Hildegard Peplaus Theory of Interpersonal Relations

Hildegard Peplau’s

Theory of Interpersonal

Relations Presented by Group 1: Pamela Beringer,

Kimberly Hargrove, Sheila Lucas, Miranda Peterson

Ferris State University

1931

Peplau graduated from Pottstown Hospital

School of Nursing where she assisted in

surgery

She remained at Pottstown hospital where

she was the operating room Supervisor

She also headed the staff at Bennington College infirmary

Peplau, H. (2004). Peplau, Hildegard E. September 1, 1909-March 17, 1999. Notable American Women: Completing the Twentieth Century, Retrieved from

http://0-www.credoreference.com.libcat.ferris.edu/entry/hupnawiii/peplau_hildegard_e_september_1_1909_march_17_1999

During World War II Peplau enlisted in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps

During this time she was assigned to the School of Military Neuropsychiatry in England where she met the world’s top Psychiatrists

At Bellevue Psychiatric Department of New York City Women’s Disturbed Service, Peplau worked as a staff nurse for a short period of time.



Continued Education

At the age of thirty-three Peplau received

her BA in Interpersonal Psychology in

1943 from Bennington College

In 1947 at Teachers College of Columbia

University in New York Peplau received an

MA in teaching and supervision of

psychiatric nursing.



1948-1953

“Peplau was the first nurse educator to

advocate baccalaureate education for

nurses”

She received a “Ed.D in curriculum

development from Columbia in 1953”

Peplau, H. (2004). Peplau, Hildegard E. September 1, 1909-March 17, 1999. Notable American Women: Completing the Twentieth

Century, Retrieved from http://0-

www.credoreference.com.libcat.ferris.edu/entry/hupnawiii/peplau_hildegard_e_september_1_1909_march_17_1999

1954-1974

Peplau was an instructor and advanced to

Head of the Department of Psychiatric

Nursing and the Graduate Program in

Psychiatric Nursing

She developed first graduate program in

clinical specialist in psychiatric nursing at

Rutger’s University

Peplau, H. (2004). Peplau, Hildegard E. September 1, 1909-March 17, 1999. Notable American Women: Completing the

Twentieth Century, Retrieved from http://0-


Writings

In 1948 Peplau finished

her book “Interpersonal

Relations in Nursing” but

no one would publish it

without a physician co-

author

1953 – Peplau’s book

was finally published by

G. Putnam and Sons

without a co-author

Peplau, H. (2004). Peplau, Hildegard E. September 1, 1909-March 17, 1999. Notable American Women: Completing the

Twentieth Century, Retrieved from http://0-


Sills, G., Peplau, A., & Reppert, B., (1999). Hildegard Peplau 1909-1999. Hildegard Peplau Nursing Theorist Homepage, Retrieved

October 16, 2009, from http://publish.uwo.ca/~cforchuk/peplau/obituary.html.

Many Regard Dr.

Peplau as the

“mother of

psychiatric

nursing”.

Peplau looked at both

the patient and the

nurse. Her theory is

based on promoting

health thru a

partnership

Kearney-Nunnery, R. (2008). Advancing your career. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis

Company p.72

Interview with Hildegard Peplau

Hildegard. (Nov 2007). Retrieved on Oct 14, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZvwNVVWyZ4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZvwNVVWyZ4

Peplau’s traditional Metaparadigm

theory

Person: “Individual that lives in a unstable environment with physiological, psychological a fluidity”

Health: “A word symbol that implies forward movement of personality and other ongoing human processes in the direction of creative, constructive, production, personal and community living”

Forchuk, C. (1991). Peplau's Theory: Concepts and Their Relations. Nursing Science Quarterly, 4(2), 54-60

Peplau’s traditional Metaparadigm

theory (cont.)

Environment: “Forces

existing outside the

organism and in the

context of culture in

which mores,

customs and beliefs

are acquired” (p. 163)

Johnson, L. (2006). Providing a Framework for the Nurse-Patient Relationship: The Nursing Theory of Hildegard Peplau. A History

of Nursing Ideas, Retrieved October 16, 2009, from

http://books.google.com/books?id=pJnYFMQLa_MC&printsec=copyright&source=gbs_pub_info_s&cad=2#v=onepage&q=&f=fals

e

“Is an educative instrument, a maturing force, that aims to promote forward movement of the personality in the direction of creative, construction, productive, personal and community living.”

Nursing:

Forchuk, C. (1991). Peplau's Theory: Concepts and Their Relations. Nursing Science Quarterly, 4(2), 54-60.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/5397381/359662-main_Full.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ehow.com/about_5397381_medical-secretary-job-requirements.html&usg=__Qz0buj3Y4YquTkrgPVTpXCPwQgk=&h=400&w=600&sz=34&hl=en&start=580&um=1&tbnid=ZpiIwD5TtJdlnM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/images?q=pictures+of+health+care+professionals&ndsp=21&hl=en&sa=N&start=567&um=1

What does that all mean?

Lets find out…

Person: Which has been revised to

Human being

This represents:

Patient

Family Member

Group

Community Receiving Care

Health: Which is the primary goal of

nursing

We have to look at what type of nursing does our patient

need.

(Peplau, 1952, p. 6).

Physiological

Demands

Interpersonal Needs

(Personal and Social)

Environment: This is viewed as being

and occurring in the context of the Nurse-

Patient relationship

Mores: The nurse needs to accept the

patients cultural group.

Customs: What beliefs may affect the

patients care

Nursing: It is not just focusing on the sick

it is a way to help people to stay well

Goal as Nurses:

Promote forward movement in:

Creative

Constructive

Productive

Personal

Community living of

our patients

Peplau, 1952

Peplau’s theory in

the real world (or

clinical setting) Always remember the focus is on

the nurse-patient relationship!

Let’s get back to the

basics first!

Theory is based upon four

basic components: 1.) Nurse

2.) Patient

3.) Knowledge of the nurse

4.) Patient’s problem

Four distinct phases are

distinguished: 1.) Orientation

2.) Working

A.) Identification

B.) Exploitation

3.) Termination

Orientation

Phase is primarily one-way

contact

Peplau, H. (1997). Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10(4), 162-167.

Retrieved from http://nsq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/4/162

Orientation

1.) Nurse introduces self to the patient

2.) Nurse describes the purpose of the

interaction as well as the time available

3.) Interview, health history and assessment

occur

4.) Tone set for future interaction

Peplau, H. (1997). Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10(4), 162-167. Retrieved from

http://nsq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/4/162

Orientation

The nurse’s attention during this phase is focused on the patient.



Orientation

Focus of the nurse is:

Listening

Hearing

Asking descriptive questions to get the patient’s description and prompt them to

talk



Factors influencing Orientation phase Theory of Interpersonal Relations. (2009, March 16). Retrieved October 1, 2009, from

http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/interpersonal_theory.htm

Working

As the name suggests, most work

occurs during this phase.

Working

Nurses must always remember that

discharge planning begins during the

working phase of treatment.

Application of Interpersonal Theory in Nursing Practice. (2009, March 16). Retrieved October 12, 2009, from

http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/application_Peplau%27s_interpersonal_theory.htm

Working

Phase consists of

2 Subphases:

Peplau, H. (1997). Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations. Nursing

Science Quarterly, 10(4), 162-167. Retrieved from


Working

Identification

The patient learns how to use the nurse-

patient relationship

Patient participates in goal setting

Nurse role is to encourage patient to

explore feelings related to illness



Working

Exploitation

Nurse role is to project new goals which the

patient can meet through personal effort.



Termination

Work accomplished is summarized

Closure of the relationship is

provided

Application of Interpersonal Theory in Nursing Practice. (2009, March 16).

Retrieved October 12, 2009, from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/application_Peplau%

27s_interpersonal_theory.htm

Fotosearch. (2009). Retrieved October 11, 2009 from www.fotosearch.com

Overlapping

phases… of the nurse-patient relationship

Peplau’s theory and

patient assessment

Communication is the

key!

Effective communication causes the nurse to take on many

different roles throughout the relationship

Stranger Role

Treat a patient with courtesy, the same as

one would a stranger in any other situation

Provide an accepting climate to build trust

Do not prejudge the patient, accept them

as they are.

http://www.geocities.com/nishatoor/nursingroles.html

Resource Role

Answer questions

Interpret medical information

Give information


Teaching Role

Peplau suggested two levels of teaching:

Instructional – giving direction and

providing training

Experiential – “using the experience of the

learner as a basis from which learning

products are derived.”


Counseling Role

Provide guidance and encourage patient

to make necessary changes

Help client understand current situation

and incorporate it into life


Surrogate Role

Nurse acts as an advocate for patient

Also, assists patient to clarify dependence,

interdependence, and independence.


Leadership Role

Assist the patient in meeting treatment

goals

Involves the democratic process


ADDITIONAL

-Technical expert

ROLES -Consultant

-Health teacher

-Tutor

-Socializing agent

-Safety agent

-Manger of environment

-Mediator

-Administrator

-Recorder observer

-Researcher

Theory of Interpersonal Relations. (2009, March 16). Retrieved October 16, 2009, from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/interpersonal_theory.htm

Now let’s use what we’ve

learned in an actual setting…

Case Study:

25 year old female patient presents with

complaints of severe abdominal pain with

nausea and vomiting over the past several

weeks. Patient’s last menstrual period

was six weeks ago. She also has a history

of drug and alcohol abuse.

Case Study – Orientation phase

Nurse introduces herself, asks questions, and

obtains a health history and assessment

Nurse helps to identify problem (i.e. abdominal

pain with nausea and vomiting)

Both the patient and the nurse are in the

stranger role at this time and must gain mutual

trust

Case Study - Working phase

Identification

Nurse and patient identify the problems to

address:

Abdominal pain

Nausea/Vomiting

Alcohol Abuse


Goals will be set: Patient will have a decrease in abdominal pain

and N/V

Patient will enter counseling regarding ETOH

abuse and attend support meetings

Patient will begin seeing an OB/GYN due to

positive pregnancy test


The nurse will act as a counselor and

advocate throughout this phase

http://www.testandcalc.com/Richard/resources/Remembering%20Peplau%20-%20Vision%20-%20Lakeman.pdf

http://www.testandcalc.com/Richard/resources/Remembering Peplau - Vision - Lakeman.pdf






Exploitation

Education and resources provided regarding

alcohol abuse during pregnancy

Hospital resources used for abdominal pain

diagnosis (including pregnancy test/labs, CT/x-

ray, ultrasound)


The nurse will serve many roles

throughout this phase including teacher,

resource person, advocate, and mediator.







Case Study – Termination Phase

Problems are resolved:

Patient is free of abdominal pain and N/V

Patient continues follow up appointments with OB/GYN

Patient has a plan to attend meetings and counseling to deal with ETOH abuse

Video of Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations

Peplau Theory. (Aug 2009). Retrieved on Oct 14, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EuW25fEj-

ao&feature=related

There are 4 components to Peplau’s

Clinical Methodology

Observation Communication Recording Data Analysis

Kearney-Nunnery, R. (2008). Advancing your career. Philadelphia, PA: F. A.Davis Company.

(p. 72)

Observation: Has 4 elements to consider in how the nurse-patient

relationship will develop.

Nurse’s behavior:

The patient observes the nurses actions: Time spent with patient (Is it quality time?)

Does she seem interested?

Tone of voice

Body language

Sincerity

Eye contact

How the nurse acts depends on the patients responsiveness.


Patient’s behavior:

The nurse observes the patients actions Tone of voice Body language Facial expressions Comprehension of conversation Interest in conversation Eye contact

The method of response depends on the patients actions and the nurses understanding of the meaning.

Kearney-Nunnery, R. (2008). Advancing your career. Philadelphia, PA: F. A.Davis

Company.

Interpersonal Phenomena

Patient and nurse observe what is

happening between them

Is there tension in relationship?

Does nurse understand patients

communication (verbal & nonverbal)?

Is patient receptive to nurses communication?

Is nurse receptive to patients need?

“Observation of what goes on between the patient and the nurse” (p. 72).


Communication

Interpersonal techniques

Verbal interventions

Principle of clarity

Questioning to force a response

Principles of continuity

Nurse takes bits and pieces of conversation

over time and assists in patient understanding

of problem and care

Kearney-Nunnery, R. (2008). Advancing your career. Philadelphia, PA: F. A.Davis

Company.

Recording

Charting of the communication

Observations

Outcomes for further evaluations

Continuity of care

Kearney-Nunnery, R. (2008). Advancing your career. Philadelphia, PA: F.

A.Davis Company. p. 73)

Data Analysis

Testing of the nurse’s hunches about the

patient

Identify the phase communication occurred

Identify the roles each took in the phase

Identify the connection with other relations

that may have had impact

Identify what brings satisfaction/security with other relationships related to problem

Kearney-Nunnery, R. (2008). Advancing your career. Philadelphia,

PA: F. A.Davis Company. p. 73)

Nursing Education

Nursing Process

Peplau’s definition

of Nursing Process

“Nursing Process is a deliberate

intellectual activity that guides the

professional practice of nursing in

providing care in an orderly,

systematic manner.” Current Nursing (2009)

Nursing Process

Assessment

Nursing

Diagnosis

Planning

Implementation

Evaluation

Assessment

~ Nurse and patient meet as

strangers

~ Assessment is preformed

together to gain

information

• Patient helps plan their own

healthcare goals

• Gives feelings of belonging and

encourages independence

Mutually agreed

upon goals are

carried out

Final Stage

Evaluation

Resolution

Phase

~ Occurs when other

phases are completed

successfully

~ Relationship between

the nurse and patient is

over

Current Research

Status

Types of Research

Journals Courey (2008)

Process Recordings Peterson

(2009)

Independent Research

Journals

Journal Examples

Journal of the American Psychiatric

Nurses Association

Public Health Nursing

British Journal of Nursing

Journal of Psychiatric and Mental

Health Nursing

Journal of Advanced Nursing

Used in educational research

Used to monitor effectiveness

of such theories currently

Explain new research

Process Recordings

What are process recordings?

Process recordings are written reports of

verbal and nonverbal interactions between

people.

Helps evaluate the situation

Used as a tool for educational

development

Used as a tool to monitor effectiveness

Independent Research

•Variable types of independent research

•Does Peplau’s theory work in long term care?

•Does Peplau’s theory work in short tem care?

•Does Peplau’s theory only work on a psychiatric level?

•Does Peplau’s theory work with every single person?

Downfalls of Research

• Poor economy

•Causing restricted, fragmented, minimal research efforts

• Research has been inconsistent and scattered throughout

different countries.

•Most research has been qualitative, not qualitative.

Forchuk & Reynold (1998), Peterson (2009)

Needed Nursing Research

• Quantitative and Qualitative research with

positive healthcare outcomes

• Research that would verify this theory’s

contemporary value.

Jones, 1996

Unique to Peplau’s

theory… Peplau's theory encouraged

nurses to work with patients, instead of working for them.

PEPLAU, Hildegard E.. September 1, 1909-March 17, 1999. (2004). In Notable American Women: Completing the Twentieth

Century. Retrieved from http://0-






theory…

Theory is based upon

elements of psychology


theory… Peplau is considered the founder

of mental health/psychiatric

nursing


theory… First nursing theory to qualify

nursing as a profession, not a

mere skill


theory…

According to Peplau, “The kind of

person that the nurse becomes

makes a substantial difference in

what each patient will learn as he or she receives nursing care.”

Masters, K. (2005). Role development in professional nursing practice (pp. 46-47). Sudbury, MA: Jones and

Bartlett Publishers.


theory… Peplau’s book, Interpersonal

Relations in Nursing, was initially

not published because it was not

co-authored by a medical doctor.








Theory …

Peplau believed “fostering personality

development toward maturity is a function

of nursing and nursing education. Nursing

uses principles and methods that guide

the process toward resolution of

interpersonal problems.”

Masters, K. (2005). Role development in professional nursing practice (pp. 46-47). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Strengths

Promotes a trusting

relationship between

the nurse and patient

At the termination

phase the theory

promotes

independence on the

part of the client

Current Nursing. (2008). Nursing Theories: A companion to

nursing theories and models: Theory of Interpersonal

Relations. Retrieved on October 8, 2009 from

http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/interpersonal_theory

.htm



Limitations

Provides for a

dependent

relationship on the

part of the client at

the beginning of the

interaction

Requires that the

patient has a trusting

relationship with

every nurse assigned

Current Nursing. (2008). Nursing Theories: A companion

to nursing theories and models: Theory of Interpersonal

Relations. Retrieved on October 8, 2009 from

http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/interpersonal_th

eory.htm



Limitations

Many factors can influence the relationship process, such as: Values

Race

Beliefs

Past

Experiences

Expectations

Preconceived Ideas

Current Nursing. (2008). Nursing Theories: A

companion to nursing theories and models: Theory of

Interpersonal Relations. Retrieved on October 8,

2009 from

http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/interpersona

l_theory.htm



Analysis of overall

model Studies continue to show that

interpersonal sensitivity, as

stressed by Peplau, increase

positive patient outcomes.

http://www.nnvawi.org/pdfs/alo/Draucker_Hildegard_Pelplau.pdf,

McNaughton, D. (2005). A Naturalistic Test of Peplaus's Theory in Home Visiting. Public Health Nursing, 22(5),

429-438. doi:10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.220508.x,

Thelander, B. L. (1997). The psychotherapy of Hildegard Peplau in the treatment of people with serious mental

illness. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 33. Retrieved October 1, 2009, from

http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000508687

http://www.nnvawi.org/pdfs/alo/Draucker_Hildegard_Pelplau.pdf

Illustration of Peplau’s theory in

practice Douglass, J. L., Sowell, R. L., & Phillips, K. D. (2003). Using Peplau's theory to examine the psychosocial factors associated with HIV-

infected women's difficulty in taking their medications. Journal of Theory onstructionandTesting, 7(1), 10.

Analysis of model

“Nursing is a significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process. It functions co-operatively with other human processes that make health possible for other individuals in communities. In specific situations in which a health team offers health services, nurses participate in the organization of conditions that facilitate natural ongoing tendencies in human organisms. Nursing is a educative instrument maturing force, that aims to promote forward movement of personality in the direction of creative, constructive, productive, personal and community living.” (Peplau, H.E. (1991). Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing Retrieved on Oct 15, 2009 from http://books.google.com/books?id=ck8-E6FL-1UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=interpersonal+relations+in+nursing&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false p. 16)

http://books.google.com/books?id=ck8-E6FL-1UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=interpersonal+relations+in+nursing&lr=






References

Advanced Downtown Aquatic Physical Therapy. (2008). Retrieved

October 11, 2009, from http://www.adaptpt.com/

Application of Interpersonal Theory in Nursing Practice. (2009, March 16).

Retrieved October 12, 2009, from

http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/application_Peplau%27s_inte

rpersonal_theory.htm

Courey, T.L., Martsolf, D.S., Draucker, C.B., Strickland, K.B. (2008). Hildegard

Peplau’s Theory and the Health Care Encounters of Survivors of Sexual

Violence. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. 14(2) 137-143

Retrieved on Oct 13, 2009 from


Current Nursing. (2008). Nursing Theories: A companion to nursing theories

and models: Theory of Interpersonal Relations. Retrieved on October

8, 2009 from


Dhillon, H., Toor, N. (2000). Nursing Roles. Retrieved on Oct 8, 2009 from http://www.geocities.com/nishatoor/nursingroles.html

http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/application_Peplau%27s_inte



References (cont.) Douglass, J. L., Sowell, R. L., & Phillips, K. D. (2003). Using Peplau's theory to examine

the psychosocial factors associated with HIV-infected women's difficulty in taking their medications. Journal of Theory onstructionandTesting, 7(1), 10.

Fotosearch. (2009). Retrieved October 11, 2009 from www.fotosearch.com

Forchuk, C., (2007). Hildegard Peplau Nursing Theorist Homepage. Retrieved on Oct 15, 2009 from http://publish.uwo.ca/~cforchuk/peplau/hpcb.html

Forchuk, C., & Reynolds, B. (1998). Guest editorial – interpersonal theory in nursing practice: the Peplau legacy. Journal of Psychiatrick and Mental Health Nursing. 39(5). 193-196.

Hildegard. (Nov 2007). Retrieved on Oct 14, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZvwNVVWyZ4

Jones, A. (1996). Education and debate. The value of Peplau’s theory for mental health nursing. British Journal of Nursing. 5(14). 877-881.

John Hopkins University. (2009). Research Activities. Retrieved October 11,2009 from www.son.jhml.edu/research

Johnson, L. (2006). Providing a Framework for the Nurse-Patient Relationship: The

Nursing Theory of Hildegard Peplau. A History of Nursing Ideas, Retrieved October

16, 2009, from

http://books.google.com/books?id=pJnYFMQLa_MC&printsec=copyright&source=gbs

_pub_info_s&cad=2#v=onepage&q=&f=false

Kearney- Nunnery, R. (2008). Advancing Your Career: Concepts of Professional Nursing (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.

http://publish.uwo.ca/~cforch

http://publish.uwo.ca/~cforchuk/peplau/hpcb.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZvwNVVWyZ4

http://www.son.jhml.edu/research

http://books.google.com/books?id=pJnYFMQLa_MC&printsec=copyright&source=gbs_pub_info_s&cad=2

http://books.google.com/books?id=pJnYFMQLa_MC&printsec=copyright&source=gbs_pub_info_s&cad=2

References (cont.)

Lakeman, R. Remembering Hildegard Peplau. Retrieved on Oct 8, 2009 from http://www.testandcalc.com/Richard/resources/Remembering%20Pepl au%20-%20Vision%20-%20Lakeman.pdf

Marriner-Tomey, A., Raile-Alligood, M. (2006). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO.: Mosby Elsevier.

Masters, K. (2005). Role development in professional nursing practice (pp. 46-47). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

McCarthy, C.T., Aquino-Russell, C. (2009). A Comparison of Two Nursing Theories in Practice: Peplau and Parse. Nursing Science Quarterly. 22; 34. Retrieved on October 6, 2009 from http://0- nsq.sagepub.com.libcat.ferris.edu/cgi/reprint/22/1/34

McNaughton, D. (2005). A Naturalistic Test of Peplau's Theory in Home Visiting. Public Health Nursing, 22(5), 429-438. Retireved on Oct 13, 2009 from doi:10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.220508.x

Peplau, H.E. (1991). Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing Retrieved on Oct 15, 2009 from http://books.google.com/books?id=ck8-E6FL- 1UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=interpersonal+relations+in+nursing&lr= #v=onepage&q=&f=false

Peplau, H. (1997). Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10(4), 162-167. Retrieved Oct 11, 2009 from http://nsq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/4/162








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http://books.google.com/books?id=ck8-E6FL-





References (cont.)

Peplau, Hildegard E., Sept 1, 1909- March 17, 1999. (2004). Notable American Women: Completing the Twentieth Century. Retrieved Oct 11, 2009 from http://0- www.credoreference.com.libcat.ferros.edu/entry/hupnawiii/peplau_hild egard_e_september_1_1909_march_17_1999

Peplau Theory. (Aug 2009). Retrieved on Oct 14, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EuW25fEj- ao&feature=related

Peterson, S.J. & Bredow, T.(2009). Middle Range theories: Applications to nursing research (2nd edition). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Polifko, K. (2007). Chapter 6: Theoretical Basis for the Practice of Nursing. Concepts of the Nursing Profession. Thompson. Retrieved on Oct 8, 2009 from http://www.delmarlearning.com/companions/content/14018088 67/ppt/ C_h06.ppt

Thelander, B. L. (1997). The psychotherapy of Hildegard Peplau in the treatment of people with serious mental illness. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 33. Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000508687

http://0-/

http://0-/

http://www.credoreference.com.libcat.ferros.edu/entry/hupnawiii/peplau_hild

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EuW25fEj-ao&feature=related




http://www.delmarlearning.com/companions/content/1401808867/ppt/C_h06.ppt





Hildegard Peplaus Theory of Interpersonal Relations

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