How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students

7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students

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1University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism

HOHOHOHOHO W TW TW TW TW TO AO AO AO AO AVVVVVO IO IO IO IO ID PD PD PD PD PLLLLLAAAAA GIARGIARGIARGIARGIARIIIIISM ASM ASM ASM ASM AH A N DH A N DH A N DH A N DH A N DBBBBBO O K FO O K FO O K FO O K FO O K FO R PO R PO R PO R PO R POOOOO SSSSSTTTTTG RG RG RG RG RA DUA DUA DUA DUA DUAAAAATETETETETE

SSSSSTUDTUDTUDTUDTUDEN TEN TEN TEN TEN TSSSSS

PRO FESSO R DR. A ZIRA H HA SHIM

(A DVISO R)

A SSO C. PRO FESSO R DR. KA REN KO W YIP CHEN G

(HEA D O F PRO JECT)

DR. JAW A KHIR M IO R JA A FA R

DR. STEFA N IE SHA RM ILA PILLA I

A N N ELIESE LUTG EN

BO N G M O O N YEE

ILA RIA CIA RA M ICO LI

M ISA KO TA KA DA

N A DIA A BDULLA H ZAW AW I

O N G LO K TIK RUTH

SUPRA M A N I SHO N IA H

FAC ULTY O F LA N G UAG ES A N D LIN G UISTICS

UN IVERSITY O F M A LAYA


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2 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism


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TTTTTA BA BA BA BA BLE O F CLE O F CLE O F CLE O F CLE O F CON TEN TON TEN TON TEN TON TEN TON TEN TSSSSS

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .00000 IIIIIN TRN TRN TRN TRN TRO D U C TO D U C TO D U C TO D U C TO D U C TIO NIO NIO NIO NIO N1 .1 A cademic Integri ty and Conduct 5

1 .2 Correct Resea rch Conduct for Students 6

1 .3 Your Role and Respo nsibi l i ty in Preventing Plagiarism 6

22222.....00000 AAAAA CA DCA DCA DCA DCA DEM IC M IEM IC M IEM IC M IEM IC M IEM IC M ISSSSSCCCCCO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C T

2.1 Plag ia rism 7

2.2 Penal ties for Plag iar ism 77777

33333 .....00000 IIIIIN TEN TEN TEN TEN TEG RG RG RG RG RAAAAA TTTTTIO N O F REIO N O F REIO N O F REIO N O F REIO N O F RESEARSEARSEARSEARSEARCHED ICHED ICHED ICHED ICH ED IN FN FN FN FN FO R M AO R M AO R M AO R M AO R M ATTTTTIO NIO NIO NIO NIO N

IIIIIN TN TN TN TN TO YO YO YO YO YO UR WO UR WO UR WO UR WO UR W O RKO RKO RKO RKO RK

3.1 A cts of Plag ia rism 8

3 .2 Techniques for Integ ra ting Resea rched Informa tion 8

3 .2 .1 Q uo ta tio n

3 .2.2 Paraphrase

3 .2 .3 Sum ma r y

3 .2 .4 Ci ta tio n

4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .00000 CICICICICITTTTTAAAAA TTTTTIO N M EIO N M EIO N M EIO N M EIO N M ETHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLO GO GO GO GO G YYYYY

4 .1 Types of Cita tions 1 2

4.1.1 In- text Ci ta t ion

4 .1 .2 D i rect Q uote / C ita ti on

4.1.3 Paraphrase

4 .2 Different Ci ta tion Styles 1 4

4 .3 Reference List / Bib liog raphy 1 5

A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DICEICEICEICEICESSSSS

A Kaedah-Kaed ah UM (Ta ta ter tib Pela ja r-Pela ja r) 1 999 1 7

B Types of Pla g ia rism 1 9

C List of Pla g ia rism O ffences 22

D In-Text Ci ta tions (A PA Style) 23

E Examples of Types of References for a Reference List 26

(APA Style)F Examp le of a Reference Page (A PA Style) 30

G Different Styles of Bib liography Entries 3 1

1


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1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .00000 IIIIIN TRN TRN TRN TRN TRO D U C TO D U C TO D U C TO D U C TOD U C TIO NIO NIO NIO NIO N

W elcome to the University of M ala ya.

In registering to be a post-graduate student, you have chosen to

study a s a sa sa sa sa stututututudddddeeeeennnnnt rt rt rt rt reeeeesssssea rea rea rea rea rccccchhhhheeeeerrrrr. A s a po st-gra dua te student, you arebound by a code of academic conduct. This means that you are

expected to fol low certain rules and regulations as part of the

aca demic/ scholarly comm unity of students an d staff. This code of

conduct (KKKKKaaaaa ededededed ah-kah-kah-kah-kah-kaaaaa ededededed ah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Taaaaa tttttaaaaa ttttteeeeert ib Prt ib Prt ib Prt ib Prt ib Peeeeellllla ja ja ja ja ja ra ra ra ra r-P-P-P-P-Peeeeellllla ja ja ja ja ja ra ra ra ra r) 1 9) 1 9) 1 9) 1 9) 1 9 99999 99999,,,,, )

states clearly what you can or cannot do in research as a post-

gra du ate student of the university.

1 .11 .11 .11 .11 .1 AAAAA cacacacaca ddddd eeeeemimimimimic Inc Inc Inc Inc In ttttteg reg reg reg reg ri ti ti ti ti ty a ny a ny a ny a ny a nd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cooooonnnnndud udud ud uccccctttttA ll post-g raduate students a re exp ected to have aaaaa cacacacaca dddddeeeeemimimimimic i nc i nc i nc i nc i nttttteg reg reg reg reg ri ti ti ti ti tyyyyy.

TTTTThis means this means this means this means this means thhhhhaaaaat yt yt yt yt yooooou a ru a ru a ru a ru a re ee ee ee ee expecxpecxpecxpecxpecttttted ted ted ted ted to po po po po prrrrrod uod uod uod uod uce oce oce oce oce orrrrriiiiig ing ing ing ing ina l aa l aa l aa l aa l acacacacacadddddeeeeem im im im imiccccc

wwwwwooooorrrrrkkkkk. This wo rk must be the result of your ow n thoug ht, research or

self-exp ression a t a ll times. However, you a re also expected to b ase

your work on the text , informat ion and ideas of experts and

authorities.

Therefore, it is necessar y that you know how to rea d, research a nd

refer to the wo rk of o ther p eople. You a re exp ected to know how toselect, o rga nize, summ arize, an d interpret the bo dy of in forma tion

ob tai ned, and more imp ortantly, how to a cknowledge them as your

sources of in forma tion.

If you ddddd o no no no no nooooot at at at at acccccknknknknknooooowwwww lllllededededed ggggg eeeee the work of others in your own work

(assignments, reports, thesis, dissertations, etc), you are guilty of

ppppp lllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra rismismismismism wh ich is a serious form o f misconduct in the aca dem ic

world. The University of Malaya views plagiarism seriously. In the

UUUUUn in in in in ivvvvveeeeerrrrrsi t i dsit i dsi t i dsit i dsi t i da n Ka n Ka n Ka n Ka n Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Un in in in in ivvvvveeeeerrrrrs i t i (UM Ts i t i (UM Ts i t i (UM Ts i t i (UM Ts i t i (UM Taaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeer t i b P r t i b P r t i b P r t i b P r t i b P eeeeellllla ja ja ja ja ja r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 9999999999)))))AAAAA ktktktktktaaaaa, K, K, K, K, Kaaaaaedededededah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6a h 6, P, P, P, P, Peeeeerrrrrkkkkka ra ra ra ra ra 1 2 a 1 2 a 1 2 a 1 2 a 1 2 states clear ly tha t:::::

1. A student sha ll no t p lag ia rize any idea, wr iti ng, da ta , o r

invention belong ing to a nother person.

2. For the purpose of th is rule, p lag iar ism includes:

a ) the act o f tak ing an idea , wri ti ng , da ta o r i nven tion o f

another person a nd claim ing that the idea, writing, data

or invention is the result of ones own findings or creation;

orb ) an a ttempt to make ou t o r the act o f mak ing out, in

such a w ay that one is the origi na l source or the creator

of an idea, w riting, d ata or invention w hich has actually

been taken from som e other source.


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(For further details of the Universitys policy on plagiarism, see

A ppendix A)

1 .21 .21 .21 .21 .2 CCCCCooooorrrrrrrrrrececececect Rt Rt Rt Rt Reeeeesssssea rea rea rea rea rccccch Ch Ch Ch Ch Cooooonnnnnd udud ududuccccct ft ft ft ft fooooo r Sr Sr Sr Sr Stututututuddddd eeeeennnnntststststsResearch conduct refers to how you carry out your research and

wha t you do with your da ta and information, as wel l as how you

write up and present your assignments, reports, projects, thesis,

d issertation, etc. It also includes your responsib ility to the com muni ty

and issues of confid entiality.

To achieve acad emic excellence, you shou ld p rod uce or igi na l wo rk

with ap prop riate and correct CICICICICITTTTTAAAAATTTTTIO NIO NIO NIO NIO N SSSSS of the wor k, information,

idea s tha t you ha ve taken from any source. This is correct researchconduct for all post-graduate students.

Hence, the best way to d o this and to a void p lag iarism is to a lways

a. take carefu l notes of where you get your ideas or in formation

from;

b . acknowledge o thers w ork cor rectly (phrases, quo ta ti ons,

ideas, graphics, diagrams, charts, tables and figures);

c. bor row assignments from fr iends and sen io rs.

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .33333 YYYYYooooour Rur Rur Rur Rur Rooooo llllle a ne a ne a ne a ne a nd Rd Rd Rd Rd Reeeeessssspop opop opo nsibnsibnsibnsibnsib i l i ti l i ti l i ti l i ti l i ty in Pry in Pry in Pry in Pry in Preeeeevvvvveeeeennnnnti nti nti nti nti ng Pg Pg Pg Pg Plllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra rismismismismism

As a student, you have a responsibility to prevent plagiarism. You

can do this in severa l ways:

a. Ensure that you have a sound knowledge of what p lag iar ism

is.

b. A sk questions to clear any doubts that you may have on

plagiarism.

c. C la r if y/ check what actions o f yours o r your peers could beinterpreted as pla gia rism.

d. Participate actively in any workshop or seminar on plagiar ism

orga nized b y yo ur faculty or the University.

e. Share your understanding and knowledge of the code of ethics

on research co nduct.

f. Expla in the consequences of p lag iarism to your peers who

are no t awa re tha t plag iarism is a serious aca demic o ffence.


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22222 .....00000 AAAAA CA DCA DCA DCA DCA DEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MISSSSSCCCCCO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C T

22222 .1.1.1.1.1 PPPPPlllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra rismismismismism

As a postgraduate student, yyyyyooooou cannu cannu cannu cannu cannooooot tt tt tt tt ta ka ka ka ka keeeee, u, u, u, u, ussssseeeee, an, a n, an, a n, and p ad p ad p ad p ad p assssss os os os os off aff aff aff aff asssss

yyyyyooooour our our our our owwwwwn (in wn (in wn (in wn (in wn (in whhhhhaaaaattttteeeeevvvvveeeeer fr fr fr fr fooooorrrrrm) tm) tm) tm) tm) thhhhhe ie ie ie ie idddddeaeaeaeaeas ans ans ans ans and wd wd wd wd wooooorrrrrds ods ods ods ods of a nf a nf a nf a nf a nooooottttthhhhheeeeerrrrr, w, w, w, w, wi ti ti ti ti thhhhhooooouuuuuttttt

ppppprrrrrooooop ep ep ep ep er rr rr rr rr reeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnncecececece.

Simply stated, plagiar ism is cococococopppppyyyyyi ni ni ni ni ng sg sg sg sg sooooom eom eom eom eom eonnnnne ee ee ee ee elslslslslseeeee s w s w s w s w s wooooorrrrrd sd sd sd sd s,,,,,

infinfinfinfinfooooorrrrrmmmmmaaaaatititititiooooon on on on on or er er er er evvvvveeeeen in in in in idddddeaeaeaeaeas ws ws ws ws wi ti ti ti ti thhhhhooooouuuuut at at at at acccccknknknknknooooowwwwwllllledededededg ing ing ing ing ing tg tg tg tg thhhhhe se se se se sooooourururururce (tce (tce (tce (tce (thhhhheeeee

p ep ep ep ep errrrrsssssooooon ann a nn ann a nn and td td td td thhhhhe we we we we wooooorrrrrk)k)k)k)k).....

There are ma ny wa ys in w hich students p lag ia rize. Below a re som e

instances in w hich you could b e found guilty of pla gia rism:a . Copying any por ti on from books, journa ls and electron ic

sources without acknowledgement;

b . Copying o ther students work (sen tences o r pa ragraphs) ,

wi thout acknow ledg ement;

c. U si ng a n y p a r t o f a p revi ously m a rked w o r k i n a n ew

assign ment for the sam e/ ano ther tutor / lecturer.

(For further d eta ils and examples of the types of actions can constitutepla gia rism, p lease refer to the A pp endix B)

22222 .2.2.2.2.2 PPPPPeeeeennnnnaltialtialt ialt ialt ieeeees fs fs fs fs fooooo r Pr Pr Pr Pr Plllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra rismismismismism

Plagiarism is a very serious academic offence, and can result in

serious consequences for you as a student includi ng :

a. A Fai l grade for your work (assignment, pro ject, thesis,

course).

b. Suspension of one semester or one academic session.c. Expulsi on from the Universi ty.

d. W ithd ra wa l of yo ur d eg ree.

33333 .....00000 IIIIIN TEN TEN TEN TEN TEG RG RG RG RG RAAAAA TTTTTION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF RESEARSEARSEARSEARSEARCHED ICHED ICHED ICHED ICHED IN FN FN FN FN FO R M AO R M AO R M AO R M AO R M ATTTTTI O N II O N II O N II O N II O N IN TN TN TN TN TO YO YO YO YO YO URO URO URO URO UR

WWWWW O RKO RKO RKO RKO RK

W hen you use the wo rds / tex t s o f an o t her p e rson w i t hou t

acknowledging them, it is wrong. It is also wrong if you presentsom eone elses pro g ram cod es, formu las, concepts, creative w orks

such as choreography, lyrics, musical scores, scripts, paintings,

designs, il lustrations, etc. as your own, without giving appropriate

credi t to the origina l author or source.


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33333 .1.1.1.1.1 AAAAA cccccts ots ots ots ots of Pf Pf Pf Pf Plllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra rismismismismism

You can be a ccused of p lagia rism if you do not acknow ledg e the

sources of in forma tion.

D O N TD O N TD O N TD O N TD O N T

ta ke som eo ne else s id ea.

cut a nd p aste fro m w eb sites.

inser t phrases and par ts o f an orig ina l text into your ownwork.

p resen t as new and o ri g inal an idea o r p roduct der ived from

an existing w ork.

copy info rmation o r ideas from books, d icti onaries, journa ls,

m a g a z i n e s , n e w s p a p e r s , t e x t b o o k s , T V a n d r a d i oprog ramm es, movies and videos, p hotog raphs and draw ings,

charts an d gra phs, etc.

tra n sla te a n orig in al tex t o r pa r ts o f i t.

(For a more comprehensive list of plagiarism offences, refer to

A ppendix C)

33333 .2.2.2.2.2 TTTTTececececechnihn ihnihn ihniqqqqquuuuueeeees fs fs fs fs fooooor Inr Inr Inr Inr In ttttteg reg reg reg reg raaaaa ti nti nti nti nti ng Rg Rg Rg Rg Reeeeesssssea rea rea rea rea rccccchhhhhed Infed Infed Infed Infed Infooooorrrrrmmmmmaaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnnYou need to kno w how to i nclude the information you have taken

from other wo rks into your ow n w ork. You ca n d o this throug h the

use of techniques such as qqqqq uuuuuooooo tttttaaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnn, pa rpa rpa rpa rp a raaaaa ppppp hrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeee, summ, summ, summ, summ, summa ra ra ra ra r iiiiizzzzzeeeee and

ccccci ti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititi ooooo nnnnn.....

33333 .2.2.2.2.2.1.1.1.1.1 Q uQ uQ uQ uQ uooooo tttttaaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnn

A quotation is

a wo rd fo r word p resen ta tion o f wha t i s sa id o r w ri tten

in someo ne elses work.

p resented by usi ng quo ta tio n m a rks ( ).

the source of the quote must be ci ted i n the tex t and

reference li st.

someti mes refer red to as a d i rect quo te.

WWWWW hhhhhaaaaa t tt tt tt tt to do do do do d o :o :o :o :o :

Q uo te only when necessa ry the quo ted pa r t should

only be supplementary to your own work.

Copy the sentence(s) exactly the same as the or ig ina l.


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U se q uo ta tio n m a rks ( . ) a t th e b eg in ni ng a n d end

of the quote (For a long quote, use an indented block

set off from the main text).

Identi fy every source of the quote; wr i te its author, ti tleof art ic le/ journal / book, volume number, year and

pla ce of pub lication, p ublisher, p ag e numb er, w ebsite

address, etc.

http:/ / w w w.um.edu.my/ professiona lsind ex_professiona ls.php ?intPref

LangID=1&

WWWWW hhhhhaaaaa t N Ot N Ot N Ot N Ot N O T tT tT tT tT to do do do do d o :o :o :o :o :

Substi tu ti ng j ust a few words in the o rig ina l tex t and

p assing it off as your own.

Bo rro wi ng la rg e p o rtio ns o f th e o rig in al w o rk.

ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:

O rO rO rO rO riiiiig ing ing ing ing ina la la la la l Q uQ uQ uQ uQ uoooootttttaaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnn

The Ins t i t u te o f Pos tg raduateStudies acts as the administrationc e n t r e f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y spostgraduate programmes.

The Inst i tu te of PostgraduateStudies acts as the administrationc e n t r e f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y s

postgraduate p rog rammes.(UM , 2007)

ExExExExExa ma ma ma mamppppp llllle oe oe oe oe o f a lf a lf a lf a lf a looooonnnnng qg qg qg qg quuuuuooooo ttttteeeee

W i th m o r e th a n a t h o u sa n dinternationa l students from nea rly70 countries, IPS pro udly up ho ldsthe tradit ions and standards ofexcellence in teaching, researchand scholarships, by providingef fect ive and ef f i c ient s tudentserv i ces , oppor tun i t i es and aplatform for the sharin g & shapingof ideas.

A ccording to the mana gement ofthe University of M alaya,W ith moret han a t housand i n t e rna t i ona l students from nea rly 70 countries,IPS proudly upholds the traditionsand standards of excel lence int e a c h i n g , r e s e a r c h a n d schola rships, by p rovidi ng effectiveand ef f i c ient s tudent serv ices,opportunities and a platform for thesharing & shaping of ideas.

(UM , 2007)


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33333 .2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 PPPPPa ra ra ra ra raaaaa ppppp hrhrhrhrhraaaaa ssssseeeee

A pa raphrase is

a resta temen t o f wha t someone else w rote o r sa i d

(in your own w ords).


Use your ow n words.

Your pa raph rased tex t can be shor ter o r longer than

the source.

The source of the paraphrase must be ci ted i n the tex t

and reference list.


Use the o r ig ina l words, phrases, and expression.

O m it d eta ils of the o rig ina l so urce.

Lose the o ri g ina l sense of the source.

Rep la ce o nly a few w o rd s i n the o rig in al.

Rea rra ng e the ord er o f w o rd s/ o r sentences.

33333 .2.2.2.2.2.....33333 SummSummSummSummSumma ra ra ra ra ryyyyy

A summary is

a sh or ten ed ver si on o f th e o rig i na l so urce w ith out

chang ing the meaning.


Clea rly id enti fy the m a in p oints. Lea ve out d eta ils a nd exa mp les.

The source o f the summary must be ci ted .

The Inst i tu te of Postgraduate

Studies acts as the admi nistra tion

c e n t r e f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y s

postgraduate programmes.


O rO rO rO rO riiiiig ing ing ing ing ina la la la la l PPPPPara ra ra ra raaaaa ppppp hrhrhrhrhraaaaa ssssseeeee

The centre for administration of

programmes for post-graduate

s t ud i es i s t he I ns t i t u t e o f

Postgraduate Studies.


11/33



Cha ng e th e o rig ina l m ea ning of the tex t

33333 .2.2.2.2.2.4.4.4.4.4 CCCCCiti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnn

A citation is

an i den ti fica tion of the source of a quo te, pa raph raseor summa ry.

A cad emic and professiona l wri ting requires a full citation:

a. in text;

b . i n a b i b liog raphy a t the end of the tex t;

c. i ncludes author and ti tle o f a r ticle/ jou rna l/ book,

vo lume number , year and p lace o f pub l i ca t i on ,

publi sher, p ag e numb er, website ad dress, etc.

(For an explanat ion on when and how to ci te, refer to 4.0 Citat ion

Methodology)

ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllleeeee

O rO rO rO rO riiiiig ing ing ing ing ina la la la la l SummSummSummSummSumma ra ra ra ra ryyyyy

This institute administrates the

U n i v e r s i t y s p o s t g r a d u a t e

prog ram mes. In coop erat ion

w i t h a c a d e m i c s t a f f a n d

institutions in the University, IPS

a i ms t o ass i s t resea rch ,

e d u c a t i o n a n d t r a i n i n g i n

various fields for postgraduate

students.

The Ins t i t u te o f Pos tg raduate

Stud ies acts as the admi ni stratio n

c e n t r e f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y s

p o s t g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m m e s .

Drawing on the strengths of the

Faculties and Research Centres, as

well as on the ind ividua l exp ertise

available in the University, IPS

h o p e s t o h e l p p o s t g r a d u a t e

students achieve excel lence in

m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y r e s e a r c h ,

p o s t g r a d u a t e e d u c a t i o n a n d

t ra i n i ng t o mee t t he g row i ng

d e m a n d s o f t h e w o r l d s o f

academia, economics, pol i t ics,

science and technology and the

arts.


12/33


4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .00000 CICICICICITTTTTAAAAA TTTTTIO N M EIO N M EIO N M EIO N M EIO N M ET H OD OLT H OD OLT H OD OLT H OD OLT H OD OLO GO GO GO GO GYYYYY

As a research student, you will refer to original sources in your

aca demic wo rk. It is imp or tant tha t you g ive credit to the authors of

these sources for their w ork. Therefore a ccura te acknow ledg ementof the sources used in your academic work is necessary. This

acknow ledg ement is known as cit ing o r referencing.

The following sections present how you can cite or reference in

your text (in-text cita tion) a s well as in the reference list/ bib liog rap hy.

4 .14 .14 .14 .14 .1 TTTTTyyyyyp epep epep es os os os os o f Cf Cf Cf Cf Ci ti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititi ooooo nsnsnsnsns

To cite is to quote a passage, book or author. You need to collectthe details of your source and mention them in your text, and in a

reference l ist (bib l iogra phy) a t the end of your wo rk w hich gives all

detai ls of the works that you have referred to.

4 .1 .14 .1 .14 .1 .14 .1 .14 .1 .1 In-In-In-In-In -ttttteeeeex t cx t cx t cx t cxt ci ti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnn

W hen you refer to id eas or informa tion that you have found

and intend to use in your wo rk, you ind icate each reference

by mentioning the author and date of the publication youhave referred to or cited.

In-text citation may be done in various ways:

Q uotat ion / Ci tat ion

In order to support your argument, you can refer to the

authors words but do not want to quote direct ly. Such

citations are inserted in pa rag rap hs an d/ or sentences to

make it clear whose information you have cited and what

info rma tion you have used. This is a lso do ne to enab le theread ers to easily loca te the source of the inform a tion in the

reference list. This is In-text citatio n. The i n-text citation

states the authors last name and the year of publication in

parentheses.

In-In-In-In-In -ttttteeeeex t Cxt Cx t Cxt Cxt Ci ti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititi ooooonsnsnsnsns (Based on the APA style):

Single author

A uthor s last na me, year of p ublication:


13/33



O ne recent study find s a g eneric link to a lcoho lism (((((JoJoJoJoJonnnnneeeeesssss, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9 999997 )7 )7 )7 )7 ).....

If the author s last nam e is mentioned in the citation, on ly the year

is stated:


Jones find s a genetic link to a lcoho lism (1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9 999997 )7 )7 )7 )7 ).....

Tw o a uthors

Both authors last names in parentheses:

ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e: (C(C(C(C(C ooooor tr tr tr tr tez & Joez & Joez & Joez & Joez & Jonnnnneeeeesssss, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9 999997 )7 )7 )7 )7 ).....

If the na mes are mentioned in the citation,


Cortez a nd Jones (1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9 9999977777))))) found that .

(For in-text citation of more than 2 authors and other types of sources,refer to A pp endix D)

4 .1 .24 .1 .24 .1 .24 .1 .24 .1 .2 ..... Di rDirDirDirDirececececect Q ut Q ut Q ut Q ut Q uooooottttte / Ce / Ce / Ce / Ce / Ci ti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititiooooonnnnn

Direct quoting refers to when you copy the exact words of

an other a uthor; the pa ge numb er must be p rovided.


As one writer put i t the darkest days were sti l l ahead

(W(W(W(W(W eeeeessssstttttooooonnnnn, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9 88888 88888 , p, p, p, p, p. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4 55555 ))))).....

If the name appears in the text:


W eston (1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9 88888 88888 ))))) argued that the darkest days were sti l l

ahead (p(p(p(p(p . 4. 4. 4. 4. 4 55555 ))))).....

4 . 1 .4 . 1 .4 . 1 .4 . 1 .4 . 1 .33333 . P. P. P. P. Pa ra ra ra ra raaaaa ppppp hrhrhrhrhraaaaa ssssseeeee

Paraphrasing is to state another authors ideas into your

own words. You need to ment ion the author , year o f

publication and page in your in-text reference. Providing


14/33


15/33


relevant to your faculty or discipline and use it consistently in all

your assignments / wo rk / research.

(For examples of the different styles of citation conventions for arts(humanities) and science - b ased discip l ines, refer to A pp endix G )

4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .33333 RRRRReeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnnce Lce Lce Lce Lce Lisisi sisist / Bi bt / Bi bt / Bi bt / Bi bt / Bi b lilil il il iog rog rog rog rog raaaaappppphhhhhyyyyy

A t the end of your wo rk, you need to acknow ledge the informa tion

that you h ave referred to in yo ur text by providin g a l ist of al l your

sources.

This Reference List or Bib liog raphy should be based o n w hicheverpa rticular style your faculty uses.

(To write a proper reference list based on the APA style, refer to

Appendix E)

O nce you a re fami liar wi th the reference style, you need to note

that:

al l references in the reference list must be ci ted in the text;

al l references ci ted in the text must be included in the reference

list;

the reference li st shou ld sta r t w i th a new p age;

the ti tle of this l ist should be References/ Bibl iography, centred

at the top of the p ag e;

references are listed in alphabetical order by author s surname;

the reference li st should be doub le spaced w i th a hang ing

ind ent for the second and subsequent lines.

(For an exam ple of a reference page ba sed o n the A PA style, referto A pp endix F)

There a re d ifferent reference styles and each style presents the same

informa tion ab out a pa rticular source in d ifferent wa ys. There are

two tables available to help you understand and recognize the

d ifferent styles of bib liog ra phy entries. Tab le 1 features entries for

the Arts/ Huma ni ties while Tab le 2 features entries for the Sciences.

(For Tab les 1 and 2, refer to A pp endix G .)

Finally, we welcome you once again, as a post-graduate student, to the

acad emic research community of the University of M alaya. Hap py w orking.


16/33


A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DIIIIIX AX AX AX AX A

KAEDKAEDKAEDKAEDKAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDA H U MA H UMA H U MA H UMA H UM

(T(T(T(T(TAAAAA TTTTTAAAAA TERTERTERTERTERTTTTTIIIIIB PB PB PB PB PELELELELELAAAAA JJJJJA RA RA RA RA R-P-P-P-P-PELELELELELAAAAA JJJJJA R) 19A R) 19A R) 19A R) 19A R) 19 99999 99999

AAAAA ktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti d a n Kan Ka n Kan Kan Kooooo llllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsit i 1 9sit i 1 9sit i 1 9sit i 1 9sit i 1 97 17 17 17 17 1

SeSeSeSeSeksksksksksyyyyyeeeeen 16C An 16C An 16C An 16C An 16C A ktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dan Kan Kan Kan Kan Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti 1 9siti 1 9siti 1 9siti 1 9siti 1 97 1 (7 1 (7 1 (7 1 (7 1 (AAAAA ktktktktkta 3 0 )a 3 0 )a 3 0 )a 3 0 )a 3 0 )

Ba hBa hBa hBa hBa haaaaa g ig ig ig ig ian Ia n Ian Ia n Ia n II TI TI TI TI Taaaaa tttttaaaaa ttttteeeeert ib Art ib Art ib Art ib Art ib A mmmmm

LLLLLa ra ra ra ra ra na na na na nggggg an tan tan tan ta n teeeeerrrrrhhhhhaaaaa ddddd aaaaa p Pp Pp Pp Pp Plllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra r isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1) , 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (2 ) a2 ) a2 ) a2 ) a2 ) a ,b,b,b,b,b , 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h

A ) KKKKKaaaaaedededededah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6a h 6, P, P, P, P, Peeeeerrrrrkkkkka ra ra ra ra ra 1 3 Aa 1 3 Aa 1 3 Aa 1 3 Aa 1 3 A ktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unin inin inivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti da n Kan Ka n Kan Ka n Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Uninininin ivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UM

TTTTTaaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeer t ib Pr t ib Pr t ib Pr t ib Pr t ib Peeeeellllla ja ja ja ja ja r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 9999999999))))):

3 . A student sha ll no t p lag ia r ize any idea , wri ti ng , da ta , o r inven tion

belonging to another person.

4 . For the purpose o f th is rule, p lag ia ri sm includes:

a) the act o f tak ing an idea, wri ting, data or invention of another

person a nd claimin g that the idea, w riting, d ata or invention

is the result of ones own findings or creation; or

b ) an a ttempt to make ou t o r the act o f making out, in such a

wa y that one is the origi nal source or the creator of a n idea,writ ing, data or invention which has actually been taken

from some other source.

5 . W i th o ut p r ej ud i ce to th e g en er a li ty o f su b -r ule (2 ) a stu d en t

plagiarizes when he:

a) publishes, w i th h imsel f as the author, an abstract, ar ti cle,

scientif ic or academic paper, or book which is wholly or

pa rtly w ritten by some other person;

b) incorpora tes h imself o r a llows h imself to be incorpora ted asa co-author of an abstract, art icle, scientif ic or academic

p a p e r o r b o o k , w h e n h e h a s n o r m a d e a n y w r i t t e n

contribution to the abstract, article, scientific or academic

pap er, or b ook;

c) fo rces another person to i nclude h is name in the li st o f co-

researchers for a pa rticula r resea rch pro ject or in the list of

co-authors for a publication when he has not made any

contribution which may qualify him as a co-researcher orco-author;

d ) ex tr a cts a c a d em i c d a ta w h i ch a re resu lts o f resea r ch

undertaken by some other person, such as lab ora tor y findings

of f ie ld work f indings or data obtained through l ibrary

research, w hether pub lished or unpub lished, a nd incorpo rate


17/33


those data a s pa rt of hi s a cademic research w ithout giving

due acknowledgement to the actual source;

e) uses research data obta ined through co llaborative work wi th

some other person, whether or not that other person is asta ff memb er or a student of the University, as part of another

d i s t i nc t persona l academic research o f h i s , o r fo r a

pub lication in his own na me as sole author, w ithout ob tain ing

the consent of his co-researchers prior to embarking on his

persona l research or p rior to p ublishing the da ta;

f) transcr ibes the ideas or creations of another kept in whatever

form, whether w ritten, printed or available in electronic form,

or in slide form, o r in w hatever form of teaching or research

ap pa ratus, or i n other form, a nd clai ms wh ether directly or

indirectly that he is the creator of that idea or creation;

g ) transla tes the wr i ti ng o r crea tion o f ano ther person from

one language to another whether or not wholly or partly,

an d subsequently p resents the translation in wha tever from

or m anner a s his own wri t ing or creat ion; or

h ) ex tracts i deas from another persons wr iti ng o r c rea tion and

makes certain modifications without due reference to the

origi na l source an d rearra ng es them in such a wa y tha t i tap pears as if he is the creator of those ideas.

As already indicated above, the University sees plagiarism as a

serious academic offence and the University reserves the right to

dea l w ith this offence as it deems app rop ria te. For the investiga ting

procedure of cases of plagiarism, possible penalties and avenues

for a pp eal, see PrPrPrPrProcedurocedurocedurocedurocedureeeees ans ans ans ans and Md Md Md Md M ececececechhhhhanismanismanismanismani sm (web -site reference???)


18/33


A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DIIIIIX BX BX BX BX B

TTTTTYPYPYPYPYPEEEEES O F PS O F PS O F PS O F PS O F PLLLLLAAAAA GI A RGI A RGI A RGI A RGI A RIIIIISMSMSMSMSM

Here are instan ces of how you could b e plag ia rizing in the way you use

your referenced i nforma tion.

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . TTTTTooooottttta l / Pa l / Pa l / Pa l / Pa l / Part iart iart iart iart ia l Ca l Ca l Ca l Ca l Cooooopppppyyyyyinininininggggg

A . W hen you submi t an assignment, repor t o r p ro ject tha t you have

copied totally or pa rtial ly from a w ebsite, a friend s w ork, or som e

other sources, w ithout acknow ledgement, this is plag ia rism b ecause:

i. Yo u d id no t d o a ny o rig in al resea rch o r w ri ti ng .

i i. The work i s crea ted by someone else, and yet you put your

nam e on it.


Suppose you have been given an assignment on the topic -

Q uali tative Research. You d o a search on the Internet and d iscover

information o n the W ikip edia website. It gives a clear a nd interesting

explanation about qualitative research at the fol lowing address

http: / / en.wikipedia.org/ wiki / Q ual itat ive_research

If you w ere to copy this text, paste it into your d ocument and hand

it in as your assignment, you would be plagiarizing.

O rO rO rO rO riiiiig ing ing ing ing ina l Ta l Ta l Ta l Ta l Teeeeex tx tx tx tx t

Q ualitative research is one of the two ma jor ap pro aches to research

method ology in social sciences. Q ua litative research i nvolves an

indepth understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that

govern human behaviour. Unlike quantitative research, qualitative

research relies on reasons behind various aspects of b ehaviour.

B. If you were to change a few words, o r substi tu te some words/

phrases in the original text with your own, you would st i l l be

plagiar iz ing.

PPPPPlllllaaaaag ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra r iiiiizzzzzed Ted Ted Ted Ted Teeeeext wx t wxt wx t wxt w iti ti ti ti th wh wh wh wh wooooo rrrrrd cd cd cd cd chhhhha na na na na ngggggeeeeesssss (r(r(r(r(rededededed, i t, i t, i t, i t, i ta lia lia lia lia liccccciiiiizzzzzed )ed )ed )ed )ed )

Q ualitative research is a n aan aa n aan aa n apppppppppprrrrroaoaoaoaoaccccchhhhh to research methodology in

socia l sciences. Q ua litative research invo lves a da da da da deeeeeeeeeepppppunderstanding


19/33


of human behaviour and the reasons that cococococonnnnntrtrtrtrtrooooolllll human. ItItItItIt relies

on reasons behind various aspects of behaviour.

22222 ..... CCCCCuuuuut ant a nt ant a nt a nd Pd Pd Pd Pd PaaaaasssssttttteeeeeAnother type of plagiarism involves copying large chunks of text

from one or more original sources and inserting them into the

assignment.

For example, suppose you are doing the above assignment on

Q ua litative Research an d yo u include a few sentences from the

W ikip edia website. Unless you present the sentences as a q uote

wi th ful l citation, you a re committing plag iarism.

O rO rO rO rO riiiiig ing ing ing ing ina l ta l ta l ta l ta l teeeeextx tx tx tx t

Simp ly put, i t investiga tes the w hy a nd how of d ecision m aki ng, a s

comp ared to what, where, and w hen of qua ntitative research. Hence,

the need is for sma ller b ut focused samp les rather than la rge ra ndom

samples. From which, qualitative research categorizes data into

pa tterns as the pri ma ry ba sis for org an izing an d repor ting results.

PPPPPlllll aaaaa g ig ig ig ig i a ra ra ra ra r iiiii zzzzz ed Ted Ted Ted Ted Teeeeex tx tx tx tx t (r(r(r(r(rededededed, i t, i t, i t, i t, i ta l ia l ia l ia l ia l iccccciiiiizzzzzed )ed )ed )ed )ed ) = i nser ted tex t w i th noacknow ledg e of source

There are two ways in which a researcher can do research -

qualitative and quantitative. However, in the social sciences, the

qua litative method allow s in-d epth study of the subject or a rea of

research. This method o f research a llows investiga tion of reason s

behind various aspects of b ehaviou r. SimSimSimSimSimpppppllllly py py py py puuuuuttttt, i t in, i t in, i t in, i t in, i t invvvvveeeeessssstititititigggggaaaaattttteeeees ts ts ts ts thhhhheeeee

wwwwwhhhhhy any a ny any a ny and hd hd hd hd hooooow ow ow ow ow offfff dddddecececececisiisiisiisiisiooooon mn mn mn mn mak in ak in ak in ak in akinggggg, a, a, a, a, as cos cos cos cos commmmmpa rpa rpa rpa rp a red ted ted ted ted to wo wo wo wo whhhhhaaaaattttt, w, w, w, w, whhhhheeeeerrrrreeeee,,,,,

a na na na na nd wd wd wd wd whhhhheeeeen on on on on of qf qf qf qf quuuuua na na na na nti tti tti tti tti taaaaatititititivvvvve re re re re reeeeesssssea rea rea rea rea rccccchhhhh. He. He. He. He. Hennnnncecececece, t, t, t, t, thhhhhe ne ne ne ne need i s feed i s feed i s feed i s feed i s fooooor smr smr smr smr sma lla lla lla lla lleeeeerrrrrbbbbbuuuuut ft ft ft ft focococococuuuuusssssededededed sssssa mama mama mpppppllllleeeeesssssrrrrraaaaattttthhhhheeeeer tr tr tr tr thhhhha n lan la n lan la n la ra ra ra ra rgggggeeeee rrrrra na na na na ndddddooooom sm sm sm sm sa ma ma ma ma mpppppllllleeeeesssss..... It is from

these samples of data that patterns can be drawn. TTTTThhhhheeeeessssse p ae p ae p ae p ae patttttttttteeeeerrrrrnsnsnsnsns

a ra ra ra ra re te te te te thhhhhe pe pe pe pe prrrrrimimimimima ra ra ra ra ry b ay b ay b ay b ay basis fsis fsis fsis fsis fooooor or or or or orrrrrggggganianianiania niz inz inz inz inz ing a ng a ng a ng a ng and rd rd rd rd reeeeepop opop op ort inrt inrt inrt inrt ing rg rg rg rg reeeeesultssultssultssultssults.....

N ON ON ON ON O TE:TE:TE:TE:TE:

If yIf yIf yIf yIf yooooou turu turu turu turu turn in a pan in a pan in a pan in a pan in a pap ep ep ep ep er wr wr wr wr whih ih ih ih iccccch coh coh coh coh connnnntttttains all qains all qains all qains all qains all quuuuuooooottttteeeeesssss, m, m, m, m, mooooossssstltltltltly qy qy qy qy quuuuuooooottttteeeeesssss,

you will stil l be cheating even if you properly cite them all.

First, a ny a cad emic assign ment shshshshshoooooulu lu lu lu ld ind ind ind ind inccccclululululuddddde oe oe oe oe orrrrriiiiig ing ing ing ing ina l wa l wa l wa l wa l wooooorrrrrkkkkk,,,,, such

as an original evaluation of sources or an original comparison of

texts. Second , if yo u q uote too much o f any one text, you could a lso

be vvvvviiiiiooooolllllaaaaatinti ntinti nting cog cog cog cog copppppyyyyyrrrrriiiiighghghghght lt lt lt lt laaaaawwwwwsssssin addit ion to plagiarizing.


20/33


33333 ..... InInInInInaaaaa ppppp ppppp rrrrrooooo ppppp rrrrr iiiiiaaaaa ttttte Pe Pe Pe Pe Pa ra ra ra ra raaaaa ppppp hrhrhrhrhraaaaa ssssseeeee

A more subtle type of plag iarism is the inap prop riate pa rap hrase.

In this form of plagiarism, the quoted text is

i . a ltered only slightly from the orig ina l and no acknowledgmentof the origina l author is given, or

i i. ex tensively paraphrased bu t w i th acknowledgement o f the

original author/ s.

N ON ON ON ON O TE:TE:TE:TE:TE:

If yIf yIf yIf yIf yooooou turu turu turu turu turn i n a pa n in a pan i n a pa n in a pan i n a pa p ep ep ep ep er wr wr wr wr wh ih ih ih ih iccccch coh coh coh coh connnnntttttai ns tai ns t ai ns tai ns t a ins thhhhheeeeessssse te te te te tyyyyyp ep ep ep ep es os os os os of par f par f par f par f par aaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeeesssss,,,,,

you will stil l be cheating even if you properly cite them all.

You can not subm it a pa per w hich merely pa rap hrases one or tw o

sources even if you acknowledge them. You do have to provide

original input in order for your work to be considered authentic

and or ig inal.


21/33


A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DIIIIIX CX CX CX CX C

LILILILILISSSSST O F PT O F PT O F PT O F PT O F PLLLLLAAAAA GI A RGI A RGI A RGI A RGI A RIIIIISM O FFEN CESM O FFEN CESM O FFEN CESM O FFEN CESM O FFEN CESSSSS

You are plag iarizin g if you do any of the fol lowing wi thout acknowledg ing

the source or rightful ow ner/ s:

Choose top ic/ ti tle fo r your report/ coursework/ essay/ d i sser ta ti on /

thesis same a s some other co mp leted work

Use someone elses work even w i th verba l consent o f its r igh tfu l

author

Submit as your own someone elses unpub li shed work, ei ther w i th

or w ithout permission Use even i f unpublished work (such as another students dissertation/

course wo rk)

Use g ra phs, d ia gra ms, cha rts of o thers

Use vi sua l i mages d raw ings, models, p i ctu res, photog raphs,

movies, etc - of others

Present g ra phics b a sed on da ta / ta ble o f o thers

Ex tr act/ i nco rp o ra te so meo ne else s a ca d em ic d a ta

Use resea rch da ta ob ta i ned th rough co llabo ra tive wo rk w ithout

obtaining the consent of co-researchers

Pub li sh an abstract, a r ti cle, scien ti fi c o r academic paper, o r book

w hich is w holly or pa rtly w ritten by some other p erson a s its author

or co -author

A sk someone else to w r ite or revi se a repo r t/ d i sser ta tion/ thesi s

for you

Purchase a p re-wri tten paper (ei ther by ma i l o r electron ica lly ) o r

dow nloadin g a pa per from a free si te

Pu rchase someone else s repo r t/ d i sser ta tion/ thesi s Force o thers to i nclude your name as co- researcher / co-author

wi thout contribution

A ttemp t to m ake o ut to b e o rig ina l/ sole a utho r

Do a course work, w ri te an a r ticle, answer exam ina tion questions

for other p eople

Sub m it o ne s ow n p revio us w o rk a g a in (m ulti -p o sti ng )

Tu rn in th e sa m e p a p er fo r mo re th a n o ne cla ss w i th out th e

perm ission of b oth lecturers Fabr ica te references o r using incor rect references

Rewri te a p lag ia rized text

Fab rica te resu lts o f su rvey / sta ti stics/ tab les/ g raphs.


22/33


A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DIIIIIX DX DX DX DX D

IIIIINNNNN -----TETETETETEXXXXXT C IT CIT C IT CIT C ITTTTTAAAAA TTTTTIO NIO NIO NIO NIO N S (BS (BS (BS (BS (BAAAAA SED O N A PSED O N A PSED O N A PSED O N A PSED O N A PA SA SA SA SA STTTTTYLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)

Three, four, or five authors

In the first citation, cite all names and publication year:


(Cortez, Jones, Go ld, & Ham mond, 1 99 8 ).

If the na mes are mentioned in the text:

ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:Cortez, Jones, G old, and H amm ond (199 8 ) found that .

Subsequent citations of the same authors:


(Cortez et al ., 1 998 )

If the names appear in the text:

ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:Cor tez et al. (1 9 98 ) found that

Six or more authors

Use the first authors surname followed by et al. and the year of

publication from the first citation:


(Cortez et al ., 1 998 )

M ention the nam es of a ll six a utho rs (with et a l. if there are more

author s) in the reference list.

Different author s w ith the same surna me

Use their first and middle initials:

ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:(B.A. Jones, 1998); (R.F. Jones, 1998)


23/33


More than one work by the same author

W hen you cite the works tog ether, use the author s surna me o nce

an d then the yea rs of each p ublication:


(Stai rs, 1 99 2, 19 93 ).



Stair s (19 92, 1 99 3 ) said

Multiple authors cited together


(Jones, 1 9 98 ; Heckels, 1 9 96 ; Stolotsky, 1 99 2 )

G roup or corpo rate authors

If the name of the organisation is an abbreviation, write the ful l

name in the first citation, and use the short form in subsequent

citations:

First citation:


(N ational Insti tute of M ental Health [N IM H], 1 9 99 )

Subsequent citation:

ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle :e :e :e :e :. .. (N IM H, 19 99 )

If no na me of author is availa ble

If author is unknow n, use a sho rt form of the title.

If the title is The Effects of A spi rin on Hea rt A ttack

Victims, use the followi ng format:

ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllleeeee

( The Effects, 1 995 )

If the author is mentioned as A nonym ous, then use


24/33



(A nonymous, 199 9)

Persona l comm unica tionAs personal communications are not cited in the reference list in

A PA style, they need clear in- text citation:


(H. J. Simpson, personal communication, September 29,

1 9 9 9 )

Cita tion o f a second ar y sourceTha t is, a source is referred to i n a nother p ublica tion:


(Farrow, 19 68 , as ci ted in W ard & Decan, 19 88 )



Farrow (1 96 8, as ci ted in W ard & Decan, 19 8 8 ) finds .

Citation from an electronic sou rce

Use paragraph numbers where page numbers are not provided:


(Sturt, 20 01 , para. 2 )

(Sturt, 2 0 0 1 , 2) w here stand s for pa ragra ph.


25/33


BBBBBO O KO O KO O KO O KO O KSSSSS A PA PA PA PA PAAAAA

Boo k (no author or

editor)M erriam-W ebsters collegia te dictiona ry (1 0 th

ed.) . (19 93 ) . Spr ingfie ld, M A : M err iam

W ebster.

Book (one author) Bad deley, A . D. (1 99 9 ). Essentials of human

memory. Hove, England: Psychology Press.

Book (two authors) Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family

mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects.

W ash ing ton , DC: A mer ican Psycho log ica l

Association.

C o r p o r a t e a u t h o r ,

author a s pub lisherA u s t r a l i a n B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s . ( 1 9 9 1 ) .

Estimated resident pop ulation by ag e and s

ex in sta tistical lo cal a reas. N ew South W ales,June 19 9 0 (no. 32 09.1 ). Canberra, Austral ian

Capital Territory; Author.

Edited book G ib bs, J. T., & Hua ng, L. N . (Eds.). (19 9 1 ).

Chi ldren of color: Psycholog ical interventions

wi th minority youth. San Fra ncisco: Jossey-Bass.

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How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students

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