Using and Citing Sources How to Avoid Plagiarism.
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Transcript of Using and Citing Sources How to Avoid Plagiarism.
Using and Citing Sources
How to Avoid Plagiarism
The Contradictions of Research Writing
Show you have done your research
Appeal to experts and authorities
Improve your English by mimicking what you hear and read
Give credit where credit is due
Write something new and original
Improve upon, or disagree with experts and authorities
Use your own words, your own voice
Make your own significant contribution
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
But…
Primary vs. Secondary Sources
Secondary: analysis of the work • review of a particular genre • article or essay about the work• biography of the author• print or electronic reference sources• textbook
Primary: an original work• poem• short story• art work • video• research paper• journal article• book
Using Existing Knowledge
Use your own words, your own voice, your own ideas
AND/ORParaphrase or quote, and cite– Paraphrase: restate information, giving the
meaning in another form– Quote: to repeat wording exactly using quotes (“”)– Cite: to give credit to original author of material; to
provide full source information of original material (author, title, publisher, date, etc.)
What is Plagiarism? (1)
DeliberatePlagiarism
Probably AccidentalPlagiarism
Buying, stealing, or borrowing a paper
Hiring someone to write your paper
Copying from another source without citing(deliberate or accidental)
Using the source too
closely when paraphrasing
Building on someone’s ideas without citation
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
What is Plagiarism (2)
Plagiarism is representing someone else's work as your own. It's plagiarism whether you use– a whole document– a paragraph– a single sentence– a distinctive phrase– a specialized term– specific data– a graphic element of any kind
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
What is Plagiarism? (3)
“…[using] an idea developed by another as if it were your own. If you use any work created by someone else as your own without acknowledging the creator, and if you hand in the work with your name on it, thus implying that it is your work, then you commit plagiarism.”
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
You Need To Cite When You…
Use or refer to someone else’s words or ideasGain information through interviewing another personCopy the exact words or a “unique phrase”Reprint diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures, videos, musicUse other people’s ideas (printed, or through conversations or email)
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
You Don’t Need to Cite When You…
Write from your own experiences, observations, insights, thoughts, conclusions about a subject
Use “common knowledge”--shared information in your field of study
Compile generally accepted facts
Write up your own experimental results
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
What is “Common Knowledge”
The same information uncited in at least five other sources
Information that your readers will already know
Information a person could easily find with general reference sources (encyclopedia)
General information NOT quoted directly
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
2. Conversion Because uranium needs to be in the form of a gas before it can be enriched, the U308 is converted into the gas uranium hexafluoride (UF6) at a conversion plant in Europe, Russia or North America.
3. Enrichment The vast majority of all nuclear power reactors in operation and under construction require 'enriched' uranium fuel in which the proportion of the U-235 isotope has been raised from the natural level of 0.7% to about 3.5% or slightly more.…
4. Fuel Fabrication Enriched UF6 is transported to a fuel fabrication plant where it is converted to uranium dioxide (UO2) powder and pressed into small pellets. These pellets are inserted into thin tubes, usually of a zirconium alloy (zircalloy) or stainless steel, to form fuel rods….
1. Mining and milling Uranium is usually mined by either surface (open cut) or underground mining techniques, depending on the depth at which the ore body is found. In Australia the Ranger mine in the Northern Territory is open cut, while Olympic Dam in South Australia is an underground mine (which also produces copper, with some gold and silver)….
To cite or not to cite?
Shakespeare’s characters range from noble to violent and disgusting, confused to utterly certain, lewd to virginal, fanatical to aesthetic, crippled to gargantuan.
”
Fact/Common KnowledgeHamlet is the source for “To be or not to be.”
Pinter, Harold. “A note on Shakespeare.” Granta 59, p. 251
Quote“
Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing has to do with …
“the sequence of ideas, the arrangement of material, the pattern of thought…”
Use your own words when you paraphrase, don’t just move things around
Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html
Example: Original
"People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Example: Original
"People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)
Note quotes and proper citation.
Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that.
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that.
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Stop for discussion:Why is this plagiarism?
Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that.
Even with a citation, this is plagiarism.
Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print.Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.
Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print.Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.
Same wording.
Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print.Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.
Same wording.
Slight change of order
Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print.Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.
Same wording.
Slight change of order
Word substitution
too close
Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print.Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.
Same wording.
Slight change of order
Word substitution
too close
Same order of information
Sentence 2
Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.
Sentence 2
Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.
A change from negative
construction to positive
construction is not enough
Word substitution too close.
Sentence 3
False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are.
In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that.
How would you paraphrase this?
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that.
Stop to work with a partner.
Acceptable Paraphrase
According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a lack of experience in publishing, many people have such high regard for printed material that they automatically believe what they read. However, the form in which an idea is presented, whether in print or not, does not determine its validity. Langacker's remarks serve as a caution to readers who...
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Acceptable Paraphrase
According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a lack of experience in publishing, many people have such high regard for printed material that they automatically believe what they read. However, the form in which an idea is presented, whether in print or not, does not determine its validity. Langacker's remarks serve as a caution to readers who...
Citation is still required.
When Researching, Notetaking, and Interviewing
Mark everything that is someone else’s words with a big Q (for quote) or with big quotation marksIndicate in your notes which ideas are taken from sources (S) and which are your own insights (ME)Record all of the relevant documentation information in your notes
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Proofread and check with your notes (or photocopies of sources) to make sure that anything taken from your notes is acknowledged in some combination of the ways:– In-text citation,
footnotes, bibliography, quotation marks, indirect quotations
Writing Process: Appearance on final product:
When Paraphrasing and Summarizing
First, write your paraphrase and summary without looking at the original text, so you rely only on your memory.Next, check your version with the original for content, accuracy, and mistakenly borrowed phrases
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Writing Process: Appearance on final product:Begin your summary with a statement giving credit to the source: According to Jonathan Kozol, ...Put any unique words or phrases that you cannot change, or do not want to change, in quotation marks:– "savage inequalities" exist
throughout our educational system.1
When Quoting Directly
Keep the person’s name near the quote in your notes, and in your paperSelect those direct quotes that make the most impact in your paper -- too many direct quotes may lessen your credibility and interfere with your style
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Writing Process: Appearance on final product:Put quotation marks around the text that you are quotingOptional with quotes: Mention the person’s name before or after the quoteIndicate added phrases in brackets ([ ]) and omitted text with ellipses (. . .)
Original Quote– “More than 130 of them in dozens of countries still operate with
HEU fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”
Altered Quote– According to researchers Matthew Bunn and Anthony Wier,
“More than 130 [research reactors] in dozens of countries still operate with HEU fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”1
Footnote:1 Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, “Controlling Nuclear Warheads and Materials: A Report Card and Action Plan” (Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom, Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12.
Brackets
Original Quote– “More than 130 of them in dozens of countries still operate
with HEU fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”
Altered Quote– According to researchers Matthew Bunn and Anthony Wier,
“More than 130 [research reactors]…still operate with HEU fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”1
Footnote:1 Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, “Controlling Nuclear Warheads and Materials: A Report Card and Action Plan” (Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom, Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12.
Ellipses
When Quoting Indirectly
Keep the person’s name near the text in your notes, and in your paperRewrite the key ideas using different words and sentence structures than the original text
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Mention the person’s name either at the beginning of the information, or in the middle, or at that endDouble check to make sure that your words and sentence structures are different than the original text
Writing Process: Appearance on final product:
Original Quote– “More than 130 of them in dozens of countries still
operate with HEU fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”
Indirect Quote– Researchers Matthew Bunn and Anthony Wier found
that more than 130 research reactors operate with weapons-grade fuel, and many have inadequate security, such as only a night watchman and a chain-link fence.
Ellipses
How to Cite
In-Text Citation– According to Langacker With an indirect quote, don’t need page number
– “…and often are." (Langacker 60)• With a direct quote, cite page number
1 Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt,
Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60
Citing a Photo in a Presentation
Nodong Missile Spacewar.com
On last page of presentation, provide full citations according to regular citation guidelines.
Atomicarchive.com
Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant