Globe Section 1Globe Section 1Hemispheres- divides the earth into Hemispheres- divides the earth into

halveshalvesEquator- divides north and southEquator- divides north and southPrime Meridian- Divides east and westPrime Meridian- Divides east and westParallels- circle the earth and show Parallels- circle the earth and show

latitudelatitudeLatitude- distance measured in degrees Latitude- distance measured in degrees

N & S of equatorN & S of equator

Globe Section 1Globe Section 1Globe is a sphereGlobe is a sphere

Homolosine Projection- equal-area tennis Homolosine Projection- equal-area tennis ballball

Mercator Projection – shows shapes but Mercator Projection – shows shapes but not the sizesnot the sizes

Robinson- Shows size and shapes of land Robinson- Shows size and shapes of land and oceans, Poles are off and oceans, Poles are off

Azimuthal Projection- shows earth so that Azimuthal Projection- shows earth so that a straight line from central point to any a straight line from central point to any

other point, sizes and shapes are distortedother point, sizes and shapes are distorted

Globe Section 1Globe Section 1Two important parallels are the Tropic of Two important parallels are the Tropic of

Cancer and Capricorn Cancer and CapricornCancer- N of the equator 23 1/2 NCancer- N of the equator 23 1/2 NCapricorn- S of the equator 23 1/2 SCapricorn- S of the equator 23 1/2 SArtic Circle- 66 1/2 NArtic Circle- 66 1/2 NAntarctic Circle- 66 1/2 SAntarctic Circle- 66 1/2 S

Globe Section 1Globe Section 1Meridians- N to S (pole to pole)Meridians- N to S (pole to pole)Longitude- distance measured in degrees Longitude- distance measured in degrees

E & WE & WGrid System- Lat & Long lines crossingGrid System- Lat & Long lines crossingAbsolute Location- using grid systemAbsolute Location- using grid systemGreat Circle Route- shortest distance Great Circle Route- shortest distance

between two pointsbetween two points

Globe Section 2Globe Section 2Map Key- explains symbols on the mapMap Key- explains symbols on the mapCompass Rose- N,S,E,WCompass Rose- N,S,E,WCardinal direction- N,S,E,WCardinal direction- N,S,E,WIntermediate direction- betweenIntermediate direction- betweenScale- measures distanceScale- measures distance

Globe Section 2Globe Section 2Political maps- human made boundariesPolitical maps- human made boundariesPhysical map- mountains, riversPhysical map- mountains, riversRelief- colors used to show how ruggedRelief- colors used to show how ruggedElevation- height above sea levelElevation- height above sea levelContour map-Contour lines- line for each Contour map-Contour lines- line for each

major level changemajor level change

Globe Section 2Globe Section 2 Thematic maps show one specific idea Thematic maps show one specific idea

or theme (show anything you want)or theme (show anything you want)

1.1. Land use mapsLand use maps

2.2. Geological mapGeological map

3.3. Population density map- average Population density map- average number of people living in a square number of people living in a square milemile

4.4. Climate map- average tempsClimate map- average temps

Chapter 1 Section 1Chapter 1 Section 15 geographical Themes5 geographical Themes

LocationLocation RegionRegion PlacePlace MovementMovement Human-environment interactionHuman-environment interaction

5 Fields of Learning 5 Fields of Learning 1 History- record of the past (helps you orient you 1 History- record of the past (helps you orient you

in time and spacein time and space2 Geography- is the study of people, places and 2 Geography- is the study of people, places and

environmentenvironment3 Government- people and groups within a society 3 Government- people and groups within a society

that have authority to make laws carry out laws that have authority to make laws carry out laws and settle disagreements (laws are the rules and settle disagreements (laws are the rules people must follow)people must follow)

Chapter 1 Section 1 Limited government- everyone including Limited government- everyone including

those who make the laws must follow those who make the laws must follow themthemDemocracy- people have authority to Democracy- people have authority to

make laws directlymake laws directlyRepublic- people make laws through Republic- people make laws through

elected officialselected officials

Chapter 1 Section 1Chapter 1 Section 1 Unlimited government- rulers can do whatever Unlimited government- rulers can do whatever

they wantthey want Totalitarianism- people have no sayTotalitarianism- people have no say

Citizenship- legal member of a country (rights, Citizenship- legal member of a country (rights, such as vote , pay taxes and receive benefits from such as vote , pay taxes and receive benefits from the government)the government)

4 Economics- study of how people manage 4 Economics- study of how people manage their money (this is about choice)their money (this is about choice) Scarcity-conflict between people’s desires and Scarcity-conflict between people’s desires and

their limited resourcestheir limited resources Resources- Resources-

Natural (trees)Natural (trees) Human (goods and services)Human (goods and services) Capital- (machines and equipment)Capital- (machines and equipment)

Chapter 1 Section 1Chapter 1 Section 1 Two type of economiesTwo type of economies

Command- government decides pricesCommand- government decides prices Market- individual business decide pricesMarket- individual business decide prices

5 Culture- beliefs, customs, laws, basically 5 Culture- beliefs, customs, laws, basically how people livehow people live Culture trait- each way of lifeCulture trait- each way of life

ReligionReligion LanguageLanguage The way they dressThe way they dress MusicMusic

Chapter 1 Section 2Chapter 1 Section 2Culture Region- an area of the world in Culture Region- an area of the world in

which share similar beliefs, history, and which share similar beliefs, history, and languageslanguages

Multicultural- many cultures (U.S. and Multicultural- many cultures (U.S. and Canada) unlike parts of the Middle EastCanada) unlike parts of the Middle East

Interdependence- how one part of the Interdependence- how one part of the world depends on another part of the world depends on another part of the world for it goods services (oil, food)world for it goods services (oil, food)

Chapter 2 Section 1Chapter 2 Section 1Tectonic plate- giant slabs of Earth’s Tectonic plate- giant slabs of Earth’s

surfacesurface5 Geographic Themes5 Geographic Themes

Location- where is where a place isLocation- where is where a place is Absolute Location- exact placeAbsolute Location- exact place Latitude lines- run parallel to the equatorLatitude lines- run parallel to the equator Longitude lines- meridians run with the Prime Longitude lines- meridians run with the Prime

MeridianMeridian Relative location- location of one place in Relative location- location of one place in

relation to another location (next to someplace) relation to another location (next to someplace)

Chapter 2 Section 1Chapter 2 Section 1Place- is the area around the place (rivers Place- is the area around the place (rivers

mnts, trees)mnts, trees)Region- group of places that have physical Region- group of places that have physical

feature (natural) or human characteristics feature (natural) or human characteristics (languages)(languages)

Movement- people, goods and ideas moveMovement- people, goods and ideas move Migrate- move from one area to settle in anotherMigrate- move from one area to settle in another Emigrate- leave a countryEmigrate- leave a country Immigrate- to enter a countryImmigrate- to enter a country Push factors- make you leavePush factors- make you leave Pull factors- make you want to go to a placePull factors- make you want to go to a place

Chapter 2 Section 1Chapter 2 Section 1Human-Environment Interaction- humans Human-Environment Interaction- humans

adapt to, depend on, and modify the world adapt to, depend on, and modify the world around themaround them Humans may harm or help the environmentHumans may harm or help the environment

Clear meadows,Clear meadows, PollutionPollution

Environment can harm itselfEnvironment can harm itself Volcanoes, hurricanesVolcanoes, hurricanes

Chapter 2 Section 2Chapter 2 Section 2Cartographer- person who makes mapsCartographer- person who makes mapsThematic map- shows one specific ideaThematic map- shows one specific ideaMap projection- putting Earth’s curved Map projection- putting Earth’s curved

surface on a flat mapsurface on a flat mapGeography is also the use of charts, Geography is also the use of charts,

graphs and maps graphs and maps

Chapter 3Chapter 3 Section 1Section 1North America includesNorth America includes

U.S.U.S.CanadaCanadaGreenland worlds largest IslandGreenland worlds largest IslandMexicoMexicoCentral America and the Caribbean islandCentral America and the Caribbean island

South America and Latin America receive South America and Latin America receive their heritage from Spain and Portugaltheir heritage from Spain and Portugal

Latin America includes South America Latin America includes South America and Mexico and the Caribbean islandsand Mexico and the Caribbean islands

Chapter 3 Section 1Chapter 3 Section 1Middle Latitudes from Arctic Circle to Middle Latitudes from Arctic Circle to

the Tropic of Cancerthe Tropic of CancerEarliest settlers arrived 12,000 to 35,000 Earliest settlers arrived 12,000 to 35,000

years ago years ago VideoGeographic RegionsGeographic Regions

Atlantic Coastal Plain- Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Coastal Plain- Gulf of Mexico to the east coast east coast

Appalachian MountainsAppalachian MountainsCentral Lowlands- West of the Appalachian to Central Lowlands- West of the Appalachian to

the Great Plainsthe Great PlainsGreat Plains to the Rocky MountainsGreat Plains to the Rocky MountainsRocky Mountains- western part of the Rocky Mountains- western part of the

continent from Alaska to Mexicocontinent from Alaska to Mexico

Chapter 3 Section 1Chapter 3 Section 1Intermountain Region- Between the Rocky Intermountain Region- Between the Rocky

Mountains and western coastal mountainsMountains and western coastal mountainsCanadian Shield or Laurentian Plateau- Canadian Shield or Laurentian Plateau-

covers most of Greenland around the covers most of Greenland around the Hudson Bay and into the Great LakesHudson Bay and into the Great Lakes

Landforms- features of the Earth’s Landforms- features of the Earth’s surfacesurface

Glacier- thick sheet of ice that moves Glacier- thick sheet of ice that moves slowly across landslowly across land

Mississippi and Missouri rivers are Mississippi and Missouri rivers are the longest in the U.S.the longest in the U.S.

Chapter 3 Section 2Chapter 3 Section 2Weather- state of the atmosphere near Weather- state of the atmosphere near

Earth at a given time and placeEarth at a given time and placePrecipitation- rainPrecipitation- rainClimate- weather in a region over a long Climate- weather in a region over a long

period of timeperiod of time

Chapter 3 Section 2Chapter 3 Section 2Vegetation Zones- what grows in these Vegetation Zones- what grows in these

areasareasPolar and Tundra 4-20 in.Polar and Tundra 4-20 in.Forests 10-80 in.Forests 10-80 in.Rain Forests as much as 167 in.Rain Forests as much as 167 in.Grassland around 30 in.Grassland around 30 in.Desert less than 10 in.Desert less than 10 in.

Chapter 3 Section 2Chapter 3 Section 2U.S. Canada rich in natural resourcesU.S. Canada rich in natural resources

SoilSoilForestsForestsOilOilCoalCoalWaterWater

Farm Raise cattleFarm Raise cattle Ship goodsShip goods FishFish EnergyEnergy

Chapter 4 Section 1Chapter 4 Section 1U.S. many culturesU.S. many cultures

Melting potMelting potSalad bowlSalad bowlPatchwork quiltPatchwork quilt

English from England in the U.S.English from England in the U.S.French in Canada French in Canada Spanish in the south from SpainSpanish in the south from SpainImmigrant someone who chooses to Immigrant someone who chooses to

move into a countrymove into a countryNative Americans the first to arrive in Native Americans the first to arrive in

U.S.U.S.

Chapter 4 Section 1Chapter 4 Section 1Europeans were the next to arrive in Europeans were the next to arrive in

the late 1400’sthe late 1400’sSlaves in the colonies began in 1500’s Slaves in the colonies began in 1500’s

and enslaved Africans from Africa came and enslaved Africans from Africa came in 1619in 1619

1800’s the Chinese's came to work in 1800’s the Chinese's came to work in mines and on railroadsmines and on railroads

Rights in the U.S.Rights in the U.S.1865 freed slaves 131865 freed slaves 13thth amendment amendment1920 women could vote1920 women could vote

Equal opportunity- all equalEqual opportunity- all equal

Chapter 4 Section 1Chapter 4 Section 1Citizenship- duties and rights of a citizenCitizenship- duties and rights of a citizenDemocracy- rule of the peopleDemocracy- rule of the peopleRepublic- people hold power and rule Republic- people hold power and rule

through their elected officialsthrough their elected officialsU.S. is a republicU.S. is a republicPolitical process- citizens change policyPolitical process- citizens change policyPatriotism- love of your countryPatriotism- love of your country

Chapter 4 Section 1Chapter 4 Section 1Duties of a citizenDuties of a citizen

Pay taxesPay taxes Benefits and services you receiveBenefits and services you receive

Cast and informed voteCast and informed voteServe on juriesServe on juries

Decide and protect rightsDecide and protect rightsServe in the militaryServe in the military

if neededif neededVolunteer for activities that promote the Volunteer for activities that promote the

common good common good Obey lawsObey laws

Chapter 4 Section 2Chapter 4 Section 2United States constitution- written by the United States constitution- written by the

country’s first leaders for the laws on the country’s first leaders for the laws on the land (government) they have lasted for land (government) they have lasted for over 200 yearsover 200 years

Gain independence from Great Britain in Gain independence from Great Britain in 17831783

Constitution defines the followingConstitution defines the followingGovernmentGovernmentLeaders of the governmentLeaders of the governmentCitizens rightsCitizens rights

Limited government-citizens have the Limited government-citizens have the power and elect officials to help govern power and elect officials to help govern the peoplethe people

Chapter 4 section 2Chapter 4 section 2Unlimited government- leaders have Unlimited government- leaders have

almost total power (dictators)almost total power (dictators)Constitutional amendment change or Constitutional amendment change or

addition to the Constitutionaddition to the ConstitutionBill of Rights in 1791 gave a specific Bill of Rights in 1791 gave a specific

definition of the rights of the peopledefinition of the rights of the peopleFederal system divided the power of the Federal system divided the power of the

U.S. between the federal government and U.S. between the federal government and the state governmentsthe state governments

Federal government the president of the Federal government the president of the U.S.U.S.

Chapter 4 Section 2Chapter 4 Section 2State government has the GovernorState government has the GovernorThree Branches of governmentThree Branches of government

Executive Branch- PresidentExecutive Branch- PresidentLegislative Branch- Congress Legislative Branch- Congress

SenateSenate House Of RepresentativesHouse Of Representatives

Judicial Branch- federal courts Judicial Branch- federal courts Supreme Court (nine justices or judges)Supreme Court (nine justices or judges)

Chapter 4 Section 3Chapter 4 Section 3Goods something you buy Goods something you buy Service is something you receive that Service is something you receive that

is not a productis not a productProduction- making of goodsProduction- making of goodsFactors of production- are the Factors of production- are the

ingredients of the elements needed for ingredients of the elements needed for production to occurproduction to occurNatural resources- forests, soilNatural resources- forests, soilLabor resources- workers with skillsLabor resources- workers with skillsCapital resources- machines, factoriesCapital resources- machines, factoriesEntrepreneurs- people who bring all of Entrepreneurs- people who bring all of

things togetherthings together

Chapter 4 Section 3Chapter 4 Section 3U.S. one of the wealthiest countries in the U.S. one of the wealthiest countries in the

worldworldGross domestic product (GDP)- tells the Gross domestic product (GDP)- tells the

total value of the goods and services that total value of the goods and services that a country produces each yeara country produces each year

Free enterprise/Market economy- Free enterprise/Market economy- compete with little government compete with little government involvement it is the setting for involvement it is the setting for exchanging goods and servicesexchanging goods and services

Consumers- people who use goods and Consumers- people who use goods and serviceservice

Profit- money that remains after all costs Profit- money that remains after all costs are paid (supply/demand)are paid (supply/demand)

Chapter 4 Section 3Chapter 4 Section 3Supply- number of items offered at each Supply- number of items offered at each

pricepriceDemand number of items bought at each Demand number of items bought at each

pricepriceOther Economic systemsOther Economic systems

Command Economy- government decides Command Economy- government decides which goods to produce and the pricewhich goods to produce and the price

Traditional Economy- Social roles and classes Traditional Economy- Social roles and classes determine who gets what in the economydetermine who gets what in the economy

Market economy is the one the U.S. usesMarket economy is the one the U.S. usesTariffs- taxes on imported goods (this Tariffs- taxes on imported goods (this

raises the prices on imported goods then raises the prices on imported goods then people will want to buy domestic goodspeople will want to buy domestic goods

Chapter 4 Section 4Chapter 4 Section 4Values- principles and ideals by which Values- principles and ideals by which

people livepeople liveSchool until 16School until 16Any religion you would like to studyAny religion you would like to studyGlobalization- spreading around the Globalization- spreading around the

worldworldTechnology new ideas and machinesTechnology new ideas and machinesNegative technologyNegative technology

PollutionPollutionLoss of cultures and ideasLoss of cultures and ideas

Money affects countries if you have Money affects countries if you have money you have the new technologymoney you have the new technology

Chapter 5 Section 1Chapter 5 Section 15% of Canadians come from the first 5% of Canadians come from the first

nation the rest come from all overnation the rest come from all overFirst Nation are people that are First Nation are people that are

originally from Canadaoriginally from CanadaFrance and England started the first France and England started the first

settlements of Canadasettlements of CanadaFrench Indian War 1754-1763 control French Indian War 1754-1763 control

North AmericaNorth AmericaFrance lost the war and gave up most France lost the war and gave up most

of the Canadian landof the Canadian land

Chapter 5 Section 1Chapter 5 Section 11867 Dominion of Canada along with 1867 Dominion of Canada along with

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick became Nova Scotia and New Brunswick became self-governing nation with the British self-governing nation with the British monarch remaining the head of statemonarch remaining the head of state

1871 Canada gained the remaining land 1871 Canada gained the remaining land to go from ocean to oceanto go from ocean to ocean

1931 Canada equal with the United 1931 Canada equal with the United Kingdom and joined commonwealth of Kingdom and joined commonwealth of NationsNations

1982 Canada separated from England1982 Canada separated from EnglandMulticulturalism- acceptance of many Multiculturalism- acceptance of many

cultures instead of just onecultures instead of just one

Chapter 5 Section 1Chapter 5 Section 1Canadian citizens have most of the same Canadian citizens have most of the same

rights as U.S. citizensrights as U.S. citizensLand area second to only RussiaLand area second to only RussiaVery small population 31 millionVery small population 31 millionVancouver “Gateway to the Pacific” Vancouver “Gateway to the Pacific”

largest portlargest portRefugees- people who flee one country Refugees- people who flee one country

because of war or persecutionbecause of war or persecutionToronto- 1/12 of Canada’s population Toronto- 1/12 of Canada’s population

and ¼ of its immigrantsand ¼ of its immigrants40% of Toronto's population are foreign 40% of Toronto's population are foreign

born 10% arrived after 1991born 10% arrived after 1991

Chapter 5 Section 2Chapter 5 Section 2Canada 10 Provinces and 3 territoriesCanada 10 Provinces and 3 territoriesResponsibilities of central governmentResponsibilities of central government

National defenseNational defenseTradeTradeBankingBankingImmigrationImmigrationCriminal LawCriminal LawPostal ServicePostal Service

Chapter 5 Section 2Chapter 5 Section 2Responsibilities of Provincial Responsibilities of Provincial

GovernmentGovernmentAdminister EducationAdminister EducationProperty RightsProperty RightsLocal GovernmentLocal GovernmentHospitalsHospitalsProvincial TaxesProvincial Taxes

Territorial Government still have self-Territorial Government still have self-government but with limited government but with limited responsibilitiesresponsibilities

Chapter 5 Section 2Chapter 5 Section 2Constitutional Monarchy- constitution Constitutional Monarchy- constitution

to explain powers of government and to explain powers of government and allegiance to the monarchallegiance to the monarch

Canada governmentCanada governmentLegislative- ParliamentLegislative- Parliament

House of CommonsHouse of Commons SenateSenate

Judicial (US) Judicial (US) ExecutiveExecutive

Prime Minister (presidentPrime Minister (president) ) (Majority leader)(Majority leader)Head of State- is a monarch Head of State- is a monarch officialofficialQueen has little if no power Queen has little if no power

Chapter 5 Section 2Chapter 5 Section 2Canada has a democracy and this Canada has a democracy and this

democracy is responsible for democracy is responsible for protecting the people rightsprotecting the people rightsCharter of Rights- defines the people Charter of Rights- defines the people rightsrights

Separatists- people who want the Separatists- people who want the province of Quebec to become an province of Quebec to become an independent countryindependent country

Canadian Multicultural Act 1988 Canadian Multicultural Act 1988 protects Canadians heritageprotects Canadians heritage

Chapter 5 Section 3Chapter 5 Section 3Canada rich in natural resourcesCanada rich in natural resourcesMost Canadians work in the service Most Canadians work in the service

and manufacturing industriesand manufacturing industriesIndustry refers to any area of Industry refers to any area of

economic activityeconomic activityCentral Canada Central Canada

GrasslandsGrasslandsGood soilGood soil

St. Lawrence riverSt. Lawrence riverFarming (vegetables, fruit and grainsFarming (vegetables, fruit and grains

Northern territories iron Northern territories iron ore,gold,silver and copperore,gold,silver and copper

Chapter5 Section 3Chapter5 Section 380% of Canada raw materials exported80% of Canada raw materials exportedExports goods traded to other countriesExports goods traded to other countriesMain exports:Main exports:

Wood and paper productsWood and paper productsFuelFuelMineralsMineralsAluminumAluminumWheatWheatOilOil

Imports goods brought into a countryImports goods brought into a country

Chapter 5 Section 3Chapter 5 Section 3Most of Canada's imports come from the Most of Canada's imports come from the

U.S. as well as its exports go to the U.S.U.S. as well as its exports go to the U.S.NAFTA- low barriers Mexico, Canada NAFTA- low barriers Mexico, Canada

and the U.S. trade more freely nowand the U.S. trade more freely nowTransportation is Canada major industryTransportation is Canada major industryTransportation Corridors- paths that Transportation Corridors- paths that

make transportation easiermake transportation easierSt. Lawrence SeawaySt. Lawrence Seaway

Transportation Barriers- geographic Transportation Barriers- geographic features that prevent a slow down features that prevent a slow down transportationtransportationRocky MountainsRocky Mountains

Chapter 5 Section 4Chapter 5 Section 4National Identity- sense of belonging National Identity- sense of belonging

to a nationto a nationBilingual- speak two languagesBilingual- speak two languages

EnglishEnglishFrenchFrench

Francophone- French speaking people Francophone- French speaking people that live in Canadathat live in Canada

Culture Regions- people of the same Culture Regions- people of the same culture live hereculture live here

Chapter 6 Section 1Chapter 6 Section 1Latin America:Latin America:

MexicoMexicoCentral AmericaCentral AmericaCaribbeanCaribbeanSouth AmericaSouth America

Mexico major physical featureMexico major physical featureMountainsMountainsPlateausPlateausPlainsPlains

Chapter 6 Section 1Chapter 6 Section 1Mexico major mountain rangesMexico major mountain ranges

Sierra Madre OccidentalSierra Madre OccidentalSierra Madre OrientalSierra Madre OrientalSierra Madre del SurSierra Madre del Sur

Mexico highest mountain peaksMexico highest mountain peaksOrizabaOrizabaPopocatepetlPopocatepetl

Both are volcanoesBoth are volcanoesMexico City is the worlds 2Mexico City is the worlds 2ndnd most most

populated City (now it is the 10populated City (now it is the 10thth and and Mumbai in India is the most populated)Mumbai in India is the most populated)

Chapter 6 section 1Chapter 6 section 1Earthquakes and smog cause Earthquakes and smog cause

problems for Mexico Cityproblems for Mexico CityCentral America forms land bridge Central America forms land bridge

between Mexico and South Americabetween Mexico and South America80% of Central America mountains or 80% of Central America mountains or

covered with forestscovered with forestsRain forests are abundant hereRain forests are abundant here40 volcanoes in Central America make 40 volcanoes in Central America make

it the most active volcano area in it the most active volcano area in North and South AmericaNorth and South America

Chapter 6 Section 1Chapter 6 Section 1Caribbean Island lies east of Central Caribbean Island lies east of Central

AmericaAmericaMost of these islands are volcanoesMost of these islands are volcanoesThe remainder of the islands began as The remainder of the islands began as

coral reefscoral reefsCoral reef dead skeletons of animals Coral reef dead skeletons of animals

built up around volcanoesbuilt up around volcanoes

Chapter 6 Section 1Chapter 6 Section 1Isthmus of Panama connects South Isthmus of Panama connects South

America and North AmericaAmerica and North AmericaAndes mountains stretches over 5,000 Andes mountains stretches over 5,000

miles it is the longest continuous miles it is the longest continuous mountain range on Earths surface mountain range on Earths surface

Mount Aconcagua in Argentina highest Mount Aconcagua in Argentina highest peak in the Western Hemisphere 22,841 peak in the Western Hemisphere 22,841 feet highfeet high

Pampas- plains of southern South AmericaPampas- plains of southern South AmericaAmazon River begins in Peruvian Andes Amazon River begins in Peruvian Andes

4,000 miles to the Atlantic4,000 miles to the Atlantic

Chapter 6 Section 1Chapter 6 Section 1Tributaries- streams or rivers that flow Tributaries- streams or rivers that flow

into larger bodies of waterinto larger bodies of waterDeforestation- cutting and clearing away Deforestation- cutting and clearing away

of forest of forest Most of Latin America lies in the Most of Latin America lies in the

Tropical Zone (tropics)Tropical Zone (tropics)El Nino- air that blows towards North El Nino- air that blows towards North

and South America warming it and and South America warming it and causing raincausing rain

Chapter 6 Section 2Chapter 6 Section 2Maya civilization began:Maya civilization began:

Eastern MexicoEastern MexicoWestern HondurasWestern HondurasGuatemalaGuatemalaEl SalvadorEl SalvadorBelizeBelize

Maya invented the concept of zero and Maya invented the concept of zero and calendarcalendar

Maya also used hieroglyphics the first Maya also used hieroglyphics the first form of writingform of writing

Maya also used farmingMaya also used farmingMaya decline and spread out in Central Maya decline and spread out in Central

AmericaAmerica

Chapter 6 Section 2Chapter 6 Section 2Aztec empire capital in Tenochtitlan Aztec empire capital in Tenochtitlan

200,000 people200,000 peopleMexico got its name from the Mexica Mexico got its name from the Mexica

tribetribeChinampas floating gardens they grew Chinampas floating gardens they grew

crops on themcrops on them

Chapter 6 Section 2Chapter 6 Section 2IncaInca

ColumbiaColumbiaEcuadorEcuadorBoliviaBoliviaNorthern ChileNorthern ChileNorthwestern ArgentinaNorthwestern Argentina

Inca used terraces to farm on hill sidesInca used terraces to farm on hill sidesInca created the road systemInca created the road systemMachu Picchu- Inca city most famous Machu Picchu- Inca city most famous

for the Inca stone workfor the Inca stone work

Chapter 6 Section 2Chapter 6 Section 2Spanish InfluenceSpanish Influence

1519 Hernan Cortes captured Aztec ruler 1519 Hernan Cortes captured Aztec ruler MontezumaMontezuma

1529 Francisco Pizarro defeated Atahualpa 1529 Francisco Pizarro defeated Atahualpa the Inca rulerthe Inca ruler

Columbian Exchange occurred Columbian Exchange occurred between Spain and North and South between Spain and North and South AmericaAmerica

Columbian Exchange- exchange of Columbian Exchange- exchange of goods and ideas between countries goods and ideas between countries

Chapter 7 Section 1Chapter 7 Section 1Hernan Cortes first Spanish to arrive in Hernan Cortes first Spanish to arrive in

MexicoMexicoMany of Montezuma’s own people helped Many of Montezuma’s own people helped

over throw him he was very cruelover throw him he was very cruelMontezuma AztecMontezuma AztecThe fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521 was the The fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521 was the

end of the Aztec empireend of the Aztec empireThis was the beginning of Spanish ruleThis was the beginning of Spanish ruleSpain ruled Mexico for the next 300 Spain ruled Mexico for the next 300

years years

Chapter 7 Section 1Chapter 7 Section 1Spanish brought horses, cattle, sheep and Spanish brought horses, cattle, sheep and

pigspigsThey also brought ironsmithing and They also brought ironsmithing and

shipbuilding and new religion (Christianity)shipbuilding and new religion (Christianity)Peninsulares- 1Peninsulares- 1stst class ruling class in Mexico class ruling class in Mexico

born in Spain and because they were from born in Spain and because they were from the Iberian Peninsula in Europe they the Iberian Peninsula in Europe they received their namereceived their name

Criollos- 2Criollos- 2ndnd class people who were born in class people who were born in Mexico but parents born in SpainMexico but parents born in Spain

Mestizo- 3Mestizo- 3rdrd layer or class Spanish and layer or class Spanish and Native American heritageNative American heritage

Slaves – 4Slaves – 4thth class Africans they brought with class Africans they brought with them their traditions as wellthem their traditions as well

Chapter 7 Section 1Chapter 7 Section 1Encomienda- Spanish men given villages to Encomienda- Spanish men given villages to

oversee and collect tributes for the Spanishoversee and collect tributes for the SpanishNative Americans remained poor and lived a Native Americans remained poor and lived a

hard life they were like slaveshard life they were like slavesFather Miguel Hidalgo lead a charge against Father Miguel Hidalgo lead a charge against

Spain in a speech called Grito de Dolores he Spain in a speech called Grito de Dolores he was killed in the battle was killed in the battle

1821 Mexico gained freedom from Spain1821 Mexico gained freedom from SpainNative Americans gained little as the classes Native Americans gained little as the classes

remained the sameremained the sameMexico could not settle the northern Mexico could not settle the northern

territory they had the US do itterritory they had the US do itTexas became part of the Mexican territoryTexas became part of the Mexican territory

Chapter 7 Section 1Chapter 7 Section 1Texas left Mexico and won independence Texas left Mexico and won independence

in 1836in 18361845 Texas became part of the US1845 Texas became part of the USTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo forced Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo forced

Mexico to surrender Mexico to surrender Gadsden Purchase of 1853 gave US more Gadsden Purchase of 1853 gave US more

of Mexico and the boundaries were of Mexico and the boundaries were adjusted lateradjusted later

Chapter 7 Section 2Chapter 7 Section 2Benito Juarez 1858 Mexico’s presidentBenito Juarez 1858 Mexico’s president1857 New Constitution1857 New Constitution1858-1860 War of Reform trying to get the 1858-1860 War of Reform trying to get the

constitution to agree with all of the peopleconstitution to agree with all of the peopleUntil the 20Until the 20thth century a few remained in century a few remained in

power and a few were wealthy the rest power and a few were wealthy the rest remained in povertyremained in poverty

1910 800 families owned 90% of the land1910 800 families owned 90% of the land1910-1920 Mexican revolution1910-1920 Mexican revolutionArmies from all areas fought each otherArmies from all areas fought each otherHacienda large ranchesHacienda large ranchesEjido community farm owned by villagersEjido community farm owned by villagers

Chapter 7 Section 2Chapter 7 Section 2Institutional Revolutionary Party – (from the Institutional Revolutionary Party – (from the

revolution) presidents came from this party revolution) presidents came from this party from 1929 - 2000from 1929 - 2000

Vicente Fox elected president from the Vicente Fox elected president from the National Action PartyNational Action Party

31 states make up Mexico31 states make up MexicoMexico 3 branches of governmentMexico 3 branches of government

ExecutiveExecutiveLegislativeLegislative JudicialJudicial

Same as the USSame as the USGovernment remains the same from federal Government remains the same from federal

to local governmentto local government

Chapter 7 Section 3Chapter 7 Section 3Farming has been Mexico main industryFarming has been Mexico main industry25% of Mexican workers are farmers25% of Mexican workers are farmersThey work on community farms called ejidoThey work on community farms called ejidoSome of the community farms have been Some of the community farms have been

broken up into privatized farms under broken up into privatized farms under Mexican president in 1991Mexican president in 1991

Distribution is the process of moving Distribution is the process of moving products to their marketsproducts to their markets

Government helped with the expansion of Government helped with the expansion of industry in Mexicoindustry in Mexico

Oil is the only business still owned by the Oil is the only business still owned by the government todaygovernment today

Chapter 7 Section 3Chapter 7 Section 3Maquiladora- a factory that imports duty-free Maquiladora- a factory that imports duty-free

parts from the United States to make products parts from the United States to make products that it exports back to the USthat it exports back to the US

Most of the maquiladora’s are owned by Most of the maquiladora’s are owned by foreignersforeigners

They use them for the cheap labor that is in They use them for the cheap labor that is in MexicoMexico

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)Mexico's most important natural resource is oilMexico's most important natural resource is oilMexico’s government controls the oil industry Mexico’s government controls the oil industry

(PEMEX) (PEMEX) Oil is Mexico biggest export and the US is the Oil is Mexico biggest export and the US is the

largest buyerlargest buyerTourism is the second largest business in MexicoTourism is the second largest business in Mexico

Chapter 7 Section 4Chapter 7 Section 4Mexico three main cultures:Mexico three main cultures:

Native AmericanNative American SpanishSpanish MexicanMexican

1 in 5 Mexicans lives in Mexico City1 in 5 Mexicans lives in Mexico CityMexico City 18 million people second to only Tokyo Mexico City 18 million people second to only Tokyo

JapanJapanSmog a large problem in Mexico CitySmog a large problem in Mexico CitySmall out lying towns still have the traditional life style Small out lying towns still have the traditional life style

of Mexicoof MexicoOutdoor markets are held once a week in the small Outdoor markets are held once a week in the small

villagesvillagesRural Mexico poverty is a problem Rural Mexico poverty is a problem Education is limited in rural areasEducation is limited in rural areasMany have moved to the urban areas to find jobsMany have moved to the urban areas to find jobsSeptember 16th Mexico Independence DaySeptember 16th Mexico Independence Day

Chapter 8 Section 1Chapter 8 Section 1Central AmericaCentral America

BelizeBelizeGuatemalaGuatemalaHondurasHondurasEl SalvadorEl SalvadorNicaraguaNicaraguaCosta RicaCosta RicaPanamaPanama

Caribbean Islands- West IndiesCaribbean Islands- West IndiesThey include 13 nations and 11 dependenciesThey include 13 nations and 11 dependencies

Dependency- place that is governed by or Dependency- place that is governed by or closely connected with another countryclosely connected with another country

Chapter 8 Section 1Chapter 8 Section 1Puerto Rico – United StatesPuerto Rico – United StatesCaribbeanCaribbeanLike the US Natives forced into slavery Like the US Natives forced into slavery

and they either died of diseases or killed and they either died of diseases or killed in warsin wars

Later Africans came from Africa as slavesLater Africans came from Africa as slavesMulattos- African or European ancestryMulattos- African or European ancestryCentral AmericaCentral AmericaUnlike the Caribbean's were most Native Unlike the Caribbean's were most Native

Americans died in Central America about Americans died in Central America about 1/5 of the population are Native 1/5 of the population are Native AmericansAmericans

Chapter 8 Section 1Chapter 8 Section 1Ladinos- Spanish, Native American and Ladinos- Spanish, Native American and

Africans these are mixed European and Native Africans these are mixed European and Native American and make up 2/3 of the populationAmerican and make up 2/3 of the population

1500- 1800 European nations ruled Central 1500- 1800 European nations ruled Central America and the West IndiesAmerica and the West Indies

Europeans found wealth in Central America Europeans found wealth in Central America with gold and sugarwith gold and sugar

Central America found its freedom in the Central America found its freedom in the early 1800’searly 1800’s

Panama- canal opened by the US in 1914 Panama- canal opened by the US in 1914 The US leased the land from Panama until The US leased the land from Panama until

1999 when they gave it back to Panama 1999 when they gave it back to Panama

Chapter 8 Section 1Chapter 8 Section 1Spanish-American war- 1898 US Spanish-American war- 1898 US

declares war on Spain in less than a declares war on Spain in less than a year war over and US kept military base year war over and US kept military base in Cuba and Puerto Ricoin Cuba and Puerto Rico

Nearly all of the countries have spent Nearly all of the countries have spent time under dictatortime under dictator

Dictator- a person who has a complete Dictator- a person who has a complete control over a country's governmentcontrol over a country's government

Now Central America is under Now Central America is under democracydemocracy

Chapter 8 Section 2Chapter 8 Section 2In the early years the Caribbean Islands grew In the early years the Caribbean Islands grew

one crop sugar caneone crop sugar caneSingle-Product Economy- rely on crop for incomeSingle-Product Economy- rely on crop for incomeThis is very unstable many factors enter into thisThis is very unstable many factors enter into this

RainRain GovernmentGovernment PricesPrices Just a fewJust a few

Diversity became a must- invest in a variety of Diversity became a must- invest in a variety of industriesindustries Other crops, pineapples bananasOther crops, pineapples bananas Textiles, medical supplies, electronic equipmentTextiles, medical supplies, electronic equipment

Chapter 8 Section 2Chapter 8 Section 2Tourism has become one of the main Tourism has become one of the main

industriesindustriesCentral America developed coffeeCentral America developed coffeeUS based fruit company called UFCO and US based fruit company called UFCO and

bananas became a large exportbananas became a large exportCentral America had two exports Central America had two exports

Bananas and coffee now they have Bananas and coffee now they have machinery, furniture, cloth and medicinemachinery, furniture, cloth and medicine

Chapter 8 Section 2Chapter 8 Section 2Caribbean culturesCaribbean cultures

LanguagesLanguagesReligions- Roman Catholic most wide Religions- Roman Catholic most wide

spread however each island does have its spread however each island does have its own specific religionown specific religion

MusicMusicCentral America cultureCentral America culture

Language- SpanishLanguage- SpanishReligion- CatholicReligion- CatholicCrafts- weaving, embroidery, pottery, Crafts- weaving, embroidery, pottery,

silversmithsilversmith

Chapter 8 Section 3Chapter 8 Section 3After the Spanish-American War Cuba After the Spanish-American War Cuba

became independent and the US kept became independent and the US kept a military base there called a military base there called Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay

Cuba started under dictator and now Cuba started under dictator and now is communist country and is is communist country and is controlled by a dictator controlled by a dictator

Fidel Castro came into power in 1959 Fidel Castro came into power in 1959 and then sided with the Soviet Unionand then sided with the Soviet Union

Communism- government plans and Communism- government plans and controls a country’s economy, controls a country’s economy, government (government owns the government (government owns the country’s farms, factories, and country’s farms, factories, and business)business)

Chapter 8 Section 3Chapter 8 Section 3Cuba’s economy - when the Soviet Union fell Cuba’s economy - when the Soviet Union fell

so did Cuba’s economy the Soviet’s supported so did Cuba’s economy the Soviet’s supported the economy and kept it alive they traded with the economy and kept it alive they traded with themthem

Cuba must sell their goods on the open Cuba must sell their goods on the open market and it has caused Cuba to suffermarket and it has caused Cuba to suffer

Children go to school from the ages of 6-12 Children go to school from the ages of 6-12 then decide if they want to continuethen decide if they want to continue

All schools are free including collegesAll schools are free including collegesAll health care is free as wellAll health care is free as wellSince 1990 after the fall of the Soviets Since 1990 after the fall of the Soviets

Malnutrition has become a problemMalnutrition has become a problemMalnutrition- food shortage causing poor Malnutrition- food shortage causing poor

healthhealth

Chapter 8 Section 3Chapter 8 Section 3Communist rule or a Dictator- people do Communist rule or a Dictator- people do

not have the same freedoms as we do in not have the same freedoms as we do in the USthe US

Chapter 8 Section 4Chapter 8 Section 4Central America which includes Central America which includes

Guatemala gained independence from Guatemala gained independence from Spain in 1821Spain in 1821

US has ties with Guatemala UFCO had US has ties with Guatemala UFCO had large land holdings in Guatemala and did large land holdings in Guatemala and did not want land redistributed and the US not want land redistributed and the US helped overthrow the governmenthelped overthrow the government

1985 a democracy was put in place 1985 a democracy was put in place similar to the US with a executive, similar to the US with a executive, legislative, and judicial branch of legislative, and judicial branch of governmentgovernment

Department- governors that head Department- governors that head Guatemala statesGuatemala states

Chapter 8 Section 4Chapter 8 Section 4Turn of the century Guatemala was one Turn of the century Guatemala was one

of the richest countries in Central of the richest countries in Central America America

Agriculture is the main industryAgriculture is the main industryEconomy also relies on manufacturing, Economy also relies on manufacturing,

textiles and clothingtextiles and clothingUS is the largest importer of US is the largest importer of

Guatemala goodsGuatemala goodsTourism is a growing industry as wellTourism is a growing industry as wellMore than half of the population in More than half of the population in

Guatemala are Maya the rest are Guatemala are Maya the rest are ladinosladinos

Chapter 8 Section 4Chapter 8 Section 4Children go to school from ages 7-13 Children go to school from ages 7-13

however 1/3 do not however 1/3 do not 15% attend high school15% attend high schoolRural people do not have bathrooms, Rural people do not have bathrooms,

running water, electricityrunning water, electricityUrban people have all of the modern Urban people have all of the modern

connivances as the USconnivances as the US

Chapter 9 Section 1Chapter 9 Section 1Spanish explorer in 1531 arrived in PeruSpanish explorer in 1531 arrived in PeruPortugal claimed Brazil and built most of their Portugal claimed Brazil and built most of their

colonies on the coastcolonies on the coastLike in the US the Native died from overwork Like in the US the Native died from overwork

and diseasesand diseasesSlaves were then imported into South America Slaves were then imported into South America

to work on the sugar plantationsto work on the sugar plantationsSouth America fights for its freedom starting in South America fights for its freedom starting in

18101810Simon Bolivar freed the northern South AmericaSimon Bolivar freed the northern South AmericaJose de San Martin defeated Spanish forces in Jose de San Martin defeated Spanish forces in

the south the south 1825 nearly all of Spanish South America was 1825 nearly all of Spanish South America was

freefree

Chapter 9 Section 1Chapter 9 Section 1Brazil gained its independence in 1822 without a Brazil gained its independence in 1822 without a

fight fight The Prince of Portugal gave them their The Prince of Portugal gave them their

independence and for this he was named the independence and for this he was named the emperoremperor

1800-1990 a struggle for power took place in 1800-1990 a struggle for power took place in different parts of South America with different different parts of South America with different leaders and or dictatorsleaders and or dictators

Bolivar tried to unite South America but he could Bolivar tried to unite South America but he could notnot

Pan-America- all of the AmericasPan-America- all of the AmericasBolivar tried to create an US with statesBolivar tried to create an US with statesHowever in 1948 Latin America joined the US in However in 1948 Latin America joined the US in

the Organization of American States (OAS)the Organization of American States (OAS)They make sure human rights are not violatedThey make sure human rights are not violated

Chapter 9 Section 1Chapter 9 Section 1Europeans began to influence South Europeans began to influence South

American culture with immigrationAmerican culture with immigrationThey also helped build industry as wellThey also helped build industry as wellMost of the different cultures and ethnic Most of the different cultures and ethnic

groups live in different regions and are groups live in different regions and are not mixed muchnot mixed much

Chapter 9 Section 2Chapter 9 Section 2Transportation Barriers in South AmericaTransportation Barriers in South America

Rain forestRain forestAndes MountainsAndes Mountains

Transportation CorridorsTransportation CorridorsAmazon RiverAmazon River

Natural ResourcesNatural ResourcesMineralsMinerals

GoldGold Iron oreIron ore LeadLead PetroleumPetroleum TinTin coppercopper

Chapter 9 Section 2Chapter 9 Section 2Fertile Land (Agriculture)Fertile Land (Agriculture)

BeefBeef GrainGrain SugarSugar WoolWool BananasBananas CoffeeCoffee

Fishing Grounds are very important natural resourceFishing Grounds are very important natural resourceManufacturing is very important for Manufacturing is very important for

Venezuela, Chile, ArgentinaVenezuela, Chile, Argentina Shoes, furniture, beverages, textilesShoes, furniture, beverages, textiles

Brazil (most important)Brazil (most important) Cars, trucksCars, trucks Computers, televisions, airplanesComputers, televisions, airplanes

Chapter 9 Section 2Chapter 9 Section 2South America created the free-trade South America created the free-trade

zonezoneFree-trade zone is people and goods Free-trade zone is people and goods

move across borders without being taxed move across borders without being taxed this would be all through the Americasthis would be all through the Americas

Economic Indicators- statistics that Economic Indicators- statistics that show how a country’s economy is doingshow how a country’s economy is doing

South America is trying to improve their South America is trying to improve their economy at all timeseconomy at all times

South America has seen urbanization South America has seen urbanization ( moving to the cities)( moving to the cities)

Chapter 9 Section 2Chapter 9 Section 2Better jobs, healthcare and schools in Better jobs, healthcare and schools in

the citiesthe citiesSao Paulo and Buenos Aires two of the Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires two of the

larger cities in the worldlarger cities in the worldSlums also occur in the cities as houses Slums also occur in the cities as houses

can not be built fast enoughcan not be built fast enough

Chapter 9 Section 3Chapter 9 Section 3Brazil has the greatest population and is Brazil has the greatest population and is

the largest country and its gross domestic the largest country and its gross domestic product is larger than any other countryproduct is larger than any other country

Since 1985 Brazil has a democratic Since 1985 Brazil has a democratic governmentgovernment

Government has helped the economy grow Government has helped the economy grow by supporting the economyby supporting the economy

Brazil is second only the US in exporting Brazil is second only the US in exporting of crops of crops

Brazil is the leading producer in the world Brazil is the leading producer in the world in coffee, oranges, bananas, and cornin coffee, oranges, bananas, and corn

Chapter 9 Section 3Chapter 9 Section 3Unemployment- not enough businesses to Unemployment- not enough businesses to

hire workers (not enough jobs)hire workers (not enough jobs)Inflation- general increase in the price of Inflation- general increase in the price of

goods and servicesgoods and servicesBrazil brought over more enslaved Africans Brazil brought over more enslaved Africans

than any North or South American countrythan any North or South American countryNative Americans make up less than 1% of Native Americans make up less than 1% of

Brazils populationBrazils population4 out of 5 Brazilians live in cities (Sao Paulo 4 out of 5 Brazilians live in cities (Sao Paulo

and Rio do Janeiro two of the largest cities)and Rio do Janeiro two of the largest cities)Brasilia- new capital inland to help spread Brasilia- new capital inland to help spread

the population it is not over populatedthe population it is not over populated

Chapter 9 Section 3Chapter 9 Section 3Brazil official language is PortugueseBrazil official language is PortugueseIt has many languages as well that are It has many languages as well that are

used because of the vast culturesused because of the vast culturesReligion- Catholic Religion- Catholic 20% are non-catholic20% are non-catholic

Chapter 9 Section 4Chapter 9 Section 4Peru three different landformsPeru three different landforms

MountainsMountainsRain forestRain forestDesertDesert

All three are transportation barriersAll three are transportation barriersAndes Mountains runs entire length of Peru Andes Mountains runs entire length of Peru

and divides it halfand divides it halfEast of Andes are rain forests or (selva)East of Andes are rain forests or (selva)Western side are deserts (Atacama Desert) Western side are deserts (Atacama Desert)

most of the people live here most of the people live here Live near oasis (fertile region in the desert Live near oasis (fertile region in the desert

formed around a river or spring)formed around a river or spring)

Chapter 9 Section 4Chapter 9 Section 4 Peru imports certain foodsPeru imports certain foods

GrainsGrains Vegetable oilsVegetable oils Some meatsSome meats

Peru growsPeru grows Sugar caneSugar cane CottonCotton CoffeeCoffee Dairy in the southDairy in the south Meats from, cattle, sheep, alpaca and goatsMeats from, cattle, sheep, alpaca and goats

Fish along the coastFish along the coast Peru mines most of it is in the rain forest and makes it hard Peru mines most of it is in the rain forest and makes it hard

to mineto mine SilverSilver CopperCopper BismuthBismuth

Chapter 9 Section 4Chapter 9 Section 4Peru independent from Spain in 1821Peru independent from Spain in 1821Peru Communist groups have been Peru Communist groups have been

fighting democracy since the early 1980’sfighting democracy since the early 1980’sGuerrilla Warfare (small groups using Guerrilla Warfare (small groups using

surprise attacks) has been their main surprise attacks) has been their main focusfocus

More Native Americans live in Peru than More Native Americans live in Peru than any other South American Country 45% any other South American Country 45% (Inca)(Inca)

Quechua people who live in the Andes Quechua people who live in the Andes highlands and speak Incahighlands and speak Inca

Most people live in cities or towns Most people live in cities or towns

Chapter 9 Section 4Chapter 9 Section 4Lima, Peru’s capital population is Lima, Peru’s capital population is

about 7 millionabout 7 millionLima lacks some of the basic servicesLima lacks some of the basic services

ElectricityElectricityRunning waterRunning waterPublic transportationPublic transportation

Peru’s rural farmers are poor and try Peru’s rural farmers are poor and try to farm very small pieces of land to farm very small pieces of land

Peru Catholicism is the most popular Peru Catholicism is the most popular with 90% of the populationwith 90% of the population

Chapter 10 Section 1Chapter 10 Section 1Europe waterways:Europe waterways:

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea Danube RiverDanube River Rhine RiverRhine River Volga River 2,200 Volga River 2,200 miles long the longestmiles long the longest in Europe in Europe

Peninsulas- bodies Peninsulas- bodies of land surroundedof land surrounded by by water on three sideswater on three sides Scandinavian Scandinavian Peninsula: NorwayPeninsula: Norway and Sweden and Sweden

Fjord: long narrow, Fjord: long narrow, deep inlet ofdeep inlet of the sea located between the sea located between steep cliffs steep cliffs

Iberian Peninsula: Iberian Peninsula: PortugalPortugal and Spain and Spain Pyrenees Mountains Pyrenees Mountains separateseparate it from the rest of the it from the rest of the

continentcontinent Italy’s Peninsula: ItalyItaly’s Peninsula: Italy

Chapter 10 Section 1Chapter 10 Section 1Ural Mountains divide Europe from AsiaUral Mountains divide Europe from AsiaGreat European Plain- France to the Ural Great European Plain- France to the Ural

MountainsMountains Plain- large flat area of land usually without many Plain- large flat area of land usually without many

treestreesCold in the Mountains in the winter and it is Cold in the Mountains in the winter and it is

warmer on the flat land the mountains protect warmer on the flat land the mountains protect the rest of the country from the cold weatherthe rest of the country from the cold weather

Natural Resources:Natural Resources: Coal (Germany Ruhr Valley)Coal (Germany Ruhr Valley) Iron Ore (Russia and Ukraine)Iron Ore (Russia and Ukraine) Rich Soil Rich Soil Plentiful Rainfall (20-40 inchesPlentiful Rainfall (20-40 inches

Chapter 10 Section 2Chapter 10 Section 2Greek Peninsula is mountains and is very Greek Peninsula is mountains and is very

difficult to farm and settledifficult to farm and settleOlives and Grapes are two of the few crops that are Olives and Grapes are two of the few crops that are

growngrownFishing a large industryFishing a large industry

City-State included a central city called a City-State included a central city called a Polis and surrounding villages it has its own Polis and surrounding villages it has its own laws and government (kind of like a county laws and government (kind of like a county and county seat and the surrounding towns)and county seat and the surrounding towns)

Greeks began to settle in the Aegean Sea on Greeks began to settle in the Aegean Sea on the small islands around itthe small islands around it

Some Greeks settled in Spain and North Some Greeks settled in Spain and North Africa and used the natural resources to Africa and used the natural resources to send back and trade with in Greecesend back and trade with in GreeceWheat, Timber, Iron OreWheat, Timber, Iron Ore

Chapter 10 Section 2Chapter 10 Section 2Oligarchy- system in which a few powerful and Oligarchy- system in which a few powerful and

wealthy rule (Sparta was ruled this way)wealthy rule (Sparta was ruled this way) This happened a great deal in the city-statesThis happened a great deal in the city-states

Tyrant ruled some of the other city-statesTyrant ruled some of the other city-statesDemocracy formed in some of the other city-Democracy formed in some of the other city-

statesstatesAthens a very large city-state that had Athens a very large city-state that had

democracy and it was for males and the democracy and it was for males and the wealthywealthy

Sparta ruled by oligarchy of two kings Sparta ruled by oligarchy of two kings Sparta and Athens fought with each otherSparta and Athens fought with each otherPersians tried to conquer the Greeks so Persians tried to conquer the Greeks so

Sparta and Athens joined together to defeat Sparta and Athens joined together to defeat themthem

Chapter 10 section 2Chapter 10 section 2Literature came from the Greeks to honor Literature came from the Greeks to honor

their gods and ancient mythstheir gods and ancient mythsPhilosopher- a person who studies and Philosopher- a person who studies and

thinks about why the world is the way it is thinks about why the world is the way it is (Socrates, Plato) (Socrates, Plato)

Plato and Aristotle started the school Plato and Aristotle started the school LyceumLyceum

King Philip II of Macedonia conquered King Philip II of Macedonia conquered Greece and later he died and his son Greece and later he died and his son Alexander the Great took over and Alexander the Great took over and conquered land all the way into Asia and conquered land all the way into Asia and beyond (Mediterranean area)beyond (Mediterranean area)

When Alexander died the land was divided When Alexander died the land was divided back up again amongst his Generalsback up again amongst his Generals

Chapter 10 Section 3Chapter 10 Section 3Rome began as a group of villages on the Rome began as a group of villages on the

Tiber River in now ItalyTiber River in now ItalyRome was ruled by kings until 509B.C. Rome was ruled by kings until 509B.C.

then it became a republicthen it became a republicRome had a senate that was very powerful Rome had a senate that was very powerful

and had leaders to help it run smoothlyand had leaders to help it run smoothlyMost members of the Senate were called Most members of the Senate were called

Patricians- members of a wealthy, Patricians- members of a wealthy, landowning family who traced their family landowning family who traced their family back to Romeback to Rome

Plebeian- ordinary working male citizens Plebeian- ordinary working male citizens of Romeof Rome

Chapter 10 Section 3Chapter 10 Section 3Rome ruled most of the Italian PeninsulaRome ruled most of the Italian PeninsulaCarthage ruled North Africa and southern Carthage ruled North Africa and southern

Spain Spain Rome overthrew Carthage and became the Rome overthrew Carthage and became the

rulerrulerRome eventually controlled most of the land Rome eventually controlled most of the land

around the Mediterranean Seaaround the Mediterranean SeaRoman republic ended when Julius Caesar a Roman republic ended when Julius Caesar a

successful governor and general conquered successful governor and general conquered all of Rome and became a dictator in 46 B.C.all of Rome and became a dictator in 46 B.C.

Empire- nation or group of territories ruled Empire- nation or group of territories ruled by a single leader Octavian (Augustus) son by a single leader Octavian (Augustus) son of Caesarof Caesar

Chapter 10 Section 3Chapter 10 Section 3Augustan Age great growth and Augustan Age great growth and

knowledgeknowledgePax Romana very large Roman Empire Pax Romana very large Roman Empire

last 200 yearslast 200 yearsA.D. 14 Christianity began to spread in A.D. 14 Christianity began to spread in

the beginning they were persecuted or the beginning they were persecuted or fed to the lions by the Romans fed to the lions by the Romans

Constantine Roman Empire in A.D. 306 Constantine Roman Empire in A.D. 306 made it the new official religionmade it the new official religion

Chapter 10 Section 4Chapter 10 Section 4Roman Empire collapsed in the 5Roman Empire collapsed in the 5thth

centurycenturyMiddle Ages (Medieval)- period of Middle Ages (Medieval)- period of

history between the fall of the Roman history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern Empire and the beginning of the modern world (bad time)world (bad time)

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)- late Charlemagne (Charles the Great)- late 700’s tried to bring peace700’s tried to bring peace

Pope sides with Charlemagne and people Pope sides with Charlemagne and people thrive, education, well being improvethrive, education, well being improve

Monks and Nuns increased during this Monks and Nuns increased during this timetime

|chapter 10 section 4Land owned by nobles, kings and high Land owned by nobles, kings and high

church officialschurch officialsNobles were in charge and developed Nobles were in charge and developed

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalism- a system of political ties in Feudalism- a system of political ties in

which the nobles, such as kings, gave which the nobles, such as kings, gave out land to less powerful nobles called out land to less powerful nobles called a (vassal), such as knights. In return a (vassal), such as knights. In return the land and the noble would give the the land and the noble would give the lord anything they needed from men lord anything they needed from men to money to arms for battleto money to arms for battle

Fief- parcel of land that was given to Fief- parcel of land that was given to the vassal or the noblethe vassal or the noble

Chapter 10 Section 4Chapter 10 Section 4Manorialism- Lord owned the land which is Manorialism- Lord owned the land which is

called a manor, peasants (serf) worked the called a manor, peasants (serf) worked the land and for their protection the Lord they land and for their protection the Lord they gave them food and they worked for himgave them food and they worked for him

Peasants worked their land and the land of Peasants worked their land and the land of the lordthe lord

Guild- protect workers rightsGuild- protect workers rights1111thth century farmers left and moved to town century farmers left and moved to town

and learned a tradeand learned a tradePope thought he was the most powerful Pope thought he was the most powerful

person of the land.person of the land.Nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Nobles forced King John to sign the Magna

Carta in 1215 limiting the kings powerCarta in 1215 limiting the kings power

Chapter 11 Section 1Chapter 11 Section 1Crusades- 11Crusades- 11thth to 13 to 13thth century expeditions of century expeditions of

western European Christians to capture the Holy western European Christians to capture the Holy Lands Lands

Renaissance- 14Renaissance- 14thth to the 16 to the 16thth century creativity century creativity and learning and learning

Renaissance- started on the Italian peninsula Renaissance- started on the Italian peninsula (rebirth of Europe)(rebirth of Europe)

Italian City-States- new wealth from banking, Italian City-States- new wealth from banking, trade and manufacturingtrade and manufacturing

Aristocrats became the wealthy, the nobles and Aristocrats became the wealthy, the nobles and lords no longer were that powerfullords no longer were that powerful

Aristocrats pushed education, arts and fine livingAristocrats pushed education, arts and fine livingPatron people who gave money to improve the Patron people who gave money to improve the

city-statescity-states

Chapter 11 Section 1Chapter 11 Section 1Leonardo da Vinci- (1452-1519) during the Leonardo da Vinci- (1452-1519) during the

Renaissance grew to great lengthsRenaissance grew to great lengthsWilliam Shakespeare- wrote plays during the 17William Shakespeare- wrote plays during the 17thth

centurycenturyReformation – 16Reformation – 16thth century movement to change century movement to change

church practiceschurch practicesMartin Luther challenged the idea that you did not Martin Luther challenged the idea that you did not

have to pay for your sins have to pay for your sins 1517 Luther wrote the 95 theses and translated the 1517 Luther wrote the 95 theses and translated the

Bible into German this was the beginning of the Bible into German this was the beginning of the revolt against the Roman Catholic Churchrevolt against the Roman Catholic Church

Protestants- Luther’s followers because they Protestants- Luther’s followers because they protested events at an assembly that ended the protested events at an assembly that ended the church's tolerance of their beliefschurch's tolerance of their beliefs

Chapter 11 Section 2Chapter 11 Section 2Spices most important item that was Spices most important item that was

traded during the Renaissancetraded during the RenaissanceIt helped keep food from spoilingIt helped keep food from spoiling1515thth century Europeans search for new century Europeans search for new

route to Asia for spicesroute to Asia for spicesPortugal became the first country to Portugal became the first country to

explore trade routesexplore trade routesDa Gama in 1488 found to all water Da Gama in 1488 found to all water

route to Asia around Africa route to Asia around Africa Cape Good Hope tip of AfricaCape Good Hope tip of Africa

Chapter 11 Section 2Chapter 11 Section 21492 Queen Isabella of Spain funded 1492 Queen Isabella of Spain funded

Christopher Columbus to find all water Christopher Columbus to find all water route to Asiaroute to Asia

1519 Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal) 1519 Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal) Circumnavigate the worldCircumnavigate the world

John Cabot (England) found Canada or John Cabot (England) found Canada or NewfoundlandNewfoundland

Europeans began to use imperialism on Europeans began to use imperialism on the countries they settled and created the countries they settled and created coloniescolonies

Imperialism- controlling the government Imperialism- controlling the government and economy of another countryand economy of another country

Chapter 11 Section 3Chapter 11 Section 3Europe during the 1600’s developed Europe during the 1600’s developed

many things, including steam powered many things, including steam powered locomotive the era was called the locomotive the era was called the industrial revolutionindustrial revolution

Scientific Revolution – 16Scientific Revolution – 16thth and 17 and 17thth century brought stars and planets with century brought stars and planets with telescope and also the microscopetelescope and also the microscope

Industrial Revolution- (late 1700’s) Industrial Revolution- (late 1700’s) Machines began to replace humans for Machines began to replace humans for some functionssome functions

People moved from the country to citiesPeople moved from the country to citiesLabor force- people during the revolutionLabor force- people during the revolution

Chapter 11 Section 3Chapter 11 Section 31838 75% of the work force were women and children1838 75% of the work force were women and childrenCapitalism- system in which factories and other Capitalism- system in which factories and other

businesses make and sell goods businesses make and sell goods Capitalism brought on by the industrial revolution Capitalism brought on by the industrial revolution

from disease and dirty citiesfrom disease and dirty citiesFrench revolution- 1789 brought a new constitution French revolution- 1789 brought a new constitution

free and equal citizensfree and equal citizensFrance still in trouble France still in trouble Reign of Terror- 1793-1794 executed 17,000 people Reign of Terror- 1793-1794 executed 17,000 people

and beheaded the king and queenand beheaded the king and queenNapoleon Bonaparte- 1799 brought them togetherNapoleon Bonaparte- 1799 brought them togetherBonaparte used nationalism to help the country outBonaparte used nationalism to help the country outNationalism- pride in one’s countryNationalism- pride in one’s country

Chapter 11 Section 4Chapter 11 Section 4Russia geographically the worlds largest Russia geographically the worlds largest

nation is on two continents Europe and Asianation is on two continents Europe and Asia1547 first czar 16 yr. Ivan the Terrible1547 first czar 16 yr. Ivan the TerribleCzar- emperor unlimited type of government Czar- emperor unlimited type of government

(one person is the ruler)(one person is the ruler)Poor became poorer and the farmers and Poor became poorer and the farmers and

peasants sufferedpeasants sufferedPeter the Great – 1682-1725 defeated Peter the Great – 1682-1725 defeated

Sweden and built St. PetersburgSweden and built St. PetersburgPeter- made Russia stronger but it did not Peter- made Russia stronger but it did not

help out the Russian peasantshelp out the Russian peasants

Chapter 11 Section 4Chapter 11 Section 4Catherine the Great- 1762-1796 increased Catherine the Great- 1762-1796 increased

Russia’s land mass and as well as Peter did Russia’s land mass and as well as Peter did improved education and the artsimproved education and the arts

Catherine did not improve the life of the Catherine did not improve the life of the peasantspeasants

Russia two types of people rich nobles or poor Russia two types of people rich nobles or poor peasantspeasants

1825 nobles tried to overthrow czar but failed1825 nobles tried to overthrow czar but failed1861 Alexander II freed the serf but imposed a 1861 Alexander II freed the serf but imposed a

tax on them and then gifted them land and tax on them and then gifted them land and forced them to pay a tax they could not affordforced them to pay a tax they could not afford

The land gifted to them was unsuited for farmingThe land gifted to them was unsuited for farmingBloody Sunday- 1905 a group of workers Bloody Sunday- 1905 a group of workers

marched to the royal palace they were killedmarched to the royal palace they were killed

Chapter 11 Section 4Chapter 11 Section 4Russian Revolution- WWI Russia was Russian Revolution- WWI Russia was

forced into the war and this led to the forced into the war and this led to the down fall of Nicholas IIdown fall of Nicholas II

1918 Nicholas II and all of his family 1918 Nicholas II and all of his family killed this ended the czar rule of the last killed this ended the czar rule of the last 400 years400 years

Chapter 12 Section 1Chapter 12 Section 1Nationalism- pride in your countryNationalism- pride in your countryEthnic group- people with similar languages Ethnic group- people with similar languages

and traditions, but who are not necessarily and traditions, but who are not necessarily ruled by a common governmentruled by a common government

Constitutional Monarchy- king or queen, but Constitutional Monarchy- king or queen, but also a ruling body of elected officialsalso a ruling body of elected officials

Colonialism- western European nations Colonialism- western European nations spent much of their wealth on building spent much of their wealth on building strong armies and navies strong armies and navies

They did this to defend their colonies in They did this to defend their colonies in other countriesother countries

Colonies are important they provided goods Colonies are important they provided goods and raw materials to the home countryand raw materials to the home country

Chapter 12 Section 1Chapter 12 Section 1Dual Monarchy- one ruler governs two Dual Monarchy- one ruler governs two

nationsnations

Chapter 12 Section 2Chapter 12 Section 2A young Serbian killed Archduke Franz A young Serbian killed Archduke Franz

Ferdinand Ferdinand Austria-Hungary declared war on SerbiaAustria-Hungary declared war on SerbiaRussia sent troops to defend SerbiaRussia sent troops to defend SerbiaGermany declared war against RussiaGermany declared war against RussiaRussia supported Serbia because they Russia supported Serbia because they

had similar ethnic backgrounds (Slavic)had similar ethnic backgrounds (Slavic)This was all the start of World War I This was all the start of World War I

(WWI) 1914(WWI) 1914

Chapter 12 Section 2Chapter 12 Section 2Alliance- an agreement among people or Alliance- an agreement among people or

nations to unite for a common causenations to unite for a common causeAlliances (1914-1918)Alliances (1914-1918)

Central Powers:Central Powers: Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary GermanyGermany Turkey (Ottoman Empire)Turkey (Ottoman Empire) BulgariaBulgaria

Chapter 12 Section 2Chapter 12 Section 2Allies:Allies:

Russia (dropped out in 1917)Russia (dropped out in 1917) FranceFrance United KingdomUnited Kingdom Italy (joined 1915)Italy (joined 1915) United States (joined 1917)United States (joined 1917)

WWI 22 million civilians and soldiers WWI 22 million civilians and soldiers killedkilled

Allies won the warAllies won the warGermany and Allies signed Treaty of Germany and Allies signed Treaty of

Versailles 1919Versailles 1919

Chapter 12 Section 2Chapter 12 Section 2Treaty of Versailles end of war and Treaty of Versailles end of war and

Germany to pay for the war and give up Germany to pay for the war and give up valuable territoryvaluable territory

This treaty changed the way Europe This treaty changed the way Europe looked and divided the countries into looked and divided the countries into smaller countriessmaller countries

Europe very poor and Germany upset so Europe very poor and Germany upset so they elect Adolf Hitler as presidentthey elect Adolf Hitler as president

Hitler believed in Fascism- supports Hitler believed in Fascism- supports strong central government controlled by strong central government controlled by the military and led by a powerful dictatorthe military and led by a powerful dictator

Chapter 12 Section 2Chapter 12 Section 2Holocaust (Hitler started against the Holocaust (Hitler started against the

disabled and Jews) millions of people disabled and Jews) millions of people were deliberately killed and other were deliberately killed and other starved to deathstarved to death

Hitler invaded Poland and World War Hitler invaded Poland and World War II began 1939II began 1939

Alliances (1939-1945)Alliances (1939-1945)Axis PowersAxis Powers

GermanyGermany ItalyItaly JapanJapan

Chapter 12 Section 2Chapter 12 Section 2AlliesAllies

United KingdomUnited Kingdom France (until June 1940)France (until June 1940) Soviet Union (formerly Russia)Soviet Union (formerly Russia) United States ( joined 1941 after Japan bombed Pearl United States ( joined 1941 after Japan bombed Pearl

Harbor)Harbor)After WWII NATO was formed (North After WWII NATO was formed (North

Atlantic Treaty Organization) Western Atlantic Treaty Organization) Western Europe, US and Canada each promised to Europe, US and Canada each promised to each other if attacked by Soviet Unioneach other if attacked by Soviet Union

Marshall created the Economic Cooperation Marshall created the Economic Cooperation Act 1948- aid to western Europe in the form Act 1948- aid to western Europe in the form of agriculture, industrial, and financial of agriculture, industrial, and financial

This aid stopped an economic depression in This aid stopped an economic depression in Western EuropeWestern Europe

Chapter 12 Section 3Chapter 12 Section 3Iron Curtain- invisible wall between Iron Curtain- invisible wall between

Eastern and Western EuropeEastern and Western EuropeWith the defeat of Germany in WWII With the defeat of Germany in WWII

Russia ( Soviet Union, USSR) became Russia ( Soviet Union, USSR) became the most powerful European countrythe most powerful European country

Soviet Union establish communist Soviet Union establish communist government in Eastern Europegovernment in Eastern Europe

Puppet government- one that does Puppet government- one that does what it is told by an outside force or what it is told by an outside force or government (Soviet Union in charge)government (Soviet Union in charge)

Chapter 12 Section 3Chapter 12 Section 3Communism (Soviet Union) one party systemCommunism (Soviet Union) one party systemOne-Party System- all parties but one are One-Party System- all parties but one are

against the law when you voted you get the against the law when you voted you get the choice of only one person choice of only one person

Joseph Stalin helped overthrow the czars and Joseph Stalin helped overthrow the czars and ruled until his death in 1917-1924ruled until his death in 1917-1924

Stalin decide what to produce, how much to Stalin decide what to produce, how much to produce and who could buy itproduce and who could buy it

They controlled everything about the economyThey controlled everything about the economyCollective farm- government-owned and Collective farm- government-owned and

employed large numbers of workersemployed large numbers of workersFarm workers did not even get enough food to Farm workers did not even get enough food to

feed themselvesfeed themselves

Chapter 12 Section 3Chapter 12 Section 3Secret Police arrested people Stalin did not Secret Police arrested people Stalin did not

trust for no reason sometimestrust for no reason sometimesWestern Europe countries constitutional Western Europe countries constitutional

monarchies or democracies monarchies or democracies Eastern Europe countries communist with Eastern Europe countries communist with

Soviet controlSoviet controlWarsaw Pact- Eastern European countries Warsaw Pact- Eastern European countries

banned togetherbanned togetherNATO - Warsaw Pact did not trade or get NATO - Warsaw Pact did not trade or get

along it was called the Cold Waralong it was called the Cold WarCold War- political non-cooperationCold War- political non-cooperationCold War lasted almost 40 yrs. Cold War lasted almost 40 yrs. Each side afraid to go to war in fear of the Each side afraid to go to war in fear of the

nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons

Chapter 13 Section 1Chapter 13 Section 1Life under communist rule was very difficult Life under communist rule was very difficult

people were poor and had little say if any in the people were poor and had little say if any in the governmentgovernment

Soviet government used propaganda (material Soviet government used propaganda (material designed to spread certain beliefsdesigned to spread certain beliefs

Soviet’s did not want the ethnic groups to Soviet’s did not want the ethnic groups to breakaway from the rest of the country so they breakaway from the rest of the country so they told them how good they had it and how every told them how good they had it and how every place else was a bad place to liveplace else was a bad place to live

Soviets controlled everything they killed religious Soviets controlled everything they killed religious leaders if they spoke out against the governmentleaders if they spoke out against the government

They told the newspapers and book people what They told the newspapers and book people what and how to print news storiesand how to print news stories

Chapter 13 Section 1Chapter 13 Section 1All told the Soviet Union controlled all All told the Soviet Union controlled all

aspects of everyone's life. aspects of everyone's life. Private Property Rights- the right of Private Property Rights- the right of

individuals to own land and or industryindividuals to own land and or industrySoviet Union promised wealth to all Soviet Union promised wealth to all

surrounding countries this did not happen surrounding countries this did not happen people were forced to follow rules and fear people were forced to follow rules and fear was used to enforce these rules was used to enforce these rules

Khrushchev ruled from 1958-1964 and let Khrushchev ruled from 1958-1964 and let the writers and citizens have a few freedoms the writers and citizens have a few freedoms he was deposed (removed from power)he was deposed (removed from power)

Prague Spring 1968 Czechoslovakia began to Prague Spring 1968 Czechoslovakia began to have more freedoms Soviet’s sent troops in have more freedoms Soviet’s sent troops in to gain back the powerto gain back the power

Chapter 13 Section 1Chapter 13 Section 1Détente- lessening tension, between the Détente- lessening tension, between the

members of NATO and Warsaw Pactmembers of NATO and Warsaw PactBy 1980’s economic conditions did not By 1980’s economic conditions did not

improve and Warsaw Pact countries improve and Warsaw Pact countries wanted changewanted change

Chapter 13 Section 2Chapter 13 Section 2Gorbachev- did not solve the problems and he Gorbachev- did not solve the problems and he

released his grip on some of the other released his grip on some of the other countriescountries

1991 Soviet Union begins to fall apart 1991 Soviet Union begins to fall apart Countries set up their own government and Countries set up their own government and

elected rulerselected rulersGovernments in the old Soviet Union are now Governments in the old Soviet Union are now

parliament republics (a form of government parliament republics (a form of government led by the head of the political party with the led by the head of the political party with the most members in parliament (Prime Minister)most members in parliament (Prime Minister)

Most of the countries have a president who Most of the countries have a president who has ceremonial power rather the politicalhas ceremonial power rather the political

Chapter 13 Section 2Chapter 13 Section 2Coalition government- political parties Coalition government- political parties

joined together to form a governmentjoined together to form a governmentChange has been hard under Soviet rule Change has been hard under Soviet rule

people were poor and in the beginning people were poor and in the beginning of a new government will remain the of a new government will remain the same for a time same for a time

Economies are changing from command Economies are changing from command economies to free-market economieseconomies to free-market economies

Some countries make this change quick Some countries make this change quick and are doing fine others have taken and are doing fine others have taken longer and are struggling even todaylonger and are struggling even today

Chapter 13 Section 2Chapter 13 Section 2These new countries do not have a military These new countries do not have a military

so they are trying to join NATO to help so they are trying to join NATO to help protect themprotect them

Ethnic Cleansing- killing members of Ethnic Cleansing- killing members of minority ethnic groupminority ethnic group

Yugoslavia Serbs wanted to rule and they Yugoslavia Serbs wanted to rule and they tried to Ethnic Cleans Yugoslavia tried to Ethnic Cleans Yugoslavia

NATO attacked the Bosnian Serbs and ended NATO attacked the Bosnian Serbs and ended the warthe war

1999 Milosevic who was behind the first 1999 Milosevic who was behind the first ethnic cleansing tried it against the ethnic cleansing tried it against the Albanians in Kosovo a region in SerbiaAlbanians in Kosovo a region in Serbia

NATO again stopped him and he was NATO again stopped him and he was removed from office and tried for war crimesremoved from office and tried for war crimes

Chapter 13 Section 2Chapter 13 Section 2Russia is slowly gaining ground and their Russia is slowly gaining ground and their

economy is slowly getting better economy is slowly getting better They are free to practice their own religion and They are free to practice their own religion and

read what they wantread what they wantCrime has increased dramatically because Crime has increased dramatically because

people are still poor and starving people are still poor and starving Russia’s government is a democratic form of Russia’s government is a democratic form of

governmentgovernmentThey have a president and a legislature called a They have a president and a legislature called a

DumaDumaPeople have prospered and some have fallen People have prospered and some have fallen

depending on their education and availability to depending on their education and availability to power power

The economy will improve but it will take timeThe economy will improve but it will take time

Chapter 13 Section 3Chapter 13 Section 3European Union- (EU) Europe joined to help European Union- (EU) Europe joined to help

with tradewith tradeNow former communist countries would like Now former communist countries would like

to join to help out their economiesto join to help out their economiesAt one time each country had their own At one time each country had their own

currency (system of money)currency (system of money)Euro- currency now used by all of the Euro- currency now used by all of the

countriescountriesTariff- duty or fee that must be paid on Tariff- duty or fee that must be paid on

imported or exported goods imported or exported goods Each country use to charge a tariff to the Each country use to charge a tariff to the

other countriesother countries

Chapter 13 Section 3Chapter 13 Section 3EU is trying to get the countries to EU is trying to get the countries to

share in each countries wealthshare in each countries wealthThis would increase their Standard of This would increase their Standard of

Living ( quality of life based on Living ( quality of life based on availability of goods and services)availability of goods and services)

EU is also trying to help clean up the EU is also trying to help clean up the Eastern European Countries forests Eastern European Countries forests and manufacturing just to name a fewand manufacturing just to name a few

Court of Human Rights- protects the Court of Human Rights- protects the rights of all its citizens in whichever rights of all its citizens in whichever member country they live inmember country they live in

Chapter 14 Section 1Chapter 14 Section 1United KingdomUnited KingdomOfficial name is United Kingdom of Great Official name is United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Ireland Britain and Northern Ireland Capital is LondonCapital is LondonFour different political regionsFour different political regions

ScotlandScotlandEnglandEnglandWalesWalesNorthern IrelandNorthern Ireland

British monarchy has ruled these regions for British monarchy has ruled these regions for hundreds of yearshundreds of years

Government constitutional monarchyGovernment constitutional monarchy

Chapter 14 Section 1Chapter 14 Section 1Government Government

Monarch symbol of powerMonarch symbol of powerParliament is which has the power two Parliament is which has the power two

partsparts House of Lords- made up of noblesHouse of Lords- made up of nobles House of Commons made up of elected officials House of Commons made up of elected officials

and this is the most powerfuland this is the most powerful Prime Minister leads the government from the Prime Minister leads the government from the

House of Commons largest party House of Commons largest party

Wales and Scotland have their own Wales and Scotland have their own governing bodies now governing bodies now

Chapter 14 Section 1Chapter 14 Section 1Northern Ireland is little differentNorthern Ireland is little differentIrish Catholics have wanted Ireland to secede Irish Catholics have wanted Ireland to secede

from Great Britain and the Irish Protestants from Great Britain and the Irish Protestants do not want toodo not want too

Good Friday Accord agreement in 1998 to stop Good Friday Accord agreement in 1998 to stop fights and the formed the Northern Ireland fights and the formed the Northern Ireland assembly which represent both the Catholics assembly which represent both the Catholics and the Protestantsand the Protestants

India and Canada former British colonies and India and Canada former British colonies and their governments are model after Britain's their governments are model after Britain's governmentgovernment

UK has coal, natural gas and oil to run their UK has coal, natural gas and oil to run their factories but has few other natural resourcesfactories but has few other natural resources

Many citizens make a living in mining or Many citizens make a living in mining or manufacturingmanufacturing

UK also imports food and raw materialsUK also imports food and raw materials

Chapter 14 Section 1Chapter 14 Section 1UK produces only about 2/3 of the food UK produces only about 2/3 of the food

need to feed its populationneed to feed its population

Chapter 14 Section 2Chapter 14 Section 2Sweden their government is a constitutional Sweden their government is a constitutional

monarchymonarchyThe monarch has ceremonial powers and The monarch has ceremonial powers and

cannot make laws just as the UKcannot make laws just as the UKPeople are elected to four years terms in the People are elected to four years terms in the

Swedish parliament called the RiksdagSwedish parliament called the RiksdagRiksdag 349 members and the nominate the Riksdag 349 members and the nominate the

Prime MinsterPrime MinsterThey also appoint a OmbudsmenThey also appoint a OmbudsmenOmbudsmen- protects citizens rights and Ombudsmen- protects citizens rights and

make sure Swedish courts and civil service make sure Swedish courts and civil service follow lawsfollow laws

Government includes four partiesGovernment includes four partiesArmed Neutrality- they have an army but do Armed Neutrality- they have an army but do

not take sides during warsnot take sides during wars

Chapter 14 Section 2Chapter 14 Section 2Economy relies on privately owned businesses Economy relies on privately owned businesses

and international tradeand international tradeExports many goods:Exports many goods:

MetalsMetals MineralsMinerals WoodWood

Engineering and communication are the Engineering and communication are the major industriesmajor industries

80% of the population live in urban areas near 80% of the population live in urban areas near cities in the southcities in the south

Labor Force is highly educated and have a Labor Force is highly educated and have a high standard of livinghigh standard of living

Main source of energy is Hydroelectric powerMain source of energy is Hydroelectric power

Chapter 14 Section 2Chapter 14 Section 2Acid Rain is a very big problem for Acid Rain is a very big problem for

Sweden and its neighbors it is killing Sweden and its neighbors it is killing the foreststhe forests

They are starting to clean up the They are starting to clean up the economy and industrieseconomy and industries

90% are native Sweden's and are 90% are native Sweden's and are members of the Lutheran Church and members of the Lutheran Church and they speak Swedishthey speak Swedish

Skerries- small islands off the coast of Skerries- small islands off the coast of SwedenSweden

Chapter 14 Section 3Chapter 14 Section 3Charles de Gaulle exiled to UK from Charles de Gaulle exiled to UK from

France in 1940 during WWIIFrance in 1940 during WWIIGaulle lead the French Resistance- Gaulle lead the French Resistance-

spied on German activity and spied on German activity and sometimes assassinated high-ranking sometimes assassinated high-ranking German officersGerman officers

Frances government is a Frances government is a Parliamentary RepublicParliamentary Republic

Government power is split between Government power is split between president and parliamentpresident and parliament

President elected to a 7 year term President elected to a 7 year term 2002 changed to 5 year term2002 changed to 5 year term

Chapter 14 Section 3Chapter 14 Section 3President duties includePresident duties include

Guardian of the constitutionGuardian of the constitution Authorities do not abuse their powerAuthorities do not abuse their power

Parliament has two parts the Senate and the Parliament has two parts the Senate and the National AssemblyNational Assembly

President choose the Prime Minister who President choose the Prime Minister who head parliamenthead parliament

Government is very active in their economyGovernment is very active in their economyAfter WWII France very poor they did a few After WWII France very poor they did a few

things to stimulated their economythings to stimulated their economyFrench government took over several French government took over several

different industries: banks, insurance, different industries: banks, insurance, electric, coal, steel, schools, hospitals, electric, coal, steel, schools, hospitals, transportationtransportation

Chapter 14 Section 3Chapter 14 Section 3France calls this nationalism which is a form France calls this nationalism which is a form

of Socialismof SocialismSocialism- economic system in which some of Socialism- economic system in which some of

the businesses and industries are controlled the businesses and industries are controlled by the governmentby the government

France gets 75% of its power from nuclear France gets 75% of its power from nuclear power plants higher than any other nation in power plants higher than any other nation in the worldthe world

7% of the labor work on farms 7% of the labor work on farms France exports more agriculture goods than France exports more agriculture goods than

any other European communityany other European communityEuropean community- an association European community- an association

developed after WWII to promote economies developed after WWII to promote economies unity for Western Europeunity for Western Europe

Impressionism- a style of artImpressionism- a style of artFrance culture is rich in arts and literatureFrance culture is rich in arts and literature

Chapter 14 Section 4Chapter 14 Section 4Germany is now the largest country in EuropeGermany is now the largest country in EuropeWest Germany helped out by US, UK and set-up West Germany helped out by US, UK and set-up

democratic government and is the one of the democratic government and is the one of the wealthiest of the Europe countrieswealthiest of the Europe countries

East Germany helped out by the Soviet Union is East Germany helped out by the Soviet Union is poor it also had a communist government until poor it also had a communist government until the fall of the Berlin Wallthe fall of the Berlin Wall

Berlin Wall fell in 1989 and it liberated all of Berlin Wall fell in 1989 and it liberated all of Eastern Germany and the other Soviet held Eastern Germany and the other Soviet held countriescountries

East Germany was rebuilt called the Reunification East Germany was rebuilt called the Reunification Reunification- reuniting East and West GermanyReunification- reuniting East and West Germany

Chapter 14 Section 4Chapter 14 Section 4Reunification has caused problems Reunification has caused problems

between east (Ossies) and west between east (Ossies) and west (Wessies) Germany,(Wessies) Germany,

West complains about paying to West complains about paying to improve the east. improve the east.

East still complains about not having East still complains about not having enough jobsenough jobs

Germany very proud of its music and Germany very proud of its music and literatureliterature

Germany is also famous for building Germany is also famous for building high quality machinery (cars)high quality machinery (cars)

Chapter 14 Section 5Chapter 14 Section 5Poland was under communist rule until 1989 Poland was under communist rule until 1989

with the fall of the Berlin Wall with the fall of the Berlin Wall Solidarity- trade unions joined this to unite Solidarity- trade unions joined this to unite

all workersall workersPoland received a new constitution in 1997Poland received a new constitution in 1997Government has two housesGovernment has two houses

Upper house (Senate) of 100 membersUpper house (Senate) of 100 membersLower House 460 membersLower House 460 members

Lower House chooses the Prime Minister Lower House chooses the Prime Minister from the largest partyfrom the largest party

1990 Poland changed from Command 1990 Poland changed from Command economy to Free market economyeconomy to Free market economy

Chapter 14 Section 5Chapter 14 Section 5Poland suffered at the start of a free market Poland suffered at the start of a free market

economy economy They could not compete with foreign made They could not compete with foreign made

goods and businesses failed and people lost goods and businesses failed and people lost their jobstheir jobs

By 1999 business in Poland could compete By 1999 business in Poland could compete with foreign goodswith foreign goods

A way to measure the strength of a counties A way to measure the strength of a counties economy is to look at consumer spending (if economy is to look at consumer spending (if they are buying cars and things like that)they are buying cars and things like that)

Poland's writers were censored and many Poland's writers were censored and many become dissidentsbecome dissidents

Dissident- person who openly disagrees with Dissident- person who openly disagrees with a government policiesa government policies

Chapter 15 Section 1Chapter 15 Section 1North Africa and Southwest Asia North Africa and Southwest Asia

receive little rainfallreceive little rainfallWater is mainly in oasisWater is mainly in oasisFertile soil- productive soil that Fertile soil- productive soil that

provides nutrients for plants to growprovides nutrients for plants to growThree major rivers in North AfricaThree major rivers in North Africa

Nile 4,000 miles longest river in the worldNile 4,000 miles longest river in the worldTigrisTigrisEuphratesEuphrates

Chapter 15 Section1Chapter 15 Section1Hunter-gathers: found food by hunting, fishing, and Hunter-gathers: found food by hunting, fishing, and

gathering wild grains, fruits and nutsgathering wild grains, fruits and nutsSoil in North Africa and Southwest Asia is poor too Soil in North Africa and Southwest Asia is poor too

sandy or too much saltsandy or too much saltThe soil next to the rivers is the only fertile soilThe soil next to the rivers is the only fertile soilThis soil is fertile because of the flooding which This soil is fertile because of the flooding which

brings down fertile soilbrings down fertile soil Irrigation is important to areas not near the riversIrrigation is important to areas not near the riversNorth Africa and Southwest Asia rely on Three major North Africa and Southwest Asia rely on Three major

bodies of waterbodies of water Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea Red SeaRed Sea Persian GulfPersian Gulf

Chapter 15 Section 1Chapter 15 Section 1Turkey is one of the few areas in this Turkey is one of the few areas in this

region that receives rain region that receives rain Turkey has grasslands and forestsTurkey has grasslands and forests

Chapter 15 Section 2Chapter 15 Section 2Hammurabi- emperor of ancient Hammurabi- emperor of ancient

Mesopotamia 1792-1750 bcMesopotamia 1792-1750 bcMesopotamia- land between rivers this Mesopotamia- land between rivers this

area includes modern Iraq, northeast area includes modern Iraq, northeast Syria, and part of southeast TurkeySyria, and part of southeast Turkey

Fertile Crescent is called sometimes Fertile Crescent is called sometimes because of its shape and fertile soilbecause of its shape and fertile soil

Sumerians- first settlers of Sumerians- first settlers of Mesopotamia they had three major Mesopotamia they had three major challengeschallenges

Chapter 15 Section 2Chapter 15 Section 2Challenges of City-StatesChallenges of City-States

Protection they built strong high wallsProtection they built strong high wallsLack of water so they built irrigation canalsLack of water so they built irrigation canalsTrade it was difficult to trade they had to import a Trade it was difficult to trade they had to import a

great deal of goods because they had little to build great deal of goods because they had little to build withwith

City-States had ziggurat- temple built on a City-States had ziggurat- temple built on a pyramid shape tower this was a guardian pyramid shape tower this was a guardian towertower

City-States had two rulersCity-States had two rulersPriests who controlled religious and economic lifePriests who controlled religious and economic lifeKing controlled political and military lifeKing controlled political and military life

Some Kings conquered other city-states and Some Kings conquered other city-states and became emperorsbecame emperors

Chapter 15 Section 2Chapter 15 Section 2Class-system: society divided into Class-system: society divided into

different social groupsdifferent social groupsThree classesThree classes

Kings Priests and Wealthy property Kings Priests and Wealthy property owners top classowners top class

Middle class skilled workers, merchants, Middle class skilled workers, merchants, and farmersand farmers

Bottom class slavesBottom class slavesCuneiform- Sumerians first system of Cuneiform- Sumerians first system of

writingwritingScribes- society’s record keepers the Scribes- society’s record keepers the

few who could read and write few who could read and write

Chapter 15 Section 3Chapter 15 Section 3Egypt is covered with sand and the Nile river that Egypt is covered with sand and the Nile river that

runs through it is the only source of fertile arearuns through it is the only source of fertile areaNile river was the major source for transportationNile river was the major source for transportationEgypt used the Nile River for filling canals to use Egypt used the Nile River for filling canals to use

for irrigationfor irrigationPapyrus- paper like material it is a plantPapyrus- paper like material it is a plant

Pyramids built as well as other temples and Pyramids built as well as other temples and monuments used bricks from the sand and watermonuments used bricks from the sand and water

Egyptians built pyramids for kings or pharaohsEgyptians built pyramids for kings or pharaohsHieroglyphics- writing system that uses Hieroglyphics- writing system that uses

pictographs to stand for words or soundspictographs to stand for words or sounds

Chapter 15 Section 3Chapter 15 Section 3Re- living son god or a pharaohRe- living son god or a pharaohHorus- sun god linked to the pharaohHorus- sun god linked to the pharaohThese gods guided the people on their These gods guided the people on their

day-to-day activities and after lifeday-to-day activities and after life

Chapter 15 Section 4Chapter 15 Section 4Jerusalem has three majors religionsJerusalem has three majors religions

JewishJewishChristiansChristiansMuslimsMuslims

Monotheism- belief in only one godMonotheism- belief in only one godPolytheism- belief in many godsPolytheism- belief in many godsHebrew- god named YahwehHebrew- god named YahwehYahweh talked to AbrahamYahweh talked to AbrahamAbraham followers called Jews or Abraham followers called Jews or

JudaismJudaism

Chapter 15 Section 4Chapter 15 Section 4Christians believed in Jesus called ChristChristians believed in Jesus called ChristChristianity- based on the life and Christianity- based on the life and

teachings of Jesusteachings of JesusMuhammad born in MeccaMuhammad born in MeccaMuhammad founder of IslamMuhammad founder of IslamMuslim- a person that believes in IslamMuslim- a person that believes in IslamQur’an- sacred text of IslamQur’an- sacred text of Islam

Chapter 15 Section 5Chapter 15 Section 5Five Pillars of Islam:Five Pillars of Islam:

11stst Stating that there is only one God, and that Stating that there is only one God, and that Muhammad is God’s prophetMuhammad is God’s prophet

22ndnd Praying five times a day in the direction of Praying five times a day in the direction of MeccaMecca

33rdrd Giving to the poor and needy Giving to the poor and needy44thth Fasting during the month of Ramadan Fasting during the month of Ramadan55thth Making a pilgrimage or haj to Mecca Making a pilgrimage or haj to Mecca

Caliph- chosen to continue Muhammad’s workCaliph- chosen to continue Muhammad’s workTheocracy- government rules by a religious Theocracy- government rules by a religious

leader founded by the Caliphleader founded by the CaliphIslamic people translated a great number Islamic people translated a great number

booksbooks

Chapter 15 Section 5Chapter 15 Section 5Ottoman Empire- Muslim’s that Ottoman Empire- Muslim’s that

controlled what is now Turkey and parts controlled what is now Turkey and parts of North Africa, Southwest Asia and of North Africa, Southwest Asia and Southeast EuropeSoutheast Europe

Constantinople- (Istanbul) Turkey its Constantinople- (Istanbul) Turkey its capitalcapital

Sultans- Ottoman Empire rulersSultans- Ottoman Empire rulersJanissaries- special group of soldiers Janissaries- special group of soldiers

loyal to the sultansloyal to the sultans1924 Ottoman lost its power1924 Ottoman lost its power