Group C Presentation- Petrochemicals (UPDATED)

8/19/2019 Group C Presentation- Petrochemicals (UPDATED)

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THE PETROCHEMICAL

INDUSTRY

GROUP C REPORT

COURSE TITLE: CHEMICAL

PROCESS INDUSTRIES

COURSE CODE: CHE 581

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Names

Mat numbe

• ANYACHE!ELU O!ICHIGEME E" ENG

1##$1#%

• O&E'OMHAN OMODION (" ENG1##$1%#

• NG!ODI ANTHONIA O)IOMA ENG

1##$1*%

• E'HUO!A "O" &OHN ENG1##$1$$

• OMO!OLA&I ADE+OLO ENG

1##$#,5

• ERESE NOSA'HARE MIGHTY

ENG 11#%##*

• ASE'OMHE I" CORNELIUS

ENG 1##$1#8

• IMA(IDON MICHAEL !RIGHT

ENG 1##$1-,

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• EYOA+AN IME UTU' ENG

#,#$15-

A!STRACT

Nigeria has a robust petrochemical sector that has been evolving over the last fifteen years.

The petrochemical industry is focused around the three centres located at Kaduna, Warri

and Eleme.

Pet./0em/a2 3.4u/ts ae nteme4ates . sem6ns0e4 3.4u/ts

4e7e4 .m 3et./0em/a2 . .2 s0a2e . ta san4s" T0e9 ae

nteme4ates beteen t0e /0em/a2 3./ess n4ustes an4 t0e 3et.2eum

n4ustes; e


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'a4una Re6nng an4 Pet./0em/a2 /." >'PRC? as 4esgne4 t. 3.4u/e

Lnea A2=92 !en@ene, benzene, and kerosene solvents. K!" is a subsidiary of NN!".

#uring the $%%&'s there have been >LA!? t. be use4 n t0e manua/tue .

4etegents"

T0ee.e; t0e 2. /u4e .2 e6nng /a3a/t9 0as ae/te4 negat7e29 t0e

3.4u/t.n . 3et./0em/a2 3.4u/ts"

INTRODUCTION

PETROCHEMICALS

&ust a e 9eas ba/=; t as eas9 t. 4e6ne 3et./0em/a2s as e2at7e29

3ue; 4ent6ab2e substan/es .m 3et.2eum an4 s use4 n t0e /0em/a2

ta4e" !e.e n. e =n. t0at .2 /.m3anes ee .n29 /.n/ene4 t0

e6nng . /u4e .2s; but n. .2 /.m3anes ae enteng t0e /0em/a2

busness 02e /0em/a2 /.m3anes ae enteng t0e .2 busness t..;

ma=ng t0e 0.2e g.u3 eet092ene g29/.2; met0an.2; et0an.2amne; et/"? 0as

b.ug0t t0e 7e 3.nts . t0e t. n4ustes mu/0 /2.se t.get0e" At 6st

/0em/a2 /.m3anes b.ug0t sm32e a matea2s . t0e eBue4 3ut9

4e/t29 .m .2 /.m3anes; t0en .2 an4 /0em/a2 /.m3anes .me4 a

.nt 7entue" N.; ntegat.n .m un4eg.un4 .2 t. 6ns0e4 3.4u/t s

ta=ng 32a/e t0 b.t0 .2 an4 /0em/a2 /.m3anes be/.mng

n4stngus0ab2e "e" m.st .2 /.m3anes n. 0a7e 3et./0em/a2

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4e3atment 0/0 s usua229 se3aate4 .m t0e e6nng 4e3atment"

T0ee.e; t0e nteest . 3et.2eum /.m3anes n /0em/a2 3.4u/t.n

an4 se22ng t0e .gas t. /0em/a2 n4ustes ga7e se t. /0em/a2

n4ustes 0/0 Bu/=29 4e7e2.3e4 t. 3et./0em/a2 n4ustes"

Pet./0em/a2s ae /0em/a2 /.m3.un4s ma4e .m 3et.2eum an4 aea2s. .btane4 .m .t0e .ss2 ue2s; su/0 as /.a2 . natua2 gas; .eneab2e s.u/es su/0 as /.n . suga /ane" Cuent29; .7e 8# . a22.gan/ /0em/a2s ae 3et./0em/a2s"

T0e t. m.st /.mm.n 3et./0em/a2 /2asses ae .2e6ns >n/2u4ng

et092ene an4 3.392ene? an4 a.mat/s >n/2u4ng ben@ene; t.2uene an4


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Pet./0em/a2 3.4u/ts ae nteme4ates . sem6ns0e4 3.4u/ts

4e7e4 .m 3et./0em/a2 . .2 s0a2e . ta san4s" T0e9 ae

nteme4ates beteen t0e /0em/a2 3./ess n4ustes an4 t0e 3et.2eum

n4ustes; e


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T0e 3et.2eum n4ust9 n Ngea; A/a s t0e 2agest n4ust9 an4 man

geneat. . GDP n t0e /.ntnents m.st 3.3u2.us nat.n"

O2 as 4s/.7ee4 n Ngea n 1,5% at O2.b n Nge De2ta ate a

/entu9 . e


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t0e Buantt9 4.ub2e4 t0e .22.ng 9ea an4 3.gess7e29 as m.e 32a9es/ame .nt. t0e .2 s/ene; t0e 3.4u/t.n .se t. $"# m22.n bae2s 3e 4a9n 1,J$ an4 a 3ea=ng at $"* m22.n bae2s 3e 4a9 n 1,J," Ngeat0eeate attane4 t0e status . a ma. .2 3.4u/e; an=ng Jt0 n t0e.24 n 1,J$; an4 0as sn/e g.n t. be/.me t0e s


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PETROCHEMICAL -EEDSTOC SOURCES

T0e a4a/ent 4agam s/0emat/a229 4e3/ts t0e ma. 094./ab.n

s.u/es use4 n 3.4u/ng 3et./0em/a2s"

T0ese ae:

1" Met0ane; et0ane; 3.3ane an4 butanes: .btane4 3ma29 .mnatua2 gas 3./essng 32ants"

$" Na30t0a: .btane4 .m 3et.2eum e6nees"-" !en@ene; t.2uene; an4


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In t0e /0angng s/ena.; 3et.2eum e6nng an4 3et./0em/a2

3.4u/t.n ntegat.n s . 7ta2 m3.tan/e . maass./ate4 an4 n.nass./ate4?; /.n4ensate;

na30t0a; =e.sene; /ata29t/ /a/=ng an4 e.me gases; a


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(e 9eas ba/=; na30t0a as t0e 4.mnant ee4st./= . 3et./0em/a2sF

0.e7e; e/ent ten4s 0a7e been . m.e [email protected] . Natua2 Gas;

LBue6e4 Pet.2eum Gas >LPG? an4 P9.29ss Gas.2ne"

Man9 L/ens. /.m3anes .e t0e te/0n.2.ges . t0e 3.4u/t.n .

3et./0em/a2 3.4u/ts .m 7aet9 . ee4 st./=s"

S.me . t0e 2/ens. /.m3anes n/2u4e:

P./ess Te/0n.2.g9 L/ens.s >M/GaH22; 1,8-?

Amm.na: M"+" 'e22.gg C."

A.mat/s .m H94./ab.n MH.u49 D7s.n?

!ut92ene >A/et92ene(ee?: At2ant/ R/06e24 C." >ARCO? an4 Enge20a4

Cab.n !2a/=: P0223s Pet.2eum

C02.ne S.4um H94.


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N92.n %: )mme

CsP.29buta4ene: P0223s Pet.2eum C."

P.29butene: C.s4en Te/0n.2.g9 In/"

P.29et092ene >Hg0 Denst9?: P0223s Pet.2eum C."

P.29et092ene Tee30t0a2ate: )mme

P.293.392ene: He/u2es

P.29st9ene: C.s4en Te/0n.2.g9 In/"

P.297n92 C02.4e: Mtsu T.atsu C0em/a2s In/"

St9ene: M.nsat. an4 CE Lummus

St9ene!uta4ene Rubbe: P0223s Pet.2eum C."

Uea .m Amm.na an4 Cab.n D.


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%" H94at.n an4 094.29ss : Use4 n t0e 3.4u/t.n . s9nt0et/ et092a2/.0.2

J" H94.genat.n an4 4e094.genat.n"8" Ntat.n: Use4 n ma=ng unea/t7e 3aaQns nt. ea/t7e

substan/es t0.ut /a/=ng"

," Amnat.n . ea/t.n t0 amm.na: Use4 n t0e 3.4u/t.n .a230at/ an4 a.mat/ amnes"

1#" H94..m92at.n: Use4 n /.n7etng a230a .2e6ns t. a24e094es an4. a2/.0.2s /.ntanng an a44t.na2 numbe . /ab.n at.ms" Ot0es n/2u4e O?9EN;ENE: T0e sm32est a.mat/ 094./ab.n" Its 4e7at7esn/2u4es Et092 ben@ene; st9ene; /umene; a/et.ne; e3.


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• Lnea a2=92 ben@ene

• !en@ene; et092ene; an4 .t0e .2e6ns

• P0en.2

• Hea79 a2=92ates

•

De3aaQnate4 =e.sene; =e.s.27ent >s a b93.4u/t?

CASE STUD,

16NHU?

$" Cata29t/ Re.mng Unt >CRU?

-" 'e.sene H94. teatng Unt >'HU?

*" T0e (2u4 Cata29t/ Ca/=ng Unt >(CCU?

5" H( A2=92at.n Unt

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%" P.293.392ene an4 Cab.n !2a/= P2ants

T0e 3.4u/ts g.tten .m t0e 3et./0em/a2 32ants ae 3.293.392ene

3e22ets an4 /ab.n b2a/= 3e22ets"

T0e ee4 st./=s ae 4e/ant .2 .m t0e u4 /ata29t/ unt >(CCU? . t0e

/ab.n b2a/= 32ant an4 3.293.392ene /0 ee4st./= .m (CCU . t0e

3.293.392ene 32ant"

MISSION STATEMENT

T. eQ/ent29 an4 3.6tab29 3./ess /u4e .2 nt. Pet.2eum 3.4u/ts;

Manua/tue an4 Ma=et Pet./0em/a2 P.4u/ts t0.ug0 ee/t7e

es.u/e [email protected]; 02e e


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T0e m3.tan/e . /ab.n b2a/= ma9 be n4/ate4 be9 b9 statng t0at

-#,#'G . t0e ubbe n a t9e /.nssts . /ab.n b2a/= 3e 1##=g" Ot0e

uses . /ab.n b2a/= ae n 3ntng n=s; 3ants; 3gments; 32ast/s; et/"

T0e 3./ess unt . t0e 32ant ae sub474e4 nt. t0e .22.ng se/t.ns:

1" Rea/t.n

$" uen/0 an4 C..2ng

-" (2tat.n

*" Pu27e@ng

5" Pe22etng

%" C..2ng an4 49ng

J" !aggng an4 St.ng

Ut2tes an4 genea2 se7/e unts n/2u4e4 n t0e unt ae:

1" (ee4 st.age

$" P.4u/t st.age an4 ae0.use

-" P./ess aste ate teatment

*" C.nt.2 ..m

5" Lab.at.9

%" Gate0.use an4 eg0 stat.n

J" (eate 2..3

8" In/neat.

," A44t7es st.age"

T0e 3./ess s base4 .n a te/0n.2.g9 2/ense4 b9 PHILLIPS Pet.2eum

C.m3an9" T0e 32ant s 4esgne4 t. bag t0e ente /ab.n b2a/= 3.4u/t.n"

At u22 /a3a/t9 $8## bags 3e 4a9 ae 3.4u/e4 ea/0 bag eg0ng $5=g"

(EEDSTOC'

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-"#"1" T0e /ab.n b2a/= 32ant uses 7a.us ee4 st./=s n t0e 3.4u/t.n

3./ess; s.me . 0/0 ae su332e4 .m t0e ut2t9 32ant; (2u4 /ata29t/

/a/=ng Unt an4 .t0es ae se2 geneate4 b9 t0e /ab.n b2a/= 32ant"

T0e 7a.us ee4 st./=s . t0e /ab.n b2a/= 3./ess 32ant ae:

36762" De!ant ol: T0s s t0e 3ma9 ee4st./= . t0e /ab.n b2a/=

3./ess 32ant" It s a es4ua2 094./ab.n .2 .m t0e u4 /ata29t/

/a/=ng unt 0/0 un4eg.es ea/t.n n t0e /ab.n b2a/= 32ant an4 s

beng /.n7ete4 t. /ab.n b2a/= 3e22ets"

36763" Pro(ane: An.t0e ee4st./= .m t0e (CC unt 0/0 as use4 as

ue2 gas n t0e ea/t. . t0e /ab.n b2a/= 3./ess t. 3.74e 6e

ne/essa9 . t0e /.mbust.n . 4e/ant .2" P.3ane 2ate .un4 use n t0e

P.293.392ene 32ant"

367646 -*el .as: T0s s a ee4st./= .m t0e Ngean Gas C.m3an9

>NGC? 0/0 e32a/es 3.3ane as a s.u/e . ue2 t. 3.74e /.mbust.n n

t0e /ab.n b2a/= ea/t.s; n/neat. an4 una/e"

3676+6 Ntro$en: An net gas 0/0 s a ee4st./= .m t0e ut2t9 32ant;

s eBue4 n t0e bag 62tes . t0e /ab.n b2a/= 32ant t. b2an=et e


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3676176 Ra'


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OIL COOLER

In a stuat.n 0ee 3.4u/t.n s sus3en4e4; t0e 3e0eate4 .2 0/0 s

n.t nee4e4 n t0e ea/t. s 4e/te4 t. t0e .2 /..2e 0/0 e4u/es t0etem3eatue . t0e 3e0eate4 .2 t. ab.ut ,-1##.C be.e 4s/0agng t

ba/= t. t0e st.age tan=s"

REACTION

T0e a/tua2 ea/t.n 3./ess ta=es 32a/e n t0e ea/t. 0/0 s t0e 0eat .

t0e .2 una/e 3./ess" T0e ea/t. s e4 t0 ue2 gas 0/0 s t0e s.u/e

. /.mbust.n an4 t0e 3e0eate4 a 0/0 su33.ts /.mbust.n" T0e

ea/t. s 2g0te4 3. t. 3.4u/t.n an4 ts tem3eatue s ase4

ga4ua229 t. a ange . 1-5#.C15##.C ts stan4a4 .3eatng

tem3eatue" On/e t0s set tem3eatue s ea/0e4; t0e .2 gun t0.ug0

0/0 t0e 4e/ant .2 entes nt. t0e ea/t. b9 a s3a9 3atten s nsete4

nt. t0e ea/t."

T. 3./esses ta=es 32a/e n t0e ea/t. 0/0 ae incomplete

combustion an4 thermal decomposition. In/.m32ete /.mbust.n

n7.27es bunng t0e 4e/ant .2 n a e4u/ng atm.s30ee t. .btan s..t .

/ab.n b2a/= 02e t0ema2 4e/.m3.st.n n7.27es se3aatng 094.gen.m e2ementa2 /ab.n >/ab.n b2a/=?"

T0e 3e0eate4 a an4 ue2 gas entes t0e ea/t.n @.ne t0.ug0 t.

3.ts t0e u33e an4 2.e tangenta2 am3s n .4e t. /ause a tubu2ent

. 0/0 0e23s t. /a9 t0e 3.4u/e4 /ab.n b2a/= 3at/2es .n t0e

sua/e . t0e nne 2nngs . t0e ea/t."

Cab.n b2a/= 3.3etes; 9e24; an4 3.4u/t.n ate /an be a4uste4 b9

/0angng t0e ea/t. ee4 7aab2es; an4 t0e t93e an4 3.st.n . t0e .2

bune" T0ee.e; t0e ea/t. s t0e 0eat . t0e 0.2e 3./essF t s n t0eea/t. t0at t0e /ab.n b2a/= Bua2t9 s .btane4" It s0.u24 be n.te4 t0at

t0e 4ese4 Bua2t9 an4 0g0 9e24s . t0e /ab.n b2a/= ae n.t attane4 n

t0e ea/t.; t s m3.ssb2e t. 4. s. at an9 .t0e tme n t0e 3./ess; an4

t0e . s3e/6/at.n 3.4u/t en4s u3 be e/9/2e4 nt. t0e 3./ess"

T0e C! 32ant /.m3ses . 67e >5? ea/t.s a22 2n=e4 t. a /.mm.n ..

0ea4e; 3esent29 .n29 t0ee . t0e ea/t.s ae n use"

PRE@ UENCH

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T0s /.nssts . t. >$? ate n2et nsete4 b9 t0e s4e . t0e ta2 33e" It

.=s b9 s3a9ng ate nt. t0e ta2 33e n a /./uent 4e/t.n t. t0e

. . t0e euent s. as t. e4u/e t0e tem3eatue . t0e euent"

PRIMAR,@UENCH

T0s /.nssts . t0ee >-? ate n2et nsete4 b9 t0e s4e . t0e ta2 33e" It

.=s b9 s3a9ng ate nt. t0e ta2 33e n a /.unte/uent 4e/t.n t.

t0e . . t0e euent s. as t. e4u/e t0e tem3eatue . t0e euent"

SECONDAR, UENCH TO(A $#5? b9 a /.mm.n .. 0ea4e 0/0 t0e 67e

ea/t.s ae 2n=e4 t." T0e un/t.n . t0e se/.n4a9 Buen/0 t.e s t.

se3aate .gan/ an4 n.gan/ gts .m t0e b2a/=; an4 a2s. t. /.nt.2

t0e tem3eatue g.ng t. t0e 3ma9 bag 62te >(D $#5?"

T0e se/.n4a9 Buen/0 t.e s us0e4 e7e9 te27e 0.us >1$0s? t.

em.7e a//umu2ate4 gts"

9A. -ILTRATION

T0e /.22e/t.n . t0e /ab.n b2a/= s a//.m32s0e4 n a 2age stu/tue

/.ntanng se7ea2 0un4e4 s3e/a229 teate4 6beg2ass 62te bags; teme4

bag 62tes" T0s s t0e .n29 /.22e/tng 4e7/e 0/0 /an em.7e essenta229

1## . t0e /ab.n b2a/= .m t0e . gases"

T0e n/.mng . gases a2.ng t0 t0e /ab.n b2a/=; .m t0e se/.n4a9

Buen/0 t.e; /ae4 t0.ug0 t0e 0ea4e; entes nt. t0e 3ma9 bag

62te t0.ug0 t0e 0.33e" T0e . gas es/a3es t0.ug0 t0e 3.es . t0e

bag 02e t0e b2a/= s etane4 ns4e t0e bag"

T0e 3ma9 bag 62te s ma4e u3 . nne >,? /.m3atments ea/0

/.m3atment 0a7ng *,$ bags aange4 7et/a229" In .4e t. /2ean t0e

bags ate a 3e.4 . 62tat.n; .n a set s/0e4u2e egu2ate4 b9 a tme;

t0e .ut2et 7a27e .n .ne /.m3atment /2.ses t0us st.33ng t0e . .

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sm.=e t. t0ese bags" At t0e same tme an4 egu2ate4 b9 t0e same tme;

a ba/= . . e3essung 7a27e .3ens" T0s e7ese . . .gases

/2eans t0e /ab.n b2a/= .m t0e bags an4 4s/0ages t nt. t0e 0.33e

an4 s/e /.n7e9. at t0e b.tt.m . t0e 0.33e" Ate a e se/.n4s; t0e

7a27e a/t.n s e7ese4; an4 t0e /.m3atment s 62teng agan"Imme4ate29 ate t0s /.m3atment s 32a/e4 ba/= nt. .3eat.n; an.t0e

s /2eane4F t0ee.e; .ne /.m3atment n seBuen/e s .ut . se7/e

a2m.st a22 t0e tme" Sn/e t0e .gases /.ntan /.mbustb2e gases; n. a

s a22.e4 nt. t0e s9stem 4ung t. a7.4 6es n t0e 62te" T0e /2ean .

gases .m ea/0 /.m3atment ae /.22e/te4 n a 2age /.mm.n 4u/t an4

33e4 t. t0e n/neat. 0ee t s bunt be.e 7entng t. t0e atm.s30ee

t. be n 2ne t0 2./a2 en7.nmenta2 stan4a4s"

InsuQ/ent e3essung gas; 2ea=ng bags; a2ue t. em.7e t0e b2a/= at

t0e same ate as t s beng 3.4u/e; 2ea=ng e3essung . .ut2et 7a27esae but a e . t0e 3.b2ems t0at /an /ause s0ut4.n . t0e 62te "T0e

6beg2ass bags ae ag2e an4 4amage4 22 2ea= b2a/= nt. t0e . gas

bunng eBu3ment" A2s. 0en unbune4 . gas s 7ente4 t. t0e

atm.s30eeF t0e /ab.n b2a/= n t ma9 /ause t0e 32ant t. be n 7.2at.n

. 2./a2 a 3.22ut.n egu2at.n"

T0e tem3eatue . t0e 3ma9 bag 62te s a2a9s .n /0e/=" T.. 0g0 a

tem3eatue 22 4est.9 t0e 6beg2ass 62te bags an4 t.. 2. a

tem3eatue 22 /ause e


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N$ %$"%*

Tab2e $" C.m3.nents . . gases .m t0e bag 62te"

PUL0ERI;ER

Ins4e t0e 3u27e@e ae sets . .tatng 0ammes 0/0 gn4s 2um39 .

2age /ab.n b2a/= 3at/2es /.mng .m t0e bag 62te t. .btan a

0.m.gen.us an4 6ne29 g.un4e4 3at/2es" T0e b2a/= .m t0e 3u27e@e

s 3neumat/a229 /.n7e9e4 b9 t0e b2.e G! $#- t. a /9/2.ne"

C,CLONE AND SUR.E 0ESSEL

T0e /9/2.ne a/ts as a se3aat." It se3aates t0e /ab.n b2a/= .m

euent gases an4 etuns t0ese gases t. t0e 3./ess bag 62te enteng

nt. t0e sm.=e 0ea4e ust 3. t. t0e Buen/0 t.e" T0e /9/2.ne

4s/0ages t0e b2a/= t0.ug0 a .ta9 7a27e nt. t0e 2..se b2a/= suge

tan= .m 0ee t s t0en 3asse4 t. t0e 3e22etng unt"

MI:IN.BPELLETIN.

Sn/e t0e /ab.n b2a/= n t0e suge tan= 22 0a7e a 4enst9 . .n29 ab.ut5# t. 1## =2.gams 3e /ub/ mete; t must be 4ens6e4 . ease .

0an42ng" T0s s a//.m32s0e4 n a 3./ess /a22e4 et 3e22etng" T0e b2a/=

0/0 .s at a egu2ate4 ate .m t0e suge tan= s m


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APPLICATIONS O( CAR!ON !LAC'

1" C.2.ung agent . n= an4 3ants: !e/ause . ts 0g0 tntng stengt0

/.m3ae4 t. .n b2a/= . .gan/ 3gment t s 4e29 use4 . nes3a3e

n=s; 3ntng n=s"

$" Resns an4 62m /.2.ung agents: !e/ause . ts t0ema2 stab2t9; t s

sutab2e . /.2.ung esns an4 62ms t0at ae 0eat .me4" Cab.n b2a/=

s a2s. e


27/52

$"ELEME PETROCHEMICAL COMPAN,

LIMITEDIn)orama Eleme Petro!#em!al Lt) >IEPL?; 2./ate4 n P.tHa/.ut; R7es state; Ngea; a membe . In4.ama C.3.at.n;

s a P.29O2e6ns 3.4u/e . a ange . P.29Et092ene an4 P.29

P.392ene 3.4u/ts" IEPL as a 1## subs4a9 . Ngean

G.7enment .ne4 Ngean Nat.na2 Pet.2eum C.3.at.n >NNPC?

t0 t0e name E2eme Pet./0em/a2s C.m3an9 Lmte4 >EPCL?"

+0en t0e est02e EPCL as 37at@e4; un4e t0e [email protected]

P.gam; t0e In4.ama G.u3 emege4 as t0e /.e n7est. an4

a/Bue4 t0e Unt n August $##%"

Cor(orate 0son 0al*es

Ou C.3.ate 7s.n s t. attan !usness Lea4es03" In 2ne t0 t0eG.u3s 7s.n; t0e IEPL 0as set ts 7s.n as t. bu24 t0e 2agestPet./0em/a2s 0ub n A/a An4 0e23 t. bu24 an e/.n.m9 t0at .u243.74e bette 2e . Ngeans t.4a9 an4 utue geneat.ns"

T0ese te27e 7a2ues /ata3u2t t0e /.m3an9 t. us0e Pes.na2Ee/t7eness; Pe.man/e Ee/t7eness an4 [email protected]/t7eness"

Pes.na2 Ee/t7eness

• Res3e/t: Em3at09; 'n4ness; Senst7t9; D7est9; Mu2t/u2tua2sm

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28/52

• O3enness: H.nest9; Int.s3e/t.n; P.st7e Atttu4e; O3enness t.C0ange Ne I4eas"

• Team.=: S0ang; C.22ab.at.n; Ham.n9; +nnng T.get0e;Pes.na2 Intat7e

• M.t7at.n: Tust; Em3.ement; P.st7e Ren./ement;Engagement"

Pe.man/e Ee/t7eness

• E'!R? . USA" T0e 32ant 0as s< SCORE una/es . m22se/.n4 te/0n.2.g9;. 0/0 67e ae usua229 .3eate4 an4 t0e s


29/52

C$ t. C* a/t.ns ae e4 t. t0e /a/=e una/es a2.ng t0 e/9/2e gases et0ane; 3.3ane an4 butane" Et092ene an4 P.392ene ae t0e man3.4u/ts . O2e6ns 32ant; 02e 3entane; 094.gen an4 ue2 gas ae t0eb93.4u/ts"

O2e6ns P2ant

Ca3a/t9 : **# 'TA

Te/0n.2.g9 : M"+" 'e22.gg; USA

P.29et092ene P2ant

T0e P.29 Et092ene P2ant uses S/2ate/0 Te/0n.2.g9 2/ense4 b9 DuP.nt>N.7a/0em? . Cana4a" Et092ene s t0e a matea2 . PE 32ant" T0eSngP2ant as bu2t b9 '.be Stee2 . &a3an an4 s /a3ab2e . 3.4u/ngb.t0 Hg0 an4 Lnea L. Denst9 /ateg.es . P.29 Et092ene" T0e/a3a/t9 . t0e 32ant s -%# 'T 3e annum"

T0e te/0n.2.g9 uses t. 4eent /ata29st s9stems t. ta2.ma=e ga4es"!ase4 .n t0e use . 4eent /ata29st; t0e 32ant /an g. .m Hg0 t.Lnea L. Denst9 PE" T0e unBue eatue . t0s 3./ess s t0e ab2t9 t.sng .m Hg0 t. Lnea L. an4 7/e 7esa n s0.t s3ans . tme"

P.29et092ene P2ant

Ca3a/t9 : -%# 'TA

Te/0n.2.g9 : N.7a C0em/a2s; Cana4a

!utene : $$ 'TA

P.293.392ene P2ant

P.29 P.392ene P2ant s base4 .n t0e !ase22 >M.nte22? S30e3.2 Te/0n.2.g9;0/0 s t0e 2ea4ng PP te/0n.2.g9 n t0e .24" T0e 32ant as /.nstu/te4b9 Te/0nm.nt; an Ita2an /.m3an9 t0at 0as bu2t a numbe . !ase2232ants .244e" P.392ene an4 PR( ae t0e a matea2s . PP 32ant0/0 s 4esgne4 t. 3.4u/e u3 t. 1$# 'T 3e annum" T0e 32ant /an3.4u/e 0.m.3.29mes; an4.m3.29mes as e22 as /.3.29mes t0atae use4 n 4e ange . a332/at.ns; .m .7en sa/=s t. 0.use0.24g..4s"

P.293.392ene P2ant

Ca3a/t9 : 1$# 'TA

Te/0n.2.g9 : L9.n4e22 !ase22; Ita29

POLYPROPYLENE PLANT

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30/52

P.293.392ene 32ant 0as an nsta22e4 /a3a/t9 . -5 ###MT an4 s 4esgne4t. 3.4u/e b.t0 3.293.392ene 0.m.3.29me esns" It ut2@es 3.392ene.btane4 .m t0e e6ne9 u4 /ata29t/ /a/=ng unt as ee4st./="P.293.392ene s base4 .n 2Bu4 3..2 0g0 9e24 /ata29st te/0n.2.g9 .t0e [email protected] . 3.392ene n /.ntnu.us ste4 tan= ea/t." Due t.

t0e 0g0 a/t7t9 an4 se2e/t7t9 . t0e /ata29st; em.7a2 . /ata29st es4ue.m t0e 3.29me an4 t0e atat/ b93.4u/t se3aat.n ae n.t ne/essa9"PP 32ants /.nssts . .u man se/t.ns; name29F

I" Pu6/at.nII" Rea/t.nIII" E


31/52

!9 3neumat/ 0au2age; t0e 3.4u/t s 4e27ee4 t. a suge s2.;0/0 ee4s t0e bagg.ng /ust.mes"

36 a)*na Refnn$ Petro!#em!alCom(an" >RPC?

ISION

T. be t0e 34e . t0e Nat.n

MISSION

T. Re6ne Cu4e O2 nt. 0g0 a2ue Pet.2eum an4 Pet./0em/a2 P.4u/tsan4 a2s. Manua/tung Pa/=agng P.4u/ts eQ/ent29"

PERSPECTIE

RE(INERY PRO&ECT DECISION

T0e 4e/s.n t. /.nstu/t t0e t04 Ngean Nat.na2 Pet.2eumC.3.at.n >NNPC? e6ne9 n 'a4una as ta=en n 1,J* a2.ng t0 t0at. t0e se/.n4 NNPC e6ne9 2./ate4 at +a" H.e7e; t as 4e/4e4t0at .= .u24 /.mmen/e .n t0e /.nstu/t.n . t0e t04 e6ne90ene7e t0e 3.e/t.n . t0e /.nsum3t.n . 3et.2eum 3.4u/ts ust6es t"

!9 ea29 1,J5; n 7e . t0e ue2 s0.tages e


32/52

).ne; an4 a4eBuate means . 4s3.sa2 . t0e su32us 3.4u/ts; a Re6ne9t0 /u4e .2 /a3a/t9 . *$;### bae2s 3e steam 4a9 >!PSD? /.u24 beeas29 ust6e4" Hen/e; t0e e6ne9 as 4esgne4 . a /a3a/t9 . %#;###!PSD" It as mu/0 2ate t0at t0e (e4ea2 G.7enment 4e/4e4 t0at t0e/a3a/t9 . an9 e6ne9 n Ngea s0.u24 n.t be be2. 1##;### !PSD"

H.e7e; t0s .u24 0a7e 2e4 t. t0e 3.4u/t.n . 2age Buantt9 . 0ea79en4s" An4 .ne 3a/t/a2 an4 7ab2e s.2ut.n s e3./essng t0e 0ea79 ue2.2s"

In .4e t. 4. t0s; t0e 0.2e 3.e/t 32ans 0a4 t. be m.46e4 s. t0at0at nta229 as 32anne4 t. be sm329 a 094. s=mmng t93e e6ne9;4e7e2.3e4 nt. an ntegate4 e6ne9" T0e e6ne9 .u24 n. be ab2e t.3.4u/e a 4e 7aet9 . 3et.2eum 3.4u/ts; s.me . 0/0 s0.u24 be2ub/atng base .2s" Hen/e; t be/ame ne/essa9 t. m3.t sutab2e3aaQn/ base4 /u4e .2 .m ene@ue2a; 'uat . Sau4 Aaba"

P.4u/ts .m t0e Re6ne9 n/2u4eF

(ue2s . use as LBue6e4 Pet.2eum Gas >LPG?;

Pemum M.t. S3t >PMS?;

Aut.m.t7e Gas O2 >AGO? . Dese2 .2; 'e.sene;

(ue2 O2;

Su230u

An4 t0.se .m t0e 2ub/atng .2s /.m32e< ae !ase O2s;

As30a2t >!tumen? an4

+a


33/52

SITE LOCATION

(.m t0e esu2ts . an e


34/52

PROCESS PLANTS OIL MOEMENT UNITS

'RPCKs .3eat.n s 0g029 4e3en4ent .n a4eBuate su3329 . ate an43.e . t0ese ut2tes" +ate s .btane4 .m 'a4una R7e at t0e Ra+ate Inta=e a/2tes 2./ate4 at ab.ut 1- =2.metes .m 'RPC

nsta22at.ns" T0e ate s /0em/a229 teate4 t. meet Bua2t9 s3e/6/at.ns. t0e 7a.us 3./ess unts an4 steam geneat.n"

(UELS PROCESS PLANT:

T0e (ue2s P2ant . 'RPC s 4esgne4 t. 3./ess Ngean /u4e .2s n t0eN."1 Cu4e Atm.s30e/ an4 a/uum 4st22at.n Unts >CDU 1? 02e t0eest . t0e (ue2s se/t.n s 4esgne4 t. 3./ess a m8? unts as s0.n n t0e 4agam be2.0as t0e /a3a/t9 t. 3./ess 5#;### !PSD . m3.te4 /u4e .2 nt. Lubebase .2s; As30a2t an4 aLA!? PROCESS PLANT:

T0e Lnea A2=92 !en@ene 3./ess use4 n 'RPC Pet./0em/a2 P2ant s2/ense4 .m Un7esa2 O2 P.4u/ts >UOP? . Des P2anes; I22n.s; USA"

T0e 32ant 0as a /a3a/t9 t. 3.4u/e -#;### met/ t.ns . Lnea A2=92!en@ene a 9ea; enab2ng Ngea t. substanta229 e4u/e m3.t . t0s3.4u/t . t0e 2./a2 manua/tue . 4etegents"

T0e 32ant /.m3ses . 67e 3./ess unts name29:

'e.sene H94.su230usat.n;

M.2eTHDA?;

PaaQn C.n7es.n t. O2e6ns >PACOL? an4

Detegent A2=92ate unts"

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35/52

C.mmss.ne4 n Ma/0 1,8,; t0e 32ant as 4esgne4 t. 3.4u/e -#;###met/ t.ns9ea . Lnea A2=92 !en@ene .m 'e.sene an4 Re.mateee4st./= .m t0e (ue2s 32ant"

[email protected] >HDS? s a /ata29t/ /0em/a2 3./ess 4e29 use4 t.

em.7e m3utes man29 su230u /.ntanng /.m3.un4s .m 094./ab.n3.4u/ts su/0 as gas.2ne . 3et.2; et ue2; =e.sene; 4ese2 ue2; an4 ue2 .2s"Su230u; Nt.gen an4 O


36/52

AUTOMOTIE GAS OIL >AGODIESEL?

LO+ POUR (UEL OIL >LP(O?

HIGH POUR (UEL OIL >HP(O?

LU!E !ASE OILS

HYDRO(INISHED +A

ASPHALT

LINEAR AL'YL !EN)ENE

!EN)ENE

HEAY AL'YLATE

'ERO SOLENT

NORMAL PARA((INS

TOLUENE

AROMATIC SOLENT

HEAY PARA((INS

Z SULPHUR (LA'ES

N. P.4u/t P.4u/t.n Rate

1 PMS -;85J MTDAY

$ 'EROSENE 1;%8% MTDAY

- AGO WDIESELX -;### MTDAY

* ASPHALT 1;J,% MTDAY5 LA! ,1 MTDAY

% !ASE OILS %5J MTDAY

J LPG %$# MTDAY

8 (UEL $;1## MTDAY

PO+ER PLANT UTILTIES SUPPLY

T0e .be/t7es . t0e P.e P2ant an4 Ut2tes De3atment ae P.7s.n.:

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37/52

>a? E2e/t/a2 P.e; steam . 7a.us 3essues an4 tem3eatues;/.m3esse4 a; nt.gen . sm..t0 an4 /.ntnu.us .3eat.n .t0e 3./ess 32ants an4 PPU"

>b? a.us ga4es . ate n/2u4ng 3.tab2e ate an4

>/? Teatment . t0e Re6ne9 an4 Pet./0em/a2 euents t. t0estatut.9 Bua2t9 s3e/6/at.ns"

T0e P2ant 0as 67e >5? steam geneatng sets . b.2es" Ea/0 b.2e 0as a4esgn /a3a/t9 . 1$# t.ns0" . steam" T0e nsta22e4 /a3a/t9 s %##t.ns0" Desgn PessueTem3eatue s *%=g/m at *1$.C" T0ee ae .u>*? 1*M+0" Steam Tubnes t0 t.ta2 /a3a/t9 . 5%m0"

RA+ +ATER INTA'E (ACILITIES

Ra +ate Inta=e a/2tes ae 2./ate4 bes4e 'a4una R7e; ab.ut 1-=2.metes .m t0e 'RPC /.m32e2Bue6e4

3et.2eum gas; na30t0a; =e.sene; 4ese2 .2; an4 es4ua2 .2?; an4

3et./0em/a2 3.4u/ts >3.293.392ene; 3.29et092ene?; astes . 4eent

=n4s ae geneate4" In ea/0 . /ab.n b2a/= 3.4u/t.n; astes ae

geneate4 0/0 0a7e m3a/t .n t0e en7.nment an4 0uman 0ea2t0"

T0ese astes /an be b.a429 /ateg.@e4 nt. .29 matea2s" T0ese astes

ae e2ease4 t. t0e en7.nment n t0e .m . gases; 3at/2es an4 2Bu4

euent >2Bu4 /.nsstng . sua/e un. ate; santa9 aste ate;

s.24 aste an4 s2u4ge" T0ese euents .m 3et./0em/a2 n4ustes /an

be 4s/usse4 un4e t0e .22.ng 0ea4ngs:

AIR POLLUTION

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38/52

T0ee ae se7ea2 a 3.22utants .m /ab.n b2a/= 3.4u/t.n" T0e

s.u/es ae .m:

• O2 st.age tan= 7ent gas Met0ane

• ent gas .m ea/t. .2 una/e 3./ess CO$• (ugt7e emss.n .m a22 3./esses 044en emss.ns

• Pneumat/ s9stem 7ent gas an4 3at/u2ate matte SO$• (2ue gas .m . 0/0 ma9 /.ntan NO$ .


39/52

NOISE POLLUTION

Un32easant n.se 3.22ut.n ases .m t0e 3et./0em/a2 n4ust9 0/0

em32.9s 2age ma/0ne9 t. ee/t tans.mat.n nt. 6ns0e4 3.4u/ts"

T0ese /an be 7e9 0amu2 as t0e9 /an /ause an n/ease n t0e . .

a4ena2ne an4 a2s. ./es t0e 0eat t. un/t.n at a aste 3a/e" E


40/52

/.mbust.n 0/0 3.4u/es sm.=e n t0e stu49 aea . e? Sol) batte9 /asng;

0.2es et/"

5" (2.. /a3ets an4 t2es"

%" C0a ba/= /.7es"

J" Ht3.4em/ s9nges"

8" &e9 /ans; /a3s; 32ates"

," (..4 an4 4ug 3a/=agng /.ntanes"

1#" 3a9ebea/0 mats"11" ge.teuse4 . .a4 [email protected]

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41/52

an4 e.s.n /.nt.2"?

$ Cab.n >C!? >+a?

>18;### MTPY?

1"T93es an4 tubes"

$" H.ses"-" (ans an4 /.n7e9. be2t"

*" S0.e 3.2s0"

5" Pntng n="- Lnea A2=92

ben@ene >'a4una?

>-#;### MTPY?

1"A/t7e matea2 . b.4ega4ab2e

4etegents"

$" LBu4 4etegents"* Hea79 A2=92ates

>'a4una? >$J##

MTPY?

1"Lube .2 a44t7es

$" Tans.me O2

5 De3aaQnate4'e.sene >=a4una? >

-8##MTPY?

1"Inse/t/4es$" Degease

-" Meta2 /2eane

*" Pant an4 7ans0es"% !en@ene >'a4una?

>15;### MTPY?

1"LA! manua/tue

$" A7at.n Gas.2ne

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE O-

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTR, IN NI.ERIA

Pet./0em/a2 n4ustes n Ngea 0a7e a sgn6/ant m3a/t .n t0e

e/.n.m9 as n4ustes t0at 3.4u/e 3et./0em/a2s . n4usta2 an4

/.nsume nee4s 0a7e /.ntbute4 t. t0e g.t0 . t0e Ngean E/.n.m9"

T0ee.e t0e ta4e n 3et./0em/a2s 0as g.ne a 2.ng a9 n /.ntbutng

t.a4s t0e 4e7e2.3ment . Ngea an4 ts e/.n.m9" T0ese a47antages

/an be g.u3e4 nt. T+O; 0/0 ae:

41 | P a g e


42/52

• C.ntbut.ns t. Ngeans; e 0a7e;>a?Em32.9ment O33.tuntes>b?L./a2 E/? H.use0.24 e7enues n/.me

• C.ntbut.ns t. Nat.na2 E/.n.m9; e 0a7e;>a?C.ntbut.ns t. G.ss D.mest/ P.4u/t >GDP?>b?C.ntbut.ns t. G.7enment Re7enues

16 EMPLO,MENT OPPORTUNITIES

T0e 4s/.7e9 . /u4e .2 n Ngea at O2.b n 185, 0as 2e4 t. t0e

e


43/52

26 CONTRI9UTION TO .ROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS

At t0e tme . n4e3en4en/e n 1,%#; Ngea e/e7e4 a 2age 3.3.t.n

. t0e e7enue .m t0e ag/u2tua2 se/t. but t0s 0as sn/e e4u/e4

sn/e t0e 4s/.7e9 . .2" It a//.unte4 . %* . t0e GDP s0ae 4ung

t0e tme . n4e3en4en/e but 0as 4.33e4 t. 3a2t9 %"* 2ate29" T0e

3et./0em/a2 n4ust9 0as sn/e b..ste4 t0e GDP . t0e /.unt9;

a//.untng . -8", . t0e GDP . t0e /.unt9 t. 4ate an4 as su/0; s

seen as a 7ta2 3at . t0e Ngean E/.n.m9" Its m3.tan/e /ann.t be

.7eem30as@e4"

In genea2; t0e 3et./0em/a2 3.4u/t n Ngea 0as n/ease4 t0e

Nat.na2 n/.me . t0e /.unt9 t0.ug0 n/ease n G.ss D.mest/

P.4u/t an4 as su/0 0as n/ease4 t0e stan4a4 . 27ng . t0e 3.3u2a/e

n Ngea"

36 LOCAL E:PENDITURE ON .OODS AND SER0ICES

T0e 3et./0em/a2 n4ust9s ne/t.n . 3u/0asng 3.e t0.ug0 ts

2./a2 e


44/52

!ut 0en e m.7e .n 2e mme4ate29 a33aent t. t0e 2.ng 2astng

m3a/t .m t0e 2age29 m.neta9 /.ntbut.n t. t0e ea2 e/.n.m/

m3a/ta /.m32ete29 4eent 3/tue emeges 0/0 s0. t0at;

n.tt0stan4ng t0e mass7e n/ease n t0e e7enue ea2@e4 .m t0e

n4ust9 0as 9et t. ma=e a sgn6/ant m3a/t .n e/.n.m/ 4e7e2.3ment nNgea"

+6 HOUSEHOLD RE0ENUEBINCOME

As state4 ab.7e; 3et./0em/a2 n4ustes /eate em32.9ment

.33.tuntes . t0e .=./e . t0e Ngean E/.n.m9" +.=es n t0s

n4ust9 0a7e a stab2e s.u/e . n/.me . t0e es3e/t7e 0.use0.24s;

t0us 2ea4ng t. a gan n e7enue n 0.use0.24s" !usness men an4

+.men 0. a2s. 4ea2 t0 t0e n4ust9 n t0e .m . 3a/=agng; sa2es;

ban4ng an4 /.mme/[email protected] ean a 27ng t0.ug0 t0s se/t. as e22"

T0e estab2s0ment . t0e Pet./0em/a2 n4ust9 0as 2e4 t. an .7ea22

n/ease n t0e 3e/a3ta2 n/.me . t0e 3e.32e an4 0a7e .3ene4 u3 t0e

3.ssb2tes . n/ease4 sa7ngs an4 n7estment .33.tuntes"

44 | P a g e


45/52

CHALLEN.ES -ACIN. PETROCHEMICAL

INDUSTR, IN NI.ERIA

(. an9 /.unt9; 0a7ng a 2age n4gen.us 3et./0em/a2 3.4u/ngn4ust9; ma


46/52

" N.n4.mest/at.n . t0e te/0n.2.g9 use4 . t0e 32ant 4esgn"I" [email protected] . 3et./0em/a2 32ants"II" G.7enment m.n.3.29 . t0e In4ust9"

PROPOSED SOLUTIONS TO

PRO9LEMS -ACIN. PETROCHEMICALINDUSTR,

T0e s.2ut.ns t. t0e 3e7a2ng C0a22enges . t0e

3et./0em/a2 n4ust9 n Ngea ae tem@e4 be2."P.ssb2e s.2ut.ns t. mantenan/e 3.b2ems n/2u4e t0e .22.ng:

I" Stan4b9 . ba/=u3 eBu3ment t0at /an be Bu/=29 be 0anesse4

. se7/e"II" In7ent.es . s3ae 3ats t0at /an be nsta22e4 as nee4e4

t0eeb9 a7.4ng bea=4.n . 3./ess 0en su/0 eBu3mentstats ma2un/t.nng"

III" O3eat.s 0. ae ab2e t. 3e.m at 2east mn. e3as .n t0e

eBu3ment"I" Se7/e 3e.32e 0. ae e22 tane4 an4 ea429 a7a2ab2e t.

4agn.se an4 /.e/t 3.b2ems t0 eBu3ment"" Te/0n.2.g/a2 eBu3ment use4 . 32ants s0.u24 be manua/tue4

an4 /.u32e4 0ee n Ngea" T0s 22 e4u/e t0e .7ea22 /.st .

3.4u/t.n an4 /.st . 3.4u/ts 3e unt"I" G..4 .a4 net.= s0.u24 be ma4e a7a2ab2e t. a4 t0e

tans3.tat.n . 3et./0em/a2 3.4u/ts as e22 as estab2s0ngne met0.4s . tans3.tng t0ese g..4s /.st eQ/ent29 su/0 as

tans"Ot0es n/2u4e:

a" St/t 3ena2tes s0.u24 be mete4 t. Manages; De/t.s an4

an9.ne 0es0e s .un4 t. 0a7e /.u3t29 msmanage4 un4s"b" T0e G.7enment s0.u24 4eegu2ate t0e se/t. n.4e t.

n7estgate /.m3ett.n 02e t0e9 m.nt. t0e 3/es s. t0at

m.e 2a9es 22 be atta/te4 t. t0s stateg/ busness an4 a

genea2 2e7e2 32a9ng 6e24 22 be /eate4 . t0e n4ust9"/" [email protected] . te/0n.2.g9 s0.u24 be em30as@e4 as te/0n.2.g9

tanse s en0an/e4 b9 G.7enment P.2/9"4" T0e (e4ea2 G.7enment s0.u24 be se.us ab.ut n4gen.us

3.4u/t.n . 3et./0em/a2s"e" T0e Pet./0em/a2 32ants s0.u24 be 47es6e4 n ts .ut3ut

3.4u/e4"

4/ | P a g e


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STRATE., -OR THE DE0ELOPMENT O-

THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTR, IN

NI.ERIA6

Man9 a/t.s 0a7e been 4ent6e4 as beng /t/a2 n t0e estab2s0ment

an4 .3eat.n . 3et./0em/a2 n4ust9"

T0e a/t.s n/2u4e:

A7a2ab2t9 . ee4 st./=s su/0 as /u4e .2 an4 natua2 gas" Cu4e .2 e6nng /a3a/t9 . t0e 3.4u/t.n . 3et./0em/a2

ee4st./= an4 nteme4ates" +e224e7e2.3e4 manua/tung se/t. t. se7e as ma=et .

3et./0em/a2 3.4u/ts"7 Ma=et . manua/tue4 g..4s .m 3et./0em/a2 3.4u/ts"7 A7a2ab2t9 . a33.3ate 3./essng te/0n.2.g9"7 (nan/ng . /a3ta2ntens7e 3.e/ts"

A Bu/= S+OT ana29ss . s.me 3et./0em/a2 3.e/ts 22 s0. t0at

t0ee ae g..4 3.s3e/ts n t0e estab2s0ment . 3et./0em/a2 3.e/ts n

Ngea"

S+OT >Stengt0s; +ea=ness; O33.tuntes; T0eats?

Stengt0s:

• A7a2ab2t9 . ee4 st./=s su/0 as /u4e .2 an4 natua2 gas"

• E


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• L. 2e7e2 . nastu/tue >es3e/a229 n 3.e su3329?"

• L. 2e7e2 . a7a2ab2e a33.3ate te/0n.2.g9"

O33.tuntes:

• D7es6/at.n . t0e Ngean e/.n.m9"

• O33.tunt9 t. sa7e .egn e


49/52

RECOMMENDATIONS

T0e aeas . +ea=ness an4 T0eats s0.u24 be a44esse4 se.us29"

1 T0e ssue . ea= manua/tung se/t. s te4 3ata229 t. t0e 2.

2e7e2 . a7a2ab2e nastu/tue es3e/a229 n t0e tans3.tat.n .

6ns0e4 3.4u/ts"$ L. 2e7e2 . a33.3ate te/0n.2.g9 /a22s . a nat.na2 stateg/

a33.a/0 t. te/0n.2.g9 a/Bust.n"- Issues /.n/enng nat.na2 se/ut9 22 4s/.uage .egn

n7estments an4 .nt 7entues .33.tuntes"* (nan/ng . /a3ta2 ntens7e 3.e/ts /.u24 be un4eta=en b9

gettng membes . n4ust9 se/t.a2 g.u3s t. m.b2@e un4s .

3.e/ts e2atng t. 3.4u/t.n . 3et./0em/a2 3.4u/ts use4 b9

t0e g.u3"

(. e


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CONCLUSION

T0e e2e7an/e . t0e 3et./0em/a2 n4ust9 n Ngea /ann.t be

.7eem30as@e4" Sn/e t0e a47ent . t0e n4ust9 n Ngea; e 0a7e 0a4

a sgn6/ant am.unt . g.t0 an4 4e7e2.3ment n a/.ss se7ea2 se/t.s"At t0e same tme; t 0as 0a4 a geat 3.st7e m3a/t .n t0e 27es .

Ngeans 0. 0a7e be/.me .=es n t0s geat n4ust9"

T0e se/t. 0as been 32ague4 t0 se7ea2 3.b2ems stemmng .m a 2a/=

. /.mmtment .m t0e G.7enment t. u229 0aness t0e 3.e . t0e

se/t. t. nat.n bu24ng" Se7ea2 s.2ut.ns 0a7e been 3.3.se4 t. /ub

t0e 3.b2ems . t0e se/t. 0.e7e; unt2 t0e g.7enment s0.s a

enee4 /.mmtment t. t0e se/t.; t 22 /.ntnue t. 2angus0 n

me4./t9; 2ea7ng t0e Ngean E/.n.m9 t0.ut a 7ta2 n4ust9 t0at

/.u24 m3.7e t0e E/.n.m9 . t0e nat.n"

+7 | P a g e


51/52

RE-ERENCES

1" +=3e4a; t0e .n2ne en/9/2.3e4a"

Pet./0em/a2""=3e4a".g=3et./0em/a2

$" Pet./0em/a2 P./ess" H94./ab.n 3./essng" P3 J1$*%"Ma/0 $##1" ISSN #88J#$8*

-" Pet.2eum En/9/2.3ae4a !tann/a >11t0 E4t.n?" Camb4ge

Un7est9 Pess"*" T0e st.9 . Ea29 Cana4ans uest . .2 at H.me an4 Ab.a4

Ma9; Ga9; Ha4 O2e" Dun4um Pess; 1,,8" P" 5,5" Hen4es.n; +a9ne an4 S/.tt !enamn " Stan4a4 O2: t0e (st 1$5

9eas" Os2e.2a; +s"M.t.b..=s Intenat.na2; 1,,%%" Pet./0em/a2s: T0e se . an n4ust9 +2e9Intes/en/e; 1,88"J" Ngea: Na//ma Sa9s O2 Se/t. Is '22ng E/.n.m9 A/a:

A22A/a"/.m; $#1-"8" "nn3/g.u3"/.mNNPC!usness!usnessIn.mat.nO2GasnNgeaI

n4ust9Hst.9"as3<

," "nn3/g.u3"/.mNNPC!usnessSubs4aes+RPC"as3<1#" "nn3/g.u3"/.mNNPC!usnessSubs4aes'RPC"as3<11" Ngean Nat.na2 Pet.2eum C.3.at.n

NNPC""nn3/g.u3"/.mNNPC!usnessSubs4aesPHRC"as3<1$" Sam Mata an4 Les ("Hat/0" C0emst9 . Pet.2eum

P./esses" Se/.n4 E4t.n"P31-;11J,;11*1$1"Gu2 Pub2s0ng

C.m3an9; H.ust.n; Te


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$*" Pet./0em/a2 P./ess Te/0n.2.g9 Ma/m22an In4a Lt4; De20;

In4a" 31#1$5" M/GaH22 Pub2/at.ns C." >1,8-? S.u/es an4 P.4u/t.n

E/.n.m/s . C0em/a2 P.4u/ts; -4 E4t.n" M/GaH22

Pub2/at.ns; Ne Y.=; NY"

Group C Presentation- Petrochemicals (UPDATED)

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Transcript of Group C Presentation- Petrochemicals (UPDATED)