZleblobebiT ganisazRvreba, romelzec is uars ambobs. uars am-

bobs ra miwis gayidvaze, is kargavs im Semosavals, romelic SeeZlo mieRo, Tuki moaxdenda gayid-

vidan amoRebuli fulis investirebas. Tu fermerobas misTvis weliwadSi 40 000 dolaris sufTa

mogeba moaqvs, maSin is yovelwliurad did Tanxas dakargavs, uars ityvis ra gayidos miwa 1,2 mi-

lion dolarad, vinaidan 1,2 milion dolars SeuZlia weliwadSi bevrad ufro meti mogebis mota-

na, vidre 40 000 dolaria, Tuki, magaliTad, es Tanxa yovelgvari riskis gareSe Caideba saxelmwi-

fo obligaciebSi.

ra unda eTqvas fermers imis Sesaxeb, rom isev fermerad darCes? xom ar dakargavs is SesaZle-

blobas icxovros ubralo, samarTliani, kmayofilebis momtani cxovrebiT? albaT, ara. Tu mas

marTlac surs fermeroba, SeuZlia iyidos miwis nakveTi sxva adgilas, sadac gareubnebis mxridan

naklebi konkurenciaa. Tu is amjobinebs es ar gaakeTos, savaraudoa, rom igi didad ar afasebs

fermerul cxovrebas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rogorc ki samSeneblo firmebi umateben fasebs mi-

wis nakveTebze, mas swrafad ezrdeba fermerobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, amitom igi albaT

aRar imuSavebs miwaze da amgvarad xels Seuwyobs miwis miwodebas gareubnebis gasazrdelad.

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sakvebis fasi da fermebis danaxarjebi

amave dros, ra Tqma unda, fermeri amcirebs im miwebis raodenobas, romelzedac mosavali unda

moiyvanos. es warmoadgens sakvebis fasis arcTu ise SesamCnevi zrdis mizezs. is, vinc swuxs, rom

gareubnebis zrda amden fermerul miwebs ikavebs, rac iwvevs sakvebis fasis zrdas, saqmes kargad

ar icnobs. Cikagos gareubnebma didi gza gaiares manam, sanam mniSvnelovan rols iTamaSebdnen

ilinoisSi 20 milioni akri sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis gamosayeneblad.

imdenad, ramdenadac miwaze adgilobrivi Tu komerciuli moTxovna iwvevs soios da simindis

fasis zrdas, is maTi miwodebis mruds Crdilo-dasavleTisken gadaaadgilebs. Tu es gaxdeba si-

mindsa da soioze fasis zrdis mizezi, maSin SesaZloa, saWiro gaxdes brZola am kulturebis dasa-

bruneblad. ufro maRali fasi am kulturebze gamoiwvevs fermerobis alternatiuli Rirebule-

bis zrdas da, amdenad, adgilobrivi da komerciuli miznebiT naklebi miwebis gadakeTebas. is, Tu

ra moxdeba, damokidebulia zRvrul xarjebsa da zRvrul sargebelze _ damatebiTi simindis da

soios Rirebuleba muSaobs imave miwis farTobze saxlebis Rirbulebis winaaRmdeg. miwodebisa da

moTxovnis procesi warmoadgens zRvruli misadagebis grZelvadian process da masSi yvela ver

iqneba kmayofili. is fermeri, romelic miwas qiraobs, moTxovnisa da miwodebis am procesis ukma-

yofilo monawiled darCeba. me-20 saukunis umetes da me-19 saukunis dasasrulis didi nawilis

ganmavlobaSi, fermerebi, rogorc jgufi, did sayvedurs gamoTqvamdnen miwodebisa da ganawile-

bis procesis gamo. gagikvirdebaT, magram didi xnis manZilze aSS-Si soflis meurneobis ganviTa-

reba uswrebda mrewvelobis ganviTarebas. amerikeli fermerebis yoveli axali Taoba bevrad mets

iRebda TiToeuli akri miwidan, vidre wina Taobis fermerebi. teqnikis, meqanizaciis, Teslis gau-

mjobesebam da, ZiriTadad, axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebam Seamcira sakvebis warmoebis zRvru-

li xarjebi, anu, miwodebisa da moTxovnis enaze rom visaubroT, fermeruli warmoebis miwodebis

mrudi samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gadaadgilda. Sedegad miviReT fermeruli fasis SedarebiTi kle-

ba da, didi politikuri zewolis Sedegad, mniSvnelovani samTavrobo daxmareba. axla ukve

SegviZlia avagoT miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebi, gamoviyenebT ra ekonomistebis sayvarel ma-

galiTs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis miwodebisa da moTxovnis Sesaxeb.

1 b

uS

el

is

fa

si

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8

miliardi buSeli fqvili drois periodSi

5

4

3

2

1

S

D

nax. 6-1. fqvilis hipoTeturi moTxovnisa da miwodebis grafiki

6-1 naxazi warmogvidgens xorblis moTxovnis hipoTetur mruds, romelic aRniSnulia D-Ti da

aSS-Si yvela fermeris mier warmoebuli xorblis kombinirebul xarjebis mruds, romelic aRniSnu-

lia S-iT. xorblis fasi imoZravebs erTbuSelze 2,5 dolaris sazRvrebSi, vinaidan nebismieri ufro

maRali fasis dros miwodebis raodenoba meti iqneba, vidre moTxovnis raodenoba da nebismieri

ufro naklebi fasis dros moTxovnis raodenoba ufro meti iqneba, vidre miwodebis raodenoba. 2,5

dolarze meti fasis dros, Sesabamisad, fermerebi ver SesZleben, gayidon xorblis sasurveli ra-

odenoba da iZulebulebi iqnebian dauklon fasi. 2,5 dolarze naklebi fasis SemTxvevaSi xorblis

102

Semsyidvelebi ver SeZleben Seisyidon imdeni, ramdenic surT da mzad iqnebian, gadaixadon meti.

ase rom, fasi imoZravebs winaswari fasis, anu bazris mier gansazRvruli 2,5 dolaris sazRvrebSi.

ra moxdeboda, dabali fasis gamo, fermerebs saCivriT rom miemarTaT amerikis prezidentisa

da kongresisTvis, da fermerebisa da, aSS-is mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacvis interesebidan

gamomdinare, mTavrobas mxari daeWira imisTvis, rom xorblis fasi 3,75 dolaramde aweuliyo?

federaluri mTavroba msgavs politikas aTwleulobis ganmavlobaSi axorcielebs. is akeTebs

amas sasofl-sameurneo produqciis Sesyidvisas. am SemTxvevaSi man SeiZleba Tavadve Seisyidos

3,75 dolarad is xorbali, romelic ar gaiyida aseT zRvrul fasSi. mTavrobis mier Sesyiduli

xorbali SeiZleba gaitanon ucxo qveynebSi, saCuqrad an gasayidad, maSin, roca es did gavlenas ar

moaxdens aSS-Si xorblis moTxovnis zrdaze.

mivyveT grafikis analizs. rodesac mTavroba gadauxdis maT gansazRvrul fass, fermerebi moi-

surveben gayidon xorbali buSelSi aranakleb 3,75 dolarad. Sesabamisad, man, visac surs xorblis

yidva, unda gadaixados 3,75 dolari buSelSi. am fasad moTxovnis raodenoba mxolod 1,35 mlrd

buSeli iqneba. magram fermerebi, romlebic moelian 3,75 dolars buSelSi, varaudoben 2,6 mlrd

buSeli xorblis mosavals. mTavrobam unda Sewyvitos damatebiTi 1,25 mlrd buSelis SeZena.

xorblis Senaxva Zviri jdeba. ufro xSirad es programa SeiZleba gaxdes xorblis iseTi pro-

duqtis fasis zrdis mizezi, rogoricaa puri. arsebobs Tu ara ukeTesi gza xorblis mwarmoeble-

bis dasaSoSmineblad? davuSvaT, rom mTavrobam, fasebiT manipulirebis nacvlad, daxmarebis di-

reqtiva gamosca. kongress SeuZlia gamoucxados xorblis mwarmoebel fermerebs, rom gayidon

sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia im fasSi, rasac maT miscemen Ria bazarze da daemorCilon gayid-

vebis kanons, ris Semdegac mTavroba maT gadauxdis 1,25 dolars yovel gayidul buSelSi. (esaa

sxvaoba sabazro fassa da `samarTlian~ fass Soris) ra moxdeba am SemTxvevaSi?

1,25 dolaris subsidia xorblis erT buSelSi, efeqtianad daswevs xorblis moyvanis zRvrul

xarjebs. es SeiZleba vaCvenoT miwodebis mrudis daweviT grafikze, davwevT ra mas vertikalu-

rad 1,25 dolariT. miwodebis es axali mrudi gadakveTs moTxovnis mruds 1,5 dolaris fasTan da

1,8 mlrd buSelis raodenobasTan. Tu yvelaferi ise iqneba, rogorc grafikzea navaraudevi, xor-

blis mwarmoebelma fermerebma unda SezRudon gayidva. 1,8 mlrd buSeliT da aiRon erT buSelSi

2,75 dolari, anu wminda sabazro fass damatebuli subsidia. isini bevrad ukeTes mdgomareobaSi

iqnebian, vidre samTavrobo Carevamde, magram ara imdenad kargad, rogorc iqnebodnen fasebis

sistemis daxmarebis SemTxvevaSi. es Sedegi, ra Tqma unda, ramdenadme damokidebulia im subie-

qtur Sefasebebze, romlebze dayrdnobiTac iqneba agebuli mrudebi.

S1

Q

P

subsidia

S2

miwodebis raodenoba Tu miwodeba

magram praqtikaSi yvelaferi ise unaklod araa, rogorc grafikze. miwodebisa da moTxovnis

mrudebi asaxaven im adamianebis raodenobas, romlebsac surT Sesyidva an gayidva, raTa gadaixa-

don an miiRon gansazRvruli fasi. amitom es did gansxvavebas qmnis moTxovnisa da miwodebis mru-

debs Soris.

momxmareblebi, romlebic bazarze Sedian, moelian, rom gadaixdian fulis gansazRvrul rao-

denobas gansazRvruli raodenobis saqonelSi. es raodenoba SesaZloa Seicvalos, Tu aRmoaCines,

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rom fasi is araa, rasac moelodnen, ase rom, moTxovnis mrudze aRniSnuli moTxovnis raodenoba

yoveli kerZo fasis SemTxvevaSi axlos iqneba realuri Sesyidvebis raodenobasTan, Tu, ra Tqma

unda, fasi misaRebia.

mimwodeblebis mxridan situacia gansxvavebulia. mimwodebels ar SeuZlia uecrad gazardos

miwodebis raodenoba, Tu aRmoaCens, rom gayidvis fasi aRemateba im fass, romelsac is varaudob-

da. miwodebis procesi moiTxovs garkveul dros, ramdenime Tvidan erT wlamde mainc. mimwode-

blebs ara aqvT miwodebis swrafi Semcirebis saSualebac ki, roca aRmoaCenen, rom fasi gacile-

biT naklebia imasTan SedarebiT, rasac isini moelodnen. maT SeuZliaT ar gayidon Tavisi

produqciis nawili, magram ras moigeben amiT? es gazrdis maT xarjebs, vinaidan gasanaRdebeli

aqvT finansuri valdebulebebi da produqciis Senaxvac sakmaod Zviri jdeba.

aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom fasebs gansazRvravs ara imdenad moTxovna (mrudi) da mi-

wodeba (mrudi), ramdenadac moTxovnis mrudi da miwodebis raodenoba. miwodebis raodenoba, ra

Tqma unda, damokidebulia miwodebis mrudze, magram cvalebad msoflioSi sawarmoo gadawyveti-

lebebi dafuZnebulia molodinebze, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi mcdaria. fasebs miwodebis rea-

lur raodenobasTan erTad moTxovnis mrudi gansazRvravs.

kidev erTxel ganvixiloT 6-1 naxazi. Tu mosavlis daTesvis droisTvis fermerebs aqvT zusti

informacia, Tu isini am situacias dawvrilebiT gaanalizeben da Tu amindi da yvelaferi sxva,

rac maT kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, ise warimarTeba, rogorc isini moelian, maSin wminda sa-

bazro fasi SesaZloa iyos, 1,5 dolari. xorblis momyvani fermerebi moelian erT buSelSi, 2,75

dolaris aRebas (1,5 dolaris damatebuli daxmareba _ 1,25 dolari), amitom apireben 1,8 mlrd

buSeli xorblis miwodebas. es raodenoba moTxovnili unda iyos 1,5 dolarad. ase rom, wminda

sabazro fasi 1,5 dolari iqneba. wonasworobaa!

magram aq Zalian bevri `Tu~ gvxvdeba. ufro advili xom ar aris imis daSveba, rom mravali fer-

meri, romelic moelis dapirebul daxmarebas, gazrdis sawyis fass 2,5 dolaramde? xom ar iqneba

maTTvis ukeTesi, am gziT miiRon meti mogeba, vidre 2,75 dolarad gayidvisas? xom ar SeZleben

isini, Sesabamisad, 1,8 mlrd buSelze metis gayidvas? SexedeT grafiks da miaqcieT yuradReba

imas, rom Tu xorblis momyvani fermerebi daTesen da moiyvanen xorbals 3 dolarad, fasi 0,5 do-

laramde daecema. swored esaa mrudebis Sinaarsi. mrudebi ixazeba imisTvis, rom gakeTdes ori

mniSvnelovani daskvna:

1) miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebis gadakveTis wertili aris im adamianTa SeTanxmebis wer-

tili, romlebsac gadawyvetilebebi Tavisi molodinebidan gamomdinare gamoaqvT da visi molo-

dinebic xSirad mcdaria.

2) vinaidan mimwodeblebs ar SeuZliaT qcevis ise swrafad da uxarjod koreqtireba, rogorc

momxmareblebs, sasargebloa vifiqroT, rom fasebi moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobis erTo-

bliobiT ufroa gansazRvruli, vidre miwodebiT.

kidev erTxel fasebisa da danaxarjebis Sesaxeb

rodesac profesiuli safexburTo gundebis menejerebi zafxulobiT bileTebis fasis moma-

tebis Sesaxeb acxadeben, amas imiT xsnian, rom moimata mimdinare xarjebma, gansakuTrebiT ki mo-

TamaSeTa xelfasebma. magram ratom iReben moTamaSeebi ase maRal xelfasebs? mizezi ar SeiZleba

iyos is, rom maT saSiSi da rTuli samuSao aqvT, vinaidan is aseTive saSiSi da rTuli iyo maSinac,

rodesac isini sezonis ganmavlobaSi mxolod ramdenime aseul dolars iRebdnen. fexburTelebi

aseT ZviradRirebul resursad gadaaqcia moTxovnam, anu mravali adamianis mzadyofnam, gadaixa-

dos didi fuli sanaxaobaSi. evropuli fexburTis (sokeris) moTamaSe fexburTelebi aSS-Si gaci-

lebiT naklebs iReben ara imitom, rom naklebs muSaoben, aramed imitom, rom am qveyanaSi evropu-

li fexburTi imdenad popularuli ar aris.

yvela am magaliTSi vcdilobdiT dagvemtkicebina, rom iseTi sawarmoo resursebis fasebi, ro-

goricaa Sroma an miwa, moTxovnis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. swored amaze mianiSneben, rodesac maT

alternatiul Rirebulebad Tvlian. aseve mtkicdeba, rom samomxmareblo produqtis fasebi si-

namdvileSi warmoadgens alternatiul Rirebulebas, romliTac izomeba produqtis Rirebuleba

misi alternatiuli gamoyenebisas.

ganvixiloT kobirCxalebis bazris magaliTi. raoden samwuxaroc unda iyos, bazarze kiborCxa-

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lis raodenoba sakmarisi ar aris. ufro maRali fasebi stimuls aZlevs kiborCxalebis damWerebs

da bazarze miwodeba izrdeba, magram ukanasknel wlebSi moTxovna gacilebiT metad gaizarda,

vidre miwodeba da Sesabamisad fasebmac mkveTrad imata.

ufro maRali fasi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc im resursebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba, rom-

lebic amoqmedda kiborCxalebze moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad. oRond, erT romelime konkre-

tul dRes, rodesac bazarze Semosulia yvela kiborCxala, anu am dRis ganmavlobaSi miwodeba

absoluturad dafiqsirebulia, fasi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc im potenciuri myidvelis

alternatiuli Rirebuleba, romelmac maRali fasis gamo xeli aiRo kiborCxalis SeZenaze. Sea-

faseT es Semdegnairad: arsebobs kiborCxalebis gamoyenebis mravali alternatiuli xerxi, ara-

naklebi, vidre am produqtis potenciuri moyvarulia. ra Tqma unda, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,

kiborCxalebi yovelTvis TiTqmis erTnairad gamoiyeneba, magram rodesac miirTmevs erTi gurma-

ni, meores SeiZleba kiborCxalebi aRar Sexvdes. sinamdvileSi kiborCxalebis moyvarulebi erT-

maneTs konkurencias uweven SezRuduli miwodebis gamo.

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moTxovna

fasi

miwodeba

moTxovna kiborCxalebze gansazRvravs misi Sesyidvis xarjs (fass)

fasi, romelic awonasworebs bazars, anu awonasworebs miwodebisa da moTxovnis raodenobas,

es is fasia, romelic arwmunebs imedgacruebuli myidvelebidan yvelaze Seurigebel individsac

ki, rom saxlSi kambalas fileTi an oraguliT dabrundes. ase rom, bazris gamawonasworebeli

fasi swored am adamianisTvis gamosaxavs alternatiul Rirebulebas.

sainteresoa, yavis moyvarulTa ra nawils SeuZlia imis gaazreba, rom, TiTqos, roca braziliaSi

yinvebis gamo fasi izrdeba, es zrda xarjebzea dafuZnebuli? magram am axal gazrdil fass gansazR-

vravs ara yavis moyvanis xarjebi, aramed yavis alternatiuli Rirebuleba im moyvarulTaTvis, vinc

sasurveli kofeini unda dauTmos uarisTvis naklebad mzadmyofT da e.i. metis gadamxdelT. miwode-

bis SezRudul raodenobasTan erTad fasi gansazRvrulia moTxovnis mixedviT.

danaxarjebi da sakuTreba

yvelas, visac jarSi umsaxuria, SeuZlia, ramdenime saSineli istoria mogviyves imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ramdenad araefeqtianad gamoiyeneba iq piradi Semadgenloba. maRalkvalificiuri buRalte-

ri iZulebulia SeRebos yazarma maSin, roca angariSi davalebuli aqvs adamians, romelsac TiTeb-

ze Tvla uWirs. SesaZloa yovelive es odnav gadaWarbebulic iyos, magram, miuxedavad amisa, fa-

qtia, rom, rogorc wesi, samxedro samsaxurSi pirad Semadgenlobas bevrad ufro uyairaTod

epyrobian, vidre samoqalaqo samsaxurSi.

ratom? imitom, rom samoqalaqo samsaxurSo samuSaos mimcemni iZulebulni arian TavianT mo-

samsaxureebs gadauxadon alternatiuli Rirebulebis safasuri. Tu Tqven buRalters buRal-

tris xelfasi unda gadauxadoT, is ar SeRebavs yazarmas. meores mxriv, raSi mdgomareobs im zem-

degis xarji, romelic aiZulebs maRalkvalificiur jariskacs, Seasrulos arakvalificiuri

samuSao? Tu zemdegs raRac mizezis gamo ar moswons axalgazrda, maSin wvevamdelis sxva, misTvis

Sesaferis samuSaoze gadayvana zemdegisTvis alternatiuli (xelqveiTis damcireba) SesaZle-

105

blobis dakargvas niSnavs. yvela momWirneobs, magram sxvadasxva mizniT.

aseTi analizidan ori daskvna gamomdinareobs _ pirveli: im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac momxmare-

blebs ar uxdebaT resursebis alternatiuli Rirebulebis, anu maTi saukeTeso alternatiuli ga-

moyenebis Rirebulebis gadaxda, resursebi, Cveulebriv, moufiqreblad da uyairaTod gamoiyene-

ba. meore: momxmareblebs uxdebaT resursebis alternatiuli Rirebulebis gadaxda maSin, roca es

resursebi aSkarad sxvas ekuTvnis. jarSi gawveuli piri ar warmoadgens `Tavisi Sromis mepatro-

nes~, vinaidan kanonma mas waarTva ufleba, gadawyvitos, Tu vis, sad da ra pirobebiT unda emsaxu-

ros. amitom, rodesac `Zia semi~ dauZaxebs, mas ar SeuZlia moiTxovos Tavisi alternatiuli Rire-

bulebis safasuri, rogorc im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is kompania `iunaited soupCips~-s sWirdeba.

ra Tqma unda, igive iTqmis yvela sxva resurszec. Tuki resursi aravis ekuTvnis, maSin veravin

daiCemebs imas, rom am resursis potenciurma momxmareblebma gadaixadon im alternatiuli Se-

saZleblobis Rirebuleba, razedac uaris Tqmaa saWiro. kidev araerTxel mogviwevs darwmuneba

imaSi, rom, arasakmarisad dafasebuli resursebi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba mofiqrebulad da yaira-

Tianad. dabali xarjebis SemTxvevaSi resursebis ekonomiis stimulebi sustad moqmedebs.

yovelive es srulad Seesabameba socialistur sazogadoebas, romelSic resursebis ganawile-

ba samTavrobo dagegmviT xdeba. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, liubnadan mirgorodamde, ekonomikis

damgegmavebisTvis rkinigzis mSeneblobis xarji iyo imis Rirebuleba, Tu sxvagvarad ra SeiZle-

boda gakeTebuliyo am resursebiT. magram Tu oficiozs Seswevs Zala, konkurenciis gareSe mii-

Ros mniSvnelovani resursebi, rogorRa unda daadginon resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebis

Rirebuleba? gaixseneT cnobili muSebi, romlebsac SeeZloT velosipedis Tvlis manas Secvla

ise, rom Tavdayira idgnen da ustvendnen. Tuki ar iqneboda cirkis mepatrone, romelic mzad iq-

neboda konkurencia gaewia am muSebis mier gaweuli momsaxurebisTvis, rogorRa darwmundebod-

nen centraluri damgegmavebi, rom isini Zalian bevrs uxdidnen velosipedebis mwarmoeblebs?

gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri sistemebisTvis gamorCeul maxasiaTebels warmoadgens is meTodi,

romlis meSveobiTac dgindeba alternatiuli qmedebebis Rirebuleba. iq, sadac resursebi kerZo

mflobelobaSia, warmoiSoba konkurencia da dgindeba is fasebi, romlebic uaxlovdeba resurse-

bis mflobelisTvis alternatiul Rirebulebas. iq, sadac resursebs aSkarad gamokveTili mepa-

trone ara hyavT, am procesis marTva SeuZlebelia. ra xdeba? vin gansazRvravs an rkinigzis xazis

fardobiT Rirebulebas, an imas, xom ar ajobebda rkinigzis liandagisTvis saWiro foladiT sat-

virTo manqanebi damzadebuliyo, an transportirebis gaumjobesebis nacvlad transportiT ga-

dasatani saqoneli gaumjobesebuliyo, an, meti da ukeTesi samomsxmareblo saqonlis gamoSvebis

nacvlad, xom ar ajobebda dasveneba? im informaciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac moTxov-

nis da miwodebis procesi warmoSobs, ekonomikis damgegmavebi TiTqmis iZulebulni arian TviTne-

burad Seafason maT winaSe arsebuli alternativebi.

gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni brmad rom ar moqmedebdnen, alternatiuli Rirebulebis, zRvru-

li mogebisa da aseve zRvruli xarjebis Sefasebis meTodebi mudmivad unda gamoiyenebodes ekono-

mikur sistemebSi. moTxovna da miwodeba, anu myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis konkurenciis sabazro

procesi Sesabamis Sefasebebs xelmisawvdom resursebze fasebis maCveneblebis ganTavsebiT qmnis.

yvelgan, sadac ki TamaSis wesebi naTlad ar gansazRvraven adamianis mier specifiuri resursebis

kontrolisa da gacvlis wesebs, moTxovnisa da miwodebis procesi ver gamoimuSavebs deficitis

realistur maCveneblebs, raTa warmarTos ganawileba da koordinireba gaukeTos qmedebebs.

danaxarjebi da gadatvirTuloba

axali codna Zvel Sexedulebebs aqarwylebs. es asea, Tu warsuli Sexedulebebi ar axSobs axal

codnas. Tu Tqven ar eTanxmebiT adre motanil argumentebs, kidev erTxel naTlad unda gaiazroT

da meti yuradReba miaqcioT Cvens mier adre ganxilul sagzao moZraobis magaliTs.

pirvel TavSi, sagzao moZraobis magaliTi gamoyenebuli gvqonda socialuri kooperirebis

asaxsnelad da Cven gamovitaneT daskvna, romelsac Tqven ukve icnobT. qalaqSi moZraoba yovel-

Tvis ar aris mkacrad koordinirebuli procesi. moZraobis gadatvirTuloba, magaliTad, dakav-

Sirebulia darRvevebis donesa da saskolo problemebTan, anu iseT socialur problemebTan,

romelTa koreqtireba mTavrobas zogjer uWirs. sasaciloa, rom zogjer igi Tavad aris am pro-

blemebis mizezi.

106

mosaxleobis zrda ar warmoadgens sagzao sacobebis warmoqmnis ZiriTad mizezs

sagzao moZraobis gadatvirTuloba (ZiriTadad, qalaqis centrebSi) mxolod mosaxleobis zr-

diT ar aris gamowveuli, vinaidan sagzao moZraoba zogjer im qalaqebSic gadatvirTulia, sadac

mosaxleoba klebulobs. problema xalxis mier rodia Seqmnili. amerikelebs surT marTon avto-

mobilebi qalaqebsa da gareubnebSi, rac SeiZleba swrafad da xSirad. manqanis kerZo mflobels

surs swrafad, komfortulad, usafrTxod imoZraos ara mxolod samsaxursa da saxls Soris, ara-

med maRaziis, bazrobis, fexburTis moednis, kinoTeatris, restornis, amxanagis saxlis da saer-

Tod yvela sasurveli mimarTulebiT.

moZraobis gadatvirTulobis mizezs warmoadgens ufro metad simdidre, vidre mosaxleobis zrda.

magram ratom xdeba ase? gadatvirTuloba gardauvali ram araa. personalur kompiuterebze moTxovna

ukanasknel wlebSi bevrad metad gaizarda, vidre moTxovna im garemoze, sadac Cvenma avtomobilebma

unda imoZraon. kompiuterebis maRaziebSi ar aris didi rigebi, gzebze ki rigebi arcTu iSviaTi movle-

naa. ese igi, personaluri kompiuterebis miwodeba gaizarda iseve swrafad (an SesaZloa ufro swrafa-

dac ki), vidre moTxovna. ratom ar gaizarda gzebis raodenoba iseve swrafad, rogorc moTxovna?

ratomaa rom miwodebis raodenoba zog SemTxvevaSi Tanxvdeba moTxovnis

sidides da zog SemTxvevaSi ki - ara?

ori yvelaze ufro misaRebi pasuxi radikalurad gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan. erTni

amboben, rom CvenTan ar Sendeba gzebis sakmarisi raodenoba. meoreni amtkiceben, rom gzebis rao-

denoba sakmarisia, magram ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi transportis adekvaturi sistema. ar

SeiZleba, rom orive pasuxi swori iyos. sadaa WeSmariteba?

aravin icis! ra Tqma unda, mravali adamiani darwmunebulia, rom am saqmeSi erkveva da xmamaR-

lac gamoTqvams meti transportis an gzebis moTxovnas, magram, gana saidan unda icodnen es? sai-

dan unda icodnen, gzebi gvaqvs Tu ara? sad iReben isini informacias? saidan unda gaigon, gzebis

deficitia Tu, piriqiT, zedmeti raodenoba?

ar aris Zneli xorblis mosavlis deficitisa da siWarbis gansazRvra. 1990 wlebSi, mousavlianobis

gamo, xorblis fasi erT buSelSi 4 dolaridan 6 dolaramde gaizarda. es momatebuli fasi deficitis

maCvenebeli iyo da, amasTanave, warmoadgenda deficitis mospobis saSualebas. maRalma fasma Seamcira

moxmareba da seriozuli stimuli misca warmoebas. xorblis fasi swrafad daeca buSelSi 3 dolaramde.

fasebis mkveTri dacema, erTis mxriv, siWarbes niSnavs, xolo, meores mxriv, siWarbis mospobis saSuale-

bas warmoadgens, amitom igi metad mtkivneuli movlenaa fermerTa umravlesobisTvis.

ra emarTeba gzebiT sargeblobis fass? zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, gzebis sistemas aSS-Si

fasi ar gaaCnia, vinaidan igi kerZo sakuTrebaSi araa. mflobels ar SeuZlia fasis mixedviT imsje-

los imis Sesaxeb, Tu adamianebis ra raodenoba moZraobs gzebze sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT da mi-

wodebis gasazrdelad ris gadasaxdelad arian mzad. mflobelma icis mxolod arafuladi dana-

xarjebis zrdis Sesaxeb. es gazrdili danaxarjebi warmoadgens deficitis damamtkicebel sabuTs.

magram deficiti TavisTavad ar aris imis argumenti, rom Cven axali gzebis mSenebloba daviwyoT.

ras iwinaswarmetyvelebdiT Tqven, romelime sxva produqti, magaliTad, kinos bileTebi nu-

lovan fasad rom miewodebodes? davuSvaT, gadavwyviteT, rom kino kulturuli TvalsazrisiT

imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom yvelas unda hqondes misi naxvis saSualeba. ase rom, mTavrobas vai-

ZulebT, neba darTos yvelas, visac surs, ufasod isargeblos kinoTeatrebiT. me viwinaswarmet-

yveleb, rom gadatvirTulobis seriozul problemas wavawydebodiT.

kinoSi wasvla saSinel gansacdelad iqceoda. jer erTi, yovelTvis mogiwevdaT did rigSi Cad-

goma, meorec, Tqven ver ipovidiT or adgils gverdigverd, Tuki seansze erTi saaTiT adre ar mixvi-

dodiT. rodesac kino daiwyeboda, Tqven ar geqnebodaT misi mosmenis saSualeba. xalxi ikamaTebda,

irbenda, iCxubebda. yvela kinoTeatri savse iqneboda mozardebiT, romelTa umravlesoba dainte-

resebuli iqneboda ara filmis naxviT, aramed erTmaneTTan urTierTobiT. patara bavSvebis didi

jgufebi, profesional ZiZebTan erTad regularulad daeswrebodnen kinoseansebs. isini autanel

xmaurs gamoiwvevdnen. ufrosebic met dros popkornisTvis gareT siarulSi gaatarebdnen da ar

107

isxdebodnen TavianT adgilebze. da bolos, rodesac isini TavianT adgilebs daikavebdnen, mravali

maTgani intensiurad iWoravebda. adamianebis umravlesoba ar iqneba filmiT dainteresebuli da es

autanel movlenad gadaiqceva maTTvis, visac surs filmis naxva. kinoTeatrebSi adamianebs didi

brZolis gadaxda mouwevT da zogierTi iq swored am sanaxaobisTvis ivlis.

ratom ar SeuZlia mosaxleobis zrdas, Teatrebis gadatvirTvis gamowveva?

rodesac produqtis fasi nulis tolia, adamianebi mas gamoiyeneben ise, TiTqos misi fasi nul-

ze ufro naklebia. isini ufrTxian nivTis gamoyenebas, sanam misi zRvruli fasi nuls miuaxlo-

vdeba, vinaidan maTTvis amis gakeTebis zRvruli fasi nulis tolia. swored asea saqme wyalTan

mimarTebaSi. Tumca Cven vambobT, rom wyali warmoadgens sicocxlisaTvis aucilebel produqts,

msoflioSi yvelaze saWiros da a.S., magram viciT, rom wylis zRvruli fasi CvenTvis metad umni-

Svneloa da amitom ganvagrZobT wylis gamoyenebas ise, TiTqos mas fasi ar gaaCndes. es ar qmnis

damatebiT problemebs iq, sadac wylis damatebiTi raodenoba SeiZleba miwodebuli iqnas umniSv-

nelo fasad. magram aseTive midgoma qmnis seriozul problemebs Cvens gzebze.

gamoiwvevs Tu ara kinoTeatrebSi Cvens mier aRwerili viTareba SeSfoTebas da warmoSobs Tu

ara im azrs, rom saWiroa meti kinoTeatris mSenebloba? an iqneb gvirCion, rom gaumjobesdes tele-

viziis muSaoba, raTa xalxi kinoTeatrebidan gamoviyvanoT. realurad, Cven ar SeiZleba vicodeT,

kinoTeatrebis didi Tu mcire raodenoba gvaqvs, vinaidan, ar gagvaCnia informaciis zusti wyaro.

zustad aseve, ar gagvaCnia sakmarisi informacia saavtomobilo gzebis raodenobis Sesaxeb.

inebe meti, sanam ufasoa

gadatvirTuloba deficitis ganmsazRvreli meore sityvaa. nebismier produqtze iarsebebs de-

ficiti, Tu fasi sakmaod dabali iqneba. isini, visac surs meti raodenobis gzebis mSenebloba, raTa

bolo moeRos gadatvirTulobas, amboben, rom unda aSendes gzebis is raodenoba, rac xalxs surs

nulovan fasad. es axlosaa absurdTan. damatebiTi gzebis zRvruli xarjebi ar aris nulis toli,

xolo qalaqis raionebSi is sakmaod maRalia. ratom unda gaviRoT didi damatebiTi xarjebi imisT-

vis, rom miviRoT mcire damatebiTi sargebeli? Tqven ambobT, rom mogeba sakmarisi iqneba? magram

rogor SeiZleba es ganvsazRvroT bazris gareSe? gadaxdisaTvis momxmareblis mzadyofna aCvenebs

kerZo mwarmoebels, Tu romeli xarjebis Semcireba gamoiwvevs met mogebas. mZRolebis mzadyofna,

atexon aurzauri da Cxubi gzebze sacobebis gamo, arafers eubneba kanonmdeblebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ra xarjebis gaReba iqneba saWiro qalaqebsa da gareubnebSi gzebis gayvanisTvis.

sagzao sacobebi = gzebis deficits. SesaZloa deficiti Segveqmnas nebismier sagan-

ze, Tu maTze sakmaod dabal fasebs davawesebT.

Zviri da namdvilad gasaumjobesebeli sazogadoebrivi transportis damcvelebic ar iZle-

vian ukeTes rCevebs. qvemoT moyvanilia nawyveti gazeTidan, romelSic axsnilia, Tu ratom ar

unda movelodeT kerZo kapitalisgan sazogadoebriv transportSi saxsrebis dabandebas.

imis mizezi, rom kerZo kapitali ar qmnis da ar marTavs sazogadoebriv transports isaa, rom

maTTvis amas fuli ar moaqvs. sazogadoebrivi saagentoebisTvis sazogadoebrivi transportis

Seqmnisa da marTvis stimuli isaa, rom isini iTxoven subsidiebs im momsaxurebis misawodeblad,

romelic sazogadoebas sWirdeba.

ucnauri argumentia. Tu sazogadoebas sWirdeba da surs momsaxureba, ratom ar SeiZleba amiT

fulis keTeba? Tu misi dafinanseba gadasaxadebis amoRebiT ufro moxerxebulia, vidre momxma-

rebelTa SenatanebiT, saidan unda icodnen sazogadoebrivma saagentoebma, Tu ra raodenobiT

unda Seqmnan da amoqmedon transporti?

damajerebeli sabuTia siZvire axali produqtisa, romlis gansaxorcieleblad sazogadoebrivi

transportis gaumjobesebis iniciatorebi Tavad ar apireben fulis gadaxdas. ekonomikis enaze rom

vTqvaT, zRvruli sargebeli (gazomili gamoyenebisTvis gadaxdis mzadyoniT) bevrad naklebia sazo-

gadoebrivi transportis Seqmnis da amoqmedebis zRvrul xarjebTan SedarebiT. rodesac, federa-

108

luri mTavrobisgan miRebuli didi subsidiebis xarjze, qalaqebSi xdeba sarkinigzo sistemis ageba,

umravlesoba uars ambobs avtobusebiT sargeblobaze. eleqtrotransportidan miRebuli mogeba

albaT ar Seesabameba avtobusebis sistemebis danakargs. im mZRolebs, romlebic amis momxreebi arian,

miaCniaT, rom es Seamcirebs gzebis gadatvirTulobas, amitom cdiloben sxvebic daarwmunon, ar

isargeblon avtobusebiT da isargeblon matarebliT. arada amerikelebi saxlidan samsaxuramde da

nebismier sxva adgilamde misaRwevad, upiratesobas kerZo avtomobiliT mgzavrobas aniWeben.

moismineT matarebliT ubileTo mgzavrobis moyvarulTa argumenti _ `es privilegirebuli

sistemaa mxolod imitom, rom mTavroba Cveulebriv afinansebs avtomobilistebs da ar iRebs ma-

Tgan mTlian gadasaxads gadatvirTul adgilebSi moZraobisTvis~. avtomobilistebis lobis

standartuli pasuxi, rom manqanis mflobelebi ixdian gadasaxads benzinze, sakmaod mcdaria.

avtomobilistebi did gamonabolqvebs gamohyofen, gansakuTrebiT _ qalaqebSi. es is xarjia, ra-

sac isini sxva adamianebze avrceleben da rac gadasaxadiT ver Sefasdeba. am sakiTxs Cven me-13

TavSi davubrundebiT. principuli mosazreba, rom didi qalaqebis SigniT da maT garSemo, bevrad

meti damatebiTi gzebi Sendeba, vidre soflebis midamoebSi. is, visac surs imoZraos didi qalaqis

gadautvirTav gzebze, bevrad did moTxovnas warmoqmnis benzinze gadasaxadis SemosavalTan mi-

marTebaSi, vidre is, visac surs fermidan maRaziamde gadautvirTav gzaze moZraoba. es aris zR-

vruli fasi, am kerZo SemTxvevaSi, _ damatebiTi xarji, magram es ar aris saSualo fasi.

rogoria mocemul dros da mocemul adgilas damatebiTi

gzatkecilebis zRvruli xarjebi da zRvruli mogeba?

sakiTxavia, Tuki qalaqis mZRolebi mzad iqnebian gadaixadon fasi, gadatvir Tulobis Se-

samcireblad, Semcirdeba ki igi? unda vifiqroT, rom ara, Tuki Cven vfiqrobT gzebis aSenebas

ise, rom maTiT sargeblobis fasi nulis toli iyos. magram, Tu Cven CavatarebT tests gadaxdi-

sadmi mzadyofnis Sesaxeb, swrafad aRmovaCenT, rom quCebisa da gzebis sasurveli raodenoba,

deklarirebulze gacilebiT naklebia. rodesac fasi izrdeba, moTxovnis raodenoba mcirdeba.

adamianebi gamoiyeneben manqanebs mxolod maSin, rodesac ar arsebobs am produqtis kargi Semcv-

leli da amgvarad aTavisufleben gzas. yvelas SeeZlo materialurad moego (Tumca ibuzRunebd-

nen maRali gadasaxadis gamo), radgan gzebi Tavisufali iqneboda didi SesaZleblobebis mqone

gamomyeneblebisTvis da ar daziandeboda imaT mier, visac dabali zRvruli SesaZleblobebi aqvs.

sanam mTavroba gzebis mesakuTrea da, politikuri zewolis gamo, saSualebas iZleva isini

nulovan fasad gamoiyenon, Cven yovelTvis gveqneba gadatvirTuloba da es problema arc maSin

moispoba, Tu met axal metrosa da rkinigzas avaSenebT. amis naTel damamtkicebel sabuTs warmo-

adgens is, rom sadac ki amis gakeTeba scades, arsad araferi gamovida. sagzao moZraoba izrdeba

da sazogadoebrivi transporti mniSvnelovnad ver cvlis am suraTs. amitomaa, rom qalaqis gada-

tvirTuli adgilebis ufasod gacemas ganvagrZobT.

samedicino momsaxurebis mzardi danaxarjebi

vxelmZRvanelobT ra xarjebsa da Sesabamis gadawyvetilebebze aseTi SexedulebiT, Seveca-

doT gaviazroT samedicino xarjebis zrdis Sesaxeb dawyebuli dava da isic, Tu rogor SevaCeroT

es zrda. dasawyisisTvis ganvixiloT eqimebis anazRaurebis sakiTxi.

xSirad amtkiceben, rom eqimebi did Tanxebs imitom iReben, rom ainazRauron swavlis xarjebi.

gana es sworia? aseTi msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom uvicebi, romlebic erTi wliT gvian amTa-

vreben institutebs, moiTxoven ufro met xelfass, vidre geniosebi, romlebic mTel kurss sxvebze

swrafad gaivlian. am msjelobidan isic gamomdinareobs, rom eqimebi, romlebic srul stipendias

iRebdnen swavlisas, fasebis nakleb preiskurants moiTxoven, vidre isini, vinc Tavad ixdida swa-

vlis qiras. davuSvaT samedicino institutis kursdamTavrebulma gaigo, rom ori wlis sicocxle-

Ra darCa. nuTu igi gazrdis Tavis honorars ise, rom am or weliwadSi amoiRos swavlis xarji? aseTi

msjeloba uazrod gveCveneba. praqtikosi eqimisTvis samedicino ganaTle baze gaweuli xarjebi mT-

lianad warsuls bardeba da, Sesabamisad, ar moqmedebs mimdinare gadawyvetilebebze.

109

S2

Q

P

S1

samedicino ganaTlebis misaRebad saWiro didi Tanxa amcirebs eqimebis momsaxurebas

(gadaadgilebs grafiks marcxniv)

niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom samedicino ganaTlebis xarjebi ar moqmedebs eqimebis anazRaurebaze?

pasuxi isaa, rom moqmedebs, Tumca iribad: igi gavlenas axdens eqimebis mier momsaxurebis miwodebaze.

mravalwliani gulmodgine Sromis perspeqtiva bevrs gadaafiqrebinebs, gaiaros dawyebiTi samedici-

no kursebi medicinaSi. eqimis momavali samuSaos mimzidveloba mcirdeba imis gamo, rom am wlebSi

uari unda Tqvan gasamrjeloze da isesxon fuli swavlisa da cxovrebisaTvis. ase rom, samedicino

ganaTlebis miRebis momavali xarjebi zRudavs im pirTa raodenobas, vinc momavalSi xalxs samedici-

no momsaxurebas SesTavazebs. saboloo jamSi es moqmedebs anazRaurebaze, romelsac iTxoven eqime-

bi. magram imisTvis, rom gaverkveT, Tu rogor xdeba es, Cvens analizSi win unda waviwioT.

honorari, romelsac eqimi adgens pacientis misaRebad, dakavSirebulia xarjebTan, magram sinam-

dvileSi esaa pacientis miRebis xarjebi. ra aris eqim hipokrates mier pacient ana reqsis miRebis

xarji? ra alternatiul SesaZleblobaze unda Tqvas eqimma hipokratem uari saamisod? esaa Se-

saZlebloba, daxmareba gauwios sxva pacients. riTi ganisazRvreba aseTi SesaZleblobis Rirebu-

leba eqimisTvis? is ganisazRvreba im honorariT, romelic mzadaa gadaixados meore pacientma.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adamianebi ixdian samedicino momsaxurebaze eqimebis SezRuduli

drois Rirebulebas maTi moTxovnis mixedviT. es moTxovna urTierTqmedebs eqimebis momsaxure-

bis miwodebasTan, ris Sedegadac xdeba eqimTan vizitis, anu im fasis dadgena, romelsac eqimi kon-

sultaciaSi iTxovs. rac ufro maRali honoraris miReba SeuZlia eqim hipokrates sxva paciente-

bisgan, miT ufro maRali iqneba anas konsultaciis fasi.

miaqcieT yuardReba imas, rom sidide dadgenilia ara drois im monakveTis Rirebulebis mixed-

viT, rac eqimma institutSi gaatara, aramed pacientTan mimarTebaSi misi drois Rirebulebis mi-

xedviT. es metad mniSvnelovani momentia. Tu izrdeba eqimebis momsaxurebaze moTxovna, magram ar

izrdeba am momsaxurebis miwodeba, maSin pacientebi, Seecdebian ra erTmaneTs gadauswron, aswe-

ven samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebs. mokled rom vTqvaT, Cven TviTon ganvsazRvravT saeqimo

momsaxurebis Rirebulebas masTan rigSi Cawerisas.

S2

Q

P

S1

samedicino momsaxurebis Semcirebisas

mwarmoeblebi weven fasebs

110

eqimebi ar arian valdebulni, aswion fasebi, rodesac moTxovna miwodebaze swra fad izrdeba da

mravali maTgani marTlac ar akeTebs amas. samagierod isini uSveben xarjebis sxva elementebis zrdas.

`me ver migiRebT Tqven xuTSabaTamde~ an `Tu gnebavT SegiZliaT moxvideT klinikaSi da moicadoT,

magram SesaZloa eqimma ver migiRoT~. rac ufro nakleb gaizrdeba fasebi, miT ufro metad gaizrdeba

rigSi dgomis xarjebi. amis Sedegad, is vinc mzad iyo meti fuli gadaexada, dauTmobs samedicino mom-

saxurebis nawils maT, vinc mzadaa saaTobiT icados rigSi da ikiTxos Zveli Jurnalebi.

ukanasknel wlebSi eqimebis momsaxurebaze moTxovnis zrdis mravali mizezi gaCnda. adamianebi

ufro didxans cocxloben, xandazmulebs meti problema aqvT, Cven eqimebis meti imedi gvaqvs da

ufro xSirad mivdivarT konsultaciebze, xolo konsultaciis msurvelebs sul ufro xSirad ar

moeTxovebaT am vizitis zRvruli xarjis gadaxda. ukanaskneli mizezi erTob mniSvnelovania, vi-

naidan Seicavs gafrTxi lebas medicinis mzardi Rirebulebis problemis gadawyvetis erT-erTi

popularuli meTodis mimarT.

danaxarjebi da dazRveva

samedicino dazRvevis nebismieri sistema, romelic eqimebis momsaxurebas anazRaurebs, amci-

rebs pacientebis xarjebs da amiT zrdis im momsaxurebis raodenobas, romlis SeZenac xalxs surs.

aseTi msjelobisTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, dazRvevis sistema saxelmwifoa (mTlianad ga-

dasaxadebiT dafinansebuli), Tu kerZo, romlis drosac gadasaxadebs isini ixdian, vinc am daz-

RveviT sargebloben. manam, sanam pacientis gadawyvetileba, ewvios eqims, didad ver moqmedebs im

Tanxaze, romelic man dazRvevaSi unda gadaixados, misTvis am vizitis fasi TiTqmis nulovania.

Tu dazRveulTa garkveuli raodenoba ufro xSirad daiwyebs eqimTan siaruls, maSin maT mouw-

evT Senatanebis (anu gadasaxadebis) gazrda. magram sadazRvevo polisebis mflobelebs (anu ga-

dasaxadebis gadamxdelebs) am damatebiTi gadasaxadebis gadaxda imisgan damoukideblad mouw-

evT, wavlen isini eqimTan Tu darCebian saxlSi, raTa daisvenon da Cai dalion. damatebiTi xarjebi

aunazRaurebad xarjebs warmoadgens da amitom isini gavlenas ver moaxdenen gadawyvetilebaze.

pacientisaTvis eqimTan vizitis zRvruli fuladi xarji nulis tolia, rodesac dazRveva ix-

dis Sesatan honorars.

amaSi mdgomareobs dazRvevis, `rogorc medicinis Rirebulebis problemis gadamwyvetis~, mTa-

vari nakli. Tu ufro maRal xarjebze reagirebas imiT movaxdenT, rom gavzrdiT sadazRvevo ga-

dasaxadebs, amiT xels SevuwyobT momsaxurebis raodenobis SezRudvas, magram es migviyvans moTxov-

nas zrdasTan, aswevs xarjebs da aucilebels gaxdis dazRvevis damatebiT gaZvirebas. moqalaqeebi

daiwyeben gamokiTxvas, Tu ratom ar keTdeba araferi samedicino momsaxurebis Rirebulebis Sesa-

mcireblad. Cven verafers mivaRwevT, sanam Cvenive gadawyvetilebebiT xels vuwyobT mis gaZvire-

bas, vzrdiT ra moTxovnas samedicino momsaxurebaze ufro metad, vidre izrdeba misi miwodeba.

moTxovna

dazRveviT

S

Q

P moTxovna

dazRvevis

gareSe

samedicino momsaxurebis danaxarjebi

kiTxva, Tu vin ixdis fass, aseve arsebiTia, rodesac saqme exeba samedicino momsaxurebis Rire-

bulebis zrdis kidev ufro mniSvnelovan elements _ saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobas. Tu pacien-

111

tebi erTnair Tanxas ixdian ambulatoriuli mkurnalobisa da saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobisaTvis,

isini, ra Tqma unda, saavadmyofos airCeven. saavadmyo foSi ukeTesi movlaa da iq ufro advilia

yuri adevno pacientis gamo janmrTelebas. amasTan, dazRveva xSir SemTxvevaSi srulad ixdis saa-

vadmyofoSi mkurnalobis xarjebs maSin, rodesac ambulatoriuli mkurnalobis mxolod nawils

faravs. es pirdapiri stimulia saavadmyofoebis SezRudul momsaxurebaze moTxovnis gazrdis-

aTvis da araa rTuli imis winaswarmetyveleba, rom es palatebze fasis zrdamde migviyvans.

davuSvaT, romelime saavadmyofo gafarTovda 200 sawoliT da SeiZina rTuli laboratoriu-

li mowyobilobis didi raodenoba. mas Semdeg, rac es gadawyvetileba miRebulia, masTan dakav-

Sirebuli xarjebi Seuqcevadia, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom isini administraciisTvis gamousa-

degaria. Tuki saxelmwifo da kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebi Tanaxma arian, saavadmyofos

aunazRauron pacientebis momsaxurebis xarjebi da Tu saavadmyofoebi Tavad iReben gadaw-

yvetilebas, Tu ra Seitanon Tavis xarjebSi, isini aucileblad Seitanen Seuqcevadi xarjebis

yovel dolars. Seuqcevadi xarjebi yovel pacientze ganawilebuli iqneba nebismieri formuliT,

romelic saSualebas miscems saavadmyofos, rac SeiZleba swrafad aanazRauros es xarjebi gad-

amxdelebTan konfliqtebis gareSe.

visTvis warmoadgens es yovelive xarjebs? visTvisaa es mogeba? Tu gvsurs, gavarkvioT, ratom

tardeba esa Tu is politika, umjobesia, swored ase daisvas sakiTxi xarjebisa da mogebis Sesaxeb.

roca Tanamedrove samedicino aRWurvilobis moxmarebisgan sargebels ZiriTadad samedicino

personali iRebs, roca samedicino personalis ukmayofilebam SeiZleba usiamovneba moutanos

administracias, roca mowyobilobis SeZenis xarjebs mTlianad da winaaRmdegobebis gareSe Ta-

vis Tavze mTavroba, sadazRvevo kompaniebi an qvelmoqmedebi iReben, maSin saavadmyofos adminis-

tracia SeiZens ZviradRirebul aparaturas im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mas iSviaTad gamoiyenebs da e.i.

saavadmyofoSi momsaxurebis fasebi uecrad gaizrdeba.

is momxmareblebi, vinc ixdian sadazRvevo Senatans, fasebis kontrolis mizniT, ukanasknel

wlebSi cdiloben, zewola moaxdinon damzRvevebze, xolo damzRvevebi mouwodeben eqimebs, Seam-

ciron samedicino daxmarebis xarjebi. sadazRvevo kompaniebi agreTve cdiloben, garkveul mom-

saxurebaze fiqsirebuli Tanxa gadauxadon imis nacvlad, rom dafaron yvela is xarji, romelic

TiTqosda gaaCniaT saavadmyofoebs. amis Sedegad, administraciebs xarjebis kontrolisTvis

meti safuZveli gauCndaT da ekonomiis survilma pacientamdec miaRwia. xarjebis yovelgvari

zrdis gareSe garantirebuli samedicino daxmarebis problemis gadawyveta mravali xnis manZil-

ze mzaddeboda. am sferoSi gasarkvevad unda mivxvdeT _ moTxovna gansazRvravs xarjebs.

aucilebelia samedicino momsaxurebis racionalizaciis zogierTi meTodis gamoyeneba, vinaidan

nulovani fasis pirobebSi pacientebisTvis moTxovnis raodenoba bevrad didia, vidre is raode-

noba, romlis miwodebac SesaZlebelia.

elastiuroba da fasebis cvlileba

ukanasknel wlebSi amerikelebi bevrad met yuradRebas uTmobdnen dietis gavlenas janmrT-

elobaze. aman gamoiwvia moTxovnis zrda qaTmebsa da zRvis produqtebze da Seamcira moTxovna

xorcze. SegviZlia Tu ara vivaraudoT ufro maRali fasi qaTamsa da Tevzze, xolo naklebi fasi

xorcze, vinaidan moTxovna gansazRvravs fass?

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araelastiuri

miwodeba

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elastiuri

miwodeba

112

savaraudoa, rom ara. rodesac produqtze moTxovna izrdeba an mcirdeba, fasze gavlena damo-

kidebulia miwodebis elastiurobaze. ramdenad elastiuria qaTmebis, zRvis produqtebisa da

xorcis miwodeba? upirveles yovlisa, pasuxi damokidebuli iqneba wina periodis analizis Sede-

gebze. metad xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi miwodebis mrudebi ukiduresad araelastiuria,

vinaidan mTlianad miwodebis, an miwodebis raodenobis cvlileba garkveul dros moiTxovs. rac

ufro didi dro aqvT mimwodeblebs, miT ufro didi iqneba miwodebuli raodenobis cvlileba. es

kargi wesia. faqtobrivad imas niSnavs, rom miwodebis mrudebi ramdenadac araelastiuria mokle

vadebSi, imdenadve elastiurni arian grZelvadian periodebSi. Tundac fasebSi umniSvnelo

cvlilebebis sapasuxod, mimwodeblebs SeuZliaT moZebnon mravali gza resursebis gadaadgile-

bisaTvis.

amerikelebis Wamis CvevebSi cvlilebebi iSviaTia, rac imas niSnavs, rom mimwodeblebs reguli-

rebisaTvis sakmao dro aqvT. amdenad, xorcis fasi uecrad ar daecema da qaTmis fasic erTbaSad

ar gaizrdeba, resursebi ki xorcis warmoebidan qaTmis warmoebaSi gadainacvlebs.

zRvis produqtebis SemTxvevaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa. zRvis produqtebze gazrdili moTxovna

gamoiwvevs Sesabamis biznesSi meti resursebis mobilizebis aucileblobas, magram es procesi

gazrdis zRvrul xarjebs. ZiriTadi problema aq isaa, rom zRvis produqcia ar iwarmoeba mxo-

lod kerZo resursebis xarjze iseve advilad, rogorc qaTmebis SemTxvevaSi. raki TevzWeris

zona, umetes SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebrivi qonebaa, yvela Seecdeba, moipovos sxvaze meti produ-

qti, gadaWarbebuli Zalisxmeva ki am zonaSi nadavls Seamcirebs. TevzmWerebs ufro didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi mouwevT nadavlis ZviradRirebuli Zieba da portSi bevrad naklebi nadavliT da-

brundebian. amis Sedegia araelastiuri miwodebis mrudi, roca Sesabamisi moTxovnis gazrda zR-

vis produqciis fasis mniSvnelovani zrdis mizezia.

moTxovnis elastiuroba aseTive saxis cvlilebebs ganicdis, rodesac sawyisi cvlilebebi mi-

wodebis mxriv mimdinareobs. vinaidan navTobze moTxovna metad araelastiuria, 1970-ian wlebSi

aSS-sTvis miwodebuli navTobis daaxloebiT 15 procentianma Semcirebam, rac OPEC-is (navTobis

eqsportiori qveynebis gaerTianeba) qmedebiT iyo gamowveuli, benzinis fasi TiTqmis orjer ga-

zarda. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi navTobisa da misi produqtebis momxmareblebma ipoves

Semcvlelebi da gadaumuSavebeli navTobisa da misi produqtebis fasi isev daeca. moTxovna gr-

Zelvadian periodSi bevrad ufro elastiuria, vidre moklevadiani periodSi. ra Tqma unda, na-

vTobis fasis dacemas gaZvirebaze mimwodeblis grZelvadiani sapasuxo reaqciac gansazRvravda.

vin ixdis gadasaxadebs?

ra efeqts unda movelodeT sigaretebze gadasaxadebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi? sigaretze moTxo-

vnis elastiuroba metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. mravalma dakvirvebam gvaCvena, rom mimdinare

fasebis sazRvrebSi moTxovna sakmaod araelastiuria, ase rom, gazrdili gadasaxadebi mogebas

metad gazrdis, vidre amerikelebis janmrTelobas gaaumjobesebs. mzardi gadasaxadebi gamoi-

wvevs sigaretis fasis zrdas, rac saboloo jamSi mwevelTa biujetisTvisaa sagrZnobi. gadasaxa-

debis sakmaod maRal doneze moTxovna mTlianad elastikuri xdeba, gadasaxadebis zrda Seamci-

rebs gadasaxadebisgan miRebul mogebas. sigaretebis gadasaxadebis stimulirebiT mowevis

akrZalva da mogebis gazrda mTlad azriani ar Cans.

arsebobs Tu ara iseTi principebi, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems viwinaswarmetyveloT, Tu

rogor Sesyidvis an gayidvis gadasaxadebi moqmedebs fasze? aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, vis aki-

srebs mTavroba gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, mimwode belsa Tu momxmarebels? 6-2 naxazi gaZlevT mo-

Txovnis da miwodebis mrudebTan damatebiTi muSaobis SesaZleblobas, gadasaxadebis gansazR-

vris ZiriTadi logikis, anu imis warmodgeniT, Tu vin ixdis gadasaxads. ekonomistebs uyvarT sa-

soflo-sameurneo magaliTebis moyvana aseTi analizisTvis, vinaidan arsebobs tipuri, didi rao-

denobis gansxvavebuli mimwodebeli da momxmarebeli, ase rom strtegiuli gamoTvle bi ar cvlis

suraTs (strategiul gamoTvlebs da yvelafers, rac masTanaa dakavSirebuli me-8 TavSi gavecno-

biT).

113

1 f

un

ti

s f

as

i

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

soios zeTis raodenoba drois erT periodSi

(miliardi funti)

$32

28

24

20

16

12

08

S

D

D

S

nax. 6-2 miwodeba da moTxovna soios zeTze

naxazi 6-2 warmogvidgens soios zeTis miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebs. wminda sabazro fasi, ro-

gorc xedavT erT girvanqaSi 0,20 dolars udris. SemdegSi mTavroba moiTxovs gamyidvelebidan, rom

man gadaixados 5 centi TiToeuli gayiduli girvanqidan. ra daemarTeba amis Sedegad fass?

pirvel nabijs warmoadgens imis Cveneba, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens gadasaxadi miwodebis mrud-

ze. vinaidan soios zeTis gayidvis zRvruli dasaSvebi fasi 5 centiT maRalia, Cven miwodebis

mruds mTeli misi sigrZis gaswvriv vertikalurad zemoT, 5 centiT gadavaadgilebT. es aris imis

sawinaaRmdego procedura, rasac vakeTebdiT imisTvis, rom gveCvenebina subsidiebis gavlena

xorblis momyvanebze.

sad moxdeba miwodebis am axali da moTxovnis mrudebis gadakveTa? vinaidan moTxovnili da

miwodebuli raodenobebi axla erT funtSi 24 centis fasis eqvivalenturia, es moxdeba axali

wminda sabazro fasis an TanafardobiTi fasis dros. zeTis gayidvis da yidvis raodenoba drois

gansazRvrul periodSi 4 mlrd girvanqidan 3,5 mlrd girvanqamde daecema.

vin gadaixdis gadasaxads? momxmareblebma amjerad 20 centis nacvlad 24 centi unda gadaixa-

don erT girvanqaSi da mimwodeblebma TiToeul girvanqaSi 20 centis nacvlad, wmindad 19 centi

unda aiRon. ase rom, momxmarebelma unda gadaixados gadasaxadis 80 procenti da danarCen 20

procents ki mimwodebeli ixdis, miuxedavad imisa, rom gadasaxadi mimwodeblisgan unda yofili-

yo amoRebuli administra ciuli mosazrebebiT, gayidvis gadasaxadebi yovelTvis mimwodeblebs

unda ekisrebodeT. gadasaxadebis amoReba da Segroveba momxmareblidan bevrad ufro rTuli iq-

neboda, praqtikulad mTavrobas rom gadaewyvita momxmareblisTvis daekisrebina gadasaxadebis

gadaxda. vnaxoT, ra moxdeba, Tu mTavroba moiTxovs soios zeTis myidvelebidan, gadaixadon 5

centi TiToeul girvanqaSi.

am SemTxvevaSi Cven davinaxavT, rom, gadasaxadebis gamo, moTxovnis mrudi vertikalurad da-

bla daiwevs. dafiqrdiT, Tu ratom moxda es? moTxovnis mrudi warmogvidgens momxmarebelTa

raodenobas, romelsac Sesyidva sxvadasxva fasad surs. Tu gadasaxadebi moiTxovs maTgan 5 cen-

tiT meti gadaixadon erT girvanqaSi, isini nebismieri raodenobis zeTis Sesyidvas mxolod 5 cen-

tiT nakleb fasad moindomeben, rogorc es gadasaxadis dawesebamde unda yofiliyo. amitom moT-

xovnis mrudi mTeli raodenibisTvis, 5 centiT dabla daiwevs.

axali, gadasaxadebTan misadagebuli moTxovnis mrudi miwodebis mruds 19 centis fasis ad-

gilze gadakveTs. es iqneba axali, wminda sabazro fasi. mimwodeblebi TiToeul girvanqaSi miiRe-

114

ben wminda Semosavals 19 cents, iseve rogorc maSin, rodesac gadasaxadis gadaxda Tavad maT eva-

lebodaT, momxmareblebi gadaixdian erT girvanqaSi 24 cents, anu isev imdens, rogorc maSin,

rodesac gadasaxads mTavrobas mimwodeblebi uxdidnen. isev da isev, momxmareblebi gadasaxade-

bis _ 80, xolo mimwodeblebi 20 procents gadaixdian.

P

D2

gadasaxadamde

Q

gadasaxadis

Semdeg

D1

ratom rCeba gadasaxadebi yovelTvis 80 procenti 20-is sapirwoned? miwodebisa da moT-

xovnis fardobiTi elastiuroba gansazRvravs gamoSvebas. 3,5 mlrd da 4 mlrd erTeul raodeno-

bas Soris moTxovnis fasis elastiuroba 0,73 tolia, SedarebiT araelastiuria moTxovna maSin,

rodesac miwodebis fasis elastiuroba 2,6 tolia, anu miwodeba SedarebiT elastiuria. ramdena-

dac ufro naklebad elastikuri da mgrZnobiare arian gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi gadasaxade-

biT gamowveuli fasebis cvlilebis mimarT, imdenad met gadasaxads ixdian isini.

yovelive amis Semdeg SesaZloa, gagiCndeT kiTxva, maS, vin ixdis saboloo jamSi im gadasa-

xadebs, romelsac federaluri an Statebis mTavroba akisrebs korporaciebs Semosavlebze? Tu

Tqven SegiZliaT, rom gadasaxadebis ganxiluli magaliTis safuZvelze am kiTxvas srulad da

naTlad upasuxoT, maSin am wignis avtorze meti gcodniaT. SeuZlebelia, korporaciebma iseve ga-

daixadon gadasaxadebi,¸rogorc amas adgili aqvs sigaretis an zeTis gadasaxadis gadaxdis dros.

gadasaxadebs saboloo jamSi xalxi ixdis. sabolood vin ixdis im gadasaxadebs, romlebsac

mTavroba korporaciebis Semosavals akisrebs? iwvevs Tu ara gadasaxadebis zrda im produqtis

fasis zrdas, romelsac es korporaciebi uSveben? iwvevs Tu ara es xalxis gaRaribebas da kor-

poraciebis gamdidrebas? amcirebs Tu ara es korporaciebis mflobelTa Semosavals? transaq-

ciebi, romlebic saboloo jamSi ayalibebs korporaciebis mogebas, imdenad mravali da sxvadasx-

vagvaria, rom aravin fiqrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin ixdis mTlianobaSi korporaciebis Semosavlebze

gadasaxads. es SesaZloa gadasaxadebis gauqmebis an maTi SenarCunebis karg politikur mizezad

mogveCvenos.

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mokled gavimeoroT

mcdari iqneba imis daSveba, rom Cven gvaqvs arCevanis saSualeba xarjebze dafuZnebul fasebsa

da miwodeba - moTxovniT gansazRvrul Sefasebas Soris, vinaidan moTxovna da miwodeba gansazRv-

ravs yvela xarjs.

cvlis ra fardobiT xarjebs mdgomareobis cvlilebis sapasuxod, moTxovni sa da miwodebis

procesi ayalibebs fasebs, romlebic asaxaven produqtis fardobiT iSviaTobas da gviCveneben,

Tu rogor SeiZleba maTi ufro ekonomiurad gamoyeneba.

fasebi, romlebic asaxaven fardobiTi iSviaTobis cvlilebas, koordinacias ukeTeben adami-

anebis qmedebebs komerciul sazogadoebaSi.

vidre resursebi mTlianad kerZo sakuTrebaSi ar aris, an ar arsebobs TamaSis naTeli wesebi,

romlebic maT gamoyenebas gansazRvravs, komerciul sazogadoebaSi koordinirebuli moqmedeba

ufro garTulebulia.

miwodebaSi cvlilebebs ufro meti gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT produqtis fasze, rodesac

masze moTxovna araelastiuria, da metad imoqmedeben gacvlis raodenobis cvlilebaze, rodesac

moTxovna elastiuria. analogiurad, moTxovnis cvlilebas meti gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia fa-

sebze, rodesac miwodeba araelastiuria da metad imoqmedebs gacvlis raodenobaze, rodesac mi-

wodeba elastiuria.

moTxovnis mruds, da gansakuTrebiT, miwodebis mruds, miT ufro meti elastiurobis tendencia

gaaCniaT, rac ufro didi dro aqvs xalxs imisaTvis, rom reagireba moaxdinos fasebis cvlilebaze.


1. ra kavSiria fasebsa da xarjebs Soris? gaaanalizeT Semdegi oTxi SemTxveva da gaeciT am kiTx-

vas pasuxi.

a) Tevzsaweri seinrebis mSenebloba da aRWurva metad did fuls moiTxovs. swored ami-

tom aris Zviri maTi SeZena. ra urTierTkavSiria seinerebis fassa da mTlianad aRWur-

vili Tevzsaweri seineris xarjebs Soris?

b) gadaixdian Tu ara met fass maRaziebSi im raionis mcxovrebi, sadac fasebi momatebu-

lia arsebuli kriminaluri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gaweuli xarjebis dasa-

faravad? ra kavSiria fasebsa da kriminalurad saSiS raionebSi usafrTxoebis xar-

jebs Soris?

g) aZlevs Tu ara aSS-is mTavroba zedmet daxmarebas im fermerebs, visac mohyavs gark-

veuli saxis mosavali, romlis moyvanac ufro Zviri jdeba? Tu, piriqiT, gansazRvru-

li sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis moyvanis xarjebi imitom aris ufro maRali, rom

mTavroba zedmet daxmarebas sTavazobs fermerebs?

d) xeliT damzadebuli xis flamingoebi 150 dolari Rirs. ratomaa isini ase Zviri? imi-

tom, rom xeliTaa damzadebuli? damokidebulia Tu ara sagnis Rirebuleba imaze rom

adamianebma ician, rogor daamzadon isini? ra SemTxvevaSi iqneboda flamingo ufro

Zviri _ maSin, roca adamianebs ecodinebaT, rom igi papma ioane mecametem daamzada,

Tu maSin, rodesac Tqveni gakeTebuli hgoniaT?

2. garkveul regionebSi qariSxalma Caamtvria uamravi SuSa da es gaxda meSuSeebze gazrdili

moTxovnis mizezi. Tuki meSuSeebi gazrdian saaTobriv anazRaurebas, saxlis mepatroneebs

fanjrebis remontis fasi gaezrdebaT. gamoiwvia Tu ara qariSxalma meSuSeebis xarjebis

gazrda fanjrebis Casasmelad? Tu, piriqiT, is meSuSeebi, vinc aswia Tavisi momsaxurebis

fasi, am situaciidan arasamarTlian mogebas iReben? SesaZloa, am sakiTxis kvlevisas Semdegi

kiTxvebi dagexmaroT:

a) ratom SeuZliaT meSuSeebs fasebis gazrda?

b) vin aiZulebs maT, gazardon fasebi?

g) ra saSualebiT SeuZliaT meSuSeebs, daadginon zRvruli gazrdili xarjebi?

d) maincdamainc ratom ar moindomeben meSuSeebi fasebis momatebas?

116

e) gazrdili fasebis SemTxvevaSi, ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli sazogadoebis momsaxureba

meti meSuSis mier?

3. mobiluri saxlebis mepatroneebis umravlesobas saxlebi ekrZo sakuTrebaSi aqvT, magram is

miwa, romelzedac saxlia ganlagebuli, ijariT aqvT aRebuli. ukanasknel xans zogierTma mu-

nicipalitetma kontroli daawesa im saijaro Tanxis zrdaze, romelsac patronebi iTxoven

TavianT nakveTebSi. saijaro gadasaxadis aseTi kontrolis aucileblobis erT-erT sabuTad

is mohyavT, rom zonaluri regulireba urTulebs mobiluri saxlebis mepatroneebs axal

nakveTebze gadasvlas, rodesac Zveli nakveTis saijaro gadasaxadi mkveTrad izrdeba.

a) ris mixedviT ganisazRvreba is saijaro Tanxa, romlis moTxovnac SeuZlia mobiluri

saxlebis parkis mepatrones?

b) ra xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli es Tanxa da, saerTod, aris Tu ara dakavSirebuli xarjebTan?

g) rogor SeuZlia zonalur daproeqtebas, gavlena moaxdinos im saijaro Tanxaze, rom-

lis amorebac SeuZliaT parkebis mepatroneebs?

d) daeTanxmebiT Tu ara mobiluri saxlebis parkis mepatrones, romelic saijaro Tanxis

mniSvnelovani momatebisas aRSfoTebas gamoTqvams da ambobs, rom `misi saxli Rire-

bulebas sZens am WuWyian moedans~.

4. saijaro gadasaxadze kontrolis dawesebiT cdiloben saijaro fasis zrdis SeCerebas mepa-

troneTa xarjebis zrdis Sesabamisad. SeecadeT am TavSi moyvanili meTodebis gamoyenebiT

gadawyvitoT Semdegi sakiTxebi:

a) rogoria saxlis mepatronis xarjebi, romelmac Tqven bina 500 dolarad mogaqiravaT

maSin, rodesac sxvebi mzad iyvnen is 600 dolarad daeqiravebinaT?

b) rogor imoqmedebs saijaro gadasaxadze kontrolis dawesebis dadgenileba saxlis

mepatronis xarjebze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is binas cariels datovebs, an Tavad gamoi-

yenebs, an nebas darTavs naTesavs, ufasod icxovros iq?

g) rogor fiqrobT, xarjebis romel koncefcias eyrdnobian saijaro Tanxis kontrolis

momxreebi, rodesac laparakoben maqsimaluri saijaro Tanxisa da saxlis mepatrone-

Ta xarjebis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb?

d) ipotekuri gadasaxadebi asaxaven saxlis Sesyidvis xarjebs da, amdenad, SesaZlebelia

Seicavdnen xarjebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia ijaris amoRebis kontrolTan, rac qi-

ris zrdas iwvevs. ra gansazRvravs potenciuri saxlis mepatronis mier saxlis Sesy-

idvis xarjebs?

e) sawvavis xarji, romelic saxlebis gasaTbobadaa saWiro, yovelTvis Sedis kanonier xarj-

Si, rodesac saxlis mepatroneebi zrdian saijaro Tanxas. ra gansazRvravs sawvavis fass?

v) davuSvaT, saxlis mepatronem daiqirava manqanebis farexi saxlis axlos da Tavis mdg-

murebs sadgomiT sargeblobis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. Tu im raionSi gaizarda manqa-

nebis gaCerebaze moTxovna, mepatrone albaT met fass moiTxovs. ratom wava ufro did

daTmobaze saijaro kontrolis komisia manqanis gasaCerebeli adgilis fasis, da ara

binis qiris zrdis SemTxvevaSi?

5. sietlis municipalitets gaaCnia patara navsadgomi da misadgomebs aqiravebs navebis mflo-

belebze. rodesac municipalitetis mesveurebma miiRes gadawyvetileba saijaro Tanxis iseT

doneze gayinvis Sesaxeb, romelic gadaiaraRebis xarjebze 5%-ian mogebas moitanda, maT ga-

nacxades, rom amisaTvis saWiro iqneba uaxloesi sami wlis manZilze navsadgomebiT sarge-

blobis Tanxis orjer gazrda.

a) ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan navsadgomebis gadaiaraRebis da maTi gaqiravebis xarjebi?

b) aRWurvilobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens okeanis wyali, romelzec

aSenebulia navsadgomi (Tu Tqven amtkicebT, rom misi gatvaliswineba ar aris aucile-

beli, radgan okeane warmoadgens bunebis ufaso saCuqars, dabrundiT ukan da Seamow-

meT Tqveni pasuxebi meore Tavis meore kiTxvaze).

g) im momentisTvis, rodesac municipalitetis warmomadgenlebma gamoacxades TavianTi ga-

dawyvetileba fasebis momatebis Sesaxeb, municipalitetis TanamSromlebi klientTa 17-

20 wlian rigs varaudobdnen. ra kavSiri aqvs amas navsadgomebis gaqiravebis xarjebTan?

117

6. eqimebi, romlebmac didi sesxebi aiRes TavianTi samedicino ganaTlebis dasafinanseblad,

praqtikas xSirad didi danaklisebiT iwyeben, rac maT unda ainazRauron.

a) rogor fiqrobT, ra gansxvaveba iqneba im fasebs Soris, romelsac sami damwyebi eqimi

daawesebs Tavis momsaxurebaze, Tu erTma maTganma Tavisi swavla valis aRebiT daafi-

nansa da axla 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelwliurad 9600 dolari unda gadaixados,

meore mTlianad mSoblebma daafinanses, xolo mesame swavlis ganmavlobaSi sul sa-

xelmwifo stipendias iRebda?

b) SeafaseT samedicino skolis menejeris mier gamoTqmuli argumenti imis Taobaze,

rom saxelmwifo SeZlebda samedicino ganaTlebis gaiafebas, Tuki mTlianad dafarav-

da swavlis xarjs, gaaTavisuflebda ra amiT eqimebs im aucileblobisgan, rom Tavad

daefaraT ganaTlebis xarjebi (damatebuli procenti) honorarebis gazrdis gziT.

g) wina argumentis avtori amtkicebs, rom `me da Tqven~ unda davfaroT eqimis mier aRe-

buli valis xarjebi, vinaidan es xarjebi warmoadgens `saqmis warmoebis kanonier xar-

jebs~. ra mniSvneloba aqvs imas, warmoadgens Tu ara esa Tu is xarjebi kanonier xar-

jebs? davuSvaT rom raionSi praqtikis mqone yvela eqimisgan adgilobrivma mafiam

maTi usafrTxoebisTvis 5000 dolari moiTxova. iqneboda Tu ara es xarjebi `saqmis

warmoebis kanonieri xarjebi~? imoqmedebda Tu ara es eqimebis honorarebze?

7. SabaTobiT mTeli kvirisTvis Tqven yidulobT sayvareli sasmelis Svid boTls da ixdiT 1 do-

lars boTlSi. guSin aRmoCnda, rom maRaziaSi aris fasdakleba (mxolod erTi dRiT) da TiTo-

euli boTli 50 centad iyideba. axla kvira saRamoa. mezobeli gTxovT, rom miyidoT mas oTxi

boTli. ra fasi iqneba samarTliani?

8. daniel kainemanma, jek kneCma da riCard Tailerma Caatares gamokvleva bazris transaqciebis

samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi Tavi _ `samarTlianoba, rogorc mogebisaken swrafvis

SezRudva da sabazro uflebebi ~, _ warmogvidgens sazogadoebis Sexedulebebis Seswavlis

Sedegebs, raTa gvaCvenos samarTlianobis gageba, romelsac xalxi gvTavazobs bazarze fir-

mebis moqmedebis koreqtirebisaTvis. mocemuli gvaqvs hipoTetiuri situacia:

maRazias sawyobSi Senaxuli aqvs araqisis karaqis ramdenime Tvis maragi. mesakuTrem Seityo,

rom karaqis Sesyidvis sabiTumo fasma moimata da man dauyovnebliv moumata sacalo fass.

147 gamokiTxuli respodentis mxolod 21 procents miaCnia, rom es qmedeba misaRebia, 79 pro-

centi ki fiqrobs, rom es usamarTlobaa.

a) miwis Txilis karaqis sabiTumo fasi sawyobSi aris Seuqcevadi xarji. iqneboda ki misa-

Rebi fasebis Sesaxeb gadawyetileba im gamyidvelisTvis, romelic iziarebs fasebis

mimarT samarTlianobis Sesaxeb umravlesobis Sexedulebas?

b) ra azris iqneba amis Taobaze is gamyidveli, romelic iziarebs umciresobis Sexedu-

lebas, magram amave dros icis, Tu ras ityvian masze momxmareblebi, Tu is moumatebs

fass `Zvel~, adre Sesyidul produqcias?

ekonomikuri azrovnebis wesi Cveulebriv ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan gadaxdil da auRe-

bel Tanxebs, radgan orive xarjebs ganekuTvneba. maT sazogadoebis umravlesoba ganasxva-

vebs, vinaidan swams, rom gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT aswion fasebi, raTa dafaron ufro maRali

sabiTumo xarjebi, magram ar SeuZliaT, gaakeTon es ubralod imitom rom, momxmareblebi Ta-

naxma arian gadaixadon ufro maRali fasi. iziarebT Tu ara Tqven popularul gansazRvras?

an iqneb fiqrobT, rom maT ver gaiges, raSi mdgomareobs problemis arsi?

9. davuSvaT, rom Tqven gaqvT maRazia da amuSavebT mas. diliT, rodesac samuSaoze wasasvlelad

emzadebodiT, radioTi moismineT gancxadeba, rom araqisis karaqis fasi gaizarda, vinaidan

gaizarda miwis Txilis fasi. Tqven gaxsovT, rom guSin miiReT araqisis karaqis axali partia

_ ori Tvis maragi da gadawyvetili gaqvT, fass ar moumatoT. samsaxurSi misvlisas dagire-

kaT Tqvenma megobarma ekonomistma, romelmac icis Tqveni mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da surs ga-

gafrTxiloT, rom Tqveni sazogadoebrivi movaleobaa, gazardoT fasi maSinve, rogorc ki

gaxsniT maRazias. ra arguments gamoiyenebs is? ratom iqneba Tqveni sazogadoebrivi movale-

oba araqisis karaqis fasis momateba?

10. ekonomist teri andersonis monacemebis mixedviT, kaliforniis Statis sairigacio raionis

118

fermerebma wylis erT akrofutSi mxolod 6,5 dolari unda gadaixadon, Tumca gadasaxadebis

gadamxdelebs es 300 dolari ujdebaT.

a) romel cifrs daeyrdnobian _ 6,5-s Tu 300-s _ fermerebi, rodesac gadawyveten mor-

wyvis gazrdas an Semcirebas?

b) metyvelebs Tu ara es cifrebi imaze, rom sinamdvileSi azri ara aqvs sairigacio samu-

Saoebis Catarebas?

g) ratom gadaixdis vinme 300 dolars, raTa momxmarebels miawodos akro-futi wyali,

Tu igi am momsaxurebas mxolod 6,5 dolarad afasebs?

11. 6-3 naxazze warmodgenili grafiki gviCvenebs me-4 TavSi (naxazi 4-2) gamoyenebul mruds,

romelic warmogvidgens alternatiul Rirebulebaze dafuZnebul miwodebis mruds. amasTan

erTad mocemulia moTxovnis mrudi, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu ra raodenobis saaTebs SeiZenen

studentebi sxvadasxva fasis SemTxvevaSi.

a) ra daujdebaT studentebs ekonomikuri mecnierebis Seswavlis erTi saaTi? ramden

saaTs iyidian isini?

b) swavlebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba marqsisTvis 7,99 dolars udris _ am Tanxas

miiRebda igi revoluciis momzadebaSi. Tu Tqven iciT am faqtis Sesaxeb da sTxovT

mas, rom gamecadinoT 10 dolarad saaTSi, is gipasuxebT, rom unda gadaixadoT saaTSi

16 dolari. marTali iqneba Tu ara igi? an iqneb igi cdilobs Tqvens eqspluatacias?

g) Tu meril linCi SesTavazebs rikardos imuSaos mTeli samuSao dRe saaTSi 27,99 do-

larad, maSin is aRar moisurvebs aswavlos dReSi 4 saaTi, roca saaTSi 10 dolars ixdi-

an. rogor aisaxeba es maswavleblis fasze?

d) Tu maswavlebelTa momsaxurebaze moTxovna orjer gaizrdeba (anu yoveli mocemuli

fasis dros, moTxovna orjer meti iqneba saaTebze), ra daemarTeba maswavlebelTa

momsaxurebas da saaTebis raodenobas?

e) da Tu moTxovna gasammagda? rogori iqneba maswavleblobis fasi da saaTebis raodenoba?

sa

aT

ob

ri

vi

xe

lf

as

i

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

ekonomikis swavlebis saaTebi dReSi

$30

20

10

nax. 6-3 ekonomikis swavlebaze hipoTetiuri moTxovnisa da miwodebis grafikebi

12. ra dagijdebodaT Tqveni Zveli ocnebis asruleba da patara saTxilamuro kurortis SeZena?

_ miwis SeZena _ 20 000 dolari

_ sabagiro gzis SeZena _ 100 000 dolari

_ mTaze saxlis SeZena _ 20 000 dolari

_ sabagiroze muSaoba _ saaTSi 50 dolari

Tqven gegmavT, rom imuSavebT kviraSi 50 saaTs, weliwadSi ki _ 20 kviras. amgvarad, mimdinare

119

xarjebi weliwadSi Seadgens 50 000 dolars. Tqven SegiZliaT isesxoT 320 000 dolari 20 wlis

vadiT. sesxze Tqveni yovelwliuri gadasaxadebi (Tanxa, romelsac ericxeba procenti) 43 000

dolari dagijdebaT.

a) rogor minimalur mogebas unda moelodeT bileTebis gayidvidan, raTa gariskoT 320

000 dolaris dabandeba?

b) davuSvaT, rom pirvel weliwads Semosavalma 60 000 Seadgina. unda daxuroT Tu ara

saqme?

g) drodadro Tqven SegiZliaT 600 dolari aiRoT, Tu sabagiros samuSao dReebSi 8 saa-

Tis ganmavlobaSi amuSavebT (am dros Cveulebriv daketilia) sagangebo (Carteruli)

jgufebisTvis. es dafaravs Tqvens mimdinare xarjebs _ 400 dolars dReSi, magram

vinaidan mimdinare xarjebi Seadgens Tqveni sruli xarjebis mxolod 54%-s, Tqven

dagWirdebaT 750 dolaris Semosavali imisaTvis, rom azri hqondes sabagiros gaxsnas.

an iqneb arc dagWirdebaT?

d) Tu Tqven meore weliwads daxarjavT 10 000 dolars reklamaze, ris Sedegadac Tqveni

sruli Semosavali 75 000 dolaramde gaizrdeba, swori iqneba Tu ara Tqveni sarekla-

mo gadawyvetileba?

e) rogor unda imoqmedoT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ramdenime wlis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom

Tqveni finansuri Sedegebi veRar gaumjobesdeba meore weliwadis SedegebTan Sedare-

biT? unda daxuroT Tu ara saqme? Tu Tqven gadawyvetT, rom ar SegiZliaT satxilamu-

ro kurortze daxarjoT 28 00 dolari weliwadSi, ris gakeTebas SeZlebT? rodesac

Tqven gasayidad gagaqvT mTeli es avladideba, maqsimaluri Tanxa, rasac gTavazoben

100 000 dolaria. giRirT ki gayidva?

v) Tu Tqven Tavi gakotrebulad gamoacxadeT, ras uzams kreditori Tqvens qonebas? ra

ajobebs kreditorisTvis, konfiskacia gaukeTos Tqvens qonebas, Tu gagigrZeloT

sesxis vada, raTa gadasaxadebi SegimciroT im sididemde, romlis gadaxdasac Tqven

advilad SeZlebT yovelwliuri Semosavlidan?

13. SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad da sxva momsaxurebisaTvis kolejs aqvs kompiuteruli cen-

tri, aRWurvilobiTa da StatiT. es centri dafinansebas iRebs sxvadasxva departamentidan,

romelTa TanamSromlebi da studentebi sargebloben am momsaxurebiT. ekonomikis departa-

mentma, biujetis mkacri Sekvecis gamo, gadawyvita Sewyvitos kompiuteruli centris dafin-

anseba. centris direqtorma amis Taobaze gaakeTa gancxadeba: `vinaidan, mkacri sabiujeto

problemebis gamo, ekonomikis fakultetma SeaCera kompiuteruli centris wevroba, Sesa-

bamisad, fakulteti, TanamSromlebi da studentebi ver isargebleben Cveni momsaxurebiT~.

a) Seamcirebs Tu ara kompiuteruli centri Tavis xarjebs imiT, rom uars ityvis ekono-

mikis departamentis momsaxurebaze?

b) romeli xarjebi Semcirdeba ekonomikis fakultetisTvis momsaxurebis Sewyvetis Se-

degad?

g) iqneba Tu ara kolejis interesebSi, rom kompiuterulma centrma neba darTos ekono-

mikis departamentis warmomadgenlebs, gamoiyenon centris SesaZleblobebi, roca

maT sxva aravin iyenebs?

d) ra informaciaze dayrdnobiT amjobinebs kolejis administracia, rom kompiuteru-

li centri departamentebma daafinanson da ara centralurma biujetma?

14. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli iyo Sexeduleba, rom roca adamianebs ar uwevT raimes gadaxda

iseT saWiro resursze, rogoricaa saavtomobilo gzebis qseli, isini ganagrZoben mis gamoye-

nebas, sanam zRvruli sargebeli (Rirebuleba) nulis tolia. am daskvnamde xSirad midis is

xalxic ki, visac gaTavisebuli ara aqvs zRvruli azrovnebis meTodi. ratom irCevs xalxi,

rom qmedebebis zRvruli sargebeli nulis toli iyos? maT ukvirT, roca igeben, rom esaa zR-

vruli sargebeli da igi metad gansxvavdeba sruli an saSualo sargebelisagan. davuSvaT,

Tqven giyvarT Sokoladis namcxvari. dilis aTi saaTia, Tqven sakmaod mSieri xarT da movida

adamiani, romelsac aqvs es namcxvari. Tqven mzad ara xarT gadaixadoT 3 dolarze meti TiTo

namcxvarSi da ar gsurT SeWamoT 4 calze meti. qvemoT mocemulia Tqveni moTxovnis cxrili:

120

fasi moTxovnis raodenoba

3 dolari 1

1,5 dolari 2

0,4 dolari 3

0,1 dolari 4

0,0 dolari 4

a) ramdens SeWamT, Tu fasi nulis toli iqneba?

b) dolarebSi gazomil ra saerTo sargebels miiRebT amiT?

g) ra iqneba TqvenTvis namcxvris saSualo sargebeli dolarebSi?

d) ra iqneba TqvenTvis namcxvris zRvruli sargebeli dolarebSi im momentSi, rodesac

Tqven SewyvetT Wamas?

er

Ti

na

ke

To

bi

s f

as

i T

ve

Si

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

standartizebuli xarisxis

nakeTobaTa raodenoba (aTasobiT)

D $1000

800

600

400

200

S

nax. 6-4 hipoTetiuri moTxovnisa da miwodebis grafiki gasaqiravebeli sacxovrebeli adgilisTvis.

15. 6-4 naxazze gamosaxul grafikze mocemulia qalaqSi sacxovrebel farTze moTxovna da miwo-

deba, amasTan, bazris gamawonasworebeli binis qira 600 dolars udris. SemdegSi adgili aqvs

or movlenas: 1) inflaciis Sedegad fulis msyidvelobiTi done erTi mesamediT ecema. 2) mu-

nicipaliteti da mTavroba mkveTrad amcirebs gadasaxads uZrav qonebaze da binis mesaku-

TreTa Semosavali erTi mesamediT izrdeba.

a) ras fiqrobT, rogor imoqmedebs es ori movlena gasaqiravebeli binebis miwodebasa da

moTxovnaze? ra daemarTeba binis qiras? ganasxvaveT moklevadiani da grZelvadiani

gavlenebi.

b) ra moxdeba, Tu sakuTrebaze gadasaxadis Semcireba mxolod sacxovrebel farTs Se-

exeba?

g) Tu binis qira am movlenebis sedegad gaizrdeba da, amis sapasuxod, municipaliteti

SemoiRebs kontrols binis qiraze, rogori iqneba grZelvadiani Sedegebi?

121

$60

50

40

30

20

10

mo

ms

ax

ur

eo

bi

s f

as

i

D

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

eqimTa momsaxureobis raodenoba drois periodSi

(milionebSi)

S

nax. 6-5 eqimTa momsaxureobis moTxovna da miwodeba

16. 6-5 naxazze warmodgenilia samedicino momsaxurebis moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi. wmin-

da sabazro fasi aris 30 dolari.

a) ra mdebareobisken gadaixreba moTxovnis mrudi, Tu mTavroba daTanxmdeba gadaixa-

dos sawyisi gadasaxadi? ra mouva amis Sedegad wminda sabazro fass? (daxmareba: ra

raodenobas moiTxovs xalxi nulovan fasad?)

b) ra daemarTeba moTxovnis mruds da wminda sabazro fass, Tu mTavroba Tavis Tavze

airebs gadasaxadebis naxevars? (daxmareba: ra iqneba momxmareblis gadasaxadi, roca

daxmareba 30 dolaria? ra raodenobis SeZenas moisurveben isini am fasad?)

g) ra mouva wminda sabazro fass, Tu mTavroba gadaixdis gadasaxadis 80 procents?

17. azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesis Seswavla niSnavs moTxovnisa da miwodebis terminebiT sar-

geblobas. qvemoT savarjiSod mocemulia damatebiTi kiTxvebi. TiToeuli SemTxvevisTvis

SegiZliaT aagoT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudi. Semdeg dasviT kiTxva, rogor imoqmedebs es

miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudze, saiTken waanacvlebs mrudebs da ra gavlenas moaxdens es

fassa da gacvlis raodenobaze. ar dakmayofildeT mxolod im pasuxiT, rom fasi moimatebs an

moiklebs. fasis an raodenobis rogor cvlilebas unda velodeT, didsa Tu mcires? mxedve-

lobaSi iqonieT, rom pasuxi xSirad damokidebulia im drois xangrZlivobaze, romelic saWi-

roa SemTxvevis dasaregulireblad. rogor zemoqmedebas varaudobT, moklevadians Tu

grZelvadians?

a) davuSvaT, rom mecnierebma daadgines, TiTqos soios Wama iwvevs kibosa da gulis daa-

vadebebs

(1) ra mouva soios fass?

(2) ra mouva sxva iseTi marcvlovani kulturis fass, romelic SeiZleba daitesos so-

ios nacvlad?

b) ra gavlenas iqoniebs Semdegi movlenebi adgilobrivi warmoebis bambis bazarze?

(1) neilonis gamogoneba,

(2) bambis manqanis gamogoneba,

(3) Teslis daRupva,

(4) bambis ucxoeli mwarmoeblebis mier didi mosavlis miReba.

g) davuSvaT, rom yvela Statma miiRo kanoni saavtomobilo avariebis Semdeg zaralis

arasavaldebulo anazRaurebis Sesaxeb da incidentebis Semdeg SeuZlebelia sarCe-

122

lis aRZvra.

(1) ra gavlenas iqoniebs es mosamarTleTa Semosavlebze?

(2) Tu mxolod erTi Stati SemoiRebs am kanons, rogor gavlenas iqoniebs es mosa-

marTleTa Semosavalze am StatSi? gaizrdeba Tu ara gavlena?

d) davuSvaT, rom stomatologebma yvelas mouwodes, dReSi samjer gaixexon kbilebi. ra

gavlenas iqoniebs es kbilis pastis fasze?

e) Tu im msxvilfexa saqonlis gamosakvebad, romelic dieturi miznebiT gamoiyeneba, xu-

Tjer meti xorbalia saWiro, vidre xorbliT adamianebis dasapureblad, xom ar war-

moadgenen isini, vinc xorciT ikvebeba, Raribi adamianebis SimSilis mizezs?

v) aq cota sxvanairi kiTxvebia dasmuli, romlebzec SeiZleba verc vupasuxoT sakuTari

gamocdilebidan gamomdinare. davuSvaT, aRmoaCineT, rom momxmareblebi 20-jer mets

yiduloben, vidre 10 wlis win. dRes ufro maRali iqneba fasebi, Tu 10 wlis winaT?

ratom fiqrobT, rom fasebi moimatebs? ra garemoebebis dros moiklebs fasebi?

z) rogor Seicvleba regionSi binebis fasi, Tu ramdenime axali biznesi gaCndeba?

T) Tu qalaqis meria saxlis mepatroneebs mosTxovs, rom gaakeTon manqanebis sadgomi Ti-

Toeuli apartamentisTvis, romelsac isini aqiraveben, rogor imoqmedebs es binis fa-

sze da gaqiravebuli binebis raodenobaze?

i) Tu qalaqis meria ar moiTxovs gasaCerebel sadgomebs, magram moiTxovs quCaSi gasaCe-

rebeli adgilebiT uzrunvelyofas, ra gavlenas iqoniebs es binebis fasze da gaqira-

vebuli binebis raodenobaze?

k) rogor Seicvleba benzinis fasi, Tu avtomobilis damamzadeblebi orjer gazrdian

erTi galoni benziniT gasasvlel manZils.

Semcvlelebi Cvens garSemo: 3 moTxovnis cneba...pretaciaze. magaliTad, mazoxisti ver iqneboda...

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Transcript of Semcvlelebi Cvens garSemo: 3 moTxovnis cneba...pretaciaze. magaliTad, mazoxisti ver iqneboda...