HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM A HANDBOOK FOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS · university of malaya is committed...

1University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism

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SSSSSTUDTUDTUDTUDTUDENTENTENTENTENTSSSSS

PROFESSOR DR. AZIRAH HASHIM(ADVISOR)

ASSOC. PROFESSOR DR. KAREN KOW YIP CHENG(HEAD OF PROJECT)

DR. JAWAKHIR MIOR JAAFARDR. STEFANIE SHARMILA PILLAI

ANNELIESE LUTGENBONG MOON YEE

ILARIA CIARAMICOLIMISAKO TAKADA

NADIA ABDULLAH ZAWAWIONG LOK TIK RUTH

SUPRAMANI SHONIAH

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICSUNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

2 University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism


TTTTTABABABABABLE OF CLE OF CLE OF CLE OF CLE OF CONTENTONTENTONTENTONTENTONTENTSSSSS

1.1.1.1.1.00000 IIIIINTRNTRNTRNTRNTRODUCTODUCTODUCTODUCTODUCTIONIONIONIONION1.1 Academic Integrity and Conduct 51.2 Correct Research Conduct for Students 61.3 Your Role and Responsibility in Preventing Plagiarism 6

22222.....00000 AAAAACADCADCADCADCADEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MISSSSSCCCCCONDUCTONDUCTONDUCTONDUCTONDUCT2.1 Plagiarism 72.2 Penalties for Plagiarism 77777

33333.....00000 IIIIINTENTENTENTENTEGRGRGRGRGRAAAAATTTTTION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF RESEARSEARSEARSEARSEARCHED ICHED ICHED ICHED ICHED INFNFNFNFNFORMAORMAORMAORMAORMATTTTTIONIONIONIONIONIIIIINTNTNTNTNTO YO YO YO YO YOUR WOUR WOUR WOUR WOUR WORKORKORKORKORK3.1 Acts of Plagiarism 83.2 Techniques for Integrating Researched Information 8

3.2.1 Quotation3.2.2 Paraphrase3.2.3 Summary3.2.4 Citation

4.4.4.4.4.00000 CICICICICITTTTTAAAAATTTTTION MEION MEION MEION MEION METHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLOGOGOGOGOGYYYYY4.1 Types of Citations 12

4.1.1 In-text Citation4.1.2 Direct Quote / Citation4.1.3 Paraphrase

4.2 Different Citation Styles 144.3 Reference List / Bibliography 15

APAPAPAPAPPPPPPENDENDENDENDENDICEICEICEICEICESSSSSA Kaedah-Kaedah UM (Tatatertib Pelajar-Pelajar) 1999 17B Types of Plagiarism 19C List of Plagiarism Offences 22D In-Text Citations (APA Style) 23E Examples of Types of References for a Reference List 26

(APA Style)F Example of a Reference Page (APA Style) 30G Different Styles of Bibliography Entries 31

1


1.1.1.1.1.00000 IIIIINTRNTRNTRNTRNTRODUCTODUCTODUCTODUCTODUCTIONIONIONIONIONWelcome to the University of Malaya.In registering to be a post-graduate student, you have chosen tostudy as a sa sa sa sa stututututudddddeeeeennnnnt rt rt rt rt reeeeesssssearearearearearccccchhhhheeeeerrrrr. As a post-graduate student, you arebound by a code of academic conduct. This means that you areexpected to follow certain rules and regulations as part of theacademic/scholarly community of students and staff. This code ofconduct (KKKKKaaaaaedededededah-kah-kah-kah-kah-kaaaaaedededededah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Taaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeertib Prtib Prtib Prtib Prtib Peeeeelllllajajajajajararararar-P-P-P-P-Peeeeelllllajajajajajararararar) 19) 19) 19) 19) 199999999999,,,,,)states clearly what you can or cannot do in research as a post-graduate student of the university.

1.11.11.11.11.1 AAAAAcacacacacadddddeeeeemimimimimic Inc Inc Inc Inc Intttttegregregregregrititititity any any any any and Cd Cd Cd Cd CooooonnnnndududududuccccctttttAll post-graduate students are expected to have aaaaacacacacacadddddeeeeemimimimimic inc inc inc inc intttttegregregregregrititititityyyyy.TTTTThis means this means this means this means this means thhhhhaaaaat yt yt yt yt yooooou aru aru aru aru are ee ee ee ee expecxpecxpecxpecxpecttttted ted ted ted ted to po po po po prrrrroduoduoduoduoduce oce oce oce oce orrrrriiiiiginginginginginal aal aal aal aal acacacacacadddddeeeeemimimimimicccccwwwwwooooorrrrrkkkkk. This work must be the result of your own thought, research orself-expression at all times. However, you are also expected to baseyour work on the text, information and ideas of experts andauthorities.Therefore, it is necessary that you know how to read, research andrefer to the work of other people. You are expected to know how toselect, organize, summarize, and interpret the body of informationobtained, and more importantly, how to acknowledge them as yoursources of information.If you dddddo no no no no nooooot at at at at acccccknknknknknooooowwwwwllllledededededgggggeeeee the work of others in your own work(assignments, reports, thesis, dissertations, etc), you are guilty ofppppplllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararismismismismism – which is a serious form of misconduct in the academicworld. The University of Malaya views plagiarism seriously. In theUUUUUnininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dan Kan Kan Kan Kan Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti (UM Tsiti (UM Tsiti (UM Tsiti (UM Tsiti (UM Taaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeertib Prtib Prtib Prtib Prtib Peeeeelllllajajajajajar 19ar 19ar 19ar 19ar 199999999999)))))AAAAAktktktktktaaaaa, K, K, K, K, Kaaaaaedededededah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6, P, P, P, P, Peeeeerrrrrkkkkkararararara 1 – 2 a 1 – 2 a 1 – 2 a 1 – 2 a 1 – 2 states clearly that:::::1. A student shall not plagiarize any idea, writing, data, or

invention belonging to another person.2. For the purpose of this rule, plagiarism includes:

a) the act of taking an idea, writing, data or invention ofanother person and claiming that the idea, writing, dataor invention is the result of one’s own findings or creation;or

b) an attempt to make out or the act of making out, insuch a way that one is the original source or the creatorof an idea, writing, data or invention which has actuallybeen taken from some other source.


(For further details of the University’s policy on plagiarism, seeAppendix A)

1.21.21.21.21.2 CCCCCooooorrrrrrrrrrececececect Rt Rt Rt Rt Reeeeesssssearearearearearccccch Ch Ch Ch Ch Cooooonnnnndududududuccccct ft ft ft ft fooooor Sr Sr Sr Sr StututututudddddeeeeennnnntststststsResearch conduct refers to how you carry out your research andwhat you do with your data and information, as well as how youwrite up and present your assignments, reports, projects, thesis,dissertation, etc. It also includes your responsibility to the communityand issues of confidentiality.To achieve academic excellence, you should produce original workwith appropriate and correct CICICICICITTTTTAAAAATTTTTIONIONIONIONIONSSSSS of the work, information,ideas that you have taken from any source. This is correct researchconduct for all post-graduate students.Hence, the best way to do this and to avoid plagiarism is to alwaysa. take careful notes of where you get your ideas or information

from;b. acknowledge others’ work correctly (phrases, quotations,

ideas, graphics, diagrams, charts, tables and figures);c. borrow assignments from friends and seniors.

1.1.1.1.1.33333 YYYYYooooour Rur Rur Rur Rur Rooooollllle ane ane ane ane and Rd Rd Rd Rd Reeeeessssspopopopoponsibnsibnsibnsibnsibilitilitilitilitility in Pry in Pry in Pry in Pry in Preeeeevvvvveeeeennnnntintintintinting Pg Pg Pg Pg PlllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararismismismismismAs a student, you have a responsibility to prevent plagiarism. Youcan do this in several ways:a. Ensure that you have a sound knowledge of what plagiarism

is.b. Ask questions to clear any doubts that you may have on

plagiarism.c. Clarify/check what actions of yours or your peers could be

interpreted as plagiarism.d. Participate actively in any workshop or seminar on plagiarism

organized by your faculty or the University.e. Share your understanding and knowledge of the code of ethics

on research conduct.f. Explain the consequences of plagiarism to your peers who

are not aware that plagiarism is a serious academic offence.


22222.....00000 AAAAACADCADCADCADCADEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MISSSSSCCCCCONDUCTONDUCTONDUCTONDUCTONDUCT

22222.1.1.1.1.1 PPPPPlllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararismismismismismAs a postgraduate student, yyyyyooooou cannu cannu cannu cannu cannooooot tt tt tt tt takakakakakeeeee, u, u, u, u, ussssseeeee, an, an, an, an, and pad pad pad pad passssss os os os os off aff aff aff aff asssssyyyyyooooour our our our our owwwwwn (in wn (in wn (in wn (in wn (in whhhhhaaaaattttteeeeevvvvveeeeer fr fr fr fr fooooorrrrrm) tm) tm) tm) tm) thhhhhe ie ie ie ie idddddeaeaeaeaeas ans ans ans ans and wd wd wd wd wooooorrrrrds ods ods ods ods of anf anf anf anf anooooottttthhhhheeeeerrrrr, w, w, w, w, wititititithhhhhooooouuuuutttttppppprrrrrooooopepepepeper rr rr rr rr reeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnncecececece.Simply stated, plagiarism is cococococopppppyyyyyinininining sg sg sg sg sooooomeomeomeomeomeonnnnne ee ee ee ee elslslslslseeeee’s w’s w’s w’s w’s wooooorrrrrdsdsdsdsds,,,,,infinfinfinfinfooooorrrrrmmmmmaaaaatititititiooooon on on on on or er er er er evvvvveeeeen in in in in idddddeaeaeaeaeas ws ws ws ws wititititithhhhhooooouuuuut at at at at acccccknknknknknooooowwwwwllllledededededginginginginging tg tg tg tg thhhhhe se se se se sooooourururururce (tce (tce (tce (tce (thhhhheeeeepepepepeperrrrrsssssooooon ann ann ann ann and td td td td thhhhhe we we we we wooooorrrrrk)k)k)k)k).....There are many ways in which students plagiarize. Below are someinstances in which you could be found guilty of plagiarism:a. Copying any portion from books, journals and electronic

sources without acknowledgement;b. Copying other student’s work (sentences or paragraphs),

without acknowledgement;c. Using any part of a previously marked work in a new

assignment for the same/another tutor/lecturer.

(For further details and examples of the types of actions can constituteplagiarism, please refer to the Appendix B)

22222.2.2.2.2.2 PPPPPeeeeennnnnaltialtialtialtialtieeeees fs fs fs fs fooooor Pr Pr Pr Pr PlllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararismismismismismPlagiarism is a very serious academic offence, and can result inserious consequences for you as a student including:a. A “Fail” grade for your work (assignment, project, thesis,

course).b. Suspension of one semester or one academic session.c. Expulsion from the University.d. Withdrawal of your degree.

33333.....00000 IIIIINTENTENTENTENTEGRGRGRGRGRAAAAATTTTTION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF RESEARSEARSEARSEARSEARCHED ICHED ICHED ICHED ICHED INFNFNFNFNFORMAORMAORMAORMAORMATTTTTION IION IION IION IION INTNTNTNTNTO YO YO YO YO YOUROUROUROUROURWWWWWORKORKORKORKORKWhen you use the words/texts of another person withoutacknowledging them, it is wrong. It is also wrong if you presentsomeone else’s program codes, formulas, concepts, creative workssuch as choreography, lyrics, musical scores, scripts, paintings,designs, illustrations, etc. as your own, without giving appropriatecredit to the original author or source.


33333.1.1.1.1.1 AAAAAcccccts ots ots ots ots of Pf Pf Pf Pf PlllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararismismismismismYou can be accused of plagiarism if you do not acknowledge thesources of information.

DON’TDON’TDON’TDON’TDON’T• take someone else’s idea.• cut and paste from websites.• insert phrases and parts of an original text into your ownwork.• present as new and original an idea or product derived from

an existing work.• copy information or ideas from books, dictionaries, journals,

magazines, newspapers, textbooks, TV and radioprogrammes, movies and videos, photographs and drawings,charts and graphs, etc.

• translate an original text or parts of it.

(For a more comprehensive list of plagiarism offences, refer toAppendix C)

33333.2.2.2.2.2 TTTTTececececechnihnihnihnihniqqqqquuuuueeeees fs fs fs fs fooooor Inr Inr Inr Inr Intttttegregregregregraaaaatintintintinting Rg Rg Rg Rg Reeeeesssssearearearearearccccchhhhhed Infed Infed Infed Infed InfooooorrrrrmmmmmaaaaatititititiooooonnnnnYou need to know how to include the information you have takenfrom other works into your own work. You can do this through theuse of techniques such as qqqqquuuuuoooootttttaaaaatititititiooooonnnnn, parparparparparaaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeee, summ, summ, summ, summ, summararararariiiiizzzzze e e e e andcccccitititititaaaaatititititiooooonnnnn.....

33333.2.2.2.2.2.1.1.1.1.1QuQuQuQuQuoooootttttaaaaatititititiooooonnnnnA quotation is• a word for word presentation of what is said or written

in someone else’s work.• presented by using quotation marks (“…”).• the source of the quote must be cited in the text and

reference list.• sometimes referred to as a “direct quote”.

WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat tt tt tt tt to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Quote only when necessary – the quoted part should

only be supplementary to your own work.• Copy the sentence(s) exactly the same as the original.


• Use quotation marks (“… .”) at the beginning and endof the quote (For a long quote, use an indented blockset off from the main text).

• Identify every source of the quote; write its author, titleof article/ journal/ book, volume number, year andplace of publication, publisher, page number, websiteaddress, etc.

http://www.um.edu.my/professionalsindex_professionals.php?intPrefLangID=1&

WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat NOt NOt NOt NOt NOT tT tT tT tT to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Substituting just a few words in the original text and

passing it off as your own.• Borrowing large portions of the original work.

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:

OrOrOrOrOriiiiiginginginginginalalalalal Qu Qu Qu Qu Quoooootttttaaaaatititititiooooonnnnn

The Institute of PostgraduateStudies acts as the administrationcentre for the University’spostgraduate programmes.

“The Institute of PostgraduateStudies acts as the administrationcentre for the University’spostgraduate programmes.”

(UM, 2007)

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle oe oe oe oe of a lf a lf a lf a lf a looooonnnnng qg qg qg qg quuuuuooooottttteeeee

With more than a thousandinternational students from nearly70 countries, IPS proudly upholdsthe traditions and standards ofexcellence in teaching, researchand scholarships, by providingeffective and efficient studentservices, opportunities and aplatform for the sharing & shapingof ideas.

According to the management ofthe University of Malaya,With morethan a thousand internationalstudents from nearly 70 countries,IPS proudly upholds the traditionsand standards of excellence inteaching, research andscholarships, by providing effectiveand efficient student services,opportunities and a platform for thesharing & shaping of ideas.

(UM, 2007)


33333.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 PPPPParararararaaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeeeA paraphrase is• a restatement of what someone else wrote or said

(in your own words).

WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat tt tt tt tt to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Use your own words.• Your paraphrased text can be shorter or longer than

the source.• The source of the paraphrase must be cited in the text

and reference list.

WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat NOt NOt NOt NOt NOT tT tT tT tT to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Use the original words, phrases, and expression.• Omit details of the original source.• Lose the original sense of the source.• Replace only a few words in the original.• Rearrange the order of words/or sentences.

33333.2.2.2.2.2.....33333 SummSummSummSummSummarararararyyyyyA summary is• a shortened version of the original source without

changing the meaning.

WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat tt tt tt tt to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Clearly identify the main points.• Leave out details and examples.• The source of the summary must be cited.

The Institute of PostgraduateStudies acts as the administrationcentre for the University’spostgraduate programmes.

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:

OrOrOrOrOriiiiiginginginginginalalalalal P P P P Parararararaaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeee

The centre for administration ofprogrammes for post-graduatestudies is the Institute ofPostgraduate Studies.


WWWWWhhhhhaaaaat NOt NOt NOt NOt NOT tT tT tT tT to do do do do do:o:o:o:o:• Change the original meaning of the text

33333.2.2.2.2.2.4.4.4.4.4 CCCCCitititititaaaaatititititiooooonnnnnA citation is• an identification of the source of a quote, paraphrase

or summary.Academic and professional writing requires a full citation:a. in text;b. in a bibliography at the end of the text; c. includes author and title of article/ journal/ book,

volume number, year and place of publication,publisher, page number, website address, etc.

(For an explanation on when and how to cite, refer to 4.0 CitationMethodology)

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllleeeee

Or Or Or Or Oriiiiiginginginginginalalalalal Summ Summ Summ Summ Summarararararyyyyy

This institute administrates theUniversity’s postgraduateprogrammes. In cooperationwith academic staff andinstitutions in the University, IPSaims to assist research,education and training invarious fields for postgraduatestudents.

The Institute of PostgraduateStudies acts as the administrationcentre for the University’spostgraduate programmes.Drawing on the strengths of theFaculties and Research Centres, aswell as on the individual expertiseavailable in the University, IPShopes to help postgraduatestudents achieve excellence inmultidisciplinary research,postgraduate education andtraining to meet the growingdemands of the worlds ofacademia, economics, politics,science and technology and thearts.


4.4.4.4.4.00000 CICICICICITTTTTAAAAATTTTTION MEION MEION MEION MEION METHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLOGOGOGOGOGYYYYYAs a research student, you will refer to original sources in youracademic work. It is important that you give credit to the authors ofthese sources for their work. Therefore accurate acknowledgementof the sources used in your academic work is necessary. Thisacknowledgement is known as citing or referencing.The following sections present how you can cite or reference inyour text (in-text citation) as well as in the reference list/bibliography.

4.14.14.14.14.1 TTTTTyyyyypepepepepes os os os os of Cf Cf Cf Cf CitititititaaaaatititititiooooonsnsnsnsnsTo cite is to quote a passage, book or author. You need to collectthe details of your source and mention them in your text, and in areference list (bibliography) at the end of your work which gives alldetails of the works that you have referred to.

4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 In-In-In-In-In-ttttteeeeext cxt cxt cxt cxt citititititaaaaatititititiooooonnnnnWhen you refer to ideas or information that you have foundand intend to use in your work, you indicate each referenceby mentioning the author and date of the publication youhave referred to or cited.In-text citation may be done in various ways:Quotation / CitationIn order to support your argument, you can refer to theauthor’s words but do not want to quote directly. Suchcitations are inserted in paragraphs and/or sentences tomake it clear whose information you have cited and whatinformation you have used. This is also done to enable thereaders to easily locate the source of the information in thereference list. This is “In-text citation”. The in-text citationstates the author’s last name and the year of publication inparentheses.In-In-In-In-In-ttttteeeeext Cxt Cxt Cxt Cxt Citititititaaaaatititititiooooons ns ns ns ns (Based on the APA style):Single authorAuthor’s last name, year of publication:


ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:One recent study finds a generic link to alcoholism (((((JoJoJoJoJonnnnneeeeesssss, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19999997)7)7)7)7).....If the author’s last name is mentioned in the citation, only the yearis stated:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Jones finds a genetic link to alcoholism (19(19(19(19(19999997)7)7)7)7).....Two authorsBoth authors’ last names in parentheses:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (C(C(C(C(Cooooortrtrtrtrtez & Joez & Joez & Joez & Joez & Jonnnnneeeeesssss, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19999997)7)7)7)7).....

If the names are mentioned in the citation,

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Cortez and Jones (19(19(19(19(199999977777))))) found that ….

(For in-text citation of more than 2 authors and other types of sources,refer to Appendix D)

4.1.24.1.24.1.24.1.24.1.2..... DirDirDirDirDirececececect Qut Qut Qut Qut Quooooottttte / Ce / Ce / Ce / Ce / Citititititaaaaatititititiooooonnnnn

Direct quoting refers to when you copy the exact words ofanother author; the page number must be provided.

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:As one writer put it “the darkest days were still ahead”

(W(W(W(W(Weeeeessssstttttooooonnnnn, 19, 19, 19, 19, 198888888888, p, p, p, p, p. 4. 4. 4. 4. 455555))))).....

If the name appears in the text:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Weston (19(19(19(19(198888888888))))) argued that “the darkest days were still

ahead” (p(p(p(p(p. 4. 4. 4. 4. 455555))))).....

4.1.4.1.4.1.4.1.4.1.33333. P. P. P. P. ParararararaaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeeeParaphrasing is to state another author’s ideas into yourown words. You need to mention the author, year ofpublication and page in your in-text reference. Providing


page numbers for a paraphrase is encouraged by the APAformat, but it is optional.

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:According to Jones (19(19(19(19(199999988888))))),,,,, APA style is a difficult citation

format for first- time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (((((JoJoJoJoJonnnnneeeeesssss,,,,,19191919199999988888, p, p, p, p, p. 19. 19. 19. 19. 1999999))))).....

(Adapted from APA Format: In-textCitation,www.english.uiuc.edu_resources/citation_styles/apa/intext_...)

4.24.24.24.24.2 DiffDiffDiffDiffDiffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnnt Ct Ct Ct Ct Citititititaaaaatititititiooooon Sn Sn Sn Sn StttttyyyyyllllleeeeesssssThere are many accepted styles in which to present your references.Each style is a system with consistent rules about how to display acitation including punctuation, font, capitalization etc.) within yourtext, as an endnote, and in your bibliography.The following styles are commonly used:APAPAPAPAPAAAAA American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication

manual of the American Psychological Association (5th

ed.). Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation. www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html

HarHarHarHarHarvvvvvarararararddddd Nicholson I Dr., 2000, “Harvard Referencing 3rd edn”.,[online]. Available from: www.home/gil.com.au/~jandi/Harvard_3.00.pdf[date sourced].w w w. l i b ra r y. uq . edu.au/ t ra i n i ng/c i ta t ion/harvard_5.pdf

MLMLMLMLMLAAAAA MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed.Modern Language Society, 2003. www.mla.org

TTTTTurururururaaaaabbbbbiiiiiananananan Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers,Theses, and Dissertations, 6th ed., Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press, 1996. www.libs.uga.edu/ref/turabian.html

If you are unsure which style to use, please check with your tutor /lecturer / supervisor. If you are unable to get instructions on whichstyle is the most appropriate to use, you should choose any style


relevant to your faculty or discipline and use it consistently in allyour assignments / work / research.

(For examples of the different styles of citation conventions for arts(humanities) and science - based disciplines, refer to Appendix G)

4.4.4.4.4.33333 RRRRReeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnnce Lce Lce Lce Lce Lisisisisist / Bibt / Bibt / Bibt / Bibt / BiblililililiogrogrogrogrograaaaappppphhhhhyyyyyAt the end of your work, you need to acknowledge the informationthat you have referred to in your text by providing a list of all yoursources.This Reference List or Bibliography should be based on whicheverparticular style your faculty uses.(To write a proper reference list based on the APA style, refer toAppendix E)Once you are familiar with the reference style, you need to notethat:• all references in the reference list must be cited in the text;• all references cited in the text must be included in the reference

list;• the reference list should start with a new page;• the title of this list should be “References/Bibliography”, centred

at the top of the page;• references are listed in alphabetical order by author’s surname;• the reference list should be double spaced with a hanging

indent for the second and subsequent lines.

(For an example of a reference page based on the APA style, referto Appendix F)

There are different reference styles and each style presents the sameinformation about a particular source in different ways. There aretwo tables available to help you understand and recognize thedifferent styles of bibliography entries. Table 1 features entries forthe Arts/ Humanities while Table 2 features entries for the Sciences.

(For Tables 1 and 2, refer to Appendix G.)

Finally, we welcome you once again, as a post-graduate student, to theacademic research community of the University of Malaya. Happy working.


APAPAPAPAPPPPPPENDENDENDENDENDIIIIIX AX AX AX AX A

KAEDKAEDKAEDKAEDKAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH UMAH UMAH UMAH UMAH UM(T(T(T(T(TAAAAATTTTTAAAAATERTERTERTERTERTTTTTIIIIIB PB PB PB PB PELELELELELAAAAAJJJJJARARARARAR-P-P-P-P-PELELELELELAAAAAJJJJJAR) 19AR) 19AR) 19AR) 19AR) 199999999999

AAAAAktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dan Kan Kan Kan Kan Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti 19siti 19siti 19siti 19siti 197171717171SeSeSeSeSeksksksksksyyyyyeeeeen 16C An 16C An 16C An 16C An 16C Aktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dan Kan Kan Kan Kan Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti 19siti 19siti 19siti 19siti 1971 (71 (71 (71 (71 (AAAAAktktktktkta 30)a 30)a 30)a 30)a 30)

BahBahBahBahBahaaaaagigigigigian Ian Ian Ian Ian II TI TI TI TI Taaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeertib Artib Artib Artib Artib AmmmmmLLLLLarararararananananangggggan tan tan tan tan teeeeerrrrrhhhhhaaaaadddddaaaaap Pp Pp Pp Pp Plllllaaaaagigigigigiarararararisme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1), 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (2) a2) a2) a2) a2) a,b,b,b,b,b, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h

A) KKKKKaaaaaedededededah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6, P, P, P, P, Peeeeerrrrrkkkkkararararara 1 – 3 Aa 1 – 3 Aa 1 – 3 Aa 1 – 3 Aa 1 – 3 Aktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dan Kan Kan Kan Kan Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UMTTTTTaaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeertib Prtib Prtib Prtib Prtib Peeeeelllllajajajajajar 19ar 19ar 19ar 19ar 199999999999))))):

3. A student shall not plagiarize any idea, writing, data, or inventionbelonging to another person.

4. For the purpose of this rule, plagiarism includes:a) the act of taking an idea, writing, data or invention of another

person and claiming that the idea, writing, data or inventionis the result of one’s own findings or creation; or

b) an attempt to make out or the act of making out, in such away that one is the original source or the creator of an idea,writing, data or invention which has actually been takenfrom some other source.

5. Without prejudice to the generality of sub-rule (2) a studentplagiarizes when he:a) publishes, with himself as the author, an abstract, article,

scientific or academic paper, or book which is wholly orpartly written by some other person;

b) incorporates himself or allows himself to be incorporated asa co-author of an abstract, article, scientific or academicpaper or book, when he has nor made any writtencontribution to the abstract, article, scientific or academicpaper, or book;

c) forces another person to include his name in the list of co-researchers for a particular research project or in the list ofco-authors for a publication when he has not made anycontribution which may qualify him as a co-researcher orco-author;

d) extracts academic data which are results of researchundertaken by some other person, such as laboratory findingsof field work findings or data obtained through libraryresearch, whether published or unpublished, and incorporate


those data as part of his academic research without givingdue acknowledgement to the actual source;

e) uses research data obtained through collaborative work withsome other person, whether or not that other person is astaff member or a student of the University, as part of anotherdistinct personal academic research of his, or for apublication in his own name as sole author, without obtainingthe consent of his co-researchers prior to embarking on hispersonal research or prior to publishing the data;

f) transcribes the ideas or creations of another kept in whateverform, whether written, printed or available in electronic form,or in slide form, or in whatever form of teaching or researchapparatus, or in other form, and claims whether directly orindirectly that he is the creator of that idea or creation;

g) translates the writing or creation of another person fromone language to another whether or not wholly or partly,and subsequently presents the translation in whatever fromor manner as his own writing or creation; or

h) extracts ideas from another person’s writing or creation andmakes certain modifications without due reference to theoriginal source and rearranges them in such a way that itappears as if he is the creator of those ideas.

As already indicated above, the University sees plagiarism as aserious academic offence and the University reserves the right todeal with this offence as it deems appropriate. For the investigatingprocedure of cases of plagiarism, possible penalties and avenuesfor appeal, see PrPrPrPrProcedurocedurocedurocedurocedureeeees ans ans ans ans and Md Md Md Md Mececececechhhhhanismanismanismanismanism (web-site reference???)


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Here are instances of how you could be plagiarizing in the way you useyour referenced information.

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A. When you submit an assignment, report or project that you havecopied totally or partially from a website, a friend’s work, or someother sources, without acknowledgement, this is plagiarism because:i. You did not do any original research or writing.ii. The work is created by someone else, and yet you put your

name on it.

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Suppose you have been given an assignment on the topic -“Qualitative Research”. You do a search on the Internet and discoverinformation on the Wikipedia website. It gives a clear and interestingexplanation about qualitative research at the following addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research

If you were to copy this text, paste it into your document and handit in as your assignment, you would be plagiarizing.

OrOrOrOrOriiiiiginginginginginal Tal Tal Tal Tal TeeeeextxtxtxtxtQualitative research is one of the two major approaches to researchmethodology in social sciences. Qualitative research involves anindepth understanding of human behaviour and the reasons thatgovern human behaviour. Unlike quantitative research, qualitativeresearch relies on reasons behind various aspects of behaviour.

B. If you were to change a few words, or substitute some words/phrases in the original text with your own, you would still beplagiarizing.

PPPPPlllllaaaaagigigigigiararararariiiiizzzzzed Ted Ted Ted Ted Teeeeext wxt wxt wxt wxt wititititith wh wh wh wh wooooorrrrrd cd cd cd cd chhhhhananananangggggeeeeesssss (r(r(r(r(rededededed, it, it, it, it, italialialialialiccccciiiiizzzzzed)ed)ed)ed)ed)Qualitative research is an aan aan aan aan apppppppppprrrrroaoaoaoaoaccccchhhhh to research methodology insocial sciences. Qualitative research involves a da da da da deeeeeeeeeeppppp understanding


of human behaviour and the reasons that cococococonnnnntrtrtrtrtrooooolllll human. ItItItItIt relieson reasons behind various aspects of behaviour.

22222..... CCCCCuuuuut ant ant ant ant and Pd Pd Pd Pd PaaaaasssssttttteeeeeAnother type of plagiarism involves copying large chunks of textfrom one or more original sources and inserting them into theassignment.For example, suppose you are doing the above assignment on“Qualitative Research” and you include a few sentences from theWikipedia website. Unless you present the sentences as a quotewith full citation, you are committing plagiarism.

OrOrOrOrOriiiiiginginginginginal tal tal tal tal teeeeextxtxtxtxtSimply put, it investigates the why and how of decision making, ascompared to what, where, and when of quantitative research. Hence,the need is for smaller but focused samples rather than large randomsamples. From which, qualitative research categorizes data intopatterns as the primary basis for organizing and reporting results.

PPPPPlllllaaaaagigigigigiararararariiiiizzzzzed Ted Ted Ted Ted Teeeeextxtxtxtxt (r(r(r(r(rededededed, it, it, it, it, italialialialialiccccciiiiizzzzzed)ed)ed)ed)ed) = “inserted text’ with noacknowledge of sourceThere are two ways in which a researcher can do research -qualitative and quantitative. However, in the social sciences, thequalitative method allows in-depth study of the subject or area ofresearch. This method of research allows investigation of reasonsbehind various aspects of behaviour. Sim Sim Sim Sim Simpppppllllly py py py py puuuuuttttt, it in, it in, it in, it in, it invvvvveeeeessssstititititigggggaaaaattttteeeees ts ts ts ts thhhhheeeeewwwwwhhhhhy any any any any and hd hd hd hd hooooow ow ow ow ow of f f f f dddddecececececisiisiisiisiisiooooon mn mn mn mn makinakinakinakinakinggggg, a, a, a, a, as cos cos cos cos commmmmparparparparpared ted ted ted ted to wo wo wo wo whhhhhaaaaattttt, w, w, w, w, whhhhheeeeerrrrreeeee,,,,,ananananand wd wd wd wd whhhhheeeeen on on on on of qf qf qf qf quuuuuananananantittittittittitaaaaatititititivvvvve re re re re reeeeesssssearearearearearccccchhhhh. He. He. He. He. Hennnnncecececece, t, t, t, t, thhhhhe ne ne ne ne need is feed is feed is feed is feed is fooooor smr smr smr smr smallallallallalleeeeerrrrrbbbbbuuuuut ft ft ft ft focococococuuuuusssssed ed ed ed ed sssssamamamamampppppllllleeeeesssss r r r r raaaaattttthhhhheeeeer tr tr tr tr thhhhhan lan lan lan lan larararararggggge e e e e rrrrrananananandddddooooom sm sm sm sm samamamamampppppllllleeeeesssss. . . . . It is fromthese samples of data that patterns can be drawn. TTTTThhhhheeeeessssse pae pae pae pae patttttttttteeeeerrrrrnsnsnsnsnsararararare te te te te thhhhhe pe pe pe pe prrrrrimimimimimararararary bay bay bay bay basis fsis fsis fsis fsis fooooor or or or or orrrrrggggganianianianianizinzinzinzinzing ang ang ang ang and rd rd rd rd reeeeepopopopoportinrtinrtinrtinrting rg rg rg rg reeeeesultssultssultssultssults.....

NONONONONOTE:TE:TE:TE:TE:If yIf yIf yIf yIf yooooou turu turu turu turu turn in a pan in a pan in a pan in a pan in a papepepepeper wr wr wr wr whihihihihiccccch coh coh coh coh connnnntttttains all qains all qains all qains all qains all quuuuuooooottttteeeeesssss, m, m, m, m, mooooossssstltltltltly qy qy qy qy quuuuuooooottttteeeeesssss,you will still be cheating even if you properly cite them all.

First, any academic assignment shshshshshoooooulululululd ind ind ind ind inccccclululululuddddde oe oe oe oe orrrrriiiiiginginginginginal wal wal wal wal wooooorrrrrkkkkk,,,,, suchas an original evaluation of sources or an original comparison oftexts. Second, if you quote too much of any one text, you could alsobe vvvvviiiiiooooolllllaaaaatintintintinting cog cog cog cog copppppyyyyyrrrrriiiiighghghghght lt lt lt lt laaaaawwwwwsssss in addition to plagiarizing.


33333..... InInInInInaaaaapppppppppprrrrroooooppppprrrrriiiiiaaaaattttte Pe Pe Pe Pe ParararararaaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeeeA more subtle type of plagiarism is the “inappropriate paraphrase”.In this form of plagiarism, the quoted text isi. altered only slightly from the original and no acknowledgment

of the original author is given, orii. extensively paraphrased but with acknowledgement of the

original author/s.

NONONONONOTE:TE:TE:TE:TE:If yIf yIf yIf yIf yooooou turu turu turu turu turn in a pan in a pan in a pan in a pan in a papepepepeper wr wr wr wr whihihihihiccccch coh coh coh coh connnnntttttains tains tains tains tains thhhhheeeeessssse te te te te tyyyyypepepepepes os os os os of parf parf parf parf paraaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeeesssss,,,,,you will still be cheating even if you properly cite them all.

You cannot submit a paper which merely paraphrases one or twosources even if you acknowledge them. You do have to provideoriginal input in order for your work to be considered authenticand original.


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LILILILILISSSSST OF PT OF PT OF PT OF PT OF PLLLLLAAAAAGIARGIARGIARGIARGIARIIIIISM OFFENCESM OFFENCESM OFFENCESM OFFENCESM OFFENCESSSSS

You are plagiarizing if you do any of the following without acknowledgingthe source or rightful owner/s:• Choose topic/title for your report/ coursework/ essay/ dissertation/

thesis same as some other completed work• Use someone else’s work even with verbal consent of its rightful

author• Submit as your own someone else’s unpublished work, either with

or without permission• Use even if unpublished work (such as another student’s dissertation/

course work)• Use graphs, diagrams, charts of others• Use visual images – drawings, models, pictures, photographs,

movies, etc - of others• Present graphics based on data/ table of others• Extract/ incorporate someone else’s academic data• Use research data obtained through collaborative work without

obtaining the consent of co-researchers• Publish an abstract, article, scientific or academic paper, or book

which is wholly or partly written by some other person as its authoror co-author

• Ask someone else to write or revise a report/ dissertation/ thesisfor you

• Purchase a pre-written paper (either by mail or electronically) ordownloading a paper from a free site

• Purchase someone else’s report/ dissertation/ thesis•· Force others to include your name as co-researcher/ co-author

without contribution• Attempt to make out to be original/ sole author• Do a course work, write an article, answer examination questions

for other people• Submit one’s own previous work again (multi-posting)• Turn in the same paper for more than one class without the

permission of both lecturers• Fabricate references or using incorrect references• Rewrite a plagiarized text• Fabricate results of survey/statistics/tables/graphs.


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IIIIINNNNN-----TETETETETEXXXXXT CIT CIT CIT CIT CITTTTTAAAAATTTTTIONIONIONIONIONS (BS (BS (BS (BS (BAAAAASED ON APSED ON APSED ON APSED ON APSED ON APA SA SA SA SA STTTTTYLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)

Three, four, or five authorsIn the first citation, cite all names and publication year:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Cortez, Jones, Gold, & Hammond, 1998).

If the names are mentioned in the text:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Cortez, Jones, Gold, and Hammond (1998) found that….

Subsequent citations of the same authors:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Cortez et al., 1998)

If the names appear in the text:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Cortez et al. (1998) found that…

Six or more authorsUse the first author’s surname followed by et al. and the year ofpublication from the first citation:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Cortez et al., 1998)

Mention the names of all six authors (with et al. if there are moreauthors) in the reference list.

Different authors with the same surnameUse their first and middle initials:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:…(B.A. Jones, 1998); (R.F. Jones, 1998)


More than one work by the same authorWhen you cite the works together, use the author’s surname onceand then the years of each publication:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Stairs, 1992, 1993).


ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Stairs (1992, 1993) said…

Multiple authors cited together

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Jones, 1998; Heckels, 1996; Stolotsky, 1992)

Group or corporate authorsIf the name of the organisation is an abbreviation, write the fullname in the first citation, and use the short form in subsequentcitations:

First citation:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999)

Subsequent citation:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle :e :e :e :e :... (NIMH, 1999)

If no name of author is available

If author is unknown, use a short form of the title.

If the title is “The Effects of Aspirin on Heart AttackVictims”, use the following format:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllleeeee(“The Effects,” 1995)If the author is mentioned as “Anonymous”, then use


ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:… (Anonymous, 1999)

Personal communicationAs personal communications are not cited in the reference list inAPA style, they need clear in-text citation:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:(H. J. Simpson, personal communication, September 29,1999)

Citation of a secondary sourceThat is, a source is referred to in another publication:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:…(Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988)


ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:Farrow (1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) finds….

Citation from an electronic sourceUse paragraph numbers where page numbers are not provided:

ExExExExExamamamamampppppllllle:e:e:e:e:…(Sturt, 2001, para. 2)…(Sturt, 2001, ¶ 2) where ¶ stands for paragraph.


BBBBBOOKOOKOOKOOKOOKSSSSS AP AP AP AP APAAAAA

Book (no author oreditor)

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th

ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: MerriamWebster.

Book (one author) Baddeley, A. D. (1999). Essentials of humanmemory. Hove, England: Psychology Press.

Book (two authors) Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Familymediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects.Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.

Corporate author,author as publisher

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991).Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas. New South Wales,June 1990 (no. 3209.1). Canberra, AustralianCapital Territory; Author.

Edited book Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991).Children of color: Psychological interventionswith minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

EEEEESSSSSSSSSSAAAAAYYYYYS ORS ORS ORS ORS ORCHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPTERTERTERTERTERS IS IS IS IS IN EDN EDN EDN EDN EDIIIIITEDTEDTEDTEDTEDBBBBBOOKOOKOOKOOKOOKSSSSS

One author, Twoeditors

Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as anadaptive mechanism in human memory. In H.L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varietiesof memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330).Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

ENCENCENCENCENCYYYYYCLCLCLCLCLOPOPOPOPOPEDEDEDEDEDIAIAIAIAIASSSSSOR DOR DOR DOR DOR DICTICTICTICTICTIONIONIONIONIONARARARARARIIIIIEEEEESSSSSAND ENTRAND ENTRAND ENTRAND ENTRAND ENTRIIIIIEEEEES IS IS IS IS INNNNNAN ENCAN ENCAN ENCAN ENCAN ENCYYYYYCLCLCLCLCLOPOPOPOPOPEDEDEDEDEDIAIAIAIAIA

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EEEEEXXXXXAMPAMPAMPAMPAMPLELELELELES OF TS OF TS OF TS OF TS OF TYPYPYPYPYPEEEEES OF REFERENCES OF REFERENCES OF REFERENCES OF REFERENCES OF REFERENCESSSSSFFFFFOR A REFERENCE LIOR A REFERENCE LIOR A REFERENCE LIOR A REFERENCE LIOR A REFERENCE LISSSSST (T (T (T (T (APAPAPAPAPA SA SA SA SA STTTTTYLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)


Encyclopedia set ordictionary

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1990). The new Grovedictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols.1-20). London: Macmillan.

Encyclopedia article Bergman, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The newencyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

JOURNJOURNJOURNJOURNJOURNALSALSALSALSALS,,,,,MAMAMAMAMAGGGGGAZIAZIAZIAZIAZINENENENENESSSSS, AND, AND, AND, AND, ANDNEWNEWNEWNEWNEWSPSPSPSPSPAPAPAPAPAPERERERERERSSSSS

Journal article, oneauthor

Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relativepleasure of consequences. PsychologicalBulletin, 126, 910-924.

Journal article, twoauthors

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADAand the hiring process in organizations.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice andResearch, 45 (2), 10-36.

Journal article, morethan two authors

Saywitz, K. J., Mannarion, A. P., Berliner, L.,& Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexuallyabused children and adolescents. . . . . AmericanPsychologist, 55, 1040-1049.

Magazine article Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientificbarriers to the study of brain and mind.Science, 290, 1113-1120.

Newspaper article, noauthor

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of deathfrom heart failure. (1993, July 15). TheWashington Post, p. A12.

Newspaper article, oneauthor, discontinuouspages

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesityaffects economic, social status. The WashingtonPost, pp. A1, A4.

AAAAAUDUDUDUDUDIO - VIIO - VIIO - VIIO - VIIO - VISSSSSUUUUUALALALALALMEDMEDMEDMEDMEDIAIAIAIAIA


Videocassette Garmon, L. (Producer and Director), & Apsell,P. (Executive Producer). (1994). Secret of thewild child [Videocassette]. Boston, MA: WGBHEducational Foundation.

Audio recording Costa, P. T., Jr. (Speaker). (1998). Personality,continuity, and changes of adult life (CassetteRecording No. 207-433-88A-B). Washington,DC: American Psychological Association.

Motion picture Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K.(Writer/Director). (2000). You can count onme [Motion Picture]. United States: ParamountPictures.

Television broadcast Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Televisionbroadcast]. New York and Washington, DC:Public Broadcasting Service.

Television series Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind[Television series]. New York: WNET.

ELEELEELEELEELECTRCTRCTRCTRCTRONONONONONICICICICICMEDMEDMEDMEDMEDIA AND ONLIIA AND ONLIIA AND ONLIIA AND ONLIIA AND ONLINENENENENESSSSSOUROUROUROUROURCECECECECESSSSS

Music recording Schocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. OnArkansas traveller [CD]. New York: PolyGramMusic.

Internet articles basedon a print source(exists in print andonline)

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J.(2001).Role of reference elements intheselection of resources by psychologyundergraduates [Electronic version]. Journalof Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.


Article in an Internet-online journal

Frederickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivatingpositive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, fromhttp://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Article from an onlineencyclopedia

Bergman, P. G. & Editors of EncyclopediaBritannica Online. (1994-1999). Relativity.Encyclopedia Britannica Online. RetrievedAugust 4, 1999, from Encyclopedia BritannicaOnline on the World Wide Web: http://search.eb.com/bol/topic/eu=117376&sctn=1

Professional website American Psychological Association. (1999,June 1). Electronic preference formatsrecommended by the American PsychologicalAssociation. Retrieved July 18, 1999, from theWorld Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html

Document availableon university programor department site

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix,D. H. (1993). Technology and education:New wine in new bottles: Choosing pastsand imagining educational futures. RetrievedAugust 24, 2000, from Columbia University,Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html

Content of lecture /class

Takada, Misako, Penterjemahan AmaliDua Hala, Bahasa Jepun. February 2,2007, University Malaya, Faculty ofLanguages and Linguistics.


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EEEEEXXXXXAMPAMPAMPAMPAMPLE OF A REFERENCE PLE OF A REFERENCE PLE OF A REFERENCE PLE OF A REFERENCE PLE OF A REFERENCE PAAAAAGE (GE (GE (GE (GE (APAPAPAPAPA SA SA SA SA STTTTTYLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)

RRRRReeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnncececececesssss

Aerobic exercise. (2000). American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Retrieved January 17, 2006, from http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/

Bryce, J. (Producer/Director), & Gault, M. (Director). (1989). Sports ClinicSoccer [Motion picture]. (Available from Best Film and VideoCorporation, Great Neck, NY 11021)

Bynum, M. (2004, August). Paving the way. Athletic Business, 28, 40-42.Capozzi, C.K. (2005). My first collaborative unit-lessons learned. Library

Media Connection, 24(2), 38-39. Retrieved October 15, 2005 fromAcademic Search Premier database.

Crafts, V.R. & Scott, P.M. (1964). Track and field for girls and women:Strategies for success. New York: Meredith Publishing Company.

Foster, M. (2004, Sept 3). Two quarterbacks still in mix at LSU. TheGreenville News, p. C6.

Gamble, P. (2004). Physical preparation for elite-level rugby union football.Strength and Conditioning Journal, 4, 10-23.

The Harper Collins dictionary of biology (1st ed.). (1991). New York:Harper Perennial.

Menke, F.G. (Ed.). (1969). The encyclopedia of sports (5th ed., Vols. 1-3).South Brunswick, NJ: A.S. Barnes.

Yoder, D.G. (1996) Commercialization. In D. Levinson & K. Christensen(Eds.), Encyclopedia of world sport: From ancient times to the present(Vol.1, pp. 191-195). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Source: www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html


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UM

AN

S /

HU

MA

NIIII I TTTT T

IIII I EEEE ES)S)S)S) S)

AP

AP

AP

AP

AP AAAA A

HA

RH

AR

HA

RH

AR

HA

R VVVV VA

RDA

RDA

RDA

RDA

RDM

LM

LM

LM

LM

L AAAA A T

UR

TU

R T

UR

TU

R T

UR A

BIA

NA

BIA

NA

BIA

NA

BIA

NA

BIA

N

Bo

oB

oo

Bo

oB

oo

Bo

ok(

ok(

ok(

ok(

ok(

onnnn n

eeee eaaaa a uuuu u

tttt t hhhh hoooo o rrrr r

)))) )Sc

ott,

J. C

. (1

985)

. W

eapo

nsof

the

wea

k: e

very

day

form

s of

peas

ant r

esist

ance

. New

Hav

enan

d Lo

ndon

: Ya

le U

nive

rsity

Pres

s.

Scot

t, J.

C. 1

985,

Wea

pons

of

the

Wea

k: E

very

day

Form

s of

Peas

ant

Resi

stan

ce,

Yale

Uni

vers

ity P

ress

, N

ew H

aven

and

Lond

on.

Scot

t, J.

C.

Wea

pons

of

the

Wea

k: E

very

day

Form

s of

Peas

ant

Resi

stan

ce.

New

Hav

en a

nd L

ondo

n: Y

ale

Uni

vers

ity P

ress

, 198

5.

Scot

t, J.

C.

Wea

pons

of

the

Wea

k:

Ever

yday

Fo

rms

ofPe

asan

t Res

istan

ce, N

ew H

aven

and

Lond

on:

Yale

Uni

vers

ityPr

ess,

198

5.

Boo

Boo

Boo

Boo

Boo k

(t

k (t

k (t

k (t

k (t

wwww woooo o

aaaa a uuuu utttt t hhhh h

oooo o rrrr rs)s)s)s) s)

Sam

over

, L. A

. & P

orte

r, R.

E.

(199

1).

C

omm

unic

atio

nbe

twee

n cu

lture

s. Be

lmon

t CA

:W

adsw

orth

Pub

lishi

ng C

o.

Sam

over

, L.

A.

& P

orte

r, R.

E.

1991

Com

mun

icat

ion

Betw

een

Cul

ture

s,

Wad

swor

thPu

blis

hing

Co.

, Bel

mon

t CA

.

Sam

over

, L. A

. and

Por

ter,

R.E.

Com

mun

icat

ion

Betw

een

Cul

ture

s,

Belm

ont

CA

:W

adsw

orth

Pu

blis

hing

Co.

,199

1.Sa

mov

er,

L.

A.

and

Port

er,

R.

E.C

omm

unic

atio

n Be

twee

nC

ultu

res,

Be

lmon

t C

A:

Wad

swor

th P

ublis

hing

Co.

,19

91.

InInInIn Intttt t eeee e

rrrr rnnnn n

eeee etttt t

ssss s oooo ourururur ur

cececece cessss s

(j(j(j(j (joooo o u

rururur urnnnn n a

l o

al o

al o

al o

al o

nnnn nwwww w

eeee e bbbb bsi

tsi

tsi

tsi

tsi

t e)e)e)e) e)

Cap

ozzi

, C

. K.

(20

05).

My

first

colla

bora

tive

unit-

less

onle

arne

d.

Libr

ary

Med

iaC

onne

ctio

n, 2

4(2)

, 38

-39.

Retri

eved

Oct

ober

15,

200

5fr

om

Aca

dem

ic

Sear

chPr

emie

r dat

abas

e.C

apoz

zi,

C. K

. My

first

colla

bora

tive

unit-

less

on le

arne

d, L

ibra

ry M

edia

Conn

ectio

n, 2

4(2)

pp

.38-

39,

view

ed

15

O

ct.,

2

005

,A

cade

mic

Sea

rch

Prem

ier

data

base

.

Cap

ozzi

, C

. K.

“M

y fir

stco

llabo

rativ

e un

it-le

sson

lear

ned.

” Li

brar

y M

edia

Con

nect

ion,

24(

2) (

2005

):38

-39,

15

Oct

ober

200

5.A

cade

mic

Sea

rch

Prem

ier

data

base

.C

apoz

zi,

C. K

. 200

5. M

y fir

st co

llabo

rativ

eun

it-le

sson

lea

rned

. Li

brar

yM

edia

Con

necti

on, 2

4(2)

38-

39.

Inte

rnet

. A

vaila

ble

from

Aca

dem

ic

Sear

ch

Prem

ier

data

base

; acc

esse

d 15

Oct

ober

2005

.


Scot

t, J.

C-

n-

n-

n-

n-

n am

e o

ame

oam

e o

ame

oam

e o f

af af a

f a f a uuuu u


JOU

RNJO

URN

JOU

RNJO

URN

JOU

RNA

L :

AL

:A

L :

AL

:A

L :

Tria

ndis

, H. C

. et a

l-

nnnn n am

e o

ame

oam

e o

ame

oam

e o f

af af a

f a f a uuuu u


(198

5)---- -

yyyy y ear

oea

r o

ear

oea

r o

ear

o f pf pf p

f p f p uuuu u

bbbb b lililili li c

acacaca catitititi ti oooo o

nnnn n(1

986)

- yyyy y e

ar o

ear

oea

r o

ear

oea

r o f

pf pf p

f p f p uuuu u



nnnn nW

eapo

ns o

f the

wea

k-

titl

titl

titl

titl

titl e

oe o

e o

e o

e o f

boo

f boo

f boo

f boo

f boo

kkkk kTh

e m

easu

re o

f the

eth

ic-

titl

- tit

l-

titl

- tit

l-

titl e

oe o

e o

e o

e o f

art

if a

rti

f art

if a

rti

f art

i cccc cllll l eeee e

Ever

yday

form

s of

aspe

cts

of in

divi

dual

ism

and

peas

ant r

esis

tanc

eco

llect

ivis

m a

cros

s cu

lture

sN

ew H

aven

and

Lon

don

- p

- p

- p

- p

- p llll l

aaaa a ce

oce

oce

oce

oce

of pf pf

pf p f

p uuuu ubbbb b l

ililili li cacacaca catitititi ti oooo o

nnnn nA

ustra

lian

Jour

nal o

f-

titl

titl

titl

titl

titl e

oe o

e o

e o

e o f

jf jf j

f j f j oooo o

urururur urnnnn n a

lalalal alPs

ycho

logy

Yale

Uni

vers

ity P

ress

.-

p-

p-

p-

p-

p uuuu ubbbb b l

ish

lish

lish

lish

lish eeee e

rrrr r38

- isisisis is

susususu sue

ne

ne

ne

ne

n um

beum

beum

beum

beum

berrrr r

257-

267

- papapapa pa

gggg g e ne n

e n

e n

e n u

mbe

umbe

umbe

umbe

umbe

rrrr r ssss s

JoJoJoJo Jourururur ur

nnnn n alalalal al

Tria

ndis,

H. C

. et.

al. (

1986

).Th

e m

easu

re o

f th

e et

hic

aspe

cts

of in

divi

dual

ism

and

colle

ctiv

ism

acr

oss

cultu

res.

Aus

tral

ian

Jour

nal

ofPs

ycho

logy

, 38,

257

-267

.

Tria

ndis,

H.

C.

et a

l. 19

86,

‘The

mea

sure

of

the

ethi

cas

pect

s of i

ndivi

dual

ism

and

colle

ctiv

ism

acr

oss

cultu

res.’

Aus

tral

ian

Jour

nal

ofPs

ycho

logy

, vo

l 38,

pp.

257

-26

7.

Tria

ndis

, H

. C

. et

al.

The

mea

sure

of t

he e

thic

asp

ects

of

indi

vidu

alis

m

and

colle

ctiv

ism

acr

oss

cultu

res.

Aus

tral

ian

Jour

nal

ofPs

ycho

logy

38

(198

6): 2

57-

267.

Tria

ndis

, H

. C

. et

al.

“The

mea

sure

of t

he e

thic

asp

ects

ofin

divi

dual

ism

and

col

lect

ivis

mac

ross

cul

ture

s.”

Aus

tral

ian

Jour

nal o

f Psy

chol

ogy

38 2

57-

267,

198

6.

LELELELE LEG

END

GEN

DG

END

GEN

DG

END

BBBB B OO

K:O

OK:

OO

K:O

OK:

OO

K:

AP

AP

AP

AP

AP PPPP P

END

END

END

END

END

IIII I X G

X

G

X G

X

G

X G

(Co

ntin

ued)


TTTT T AB

AB

AB

AB

AB L

E 2

(S

LE 2

(S

LE 2

(S

LE 2

(S

LE 2

(S

CI

CI

CI

CI

CI E

NC

E)EN

CE)

ENC

E)EN

CE)

ENC

E)

AP

AP

AP

AP

AP AAAA A

HA

RH

AR

HA

RH

AR

HA

R VVVV VA

RDA

RDA

RDA

RDA

RDM

LM

LM

LM

LM

L AAAA ATU

RTU

RTU

RTU

RTU

R ABI

AN

ABI

AN

ABI

AN

ABI

AN

ABI

AN

Bo

oB

oo

Bo

oB

oo

Bo

okkkk k

(s

in(

sin

(s

in(

sin

(s

ing

lg

lg

lg

lg

l eeee eaaaa a uuuu u


)

Hor

ber,

J. K.

H. (

2002

) Ato

mic

forc

e m

icro

scop

y in

cel

lbi

olog

y.

San

Die

go:

Aca

dem

ic.

Hor

ber,

J. K.

H. 2

002,

Ato

mic

Forc

e M

icro

scop

y in

Cel

lBi

olog

y, A

cade

mic,

New

Yor

k.

Hor

ber,

J. K.

H.

Ato

mic

Forc

eM

icro

scop

y in

Cel

l Bi

olog

y.Sa

n D

iego

: Aca

dem

ic, 2

002.

Hor

ber,

J. K.

H.

2002

. A

tom

icFo

rce

Mic

rosc

opy

in

Cel

lBi

olog

y. S

an D

iego

: Aca

dem

ic.

Boo

Boo

Boo

Boo

Boo k

(t

k (t

k (t

k (t

k (t

wwww woooo o

aaaa a uuuu utttt t hhhh h

oooo o rrrr rs)s)s)s) s)

Wils

on,

J. &

Hun

t, T.

(20

02).

Mol

ecul

ar b

iolo

gy o

f the

cel

l,Fo

urth

Edi

tion:

A p

robl

ems

appr

oach

. New

Yor

k: G

arla

ndSc

ienc

e.

Wils

on,

J. &

Hun

t T.

200

2,M

olec

ular

Bio

logy

of t

he C

ell,

Four

th E

ditio

n: A

Pro

blem

sA

ppro

ach,

Gar

land

Sci

ence

,N

ew Y

ork.

Wils

on,

J. a

nd T

. H

unt.

Mol

ecul

ar B

iolo

gy o

f the

Cel

l,Fo

urth

Edi

tion:

A P

robl

ems

App

roac

h.

New

Yo

rk:

Gar

land

Sci

ence

, 200

2.

Wils

on, J

., an

d T.

Hun

t. 20

02.

Mol

ecul

ar B

iolo

gy o

f th

e Ce

ll.Fo

urth

Edi

tion:

A P

robl

ems

App

roac

h. N

ew Y

ork:

Gar

land

Scie

nce.

InInInIn Intttt t eeee e

rrrr r nnnn neeee e

tttt tssss s

oooo ou

ru

ru

ru

ru

r ce

ce

ce

ce

ce

ssss s(j(j(j(j (j oooo o

urururur urnnnn n a

l o

al o

al o

al o

al o

nnnn nwwww w

eeee e bbbb bsi

tsi

tsi

tsi

tsi

t e)e)e)e) e)

Bake

r J.

C.

(199

5, O

ctob

er).

Reve

alin

g th

e ef

fect

s of

orie

ntat

ion

in

com

posi

tequ

asar

spe

ctra

. Astr

ophy

sical

Jour

nal

, 45

2. R

etri

eved

Sept

embe

r 29

, 19

95,

from

http

://w

ww

.aas

.org

/ApJ

/v4

52n2

/530

9/53

09.h

tml

Bake

r, J.

C.

Reve

alin

g th

eef

fect

s of

ori

enta

tion

inco

mpo

site

qua

sar

spec

tra,

Ast

roph

ysic

al

Jour

nal

,O

ctob

er 4

52,

pp.

232-

245,

view

ed 2

9 Se

pt 1

995,

http

://

ww

w.a

as.

org

/A

pJ/

v452

n2/5

309/

5309

.htm

l

Bake

r, Jo

anne

. “R

evea

ling

thee

ffect

s of

orie

ntat

ion

inco

mpo

site

quas

ar s

pect

ra.”

Astr

ophy

sica

l Jo

urna

l 4

52(1

995)

: 2

32-2

45 p

ars.

29Se

ptem

ber

19

95ht

tp:/

/w

ww

.aa

s.o

rg/

AP.

J/v4

52n2

/530

9/53

09.h

tml

Bake

r,

Joan

ne

C.

199

5.Re

veal

ing

the

effe

cts

ofor

ient

atio

n in

com

posit

e qu

asar

spec

tra.

Astr

ophy

sical

Jou

rnal

452

(O

ctob

er).

In

tern

et.

Ava

ilabl

e fr

om

http

://

ww

w.a

as.o

rg/A

pJ/v

452n

2/53

09/5

309.

htm

l; ac

cess

ed 2

9Se

ptem

ber 1

995.


JoJoJoJo Jourururur ur

nnnn n alalalal al

Pari

kh,

Mih

ir

(20

02),

Util

izin

g In

tern

et Te

chno

logi

esto

Sup

port

Lea

rnin

g: A

nEm

piri

cal

Ana

lysi

s.In

tern

atio

nal

Jour

nal

ofIn

form

atio

n M

anag

emen

t, 22

,27

-46.

Parik

h, M

. & V

erm

a, S

200

2,‘U

tiliz

ing

Inte

rnet

Tech

nolo

gies

to

Supp

ort

Lear

ning

: an

em

piri

cal

anal

ysis

.’ In

tern

atio

nal

Jour

nal

of

Info

rmat

ion

Man

agem

ent,

vol.

22, n

o. 1

,pp

. 27-

46.

Pari

kh,

Mih

ir.

Uti

lizin

gin

tern

et T

echn

olog

ies

toSu

ppor

t Le

arni

ng:

An

Empi

rica

l A

naly

sis.

Inte

rnat

iona

l Jo

urna

l of

Info

rmat

ion

M

anag

emen

t,22

(200

2) :2

7-46

.

Parik

h, M

ihir.

Util

izin

g in

tern

etTe

chno

logi

es

to

Supp

ort

Lear

ning

: A

n Em

piri

cal

Ana

lysis

. Int

erna

tiona

l Jou

rnal

of I

nfor

mat

ion

Man

agem

ent,

22 (2

002)

:27-

46.

LELELELE LEG

END

GEN

DG

END

GEN

DG

END

BBBB B OO

K:O

OK:

OO

K:O

OK:

OO

K:H

orbe

r, J.

K. H

.-

n-

n-

n-

n-

n am

e o

ame

oam

e o

ame

oam

e o f

af af a

f a f a uuuu u


JOU

RNJO

URN

JOU

RNJO

URN

JOU

RNA

L :

AL

:A

L :

AL

:A

L :

Parik

h, M

ihir

- nnnn n a

me

oam

e o

ame

oam

e o

ame

o f af af a

f a f a uuuu u


(200

2)---- -

yyyy y ear

oea

r o

ear

oea

r o

ear

o f pf pf p

f p f p uuuu u



nnnn n(2

002)

- yyyy y e

ar o

ear

oea

r o

ear

oea

r o f

pf pf p

f p f p uuuu u



nnnn nA

tom

ic fo

rce

mic

rosc

opy

:-

titl

titl

titl

titl

titl e

oe o

e o

e o

e o f

boo

f boo

f boo

f boo

f boo

kkkk kU

tiliz

ing

inte

rnet

tech

nolo

gies

- tit

l-

titl

- tit

l-

titl

- tit

l e oe o

e o

e o

e o f

art

if a

rti

f art

if a

rti

f art

i cccc cllll l eeee e

in c

ell b

iolo

gyto

sup

port

lear

ning

: An

empi

rical

anal

ysis

San

Die

go-

p-

p-

p-

p-

p llll laaaa a c

e o

ce o

ce o

ce o

ce o

f pf pf p

f p f p uuuu u



nnnn nIn

tern

atio

nal J

ourn

al o

f-

titl

titl

titl

titl

titl e

oe o

e o

e o

e o f

jf jf j

f j f j oooo o

urururur urnnnn n a

lalalal alA

cade

mic

- p

- p

- p

- p

- p uuuu u

bbbb b lis

hlis

hlis

hlis

hlis

h eeee errrr r

Info

rmat

ion

Man

agem

ent

22-

isisisis issusususu su

e n

e n

e n

e n

e n u

mbe

umbe

umbe

umbe

umbe

rrrr r27

-46

- pa

- pa

- pa

- pa

- pa

gggg g e ne n

e n

e n

e n u

mbe

umbe

umbe

umbe

umbe

rrrr r ssss s

TTTT T AB

AB

AB

AB

AB L

E 2

(S

LE 2

(S

LE 2

(S

LE 2

(S

LE 2

(S

CI

CI

CI

CI

CI E

NC

E)

ENC

E)

ENC

E)

ENC

E)

ENC

E) C

ontin

ued

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